INTEGRATION

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
FORM 5
MODULE 4
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1
CHAPTER 3 : INTEGRATION
Content page
Concept Map 2
4.1 Integration of Algebraic Functions 3 4
Exercise A 5
4.2 The Equation of a Curve from
Functions of Gradients. 6
Exercise B 7
SPM Question 8 9
Assessment 10 11
Answer 12
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2
Indefinite Integral
) . = +

a a dx ax c
Integration of
Algebraic
Functions
1
) .
1
+
= +
+

n
n
x
b x dx c
n
1
) .
1
+
= = +
+
n n n a x c a x d x a x d x c
n
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =

d f x g x dx f x dx g x dx e) The Equation of a Curve from
Functions of Gradients
'( )
( ) ,
=
= +

y f x d x
y f x c
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3
INTEGRATION
1. Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.
2. If yis a function of xand '( ) =
dy
f x
dx
then '( ) , constant. = + =

f x dx y c c
If
( ), then ( ) = =

dy
f x f x dx y
dx
4.1. Integration of Algebraic Functions
I ndefiniteI ntegral
) . = +

a a dx ax c
a and c are constants
1
) .
1
+
= +
+

n
n
x
b x dx c
n
c is constant, n is an integer and n -
1
) .
1
+
= = +
+

n
n n
ax
c ax dx a x dx c
n
a and c are constants n is an
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =

d f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
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4
Find the indefinite integral for each of the following.
Solution:
( )
( )
2
2
4 4 4
3 2
2 1
2
3
3
)
3
= 3
2 1
1 3
=
2
x x
x x
a dx dx
x x x
x x dx
x x
c
c
x x


+
| |
= +
|
\ .
= +
| |
+ +
|

\ .
+
} }
}
Find the indefinite integral for each of the following.
3
5 2
) 5 )
) 2 ) ( 3 )
a dx b x dx
c x dx d x x dx +
} }
} }
Solution:
3 1
3
4
5 1
5
) 5 5 )
3 1
=
4
2
) 2
5 1
x
a dx x c b x dx c
x
c
x
c x dx c
+
+
= + = +
+
+
= +
+
} }
}
2 2
6 2 3
6
) ( 3 ) 3
2 3
= =
6 2 3
1
=
3
d x x dx xdx x dx
x x x
c c
x c
+ = +
+ + +
+
} } }
2
3
=
2
x
x c + +
( )
2
2
4 4
3
4
a) b) 3
x x
dx x dx
x x
+
| |

|
\ .
} }
Always
remember to
include +c in
your answers
of indefinite
integrals.
( )
2 2
4 2
2 2
4 4
) 3 = 3
= 3 4
b x dx x dx
x x
x x dx

| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

} }
}
3 1
3
3
= 4
3 1
4
=
x x
c
x c
x

| |
+
|

\ .
+ +
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5
1. Find
( )
2
3 4 10 . x x dx +
}
[3m] 2. Find
( ) ( )
2
1 2 3 . x x dx
}
[3m]
3. Find
2
1
2 . x dx
x
| |
+
|
\ .
}
[3m] 4. Find
3
4
3
2 2 . x x dx
x
| |
+
|
\ .
}
[3m]
5. Integrate
3
6 5 x
x
+
with respect to x. [3m] 6. Find
( )
5 2
4
4
2
x x
dx
x

