DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB (with beams) BY DDM

Fig 1: Two way slab with beams.

Problem:

A two way slab floor with a total area of 7500 sq ft. is divided into 25 panels
with a panel size of 20 ft. x 15 ft.

fc′ = 3000 psi

fy = 60000 psi
Service Live Load = 120 psf
All Column = 14” x 14”
Slab Thickness = 6.5”
Storey Height = 12’
Long Beam = 14” x 28”
Short Beam = 12” x 24”

Solution:

1. Calculation of Factored Load

Slab Thickness = 6.5”

DL = (6.5/12) x 150 = 81.25 psf
LL = 120 psf
Total factored load, W = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
= (1.4 x 81.25) + (1.7 x 120)
= 318 psf
= 0.318 ksf

2. Total Factored Static Moment in Equivalent Rigid Frame

Fig 2: Equivalent rigid frame notations.

Total factored moment, Mo=18Wl2ln2

a. For Frame A and B:

c/c distance in short direction, l2 = 15’

Clear span in long direction, ln = [20-(14/12)] = 18.83’

For frame A:

Mo.A = (1/8) x 0.318 x 15 x 18.832 = 212 kip-ft.

For frame B:

Mo.B = ½ Mo.A = ½ x 212 = 106 kip-ft.

b. For Frame C and D:

c/c distance in long direction, l2 = 20’

Clear span in short direction, ln = [15-(14/12)] = 13.83’

For frame C:

Mo.C = (1/8) x 0.318 x 20 x 13.832 = 152 kip-ft.

For frame D:

Mo.D = ½ Mo.C = ½ x 152 = 76 kip-ft.

3. Relative Stiffness, α
Relative stiffness, α=Flexural rigidity of the beamflexural rigidity of the
slab=EcbIbEcsIs=IbIs [Here, Ecb = Ecs]

The moment of inertia of a flanged beam section, Ib=kbwh312

The moment of inertia of a slab, Is=bh312

Here,

k=1+bEbw-1th4-6th+4th2+bEbw-1th31+bEbw-1th

Where,
h = overall beam depth
t = overall slab thickness
bE = effective width of flange
bw = width of web

Fig 3: Computation of α value.

a. B1-B2: Long side T beam

The effective width,
bE = bw +2(h – t) or bw + 2(4t)
= 14 + 2(28-6.5) or 14 + 2(4 x 6.5)
= 57” or 66”

Thus, bE = 57”

bEbw=5714=4.07 ; th=6.528=0.232

k=1+4.07-10.232[4-60.232+40.2322+4.07-10.2323]1+4.07-1(0.232)=1.774

Ib=1.77414×28312=45400 in4

Is=(15×12)×6.5312=4120 in4

α=IbIs=454004120=11.02

b. B3-B4: Long side edge beam

The effective width,

bE = bw + (h – t) or bw + (4t)
= 14 + (28-6.5) or 14 + (4 x 6.5)
= 35.5” or 40”
Thus, bE = 35.5”

bEbw=35.514=2.54 ; th=6.528=0.232

k=1+2.54-10.232[4-60.232+40.2322+2.54-10.2323]1+2.54-1(0.232)=1.484

Ib=1.48414×28312=38000 in4

Is=(7.5×12)×6.5312=2060 in4

α=IbIs=380002060=18.45

c. B5-B6: Short side T beam

The effective width,

bE = bw +2(h – t) or bw + 2(4t)
= 12 + 2(24-6.5) or 12 + 2(4 x 6.5)
= 47” or 64”

Thus, bE = 47”

bEbw=4712=3.92 ; th=6.524=0.271

k=1+3.92-10.271[4-60.271+40.2712+3.92-10.2713]1+3.92-1(0.271)=1.762

Ib=1.76212×24312=24400 in4

Is=(20×12)×6.5312=5493 in4

α=IbIs=244005493=4.44

d. B7-B8: Short side edge beam

The effective width,
bE = bw + (h – t) or bw + (4t)
= 12 + (24-6.5) or 12 + (4 x 6.5)
= 29.5” or 38”

