3.

1 (a) IX =
VX R1

VX < 0 VX > 0

IX VX (V)

Slope = 1/R1

3.2 IX = Plotting IX (t), we have

VX R1

VX < 0 VX > 0

V0

IX (t) for VB = 1 V (Solid)

V0 /R1

0 t

V0

VX (t) (Dotted)

3.3 IX = 0
VX VB R1

VX < VB VX > VB

Plotting IX vs. VX for VB = 1 V and VB = 1 V, we get:

IX VB = 1 V VB = 1 V

Slope = 1/R1

Slope = 1/R1

1 VX (V)

3.4 IX = 0
VX VB R1

VX < VB VX > VB

Lets assume V0 > 1 V. Plotting IX (t) for VB = 1 V, we get

V0

IX (t) for VB = 1 V (Solid)

(V0 VB )/R1 VX (t) (Dotted)

VB

/
Plotting IX (t) for VB = 1 V, we get

0 t

V0

IX (t) for VB = 1 V (Solid) (V0 VB )/R1

/ 0 t / V0 0 VB V0 VX (t) (Dotted)

3.5 IX =
VX VB R1

VX < 0 VX > 0

Plotting IX vs. VX for VB = 1 V and VB = 1 V, we get:

IX IX for VB = 1 V IX for VB = 1 V 1/R1 Slope = 1/R1 1 VX (V) 1/R1 Slope = 1/R1

3.6 First, note that ID1 = 0 always, since D1 is reverse biased by VB (due to the assumption that VB > 0). We can write IX as IX = (VX VB )/R1 Plotting this, we get:

IX

VB VX (V)

Slope = 1/R1

3.7 IX = IR1 =
VX VB R1 VX VB R1 R2

VX < VB VX > VB

VX VB R1

Plotting IX and IR1 for VB = 1 V, we get:

IX IX for VB = 1 V IR1 for VB = 1 V

Slope = 1/R1 + 1/R2

1 Slope = 1/R1 VX (V)

Plotting IX and IR1 for VB = 1 V, we get:

IX IX for VB = 1 V IR1 for VB = 1 V

Slope = 1/R1 + 1/R2

1 VX (V)

Slope = 1/R1

3.8 IX = IR1 = 0
VX R1 VX VB R2

VX < VX >

VB R1 +R2 R1 VB R1 +R2 R1

VB R1 +R2 VX R1

VX < VX >

VB R1 +R2 R1 VB R1 +R2 R1

Plotting IX and IR1 for VB = 1 V, we get:

IX for VB = 1 V IR1 for VB = 1 V

Slope = 1/R1 + 1/R2

VB /R2

Slope = 1/R1

VB R R1 +R2 1 VB R1 +R2

VX (V)

Plotting IX and IR1 for VB = 1 V, we get:

IX for VB = 1 V IR1 for VB = 1 V

Slope = 1/R1 + 1/R2

Slope = 1/R1

VB R1 +R2 VB R R1 +R2 1

VX (V)

3.9 (a) Vout = VB Vin Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (V)

5 Slope = 1

5
(b)

5 Vin (V)

Vout =

Vin VB 0

Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (V) 5 4 3 2 1

2 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 Vin (V)

Slope = 1

4 5 6 7

(c) Vout = Vin VB

Vout (V)

3 2 1 Slope = 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5 Vin (V)

(d) Vout = Vin VB Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (V) 5 4 3 2 1

2 1 0 1

5 Vin (V)

Slope = 1

2 3 4 5

(e) Vout = 0 Vin VB Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

5 Vin (V)

3.11 For each part, the dotted line indicates Vin (t), while the solid line indicates Vout (t). Assume V0 > VB . (a) Vout = VB Vin Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V) /

V0 VB

/ t

V0
(b) Vout = Vin VB 0 Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V)

V0 VB

/ t

V0

V0 VB

(c) Vout = Vin VB

Vout (t) (V)

V0 VB V0 VB

/ t

V0

V0 VB

(d) Vout = Vin VB Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V) /

V0 VB

/ t

V0
(e) Vout = 0 Vin VB Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V)

V0 VB V0 VB

/ t

V0

3.12 For each part, the dotted line indicates Vin (t), while the solid line indicates Vout (t). Assume V0 > VB . (a) Vout = Vin VB 0 Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V)

V0 VB

/ t

V0

V0 VB
(b) Vout = Vin VB Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V) /

V0 VB

/ t

V0
(c) Vout = 0 Vin VB Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V)