}
[3m]
7. Find
2
6
3
6 x dx
x
| |
+
|
\ .
}
. [3m]
8. Integrate
2
3 2
1
x x
x
+ +
+
with respect to x.
[3m]
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6
The Equation of a Curve from Functions of Gradients
Find the equation of the curve that has the gradient function 3x 2 and passes through
the point (2, 3).
Solution
The gradient function is 3x 2.
2
3 2
(3 2)
3
2
2
dy
x
dx
y x dx
x
y x c
=
=
= +
}
Thecurvepasses throughthepoint (2, 3).
Thus, x =2, y=3.
2
2
3(2)
3 2
2
3 6 4
5
Hence, the equation of curve is
3
2 5
2
x c
c
c
x
y x
= +
= +
=
=
If the gradient function of the curve is '( ),
dy
f x
dx
= then the equation of the curve is
'( )
( ) ,
y f x dx
y f x c
=
= +
}
cisconstant.
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7
1. Given that 6 2
dy
x
dx
= , express y in terms of x if y = 9 when x = 2.
2. Given the gradient function of a curve is 4x 1. Find the equation of the curve if it
passes through the point (1, 6).
3. The gradient function of a curve is given by
3
48 dy
kx
dx x
= , where k is a constant.
Given that the tangent to the curve at the point (-2, 14) is parallel to the x-axis, find
the equation of the curve.
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8
SPM 2003- Paper 2 :Question 3 (a)
Given that 2 2
dy
x
dx
= + and y = 6 when x = 1, find y in terms of x. [3 marks]
SPM 2004- Paper 2 :Question 5(a)
The gradient function of a curve which passes through A(1, 12) is
2
3 6 . x x Find the
equation of the curve. [3 marks]
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9
SPM 2005- Paper 2 :Question 2
A curve has a gradient function
2
4 px x , where p is a constant. The tangent to the curve
at the point (1, 3) is parallel to the straight line y + x 5 =0.
Find
(a) the value of p, [3 marks]
(b) the equation of the curve. [3 marks]
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10
1. Find the indefinite integral for each of the following.
(a)
( )
3
2 3
2 6
4 3 2 (b) 3 x x dx dx
x x
| |
+ +
|
\ .
} }
( c)
( )
2
2
5
5 2
3
2 1
(c) x + (d)
3 6x
x
dx dx
x
| |
+
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
} }
2. If
3
4 4 ,
dy
x x
dx
= and y = 0 when x = 2, find y in terms of x.
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3. If
3
2 ,
2
dp v
v
dv
= and p = 0 when v = 0, find the value of p when v = 1.
4. Find the equation of the curve with gradient
2
2 3 1, x x + which passes through the
origin.
5. Given that
2
2
4 ,
d y
x
dx
= and that 0,
dy
dx
= y = 2 when x = 0. Find
dy
dx
and y in terms
of x.
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12
EXERCI SE A
3 2
4
3
3
4 2
3
2
2
3
3
2
1) 2 10
2) 3
2
4 1
3) 4
3
1
4) 2
2 2
6 5
5)
2
2
6)
4
1
7) 2
8) 2
2
x x x c
x
x x c
x x c
x
x x
x c
x
x x
x
c
x
x c
x
x
x c
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +

+ +
+
+ +
EXERCI SE B
2
2
2
2
1) 3 2 1
2) 2 3
3 24
3) 2
2
y x x
y x x
x
y
x
= +
= +
= + +
SPM QUESTI ONS
2
3 2
3 2
1) 2 7
2) 3 10
3) 3,
2 4
y x x
y x x
p
y x x
= + +
=
=
= +
ASSESSMENT
4 2
2
6
4
3
4 2
3 2
3
3
1) ( ) 2
2
2 3
( ) 3
1
( )
9 24
9
( ) 6
3
2) 2 8
7
3)
8
2 3
4)
3 2
2
5) 2
3
a x x x c
b x c
x x
x
c c
x
x
d x c
x
y x x
p
y x x x
y x
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
=
=
= +
= +
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INTEGRATION
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
FORM 5
MODULE 5
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14
CONTENT
CONCEPT MAP 2
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION 3
DEFINITE INTEGRALS 5
EXERCISE A 6
EXERCISE B 7
ASSESSMENT 8
SPM QUESTIOS 9
ANSWERS 10
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CONCEPT MAP
INTEGRATION BY
SUBSTITUTION
( )
n
n u
ax b dx du
a
+ =
} }
where u = ax + b,
a and b are constants, n is an
integer and n -1
OR
( )
( )
( )
1
,
1
n
n ax b
ax b dx c
a n
+
+
+ = +
+
}
where a, b, and c are constants, n is
integer and
n -1
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
If ( ) ( ) then
d
g x f x
dx
=
| | (a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
b
a a
b b
a a
b c c
a b a
f x dx g x g b g a
b f x dx f x dx
c f x dx f x dx f x dx
= =
=
+ =
}
} }
} } }
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INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
( )
n
n u
ax b dx du
a
+ =
} }
where u = ax + b,
a and b are
constants, n is an
integer and n -1
( )
( )
( )
1
,
1
n
n ax b
ax b dx c
a n
+
+
+ = +
+
}
where a, b, and c are
constants, n is integer and
n -1
O
R
Find the indefinite integral for each of the following.
(a) ( )
3
2 1 x dx
}
+
(b)
7
4(3 5) x dx
}
+
(c)
3
2
(5 3)
dx
x
}
+
SOLUTION
(a) ( )
3
2 1 x dx
}
+
Let u = 2x +1
2
2
du du
dx
dx
= =
3 3
3
3 1
4
(2 1)
2
=
2
=
2(3 1)
= +
8
(2 1)
= +
8
du
x dx u
u
du
u
c
u
c
x
c
+
| |
+ =
} }
|
\ .
}
+
+
+
Substitute 2x+1 and
substitute dx with
dx =
2
du
Substitute
u = 2x +1
OR
( )
4
3
4
(2 1)
(2 1)
2(4)
2 1
=
8
x
x dx c
x
c
}
+
+ = +
+
+
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17
(b)
7
7
7
8
8
8
4(3 5)
Let 3 5
3
3
4
4(3 5)
3
4
=
3(8)
=
6
(3 5)
=
6
x dx
u x
du du
dx
dx
u
x dx du
u
c
u
c
u
c
}
} }
+
= +
= =
+ =
+
+
+
+
OR
8
7
8
4(3 5)
4(3 5)
3(8)
(3 5)
=
6
x
x dx c
x
c
}
+
+ = +
+
+
(c)
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2(5 3)
(5 3)
Let 5 3
5
5
2
2(5 3)
5
2
=
5( 2)
=
5
1
=
5
dx x dx
x
u x
du du
dx
dx
u
x dx du
u
c
u
c
u