Thus, bE = 29.5”

bEbw=29.512=2.46 ; th=6.524=0.271

k=1+2.46-10.271[4-60.271+40.2712+2.46-10.2713]1+2.46-1(0.271)=1.480

Ib=1.48012×24312=20500 in4

Is=(10×12)×6.5312=2746 in4

α=IbIs=205002746=7.47
 Fig 4: Values of α

4. Check for Slab Thickness

αm=α1+α2+α3+α44

β=lnSn

Here, ln = Clear span long side

Sn = Clear span short side

When, 0.2 < αm ≤ 2.0

Minimum slab thickness, tmin=ln(0.8+fy200000)36+5β(αm-0.2)≥5 in

When, αm > 2.0

Minimum slab thickness, tmin=ln(0.8+fy200000)36+9β≥3.5 in

For panel 1, αm = ¼(18.75+11.02+7.47+4.44) = 10.42

For panel 2, αm = ¼(18.75+11.02+4.44+4.44) = 9.66
For panel 3, αm = ¼(11.02+11.02+7.47+4.44) = 8.49
For panel 4, αm = ¼(11.02+11.02+4.44+4.44) = 7.73

Here, for all panels, αm > 2.0

ln = 20-(14/12) = 18.83’
Sn = 15-(14/12) = 13.83’

β=lnSn=18.8313.83=1.362

tmin=ln(0.8+fy200000)36+9β=18.83(0.8+60000200000)36+9×1.362=0.429'=
5.15"<6.5"

So, given thickness of the slab =6.5’’ (ok)

5. Check for Limitation of DDM

1. There shall be a minimum of three continuous spans in each

direction.
In this problem, there are five continuous spans in each direction.

2. Panels shall be rectangular, with a ratio of longer to shorter span

center-to-center of supports within a panel not greater than 2.
Here panels are rectangular and the ratio of longer (20’) to shorter (15’)
span c/c of supports is (20/15)=1.33<2.0

3. Successive span lengths center-to-center of supports in each

direction shall not differ by more than one-third the longer span.
One-third of longer span is (1/3 x 20) =6.67’
In both directions, span lengths are equal.

4. Offset of columns by a maximum of 10 percent of the span (in

direction of offset) from either axis between centerlines of
successive columns shall be permitted.
In longitudinal direction, 10% of the longer span is (20x12) x 10% = 24”
and column width in this direction is 14”, which is less than 24”.

In transverse direction, 10% of the shorter span is (15x12) x 10% = 18”

and column width in this direction is 14”, which is less than 18”.

5. All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed

over an entire panel. Live load shall not exceed two times dead
load.
Service LL = 120 psf and service DL = 81.25 psf
LL/DL = (120/81.25) = 1.477<2.0

6. The relative stiffness ratio of (l12/α1) to (l22/α2) must lie between

0.2 and 5.0 where α is the ratio of the flexural stiffness of the
included beam to that of the slab.
 Taking l1 and l2 in the long and short directions respectively,

Panel 1, l12α1=2020.518.75+11.02=26.87

l22α2=1520.57.47+4.44=37.78

l12α1l22α2=26.8737.78=0.738

Panel 2, l12α1=2020.518.75+11.02=26.87

l22α2=1520.54.44+4.44=50.68

l12α1l22α2=26.8750.68=0.530

Panel 3, l12α1=2020.511.02+11.02=36.30

l22α2=1520.57.47+4.44=37.78

l12α1l22α2=36.3037.78=0.961

Panel 4, l12α1=2020.511.02+11.02=36.30

l22α2=1520.54.44+4.44=50.68

l12α1l22α2=36.3050.68=0.716

All ratio of (l12/α1) to (l22/α2) lie between 0.2 and 5.0

This problem satisfies all the limitations imposed by ACI 13.6.1 for using DDM.

6. Longitudinal Distribution of Moment

Fig 5: Longitudinal Moment diagram for exterior span

Fig 6: Longitudinal moment diagram for interior span.

 Fig 7: Equivalent rigid frames

Mo.A = 212 kip-ft.

Mo.B = 106 kip-ft.

Mo.C = 152 kip-ft.

Mo.D = 76 kip-ft.

