Study of OFDM modulation

Eldo Mabiala, Mathias Coinchon Eurecom institute Supervisor : Karim Maouche

Date : december 1999 Semester project

Table des matires

1Introduction.............................................................................................................................1
1Aim of project..................................................................................................................................1 2Abstract...........................................................................................................................................1 3Plan of report..................................................................................................................................2

2OFDM......................................................................................................................................3
4Channel............................................................................................................................................3
4.1Frequency selectivity....................................................................................................................................3 4.2Delay spread.................................................................................................................................................3

5Qualitati e description...................................................................................................................4
5.1The problem of wideband transmission on a sin le carrier..........................................................................4 5.2!ulticarrier transmission.............................................................................................................................4 5.3"rtho onality................................................................................................................................................5 5.4The uard interval........................................................................................................................................5 5.5#omparison with other schemes...................................................................................................................$

!"athematical description...............................................................................................................!
$.1!ulticarrier approach%..................................................................................................................................$ $.2&nverse Fourier Transform%..........................................................................................................................' $.3(ddin a uard interval%...............................................................................................................................) $.4*imitation of bandwidth%..............................................................................................................................) $.5#hannel and receiver parts% .........................................................................................................................+

#$%noptic of an &'(" transmission s%stem................................................................................1) *Problems in &'(".......................................................................................................................11

).1"rtho onality%............................................................................................................................................11 ).2,ynchroni-ation%.........................................................................................................................................12 ).3.ea/ (vera e .ower 0atio 1.(.02%..........................................................................................................12 ).43ffect of clippin in "FD! si nals%..........................................................................................................13 ).5.hase noise%................................................................................................................................................13 ).$Frequency error%.........................................................................................................................................13 ).'#onclusion..................................................................................................................................................14

+(esi,n of an &'(" s%stem..........................................................................................................14

+.14andwidth..................................................................................................................................................14 +.25umber of carriers......................................................................................................................................14 +.36uard interval.............................................................................................................................................15 +.4!odulation.................................................................................................................................................15 +.5#odin ........................................................................................................................................................15

3Applications............................................................................................................................16
1)-eneral.........................................................................................................................................1! 11(A...............................................................................................................................................1!
11.17hat bandwidth to use for "FD!8.........................................................................................................1$ 11.29ow many carriers could we use8............................................................................................................1'

12A($/............................................................................................................................................1*
12.19D,* .......................................................................................................................................................1)

130iperlan12....................................................................................................................................1+
13.1Definition..................................................................................................................................................1+ 13.27hat is the mission statement of 926F8.................................................................................................1+ 13.37ho are the foundin members8..............................................................................................................1+ 13.47hen will the 926F be launched8..........................................................................................................1+ 13.59ow does 9iper*(52 wor/8...................................................................................................................1+

13.$3:amples of use and scenarios%................................................................................................................2;

14&ther applications.......................................................................................................................2)

4Simulation..............................................................................................................................21
152esults..........................................................................................................................................21
15.1"FD! <(! transmission with only additive noise...............................................................................21 15.2"FD! <(! transmission with 0alei h channel model.........................................................................22 15.3"FD! 4.,= transmission .....................................................................................................................22 15.44.,= transmission on one carrier............................................................................................................23 15.5"FD! 4>.(! transmission....................................................................................................................23 15.$4>.(! !odulation one carrier................................................................................................................24

5Conclusion.............................................................................................................................25
1!'uture...........................................................................................................................................25
1$.1!ulti #arrier #D!( 1!#>#D!(2%.......................................................................................................25

1#Conclusion...................................................................................................................................25

6Annexes..................................................................................................................................27
1*.iblio,raph% 3..............................................................................................................................2# 1+-lossar%.......................................................................................................................................2* 2)"atlab code.................................................................................................................................2*

1&ntroduction
General presentation and plan of report.
1 Aim of project
The aim of the pro?ect is the study of the "rtho onal Frequency Division !ultiple:in modulation. The questions are what are the main principles that technolo y use 8 7hat are the advanta es and disadvanta es in re ard with the other schemes 8 &n which case@ environment is it used 8 what is the actual state>of> the art of it 8 7here do we meet "FD! technolo y nowadays@ and in the future 8 7hat are todayAs standards 8 &s it a mature technolo y

Abstract
"rtho onal Frequency Division !ultiple:in 1"FD!2 is a new di ital modulation technique who consists of transmittin a data stream on several carriers instead of usin only one carrier. The eneral concept has been first introduced in 1+'1@ but itAs only in the last decade@ with the development of Di ital ,i nal .rocessors 1D,.2 that applications become visible. "FD! is mainly used on wideband transmissions. 7eAll see that "FD! is well suited for transmissions in frequency selective channels. ,uch a situation is met for e:ample in multipath environments. (pplications nowadays find place in most of hi h data rate@ wideband transmissions.

&n audio and television broadcastin 1D(4 and DB42 where usually hi h data rate transmissions are required in multipath environment. 7eAll see too that "FD! permits the use of a sin le frequency networ/ 1,F52 where one broadcast multiple: can be sent at the same frequency with several transmitters. &n wireline transmission % (D,* to transmit data at a very hi h rate on copper wire lines. The problem here is that characteristics of the line are not /nown and may chan e amon users. &n wireless *(5 networ/s with 9iper*(5C2 standard where transmissions occurs at very hi h data rate 1D1; !bCs2 in indoors environment 1stron multipath environment2.