} }
} }
= +
+
= +
= =
+ =
+

2
1
=
5(5 3)
c
x
+
+
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
If ( ) ( ) then
d
g x f x
dx
=
| |
(a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
b
a a
b b
a a
b c c
a b a
f x dx g x g b g a
b f x dx f x dx
c f x dx f x dx f x dx
= =
=
+ =
}
} }
} } }
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18
Evaluate each of the following
(a)
2
1 4
( 3)( 3) x x
dx
x
}
+
(b)
1
0 2
1
(2 1)
dx
x
}
+
(a)
2
2 2
1 1 4 4
2
2
1 4 4
2 2 4
1
2
1 3
1
( 3)( 3) 9
9
=
= ( 9 )
= 9
1 3
x x x
c dx
x x
x
dx
x x
x x dx
x x


} }
}
}
+
+ =
| |

|
\ .

( | |

( |

\ .

2
3
1
3 3
1 3
=
1 3 1 3
=
2 2 1 1
1 3
= ( 1 3)
2 8
1
= 2
8
1
= 2
8
x x
(
+
(

| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
+ +

(b)
1 1 2
0 0 2
1 2
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
(2 1)
(2 1)
= (2 1)
(2 1)
=
1(2)
1
=
2(2 1)
1 1
=
2[2(1) 1] 2[2(0) 1]
dx x dx
x
x dx
x
x

} }
}
= +
+
+
( +
(

(
+

| |

|
+ +
\ .
1 1
=
6 2
1
=
3
| |

|
\ .
SOLUTION
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19
INTEGRATE THE FOLLOWING USING SUBSTITUTION METHOD.
(1)
3
( 1) x dx
}
+
(2) ( )
5
4 3 5 x dx

}
+
(3)
( )
4
1
5 3
dx
x
}
+
(4)
3
1
5
2
x dx

}
| |

|
\ .
(5)
4
1
5 4
2
y dy
}
| |

|
\ .
(6)
5
3 2
5
2 3
u du
}
| |

|
\ .
Distributed:18.1.09 Return:20.1.09
20
1. Evaluate
8 3
3
( 4) x dx
}
+
Answer : 1023.75
2. Evaluate dx x x x ) 5 (
8
1
2
4
3
+
}

Answer:
96
83
3
3. Integrate
4
2
5
3
x
| |

|
\ .
with respect to x
Answer:
5
3 2
5
10 3
x c
| |
+
|
\ .
4. Evaluate
1
4
1
1
2 3x dx
x

| |
+
|
\ .
}
Answer :
1
3
3
5. Evaluate
( )( )
3
2
1
2 1 2 1
4
x x
dx
x
+
}
Answer:
5
1
6
6.Given that
5
2
( ) 10 f x dx =
}
, find the value
of
| |
2
5
1 2 ( ) f x dx
}
Answer :17
EXERCISE B
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21
1. Given that
2
1
( ) 3 f x dx =
}
and
2
3
( ) 7 f x dx =
}
. Find
(a)
| |
2
1
the value of k if ( ) 8 kx f x dx =
}
(b)
| |
3
1
5 ( ) 1 f x dx
}
Answer : (a) k =
22
3
(b) 48
2.(a)
6
5(2 3 ) v dv