From fig 5 (case 2) and fig 6,

 Fig 8: Longitudinal moment distribution

7. Torsional Constant

Torsional constant, C=∑1-0.63xyx3y3

Here,
x = Smaller dimension
y = Larger dimension

Use larger value of C.

a. For long direction edge beam

C=1-0.636.535.56.53×35.53+1-0.631421.5143×21.53=2900+11600=14500
in4

C=1-0.636.521.56.53×21.53+1-0.631428143×283=1600+17500=19100 in4

Use C = 19100 in4

b. For long direction T beam

C=1-0.636.5576.53×573+1-0.631421.5143×21.53=4800+11600=16400 in4
C=21-0.636.521.56.53×21.53+1-0.631428143×283=2×1600+17500=20700
in4

Use C = 20700 in4

c. For short direction edge beam

C=1-0.636.529.56.53×29.53+1-0.631217.5123×17.53=2325+5725=8050 in4

C=1-0.636.517.56.53×17.53+1-0.631224123×243=1230+9470=10700 in4
Use C = 10700 in4

d. For short direction T beam

C=1-0.636.5476.53×473+1-0.631217.5123×17.53=3925+5725=9650 in4

C=21-0.636.517.56.53×17.53+1-0.631224123×243=2×1230+9470=11930 in4

Use C = 11930 in4

8. Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment

a. Aspect Ratio (l2/l1):

For frame A and B: l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75

For frame C and D: l2/l1 = 20/15 = 1.33

b. Calculation of βt:

βt=C2Is

For frame A and B:

Is=(15×12)6.5312=4120

Torsional Constant, C = 10700 in4

βt=C2Is=107002×4120=1.30

For frame C and D:

Is=(20×12)6.5312=5493

Torsional Constant, C = 19100 in4

βt=C2Is=191002×5493=1.74

c. Calculation of Percentage of Moment in Column Strip:

Frame A B C D
C 10700 10700 19100 19100
Is 4120 4120 5493 5493
β t=C/2Is 1.30 1.30 1.74 1.74
α 11.02 18.75 4.44 7.47
l2/l1 0.75 0.75 1.33 1.33
α (l2/l1) 8.27 14.06 5.91 9.94

Column Strip Moment, Percent of Total Moment at Critical Section

l2/l1
0.5 1.0 2.0
Interior Negative Moment
α (l2/l1) = 0 75 75 75
α (l2/l1) ≥ 1.0 90 75 45
Exterior Negative
Moment β t= 0 100 100 100
α (l2/l1) = 0 β t ≥ 2.5 75 75 75
α (l2/l1) ≥ 1.0
β t= 0 100 100 100
β t ≥ 2.5 90 75 45
Positive Moment
α (l2/l1) = 0 60 60 60
α (l2/l1) ≥ 1.0 90 75 45

i. Percentage of Exterior Negative Moment

Frame A
α (l2/l1) β t (l2/l1)
0.5 0.75 1
0 100 100 100
8.27
1.30 90.9
2.5 90 82.5 75
 Frame B
α (l2/l1) β t (l2/l1)
0.5 0.75 1
0 100 100 100
14.06
1.30 90.9
2.5 90 82.5 75

Frame C
α (l2/l1) β t (l2/l1)
1 1.33 2
0 100 100 100
5.91 75.7
1.74
1
2.5 75 65.1 45

Frame D
α (l2/l1) β t (l2/l1)
1 1.33 2
0 100 100 100
9.94 75.7
1.74
1
2.5 75 65.1 45

ii. Percentage of Positive Moment

Frame A
(l2/l1) 0.5 0.75 1
α (l2/l1) =
90 82.5 75
8.27

Frame B
(l2/l1) 0.5 0.75 1
 α (l2/l1) =
90 82.5 75
14.06

Frame C
(l2/l1) 1 1.33 2
α (l2/l1) =
75 65.1 45
5.91

Frame D
(l2/l1) 1 1.33 2
α (l2/l1) =
75 65.1 45
9.94

iii. Percentage of Interior Negative Moment

Frame A
(l2/l1) 0.5 0.75 1
α (l2/l1) =
90 82.5 75
8.27

Frame B
(l2/l1) 0.5 0.75 1
α (l2/l1) =
90 82.5 75
14.06

Frame C
(l2/l1) 1 1.33 2
α (l2/l1) =
75 65.1 45
5.91

Frame D
(l2/l1) 1 1.33 2
α (l2/l1) =
75 65.1 45
9.94

d. Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment

 Fig 9: Middle strip and column strip diagram for frame A & B

For frame A &B:

0.25 l1 = 0.25(20 x 12) = 60”

0.25 l2 = 0.25(15 x 12) = 45”

y = 45”

For frame A:
Column strip = 2 x 45” = 90”
Half middle strip = 2@ [(15 x 12)-90]/2 = 2@45”

For frame B:
Column strip = 45”
Half middle strip = 45”