Plan of report
&n the ne:t chapter@ weAll e:plain the principle of "FD! modulation by introducin thin s intuitively. 7eAll then see some points more in details by doin a mathematical description. Then@ weAll focus more on the practical aspects of "FD! % the implementation and the problems that modulation suffer from. The third chapter is dedicated to the main applications of "FD! nowadays. 7eAll focus particulary on Di ital (udio 4roadcastin 1D(42 application since it covers most aspects of an "FD! transmission. (lso@ in order to touch the problem of implementation@ weAll ma/e an "FD! transmission simulator on !(T*(4.

2"FD!
Description of Orthogonal re!uenc" Division Multiple#ing modulation.
4 C annel
7hen doin radio transmission on hi h frequencies 1B9F and hi her2 we are often confronted to a multipath environment. ,uch environment are found mostly in urban areas where buildin s reflects waves. 4!1 Fre"uency selecti#ity "ne problem of multipath is that the resultant of waves from different paths can be constructive or destructive dependin on the position@ so si nal chan e over time when movin . Eou can e:periment that when listenin on F! radios while drivin in a city % si nal is cut by noise when movin . 6enerally we spea/ of a frequency selective channel. #haracteristics may chan e fast when movin . ThatAs why the channel is also time varyin .

f
$"pical fre!uenc" response of a channel suffering from mutlipath propagation

The aim of equali-ation is to compensate the problems introduced by frequency selectivity.

4!2

Delay spread (nother effect that affect di ital transmission@ is that the si nal comin from different paths has different time delays dependin on the len th of path. ( consequence of that is memory of channel which cause interference between symbol received 1&,&2.
3

#hannel impulse response

,ymbols

%ualitati#e description

$!1

& e problem of 'ideband transmission on a sin(le carrier 7hen transmittin wideband on frequency selective channels@ equalisation must be performed in order to avoid intersymbol interference. 3qualisation try to ma/e the channel flat. &n order to do that channel state information is needed. Trainin sequences have then to be transmitted periodically to estimate channel. #hannel estimation is performed by several calculations and is then #.F time consumin . ,o when data rate is hi h and when characteristics of channel chan e rapidly #.F power needed is hi h and system become e:pensive. (lso is the symbol period very small compared to the channel memory. That cause stron &ntersymbol &nterference 1&,&2 and equali-ation is needed to correct that problem.

%e{ e:p1 ; t + 2}

0 $!2

Multicarrier transmission The idea of multicarrier transmission is to divide bandwidth in several narrow band transmissions so that the channel loo/s flat on each carrier. The data stream to transmit is then split amon the carriers instead of bein tranmsitted on one carrier with lar e si nal bandwidth. ThatAs what is meant by Frequency Division !ultiple: 1FD!2. The advanta e is that no or less comple: equali-ation is needed. The symbol period on each carrier become lar e and the effect of channel memory 1len th of channel impulse response2 become less destructive on the symbols@ so intersymbol interference 1&,&2 is reduced and less equalisation is needed. 3ach carrier is modulated usin any /nown modulation scheme li/e <(! and .,= schemes.
4

%e{ e:p1 ; t + 2}

$!3

Ort o(onality &n a transmission system@ we want the occupied bandwidth on the channel to be as small as possible. For that@ in a multicarrier system@ we try to set a minimum frequency space between carriers without havin intercarrier interference 1&#&2. The minimum space is reached when carriers are ortho onal to each other@ si nal from each can have a small overlap on the other without causin interference. ThatAs what is meant by the G " H 1"rtho onal2 of "FD!. 7eAll see further that the inverse fourier transform has that ortho onality property.

1C T

$!4

& e (uard inter#al "ne way to avoid &nter>symbol interference is to set a small ap equal to the duration of delay spread between the symbols. ,o@ each symbol does not affect the
$

ne:t one. 7eAll also see later that this interval plays an important role in the implementation. $!$ Comparison 'it ot er sc emes ,imple schemes 1<(!@ I 2 as we have ?ust seen@ suffer from stron &,& when channel memory increase and then stron equalisation is needed. (lso the ris/ of si nal loss is hi h in frequency selective fadin channels #D!( 1or spread spectrum2 schemes. &n order to have hi h data rate transmissions@ receiver has to compute correlations at a hi h rate and it is #.F time consumin .

Mat ematical description

*et us consider the eneral problem of transmittin a si nal ,1t2 over the time> varyin channel c1t@2. The samplin version of ,1t2 is a bit stream ,JnK that is demultiple:ed onto 5 carriers. )!1 Multicarrier approac * The bit stream ,JnK is shared onto all carriers@ each one to be produced some data to transmit. Then the bit stream is divided in sub>stream ( ( n [ ' ] ) ;' & 1 called "FD! symbol@ we use two inde:es n bein time inde: and / the sub>stream inde: 1inde: used for carrier reco nition2. The carriers do not receive an amount of bit since the bit stream is pre modulated@ the required amplitude and phase of the carrier is then calculated usin 4.,=@ <.,= or <(! before demultiple:in . ( variant of "FD! is #"FD! 1coded ortho onal frequency division multiple:in 2@ where forward error codin is applied to the si nal before transmission@ to overcome errors due to lost carriers from frequency selective fadin @ channel noise and other effects of propa ation. 4ut the main focus of this pro?ect is "FD!.

( n [ ;] S [ n]
!odulation ! 4.,=@ o <.,=@ d <(!

( n [1]

u l a t i o n

( n [ & 1]

4 . , = < . , = < ( !