}

(b)
( )
5
4
3 1 5
dx
x
}

3. Show that
( )
2 2
2
2 6
3 2
3 2
d x x x
dx x
x
| | +
=
|
+
+
\ .
.
Hence, find the value of
( )
( )
1
2
0
3
3 2
x x
dx
x
+
+
}
.
Answer :
1
10
4. Given that
4
0
( ) 3 f x dx =
}
and
4
0
( ) 5 g x dx =
}
. Find
(a)
4 0
0 4
( ) ( ) f x dx g x dx
} }
(b)
| |
4
0
3 ( ) ( ) f x g x dx
}
Answer: (a) 15
(b) 4
ASSESSMENT
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22
SPM 2003 PAPER 1, QUESTION 17
1.Given that
( )
( )
4
5
1
1
n
dx k x c
x
}
= + +
+
,
find the value of k and n [3 marks]
Answer: k =
5
3
n = - 3
SPM 2004 PAPER 1, QUESTION 22
2. Given that ( )
1
2 3 6
k
x dx

}
= , where
k > -1 , find the value of k. [4 marks]
Answer: k = 5
SPM 2005 PAPER 1, QUESTION 21
3. Given that
6
2
( ) 7 f x dx
}
= and
6
2
(2 ( ) ) 10 f x kx dx
}
= , find the value of k.
Answer: k =
1
4
SPM QUESTIONS
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23
EXERCISE A
1. 3 ( x + 1)
4
+ c
2. 60 (3 x +5)
- 4
+ c
3.
( )
3
20
5 3
c
x

+
+
4.
2
3 1
5
2 2
x c

| |
+
|
\ .
5.
4
1
10 4
2
y c
| |
+
|
\ .
6.
6
2
5 5
3
u c
| |
+
|
\ .
EXERCISE B
1. 1023.75
2.
83
3
96
3.
5
3 2
5
10 3
x c
| |
+
|
\ .
4.
1
3
3
5.
5
1
6
6. 17
ASSESSMENT
1. (a) k =
22
3
(b) 48
2. (a) 90(2 3v)
-5
+c
(b)
4
100
(1 5 )
3
x c

+
3.
1
10
4. (a) 15
(b) 4
SPM QUESTIONS
1. k =
5
3
n = - 3
2. k = 5
3. k =
1
4
ANSWERS
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24
INTEGRATION
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 6
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25
CHAPTER 3 : INTEGRATION
Content page
Concept Map 2
9.1 Integration as Summation
of Areas 3
Exercise A 4 6
9.2 Integration as Summation
of Volumes 7 8
Exercise B 9 11
SPM Question 12 14
Answer 15
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26
a) The area under a curve
which enclosed by x-axis,
x = a and x = b is
b
a
y dx
}
b) The area under a curve
which enclosed by y-axis,
y = a and y = b is
b
a
x dy
}
c) The area enclosed by a
curve and a straight line
| |
( ) ( )
b
a
f x g x dx
}
a) The volume generated when
a curve is rotated through
360 about the x-axis is
2
b
x
a
V y dx t =
}
b) The volume generated when
a curve is rotated through
360 about the y-axis is
2
b
y
a
V x dy t =
}
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27
3. INTEGRATION
3.1 Integration as Summation of Area
The area under a curve which enclosed by
x = a and x = b is
b
a
ydx
}
Note:
The area is preceded by a negative sign if
the region lies below the x axis.
The area under a curve which is enclosed
by y = a and y = b is
b
a
xdy
}
Note:
The area is preceded by a negative sign if
the region is to the left of the y axis.
The area enclosed by a curve and a straight line
The area of the shaded region = ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx g x
} }
=
| |
( ) ( )
b
a
f x g x dx
}
x
a b
y = f(x)
0
x
y = f(x)
b
a
0
y
x
y = g (x)
y = f (x)
a
b
y
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28
1. Find the area of the shaded region in
the diagram.
2. Find the area of the shaded region in the
diagram.
y = x
2
2x
x
y
0
y = -x
2
+ 3x+ 4
x
-1
4 0
y
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29
3. Find the area of the shaded region 4. Find the area of the shaded region in the
diagram.
y = 2
0
y
x
x = y
2
-1 -2
y = x
2
+ 4x + 4
x
y
2
0
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30
5. Find the area of the shaded region in the
diagram
6.
Given that the area of the shaded region in
the diagram above is
28
3
units
2
. Find the
value of k.
x = y
3
- y
0
1
-1
y
x
x = k
y
x
0
y = ( x 1)
2
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31
3.2 Integration as Summation of Volumes
y
x
y=f(x)
0
a b
The volume generated
when a curve is rotated
through 360 about the
x-axis is
2
b
x
a
V y dx t =
}
The volume generated
when a curve is rotated
through 360 about the
y-axis is
2
b
y
a
V x dy t =
}
y
x
y=f(x)
a
b
0
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32
Answer :
( )
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
4 3 2
0
2
5 4 3
0
5 4 3
3
1
( 2 )
2
5 4 3
2 2(2) 2
0
5 4 3
256 1
@ 17 .
15 15
y dx
x x dx
x x x dx
x x x
units
t
t
t
t
t
t t
=
= +
= + +
(
= + +
(