V0 VB V0 VB

/ t

V0

(d) Vout = Vin VB

Vout (t) (V)

V0 VB V0 VB

/ t

V0

V0 VB
(e) Vout = VB Vin Vin < VB Vin > VB

Vout (t) (V) /

V0 VB

/ t

V0

3.16 (a) IR1 = Iin

VD,on R1

Iin < Iin >

VD,on R1 VD,on R1

IR1 VD,on /R1

VD,on /R1 Iin

Slope = 1

(b) IR1 = Iin

VD,on +VB R1

Iin < Iin >

VD,on +VB R1 VD,on +VB R1

IR1 (VD,on + VB ) /R1

(VD,on + VB ) /R1 Slope = 1 Iin

(c) IR1 = Iin

VD,on VB R1

Iin < Iin >

VD,on VB R1 VD,on VB R1

IR1

(VD,on VB ) /R1 Iin (VD,on VB ) /R1

Slope = 1

(d) IR1 = Iin

VD,on R1

Iin < Iin >

VD,on R1 VD,on R1

IR1 VD,on /R1

VD,on /R1 Iin

Slope = 1

3.17 (a) Vout = Iin R1 VD,on Iin < Iin >

VD,on R1 VD,on R1

I0

VD,on 0 0

I0 R1

/
(b) Vout =

0 t

I0

Iin R1 VD,on + VB

Iin < Iin >

VD,on +VB R1 VD,on +VB R1

Iin (t) (Dotted)

Vout (t) (Solid)

VD,on /R1

I0 (VD,on+VB )/R1

VD,on + VB Iin (t) (Dotted) Iin (t) (Dotted) Vout (t) (Solid)

I0 R1

/
(c) Vout =

0 t

I0

Iin R1 + VB VD,on

Iin < Iin >

VD,on VB R1 VD,on VB R1

I0

Vout (t) (Solid)

VD,on 0 I0 R1 + VB (VD,on VB ) /R1 0

0 t

I0

(d) Vout = Iin R1 + VB VD,on + VB Iin < Iin >

VD,on R1 VD,on R1

I0

VD,on + VB Iin (t) (Dotted) Vout (t) (Solid) VD,on /R1 0 I0 R1 + VB 0

0 t

I0

3.20 (a) Vout = Iin R1 VB VD,on Iin > Iin <

VB VD,on R1 VB VD,on R1

I0

I0 R1 (VB VD,on ) /R1 VB VD,on 0 0 Iin (t) (Dotted) Vout (t) (Solid)

/
(b) Vout =

0 t

I0

Iin R1 + VB VD,on

B Iin > D,on R1 VD,on +VB Iin < R1

+V

I0 I0 R1 + VB

0 VD,on

(VD,on +VB )/R1

/
(c) Vout =

0 t

I0

Iin R1 + VB VB VD,on

Iin > D,on R1 V Iin < D,on R1

I0 I0 R1 + VB

VB VD,on 0 0 VD,on /R1

0 t

I0

Iin (t) (Dotted)

Vout (t) (Solid)

Iin (t) (Dotted)

Vout (t) (Solid)

3.23 (a) Vout =

R2 R1 +R2 Vin

VD,on

Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R2 VD,on R1 +R2 R2 VD,on

Vout (V)

VD,on

R1 +R2 VD,on R2

Vin (V) Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

(b) Vout =
R2 R1 +R2 Vin

Vin VD,on

Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

R2 V R1 D,on

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V)

3.24 (a) IR1 = ID1 =

Vin R1 +R2 Vin VD,on R1

Vin < Vin >

VD,on R2

R1 +R2 R2 VD,on R1 +R2 R2 VD,on

0
Vin VD,on R1

Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R2 VD,on R1 +R2 R2 VD,on

IR1 ID1

Slope = 1/R1

Slope = 1/R1

VD,on /R2
R1 +R2 VD,on R2

Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

Vin (V)

(b) IR1 = ID1 =

Vin R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

0
Vin VD,on R2

VD,on R1

Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

VD,on /R1 IR1 ID1 Slope = 1/R2

R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V)

Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

3.25 (a) Vout =

2 VB + R1R +R2 (Vin VB ) Vin VD,on

Vin < VB + Vin > VB +

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

VB +

R2 V R1 D,on

VB + Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V)

(b) Vout =
R2 R1 +R2 Vin

Vin VD,on VB

Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on + VB ) (VD,on + VB )

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

R2 R1

(VD,on + VB )

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

VB +

R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on + VB ) Vin (V)