)!2

+n#erse Fourier &ransform* "FD! uses the available spectrum efficiently by spacin the channels much closer to ether. This is achieved by ma/in all the carriers ortho onal to one another@ preventin interference between the closely spaced carriers. To enerate "FD! successfully the relationship between all carriers must be carefully to maintain the ortho onality of the carriers. For that@ after choosin the spectrum required@ we have to convert it bac/ to its time domain si nal usin an &nverse Fourier Transform. &n most applications@ an &nverse Fast Fourier Transform is used@ it performs the transformation very efficiently@ and provides a simple way of ensurin the carrier si nals produced are ortho onal.

( n [ ;] ( n [1]
&FFT

# n [ ;] # n [1]

( n [ & 1]

# n [ & 1]

,o@ we can write% # n [ l ] = For l L ;@ 1@ I@ 5>1

1 &

' ) 2l ( [ ' ] e:p &

' =; n

& 1

)!3

Addin( a (uard inter#al* "ne of the most important properties of "FD! transmissions is the robustness a ainst multipath delay spread. This is achieved by havin a lon symbol period@ which minimi-es the inter>symbol interference. The level of robustness@ can in fact be increased even more by addition of a uard interval between transmitted symbols. The uard period allows time for multipath si nals from the previous symbol to die away before the information from the current symbol athered. The most effective uard interval to use is a cyclic e:tension of the symbol. 7hy8 The Fast Fourier Transform that we will use at the receiver@ transforms a cyclic time domain si nal into its equivalent frequency spectrum. The si nal # n [ ' ] is not necessary cyclicI *et form a cyclic si nal of 5M*>1 samples by repeatin the last *>1 samples # n [ ' ] at the be innin of the si nal. This technique is called uard interval by c"clic prefi#. The number * of samples to repeat is ta/en more than the memory of the channel. ,o we the resultin cyclic prefi:ed si nal is%

( # n [ & * + 1]@...@ # n [ & 1]@ # n [ ;]@ # n [1]@...# n [ & 1] )

)!4 -imitation of band'idt * The frequencies used in "FD! are re ularly spaced in the spectrum required so@ the time domain si nal # n [ ' ] has to be limited in the frequency domain. For this reason we will ma/e a convolution between the si nal and a window function that has a spectrum limited e:actly on the required one. 1(ll window functions have a limited spectrum2. 7e have chosen to use the raised cosine function to limit our si nal spectrum and we will note it g N ( t ) . The si nal to send over the channel is% D # n [ m] =
& + * 1 l =;

# [l ] g [ m l ]
n N

g/ -t. = sin c( t $ )

cos( +,t $ ) 1 4+ 2 t 2 $ 2

E#ample of an O DM spectrum

)!$

C annel and recei#er parts* # n [ m] over the time> *et consider the problem of transmittin the si nal D varyin linear channel c(t @) without additional noise. &f we call c[m] the samplin version of the channel@ then the output of obtained by the channel is% D " n [ m] =
& +* 1 l =;

# [ l ] c[ m l ] D
n

m L ;@1@I@ 5M*>1 The receiver basically does the reverse operation to the transmitter. The si nal " n [ m] that has 5M*>1 samples@ before the demodulation@ we have to received is D drop the * last samples of the received si nal@ and then remove the uard period@ in order to use correctly the Fourier Transform properties. &ndeed the demodulation operation is a simple FFT accordin to the &FFT used as modulation. 7e need to find out 5 samples 1one per carrier2 as at the modulator input@ let apply " n [ m] . an FFT to the si nal D
& 1 l D 0n [ ' ] = D " n [ l ] e:p 2)' & l =;

& 1 & + * 1 l D 0n [ ' ] = D # n [ m]c[ l m] e:p 2)' & l =; m =;

l & + * 1 & 1 D 0n [ ' ] = D # n [ m] c[ l m] e:p 2)' & m =; l =; & + * 1 m D D 0n [ ' ] = # n [ m] e:p 2)' & ( c[ ' ] ) m =;
The first term of the multiplication above loo/s li/e a Fourier Transform e:pression. &n fact@ if we restrict the summation inde: from m L ; to m L 5>1 it is " n [ m] . ,o the si nal produces equivalent to drop the * last samples of the si nal D by the demodulator is%

& 1 D m D 0n [ ' ] = # n [ m] e:p 2)' & ( c[ ' ] ) m =;

D 0n [ ' ] = ( # n [ ' ] ) ( c[ ' ] )
D 0n [ ' ] = ( n [ ' ]C [ ' ]

( simple division by the channel frequency response ets bac/ the transmitted si nal. This modulation does not need any equali-ation and the data samples are then combined bac/ to the same si-e as the ori inal data.

Synoptic of an OFDM transmission system

&mplementation of "FD! modulation nowadays is almost everytime performed di itally. 9ereAs a model of an "FD! transmission system

.arallelCserial@ mappin

&FFT

.arallel to serialD
&

Di ital to analo converter

.arallel to serial

FFT

,erial to parallel

(nalo to di ital converter

#hannel

Data comin from the input are arran ed into vectors with number of components equal to the number of carriers. 3ach component is
10

composed by a number of bits dependin on the alphabet of the modulation scheme used on the ne:t sta e. For e:ample@ if we use a 153$ carriers system with 4.,=@ weAll have vectors of 153$ component each one composed by 1 bit 14.,= is 2>ary2.