( | |
= + +
( |
\ .
=
}
}
}
y
x
x=2
y=x(x+1)
0
Volume generated
Find the volume generated when the
shaded region is rotated through 360
about the x-axis.
Answer :
( )
6
2
0
6
0
6
2
0
2
3
6
6
2
6
6(6) 0
2
18 .
x dy
y dx
y
y
units
t
t
t
t
t
=
=
(
=
(

( | |
=
( |
\ .

=
}
}
y
x
2
6 y x =
0
Volume generated
The figure shows the shaded region that is
enclosed by the curve
2
6 y x = , the
x-axis and the y-axis.
Calculate the volume generated when the
shaded region is revolved through 360
about y-axis.
2
2
Given 6
substitute 0 into 6
Then, 6 0
6
y x
x y x
y
y
=
= =
=
=
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33
1.
The above figure shows the shaded region that is enclosed by the curve y = x (2 x)
and x-axis. Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved
through 360 about the y-axis. [4 marks]
y = x (2 x)
0
y
x
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34
2.
The figure shows the curve
2
( 2) y x = . Calculate the volume generated when
the shaded region is revolved through 360 about the x-axis.
y = 4 (x + 1)
0
x
y
Q (3, 4)
P (0, 2)
R (0, 4)
x=3
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35
3.
The above figure shows part of the curve 3 y x = and the straight line
x = k. If the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through
360 about the x-axis is
3
1
12 units ,
2
t find the value of k.
3 y x =
0
x
y
x = k
R (0, 4)
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36
SPM 2003- Paper 2 :Question 9 (b)
Diagram 3 shows a curve
2
1 x y = which intersects the straight line 3 2 y x = at point A.
3 2 y x =
Diagram 3
Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is involved 360 about the y-axis.
[6 marks]
y
x
3 2 y x =
2
1 x y =
1 0
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37
SPM 2004- Paper 2 :Question 10
Diagram 5 shows part of the curve
( )
2
3
2 1
y
x
=

which passes through A(1, 3).

Diagram 5
a) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point A.
[4 marks]
b) A region is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the straight lines x=2 and x= 3.
i) Find the area of the region.
ii) The region is revolved through 360 about the x-axis.
Find the volume generated, in terms of t .
[6 marks]
( )
2
3
2 1
y
x
=

(1, 3) A
y
x
0
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38
SPM 2005- Paper 2 :Question 10
In Diagram 4, the straight line PQ is normal to the curve
2
1
2
x
y = + at A(2, 3). The
straight line AR is parallel to the y-axis.
Diagram 4
Find
(a) the value of k, [3 marks]
(b) the area of the shaded region, [4 marks]
(c) the volume generated, in terms of t , when the region bounded by the curve, the
y-axis and the straight line y = 3 is revolved through 360 about y-axis. [3 marks]
y
x
A(2, 3)
Q(k, 0) 0
R
2
1
2
x
y = +
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39
EXERCI SE A
2
2
2
2
2
1
1. 1 units
3
5
2. 20 units
6
2
3. 2 units
3
2
4. 24 units
3
1
5. units
2
6. 4 k =
EXERCI SE B
2
3
1
1. 1 unit
15
3
2. 6 unit
5
3. 2 k
t
t
=
SPM QUESTI ONS
3
2
3
2
2003
52
units
15
2004
1
)
5
49
)
1125
2005
) 8
1
) 12
3
) 4
SPM
Volume Generated
SPM
i Area units
ii Volume Generated units
SPM
a k
b Area units
c Volume Generated units
t
t
t
c
=
=
=
=
=
=
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