(c) Vout = (Vin VB ) Vin > VB + Vin + VD,on VB Vin < VB +

R2 R1 +R2 R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

Vout (V)

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

R2 V R1 D,on

VB +

R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V) Slope = 1

(d) Vout = (Vin VB ) Vin < VB + Vin VD,on Vin > VB +

R2 R1 +R2 R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on VB ) (VD,on VB )

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

R2 V R1 D,on

VB + Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on VB ) Vin (V)

3.26 (a) IR1 = ID1 =

Vin VB R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin < VB + Vin > VB +

VD,on R1

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

0
Vin VD,on VB R2

Vin < VB + Vin > VB +

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

IR1 ID1

VD,on /R1

Slope = 1/R2 VB +
R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V) Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

(b) IR1 = ID1 =

Vin R1 +R2 VD,on +VB R1

Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on + VB ) (VD,on + VB ) Vin < Vin >

R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

0
Vin VD,on VB R2

VD,on +VB R1

(VD,on + VB ) (VD,on + VB )

(VD,on + VB ) /R1 IR1 ID1

Slope = 1/R2
R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on + VB ) Vin (V)

Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

(c) IR1 = ID1 =

Vin VB R1 +R2 V D,on R1

Vin > VB Vin < VB

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

0 V +VD,on +VB in R 2

VD,on R1

Vin > VB Vin < VB

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

IR1 ID1 Slope = 1/R2 Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

VB +

R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V) VD,on /R1

(d) IR1 = ID1 =
Vin VB R1 +R2 VD,on VB R1

Vin < VB + Vin > VB +

VD,on VB R1

R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on VB ) (VD,on VB )
R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

0
Vin VD,on R2

Vin < VB + Vin > VB +

(VD,on VB ) (VD,on VB )

IR1 ID1

Slope = 1/R2

VB +

R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on VB ) Vin (V)

(VD,on VB ) /R1 Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

3.27 (a) Vout = 0

R2 R1 +R2

(Vin VD,on )

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

Vout (V)

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

VD,on Vin (V)

(b) VD,on 2 = R1R +R2 Vin Vin VD,on
+R2 VD,on Vin < R1R 2 R1 +R2 R2 VD,on < Vin < +R2 Vin > R1R VD,on 1

Vout

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

R2 V R1 D,on

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

+R2 VD,on R1R 2

R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V) VD,on

(c) Vout =
R2 R1 +R2

(Vin + VD,on ) VD,on

Vin

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

VD,on VD,on Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 ) Vin (V)

(d) Vout = 0
R2 R1 +R2

(Vin VD,on )

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

Vout (V)

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

VD,on

VD,on Vin (V)

(e) Vout =
R2 R1 +R2

(Vin + VD,on ) Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

VD,on Vin (V)

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

Vout (V)

3.28 (a) IR1 = ID1 = 0

Vin VD,on R1 +R2

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

0
Vin VD,on R1 +R2

IR1 ID1 Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

VD,on Vin (V)

(b) V +V in D,on R1
Vin R1 +R2 VD,on R1 +R2 Vin < R1R VD,on 2 R1 +R2 R2 VD,on < Vin < +R2 Vin > R1R VD,on 1

IR1 =

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

ID1

0 = 0 Vin VD,on
R2

VD,on R1

+R2 VD,on Vin < R1R 2 R1 +R2 R2 VD,on < Vin < +R2 Vin > R1R VD,on 1

R1 +R2 R1 VD,on

IR1 ID1

VD,on /R1 Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 ) Slope = 1

+R2 VD,on R1R 2 VD,on /R2 R1 +R2 VD,on R1

Vin (V)

Slope = 1/R1

(c) IR1 = ID1 =

Vin +VD,on R1 +R2

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

0 Vin < VD,on 0 Vin > VD,on

IR1 ID1

VD,on Vin (V)

Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

(d) IR1 = ID1 = 0

Vin VD,on R1 +R2

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

0
Vin VD,on R1 +R2

IR1 ID1 Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

VD,on Vin (V)

(e) IR1 = ID1 =
Vin +VD,on R1 +R2

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

0 Vin < VD,on 0 Vin > VD,on

IR1 ID1

VD,on Vin (V)

Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

3.29 (a) Vin < VD,on Vin +R2 2 = VD,on + R1R ( V V ) VD,on < Vin < VD,on + R1R (VD,on + VB ) in D,on +R2 1 R1 +R2 Vin VD,on VB Vin > VD,on + R1 (VD,on + VB )