3ach component 1 roup of bits2 is mapped into a comple: symbol dependin on the alphabet of the modulation scheme used. For e:ample@ with 4.,= the alphabet is O >1 P M1 Q. &n order to obtain real samples after &FFT@ a 2N5umber of carrier points &FFT is done with %
D N & ' = ( ' @ ' = 1@...@ & 1 ( ; = %e1 ( ; 2@ ( & D = &m1 ( ; 2

The &nverse Fast Fourier Transform al orithm 1&FFT2 is applied to the vector ivin a real samples vector. The uard interval is added at the be innin of the vector by repeatin the components of the end. Bectors are concatenated to form a time si nal 1parallelCserial conversion2 7indowin the si nal is necessary to limit the bandwidth. !ost used window is the raised cosine. The si nal is then passed trou h the channel. #hannel is modeled by a linear system with frequency response c1t2 to ether with a source of additive 6aussian noise. (t the reception@ si nal is rearran ed a ain into vectors 1serialCparallel conversion2 and uard interval is dropped. Fast Fourier Transform 1FFT2 is computed in order to et bac/ the comple: vector of symbols.

.
.!1

Problems in OFDM
Ort o(onality* (s seen above the fact to have several carriers is actually advanta eous whenever they are mathematically ortho onal. ,o carriers ortho onality is a constrain that can leads to a wron operation of "FD! systems if not respected. The ortho onality is provided by &FFT that a numerical manipulation@ an error of computation could chan e li htly spacin between to consecutive carriers and brea/ the ortho onality of the whole system. &n this case "FD! loses all its efficiency@ because the notion of ortho onality is an absolute one.

11

.!2

Sync roni1ation* "ne of the crucial problems in the receiver is to sample the incomin si nal correctly. &f the wron sequence of samples is processed@ the Fast Fourier Transform shall not correctly recover the received data on the carriers. The problem is more embarrassin when the receiver is switched on. There is therefore a need for acquirin timin loc/. &f the si nal transmitted is really time domain periodic@ as required for the FFT to be correctly applied@ then the effect of the time displacement is to modify the phase of all carriers by a /nown amount. This is due to the time shift theorem in convolutional transform theory.
,ymbols Time ,amplin 6ood synchroni-ation 4ad synchroni-ation

9owever@ the si nal is not really repetitive@ we have cheated and performed the mathematical transform as if it were repetitive@ but then chosen different symbols and transmitted them one after the other. The effect of the time shift would then be not only to add the phase shift referred to above@ but also to add some intersymbol interference with ad?acent symbols. This interference could hardly de rade reception. To avoid these problems@ we decide to transmit more than one complete sequence of time samples in order to increase the tolerance in timin . &tAs an additional data uard interval. &t is built by repeatin a set as lon as channel memory of last samples ta/en in the ori inal sequence. The lon er the uard interval@ the more ru ed the system@ but uard interval does not carry any useful information and its transmission leads to a penalty of power. "ne technique used to obtain ood synchroni-ation is to add between each "FD! symbol a null 1-ero samples2 symbol. This technique is used in D(4 for time synchroni-ation. .!3 Pea2 A#era(e Po'er 3atio 4PAP35* 7hen the phase of different subcarriers add up to form lar e pea/s@ an important complication comes in "FD! systems. This problem is called .ea/ (vera e .ower 0atio 1.(.02 and it is defined for each "FD! si nal on a time interval Jn@ nMTsK by the followin formula%

For continuous si nals

n =
For sampled si nals

t[ n @ n +$s ]

ma: # 1t 2
n +t s

# 2 1t 2 dt

12

n =

ma: # n [ ' ] E #n [ ' ]

'

&n "FD! systems .(.0 can have very hi h values for certain input sets of sample ( ( n [ ' ] ) and overload non>linear characteristics of systems@ causin inter> modulations amon different carriers and undesired out>of>band radiation. (nother main drawbac/ of .(.0 can be seen as quanti-ation noise domination towards the performance of system. This domination can be e:cited by avoidin the clippin effect of the ma:imum level of the Di ital to (nalo #onverter 1D(#2 that is set too hi h. Barious techniques are proposed to reduce .(.0 in "FD! si nals@ but that reduction is not obvious because .(.0 and ,50 are closely lin/ed. 7e will not e:pound those techniques in this paper@ they can be found in reference J14K.

.!4

6ffect of clippin( in OFDM si(nals* 7hen transmitted si nals have hi h .(.0s@ amplifiers may produce Rclippin S. &n some way@ clippin can be re arded as pea/s of the input si nal bein simply cut>off by amplifiers. #onsequences of clippin are out>of>band radiation and inter symbol interference between subcarriers. &n order to avoid these undesired effects that reduce "FD! performances@ one has either to use amplifiers with dynamic ran e@ or try to reduce .(.0. The first alternative is e:pensive@ the second one is more often used.

.!$

P ase noise* (t the receiver@ a local oscillator can add phase noise to an "FD! si nal@ for e:ample. The phase noise could so have two effects those are% #ommon .hase 3rror 1#.32 due to a rotation of the si nal constellation and@ &nter #arrier &nterference 1&#&2@ similar to additive 6aussian noise. The 44# 0TD have made analysis of the effects of phase noise on an "FD! si nal@ this analysis shows that #.3 arises simultaneously on all carriers. &ndeed@ the si nal constellation within a iven symbol is sub?ect to the same rotation for all carriers and this effect can be corrected by usin reference information within the same symbol. Fnfortunately@ &#& is more difficult to overcome@ due to the additive noise@ which is different for all carriers. This difference can be interpreted as a loss of ortho onality.

.!)