Fig 10: Middle strip and column strip diagram for frame C & D
For frame C & D:
0.25 l1 = 0.25(15 x 12) = 45”
0.25 l2 = 0.25(20 x 12) = 60”

y = 45”

For frame C:
Column strip = 2 x 45” = 90”
Half middle strip = 2@ [(20 x 12)-90]/2 = 2@75”

For frame D:
Column strip = 45”
Half middle strip = 75”

e. Summary of Calculation

Equivalent Rigid A B C D
Frame
Total Transverse Width 180 90 240 120
(in)
Column Strip Width (in) 90 45 90 45
Half Middle Strip (in) 2@45 45 2@75 75
Torsional Constant C (in) 10700 10700 19100 19100
Is (in4) in β t 4120 4120 5493 5493
β t = C/2Is 1.30 1.30 1.74 1.74
α 11.02 18.75 4.44 7.47
(l2/l1) 0.75 0.75 1.33 1.33
α (l2/l1) 8.27 14.06 5.91 9.94
External (-ve) Moment, % 90.90 90.90 75.71 75.71
to Column Strip

Positive Moment, % to 82.5 82.5 65.1 65.1

Column Strip

Internal (-ve) Moment, % 82.5 82.5 65.1 65.1

to Column Strip

9. Distribution of Factored Moment in Column Strip and Middle Strip

All the moments are divided into three parts, percentage to column strip (of
which 85% goes to the beam and 15% to the slab) and rest to the middle strip
slab.

Equivalent Rigid Frame A

Total Width = 180” Column Strip = 90” Middle Strip = 90”

Moments at Vertical Exterior Span Interior Span

Section (kip.ft) -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve -ve
Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen
t t t t t t
Total Moment in -33.92 120.84 -148.4 -137.8 74.2 -137.8
Frame A
% to Column Strip 90.90% 82.50% 82.50% 82.50% 82.50% 82.50%
Moment in Beam -26.2 84.7 -104.1 -96.6 52.0 -96.6
Moment in Column -4.7 15.0 -18.4 -17.1 9.2 -17.1
Strip Slab
Moment in Mid Strip -3.1 21.1 -26.0 -24.1 13.0 -24.1
Slab

Equivalent Rigid Frame B

Total Width = 90” Column Strip = 45” Middle Strip = 45”

Moments at Vertical Exterior Span Interior Span

Section (kip.ft) -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve -ve
Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen
t t t t t t
Total Moment in -16.96 60.42 -74.2 -68.9 37.1 -68.9
Frame B
% to Column Strip 90.90% 82.50% 82.50% 82.50% 82.50% 82.50%
Moment in Beam -13.1 42.4 -52.0 -48.3 26.0 -48.3
Moment in Column -2.3 7.5 -9.2 -8.5 4.6 -8.5
Strip Slab
Moment in Mid Strip -1.5 10.6 -13.0 -12.1 6.5 -12.1
Slab

Equivalent Rigid Frame C

Total Width = 240” Column Strip = 90” Middle Strip = 150”

Moments at Vertical Exterior Span Interior Span

Section (kip.ft) -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve -ve
Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen
t t t t t t
Total Moment in -24.32 86.64 -106.4 -98.8 53.2 -98.8
Frame C
% to Column Strip 75.71% 65.10% 65.10% 65.10% 65.10% 65.10%
Moment in Beam -15.7 47.9 -58.9 -54.7 29.4 -54.7
Moment in Column -2.8 8.5 -10.34 -9.7 5.2 -9.6
Strip Slab
Moment in Mid Strip -5.9 30.2 -37.1 -34.5 18.6 -34.5
Slab

Equivalent Rigid Frame D

Total Width = 120” Column Strip = 45” Middle Strip = 75”

Moments at Vertical Exterior Span Interior Span

Section (kip.ft) -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve -ve
Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen Momen
t t t t t t
Total Moment in -12.16 43.32 -53.2 -49.4 26.6 -49.4
Frame D
% to Column Strip 75.71% 65.10% 65.10% 65.10% 65.10% 65.10%
Moment in Beam -7.8 24.0 -29.4 -27.3 14.7 -27.3
Moment in Column -1.4 4.2 -5.2 -4.8 2.6 -4.8
Strip Slab
Moment in Mid Strip -3.0 15.1 -18.6 -17.2 9.3 -17.2
Slab
Fig: Moment Distribution