Vout

Vout (V)

Slope = 1

VD,on +

R2 R1

(VD,on + VB )

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

VD,on Slope = 1 VD,on VD,on +

R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on + VB ) Vin (V)

(b) Vout = Vin + VD,on VB R2 R1 +R2 (Vin VD,on ) Vin < VD,on + Vin > VD,on +
R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

(VB 2VD,on ) (VB 2VD,on )

Vout (V)

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

R2 R1

(VB 2VD,on ) VD,on +

R1 +R2 R1

(VB 2VD,on ) Vin (V)

Slope = 1

(c) Vout = Vin VD,on + VB Vin < VD,on + VB Vin > VD,on + VB

Vout (V)

VD,on + VB

VD,on + VB Vin (V)

Slope = 1

(d) 0 Vin < VD,on +R2 (Vin VD,on ) VD,on < Vin < VD,on + R1R (VB + VD,on ) 2 R1 +R2 VD,on + VB Vin > VD,on + R2 (VB + VD,on )
R2 R1 +R2

Vout =

Vout (V)

VD,on + VB

Slope = R2 / (R1 + R2 )

VD,on

VD,on +

R1 +R2 R2

(VB + VD,on ) Vin (V)

3.30 (a) 0 0 Vin < VD,on +R2 VD,on < Vin < VD,on + R1R (VD,on + VB ) 1 R1 +R2 Vin > VD,on + R1 (VD,on + VB )
VD,on +VB R1

IR1 =

ID1 =

Vin VD,on R1 +R2 VD,on +VB R1

Vin 2VD,on VB R2

Vin < VD,on + Vin > VD,on +

R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on + VB ) (VD,on + VB )

IR1 ID1 VD,on + VB

Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

Slope = 1/R2

VD,on
(b) If VB < 2VD,on : IR1 = ID1 = 0

VD,on +

R1 +R2 R1

(VD,on + VB ) Vin (V)

Vin VD,on R1 +R2

Vin < VD,on Vin > VD,on

IR1 ID1 Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

VD,on Vin (V)

If VB > 2VD,on : IR1 = ID1 =
VB 2VD,on R1 Vin VD,on R1 +R2

Vin < VD,on + Vin > VD,on +

R1 +R2 R1 R1 +R2 R1

(VB 2VD,on ) (VB 2VD,on )

IR1 ID1 Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

VB 2VD,on R1

VD,on +

R1 +R2 R1

(VB 2VD,on ) Vin (V)

(c) IR1 = 0
Vin VD,on VB R1

Vin < VD,on + VB Vin > VD,on + VB Vin < VD,on + VB VD,on + VB < Vin < 2VD,on + VB Vin > 2VD,on + VB

ID1

0 = 0 Vin 2VD,on VB
R2

IR1 ID1

Slope = 1/R1

Slope = 1/R2

VD,on + VB 2VD,on + VB Vin (V)

(d) 0 Vin < VD,on +R2 VD,on < Vin < VD,on + R1R (VB + VD,on ) 2 R1 +R2 Vin > VD,on + R2 (VB + VD,on ) Vin < VD,on +R2 VD,on < Vin < VD,on + R1R (VB + VD,on ) 2 R1 +R2 Vin > VD,on + R2 (VB + VD,on )

IR1 =

Vin VD,on R1 +R2 Vin 2VD,on VB R1

ID1 =

Vin VD,on R1 +R2 Vin 2VD,on VB R1

IR1 ID1

Slope = 1/R2

VB +VD,on R2

Slope = 1/ (R1 + R2 )

VD,on

VD,on +

R1 +R2 R2

(VB + VD,on ) Vin (V)

3.31 (a) ID1 = rd1 Vout (b) ID1 = ID2 = rd1 Vout (c) ID1 = ID2 = rd1 Vout (d) ID2 = rd2 Vout Vin VD,on VD,on = 1.2 mA R1 R2 VT = = 21.67 ID2 R2 rd2 = Vin = 2.10 mV R1 + R2 rd2 Vin 2VD,on = 0.8 mA R1 VT = rd2 = = 32.5 ID1 rd2 Vin = 3.05 mV = rd1 + R1 + rd2 Vin 2VD,on = 0.8 mA R1 VT = rd2 = = 32.5 ID1 R1 + rd2 = Vin = 96.95 mV R1 + rd1 + rd2 Vin VD,on = 1.6 mA R1 VT = = 16.25 ID1 R1 = Vin = 98.40 mV rd + R1