Fre"uency error* (n "FD! system can be sub?ect to two types of frequency error. They are Frequency offset 1as mi ht be caused by the tolerance of the local oscillator frequency2 and@ 3rror in the receiver master cloc/ frequency 1which will cause the spacin of the demodulatin carriers to be different from those transmitted2.
13

4efore to find solutions to those problems@ the system desi ner needs to determine how much residual frequency error is permissible@ and understand e:actly how errors affect the received si nal. 4oth of these error situations have been analy-ed so@ a frequency offset affects most carriers equally@ with the very ed e carrier less affected. &#& resultin from a fi:ed absolute frequency offset increases with the number of carriers@ if the system bandwidth is /ept constant. (bout error in the receiver cloc/ frequency@ in absence of frequency offset@ it affects carriers unequally 1the center carrier suffers a little while the worst affected carrier lies close to@ but not at@ the ed e2.

.!,

Conclusion (t the reception@ it is very important to distin uish the startin point of FFT to avoid wron demodulation. (nd so synchroni-ation has to be precise. &t e:plains the use of special symbols 1pilot2 for synchroni-ation in transmission. 9ardware desi n of transmitter and receiver is important because of hi h pea/ to avera e ratio which cause distorsions if dynamic ran e of amplifiers and converters is not hi h enou h. "FD! is very sensitive to carrier frequency offsets. ,uch offsets are mainly the cause of receiver local oscillators instability and doppler effect when mobile is movin .

/
/!1

Desi(n of an OFDM system

7and'idt "ccupied bandwidth is of course directly related to the data rate to transmit. 9owever@ the question is @ what is the minimum bandwidth to ta/e in order to obtain enou h diversity and avoid the loss off all the si nal in frequency selective fadin environments. "n the other hand much bandwidth means also much transmittin power. There is a tradeoff between bandwidth and transmitted power. That optimal bandwidth is found by channel simulations and field test trials. &n D(4@ for e:ample@ a bandwidth of 1@5 !h- is a ood compromise for the type of propa ation conditions that apply.

/!2

8umber of carriers 7e have seen that the reater the number of carriers@ the reater the symbol period on each carrier and so lees equali-ation is needed and the reater the diversity offered by the system. 9owever@ with differential modulation@ it is important that the channel not vary too much durin one symbol period. This is not the case when the receiver is movin because of dopler effect and short term fadin . Then a reat number of carrier will limit the movin speed. This is another tradeoff of "FD!.

14

(nother problem is the comple:ity in the implementation increase when carrier number increase because lar e FFT are needed. To continue with the D(4 e:ample@ 153$ carriers has been found to be a ood compromise. That lead to a carrier spacin of 1/9- and a symbol period of 1ms. !ovin speed of mobiles shouldnAt et over 1$; /m per hour. /!3 9uard inter#al The tradeoff of uard interval is to set it lar e enou h to avoid intersymbol interference dependin on the memory of channel and transmitter position spacin in a sin le frequency networ/. "n the other hand@ we want it to be as small as possible as it carries no information and can be seen as a spoil of bandwidth. &n wireless systems@ a uard interval of 25U of symbol period is often met and seems to be a ood compromise. That is the value ta/en for D(4@ it allows a ma:imum distance of about ); /ilometers between transmitters /!4 Modulation The modulation scheme used on each carrier depends on the 430 needs. &n D(4@ <.,= is used but for hi her order systems 1$@ $4 or 25$ <(! is used. /!$ Codin( #hannel codin is very important in "FD! systems. 7hen we spea/ of diversity@ that is possible because information is redundant amon the carriers. #odin associated with frequency 1amon carriers2 and time interleavin ma/e the system very robust in frequency selective fadin . &n litterature@ coded "FD! systems are sometime called #"FD!.

1$

3(pplications
1pplications of O DM in digital communications no2ada"s.
10 9eneral
7e have seen that "FD! is di ital transmission technique well suited for wideband@ hi h data rate transmissions. The main advanta e is that less equalisation is necessary. ( consequence of that is that "FD! is not a very ood solution for one to one communications with several users on a shared channels@ because of the problem of frequency allocation. 9owever on super hi h frequency bands 1,9F2 and 3:tremely hi h bands 139F2 where occupied bandwidth is not a reat problem@ "FD! may be a ood solution for one to one communications. 4ut@ nowadays@ "FD! is mainly used for one to many 1broadcast2 communications li/e radio or television broadcastin . ThatAs why we find "FD! on several new di ital broadcastin systems such as D(4 and DB4.

11

DA7
Di ital (udio 4roadcastin 1D(42 is an international@ standardi-ed di ital broadcastin system developed by the 3uropean 3F03=(>14' .ro?ect. The system should completely replace@ in the future@ the well>/nown analo F! 1Frequency !odulation2 radio system on the ))>1;) !9- frequency band. The D(4 system is di ital and provides #D>li/e audio quality. D(4 is much more robust to interferences and is well suited for mobile reception li/e in a car. 5ew possibilities are available on receivers li/e for e:ample multimedia features 1ima e and te:ts2. The transmission scheme used for D(4 is "FD! modulation D(4 is bein deployed around 3urope and some other countries nowadays@ receivers are still e:pensive li/e #D players in the be innin of ei hties but we mi ht e:pect to see a wide use of it in the ne:t 5 years.

11!1

: at band'idt to use for OFDM; The wider the bandwidth@ the more probably that the system overcome the correlation bandwidth of the channel. .roblem to overcome% ,hort delay echoes are the main problems to overcome@ and as these are always present there is no hard bound. The narrower the bandwidth@

1)

the more li/ely it is that the whole si nal will be affected. There is a trade off between bandwidth and transmitter power. .and4idth3 '!9- few problems 2 !9- de radation of 1d4 in performance at each point V1.5!9- de radation starts to increase 2;;=9- used for F! sound@ then the mar in required would be an additional $d4 or so. Trade off3 1.5!9- for the type of propa ation conditions that apply to mobile and portable radio reception. .it5rate3 "n each carrier the modulation system used is <.,=@ the carriers are separated by a ap of around 34$s@ where $s is symbol period. The ma:imum bit rate available is so 2bitCsC9- of the bandwidth. This fi ure is reduced by the inefficiency 1si nal redundancy2 of the uard interval@ the null symbol and the error codin . For D(4@ this brin s the useful bit>rate down about 1 bitCsC9- of the bandwidth. Therefore a D(4 system will provide ?ust less than 1.5!bitCs of useful data. This is considerably more than 25$/bitCs that needed for hi h>quality stereophonic pro ram@ so the implication is that several broadcast pro rams will share the same multiple:. 11!2 <o' many carriers could 'e use; (bout the number of carriers@ the more there are@ the reater is the resolution of the diversity offered by the system. For the differential demodulation to wor/ properly@ the multipath environment must chan e slowly from symbol by symbol. Thus@ there is limit to the symbol and hence the number of carriers. For static reception@ this is not a ma?or problem. 4ut for mobile reception@ the motion of the vehicle leads to chan es in the multipath environment. "ver a symbol period@ a vehicle movin at a velocity v mCs will travel v$s/f4c wavelen ths. This is fd/$s@ where fd is the ma:imum Doppler shift. &f this is to introduce ne li ible phase distortion@ then the function fd must be small. ( fi ure of fdV;.;2 has been proposed as suitable for eneral use. To achieve hi h vehicle velocities 1W1$;/mCh2 it has been necessary to adopt three modes of operation@ each mode bein suited to a difference part of B9F and F9F frequency bands. The main difference between modes is the symbol period and@ as a direct consequence@ the number of carriers. &f it will be only a question of sin le transmitter@ then the si nificant echoes would all be relatively short. ,urveys indicate that uard interval of the order of 1;s would satisfactory for the ma?ority of location@ in the F= for e:ample. The use of several transmitters puts a limit on the minimum uard interval that should be used. The transmissions from areas that are some distance away can reach quite hi h levels on occasions of anomalous propa ation. This has to be a compromise between a small number of hi h power transmitters spaced by about 5;/m@ or a much lar er number of low>power transmitters. 4ecause the first option is li/ely to

1,

be cheapest@ the uard interval is to set about 25; s@ equivalent to a ma:imum in transmission distance at the receiver. The symbol period need not be directly related to the uard interval. &t is a ?ust question of how much of the symbol period is repeated in the uard interval. This is purely a matter of efficiency@ as the power transmitted in the uard interval does not form a useful part of the data information in the receiver unless there are substantial echoes. To minimi-e the power loss by the system@ it is desirable to /eep the uard interval to as low a percenta e as possible of the symbol period. &n practice@ a uard interval of the order of 25U of the symbol period has been found to be ood compromise. &f we consider a uard interval of 25; s@ this leads to a symbol period of 1ms and a carrier spacin of about 1 /9-. &t means appro:imately 15;; carriers 17L1.5!9-2 in the minimum bandwidth that would be desirable for one "FD! transmission. &n practice@ one uses 153$ carriers with a uard interval of 512. Then the channel receives symbols that have 2;4) len th so@ the uard interval is the quarter of the symbol total len th.

12 ADS(symetric Di ital ,ubscriber *ine 1(D,*2 is a technique to transmit hi h data rates 1up to $ !bCs downlin/@ $4;/bCs uplin/2 on ,ubscriber *ines 1telephone lines2. ,uch lines consist of twisted copper wires. The idea is to use the full capacity of the line instead of usin only 4 /h- needed to transmit voice. "ccupied bandwdth oes to 1.1 !9-. The main problem is that the characteristics of the line chan e amon users. They chan e with distance@ presence of brid ed taps in the line@ nei hbourhood of other lines@ I . The results are reflections at certain frequencies which cause attenuation@ velocity dependant of the frequency which causes &,&. The situation is very similar to wireless channels. There are 2 possible modulation schemes usable for (D,* % #(. 1#arrierless amplitude phase2 that is similar to <(! and Discrete !ultitone 1D!T2 that is another appellation for "FD!. 5owadays@ it seems that D!T is the retained candidate for (D,*. The downlin/ consist of 222 tones 1carriers2 and uplin/ is splitted in 24 tones. 2 to 15 bits are coded by tone. The transmission rate is optimi-ed with respect to line conditions. &f transmission on one of the tone is disrupted because of stron reflections and interferences at the frequency band@ transmission is suspended on that tone by modem. 12!1 <DS9D,* % 9i h bit rate Di ital ,ubscriber *ine is another implementation for symetric speeds 1uplin/ rate L downlin/ rate2. The rate is fi:ed to 1@$ !bCs. The samplin rate is $4; =9-@ the number of carriers is 25$. 25$ <(! subsymbols are applied to a treillis encoder and then modulated by a 512 points &FFT.
1.