3.32 (a) Vout = Iin R1 = 100 mV (b) ID1 = ID2 = Iin = 3 mA VT rd1 = rd2 = = 8.67 ID1 Vout = Iin (R1 + rd2 ) = 100.867 mV (c) ID1 = ID2 = Iin = 3 mA VT rd1 = rd2 = = 8.67 ID1 Vout = Iin rd2 = 0.867 mV (d) ID2 = Iin rd2 = VD,on = 2.6 mA R2

VT = 10 ID2 rd2 ) = 0.995 mV

Vout = Iin (R2

3.34

Vin (t) Vout (t) Vp Vp VD,on

VD,on + 0.5 V 0.5 V / 2/ t

Vp

3.35

Vin (t) Vout (t) Vp

0.5 V VD,on + 0.5 V / 2/ t

Vp + VD,on Vp

3.36 VR Vp VD,on RL C1 fin Vp = 3.5 V

RL = 100 C1 = 1000 F fin = 60 Hz VR = 0.45 V

3.37 VR = fin IL 300 mV C1 fin = 60 Hz IL = 27.78 mF (300 mV) fin

IL = 0.5 A C1

3.38 Shorting the input and output grounds of a full-wave rectier shorts out the diode D4 from Fig. 3.38(b). Redrawing the modied circuit, we have: D3 + Vin D2 RL + Vout D1

On the positive half-cycle, D3 turns on and forms a half-wave rectier along with RL (and CL , if included). On the negative half-cycle, D2 shorts the input (which could cause a dangerously large current to ow) and the output remains at zero. Thus, the circuit behaves like a half-wave recier. The plots of Vout (t) are shown below.

Vin (t) = V0 sin(t) Vout (t) (without a load capacitor) Vout (t) (with a load capacitor) V0 V0 VD,on

VD,on / 2/ t

V0

3.39 Note that the waveforms for VD1 and VD2 are identical, as are the waveforms for VD3 and VD4 .

Vin (t) = V0 sin(t) Vout (t) VD1 (t), VD2 (t) VD3 (t), VD4 (t) V0

V0 2VD,on

2VD,on VD,on / 2/ t

VD,on 2VD,on

V0 + 2VD,on V0 + VD,on V0

3.40 During the positive half-cycle, D2 and D3 will remain reverse-biased, causing Vout to be zero as no current will ow through RL . During the negative half-cycle, D1 and D3 will short the input (potentially causing damage to the devices), and once again, no current will ow through RL (even though D2 will turn on, there will be no voltage drop across RL ). Thus, Vout always remains at zero, and the circuit fails to act as a rectier.

3.42 Shorting the negative terminals of Vin and Vout of a full-wave rectier shorts out the diode D4 from Fig. 3.38(b). Redrawing the modied circuit, we have: D3 + Vin D2 RL + Vout

D1

On the positive half-cycle, D3 turns on and forms a half-wave rectier along with RL (and CL , if included). On the negative half-cycle, D2 shorts the input (which could cause a dangerously large current to ow) and the output remains at zero. Thus, the circuit behaves like a half-wave recier. The plots of Vout (t) are shown below.

Vin (t) = V0 sin(t) Vout (t) (without a load capacitor) Vout (t) (with a load capacitor) V0

2/ t

V0

3.44 (a) We know that when a capacitor is discharged by a constant current at a certain frequency, the I ripple voltage is given by Cf , where I is the constant current. In this case, we can calculate the in current as approximately p R1D,on (since Vp 5VD,on is the voltage drop across R1 , assuming R1 carries a constant current). This gives us the following: VR 1 Vp 5VD,on 2 RL C1 fin Vp = 5 V
V 5V

RL = 1 k C1 = 100 F fin = 60 Hz VR = 166.67 mV (b) The bias current through the diodes is the same as the bias current through R1 , which is Vp 5VD,on = 1 mA. Thus, we have: R1 rd = VR,load VT = 26 ID 3rd = VR = 12.06 mV R1 + 3rd

3.45 ID1 = ID2 = 0

Vin VD,on VB 1 R1 Vin +VD,on +VB 2 R1

Vin < VD,on + VB 1 Vin > VD,on + VB 1 Vin < VD,on VB 2 Vin > VD,on VB 2

Vin (t) ID1 (t) ID2 (t) V0

VD,on + VB1

V0 VB1 VD,on R1

VD,on VB2

V0 +VB1 +VD,on R1

V0

0 t

ID1 (t) and ID2 (t)

Vin (t)