13 <iperlan=2
13!1 Definition 9iper*(52 is the all new hi h performance radio technolo y@ specifically suited for operatin in *(5 environments. 9iper*(52 is a technolo y bein developed within the 3uropean Telecommunications ,tandardisation &nstitute 13T,&2 and a final specification is due to be finalised at the end of 1+++ or be innin of 2;;;. 9iper*(52 operates in the unlicensed 5 69- frequency band@ which has been specifically allocated to wireless *(5s. &n contrast to the &333 );2.11 wireless 3thernet technolo y@ 9iper*(52 is connection>oriented. #onnections over the air are time>division multiple:ed. #onnections can also be assi ned different <uality of ,ervice 1<o,2. This <o, support allows for the transmission of a mi: of different types of technolo ies@ e. . voice@ video@ and data. There are also specific connections for unicast@ multicast@ and broadcast transmission. 9iper*(52 allows for interconnection into virtually any type of fi:ed networ/ technolo y. Thus@ 9iper*(52 can carry@ for e:ample@ 3thernet frames@ (T! cells@ &. pac/ets@ etc. ( li/ely first scenario for 9iper*(52 is to use it between a mobile terminal such as a laptop@ and an access point. "FD! is the modulation used in the physical layer of 9iper*(52@ with a $4 point Fast Fourier Transform. For the subcarrier modulation we have choice between 4.,=@ <.,=@ and 1$>$4 <(!P the symbol period used is 3.$Xs with a uard interval of ;.)Xs 1optionally ;.4Xs2. The demodulation is coherent. "FD! obviously provides intentionally wide frequency band and a potential bit>rate of 54!bitCs.

13!2

: at is t e mission statement of <29F; Drive the adoption of 9iper*(52 as the lobally accepted@ broadband wireless technolo y in the 569- band@ providin connectivity for mobile devices in corporate@ public and home environments. : o are t e foundin( members; 4osch@ Dell@ 3ricsson@ 5o/ia@ Telia@ Te:as &nstruments : en 'ill t e <29F be launc ed; The world>wide launch of 9iper*(52 will ta/e place on the 14th ,eptember 1+++ in (tlanta and simultaneously in *ondon <o' does <iper-A82 'or2; 9iper*(52 operates in the dedicated spectrum in the 5 69- band. &t provides connections@ which can be assi ned a specific <o,@ over the air between the terminal and the base station. 7hile on the move@ 9iper*(52 automatically performs handover to the nearest base station 1called access point in 9iper*(522. 9iper*(52 also has stron security support@ includin both authentication and
1/

13!3

13!4

13!$

encryption and has a built>in facility for automatic frequency allocation@ removin the need for frequency plannin .

13!)

6>amples of use and scenarios* 7ith 9iper*(52 installed@ wor/ers on a construction site can use laptops to collect blue prints@ order materials and communicate with e:perts. 4y sendin short video sequences via the inte rated camera to an e:pert in real time@ a problem can be loo/ed at and discussed@ usin the hi h quality audio function@ then promptly solved. The broadcast function also means that everyone wor/in on site can be contacted with any information > and that creates a more efficient on>site operation. This application loo/s li/e DB4>T and uses "FD! by the same way. 9iper*(52 benefits companies with a fle:ible wor/force. 3mployees can transfer their laptops computers from one pro?ect to another and continue to e:chan e lar e amounts of information between pro?ect members and the company server. &t is also possible to connect several des/top computers and video pro?ectors via 9iper*(52. Domestic electronics li/e televisions@ cameras@ stereo equipment and computers can all be interconnected by 9iper*(52 usin small 92 modules which automatically establish connectivity. 9iper*(52 allows multimedia equipment to be intelli ently controlled from any computin device in the home without the need for networ/ cables. 9iper*(52 enables travellers and employees to wor/ whilst on the move@ ivin them access to the company networ/@ the &nternet as well as allowin them to ma/e and receive multimedia calls. (ircraft 3n ineers can also benefit from the technolo y. 7ith customised software@ they can access information from databases and et in touch with e:perts on site. 9iper*(52 benefits both students and lecturers@ allowin wireless access to the university intranet. #overin the entire campus@ students can access information@ such as videotaped lectures and remote supervision transmitted by their lecturer and two>way communication can ta/e place between students and lecturers throu h laptops.

14 Ot er applications

7ireless (T! transmission system. For description@ please refer to J1'K. .roposed scheme for F!T, air interface for bit rates hi her than 3)4 /bps 1by Telia2. 4ut the problem of synchroni-ation of all mobiles in the uplin/ to the base station is still under study.

20

4,imulation
Some results of the simulation of an O DM s"stem.
1$ 3esults
The "FD! model used for the implementation is described in 2.4. The pro ram has been implemented in matlab. The channel simulation pro ram G propa .c H 1has been iven to us by a person who doesnAt /now the authors of the sources2 associated with eneYfad.m computes a vector composed y delays and amplitude of each path. The model used is 0alei h fadin . 9ere are some results with an "FD! transmission on 153$ carriers with differents modulation schemes on each carrier.

1$!1

OFDM %AM transmission 'it only additi#e noise

21

1$!2

OFDM %AM transmission 'it 3alei( c annel model

1$!3

OFDM 7PS? transmission

22

1$!4

7PS? transmission on one carrier

1$!$

OFDM 4@PAM transmission

23

1$!)

4@PAM Modulation one carrier

24

5#onclusion
1) Future
1)!1 Multi Carrier CDMA 4MC@CDMA5* The pro?ect of !#>#D!( addresses the desi n of improved wireless radio networ/s. The mobile or indoor radio channel is characteri-ed by multipath reception% the si nal offered to the receiver does not contain only a direct line>of> si ht radio wave@ which causes si nificant de radation of the networ/ performances. The effects of multipath radio propa ation@ modulation and codin added to si nal processin techniques on the spectrum efficiency and performance of the wireless radio networ/s are studied@ in particular "FD! and related transmission methods. !#>#D!( intends to further develop the insi ht in the performance of multi>user systems usin "FD!. &n particular@ this concept is combined with #D!(. !#>#D!( uses Direct ,equence #D!( 1D,>#D!(2 merely for multiple:in @ but chooses the si nal waveforms usin the "FD! principle. &ndeed@ !#>#D!( is a form of D,>#D!(@ but after spreadin @ a Fast Fourier Transform is performedP it can be seen also as a form of "FD!@ but we first apply an ortho onal matri: operation to the user bit>stream. Therefore@ !#>#D!( is sometimes called #D!(>"FD!. The main improvement of !#>#D!( between "FD! is avoidance of bit errors on subcarriers that are in a deep fade. For that@ "FD! enerally applies codin 1&t is the variant of "FD!@ which we have called #"FD!2. 9ence the number of subcarriers needed is lar er than the number of bits or symbols transmitted simultaneously. !#>#D!( replaces this encoder by an 5N5 matri: operation. The initial results reveal an improved 430. The applications of #!>#D!( are almost same than "FD! one and try to achieve best performances. For e:ample about Di ital (udio 4roadcastin 1D(42@ !#>#D!( is robust a ainst fadin caused by natural multipath and@ it can also wor/ if si nals are received from two different transmitter sites.

1, Conclusion
4ecause of the reat wor/ on third eneration mobile networ/s 1F!T,@I2 nowadays@ everybody spea/ and thin/ #D!( for di ital transmission. 9owever@ weAve seen that "FD! is able to handle very hi h data rate transmission without too much comple:ity at the receiver. For that@ it is a prefered scheme for di ital wideband transmission. ,o@ in the near future@ as offerin di ital wideband transmissions is the new challen e for operators@ we mi ht e:pect to see an e:plosion in the use of communications systems usin "FD! modulation %
2$

&n the subscriber line with ZD,* techniques. (D,* commercial tests are currently runnin in France. &n the broadband multimedia transmissions with D(4 and DB4. D(4 networ/s are bein deployed around bi cities &n wireless *(5 with 9iper*(5C2 standard. 9iper*(5C2 allow wide area covera e and for that some people thin/ that such a networ/ may be deployed before F!T,.

9owever some areas in "FD! are always under researches. This the case for synchroni-ation and codin methods to reduce .(.0.

3ldo !abiala

!athias #oinchon

2)

$(nne:es
1. 7iblio(rap y *
1.

[.9. ,tott %The effects of frequency errors in "FD!. 44# 0TD 0eport 44# 0D 1++5C15. .. ,helswell % The #"FD! !odulation ,ystem. 44# 0eport 44# 0D 1++$C). [. ,tott %The effect of phase noise in #"FD!@ 44# 0TD 3:plainin some ma ic of "FD! [. .roa/is % Di ital #ommunications@ !c6raw9ill ,ari@ =aram@ [eanclaude % Transmission techniques for di ital terrestrial TB broadcastin P &333 communications ma a-ine Febr 1++5 vol.33 no.2 .. Duhamel % *e syst\me de transmission du pro?et D(4 % .orteuses ortho onales 1"FD!2 *a-lo 9a-y % &nitial #hannel 3stimation and Frame ,ynchroni-ation in "FD! ,ystems for Frequency ,elective #hannels. http%CCwww.sce.carleton.caCD*as-lo.9a-yC"FD!C [ohn !. #ioffi % ( multicarrier primer. http%CCwww>isl.stanford.eduCDcioffiCpapers.html 3. *awrey % The suitability of "FD! as a modulation technique for wireless telecommunications@ with a #D!( comparison P http%CCwww.en .?cu.edu.auCericCthesisCchapter1.htm]&ntroduction ,peth@ Fechtel@ Foc/@ !eyr % "ptimum receiver desi n for wireless broad> band systems usin "FD! P &333 trans. on communications vol 4' no 11 February ++ #how@ Tu % ( discrete !ultitone Transceiver ,ystem for 9D,* (pplications@ &333 [ournal on selected areas in communications vol.+ 1$2 (u ust 1++1. !addoc/s@ .ullen@ 6reen % Di ital (udio 4roadcastin @ !easurin techniques and covera e performance for a medium power B9F sin le frequency networ/. 44# 0TD 0eport 44# 0D 1++5C2.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

2,

14.

4onaccorso@ !hirsi % 0educin pea/ to avera e power ratio in "FD! systems. ,tudent 3urecom pro?ect 1++). Dutta>0oy %( second wind for 7irin 1(D,*2 P &333 ,pectrum spetember 1+++ (D,* Forum on http%CCwww.adsl.com .rasad % Fniversal 7ireless .ersonal #ommunications P (rtech 9ouse ..9umblet % Telecommunications P 3urecom course notes ,prin 1++) 6. #aire % 7ireless #ommunications P 3urecom course notes 1+++

15.

16. 17. 18. 19.

(ll 44# 0TD articles http%CCwww.bbc.co.u/Crd

iven here are available on their web site %

( list of interestin lin/s concernin "FD! can be found at % http%CCstudwww.eurecom.frCDcoinchonCofdm.html

1/ 9lossary
(D,* % (symetric Di ital ,ubscriber *ine 430 % 4it 3rror 0ate D,.% Di ital ,i nal .rocessor &#& % &nter#arrier &nterference &,& % &nter,ymbol &nterference *(5 % *ocal (rea 5etwor/ !ultiple: % mi: of several sources "FD! % "rtho onal Frequency multiple:in <(! % <uadrature (mplitude !odulation ,F5 % ,in le Frequency 5etwor/ B9F % Bery 9i h Frequency

20 Matlab code
The code has been removed as parts of it comes from industrial partners who want to /eep it confidential. ,orry for this inconvenience.

2.