Practical-8 Aim:- Study of Network Class and Addressing.

Understanding IP Addresses
An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets ( octet ! " bits#. $ach octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot#. %or this reason& an IP address is said to be e'pressed in dotted decimal format (for e'ample& (2. )." . **#. The value in each octet ran+es from * to 2,, decimal& or ******** binary. .ere is how binary octets convert to decimal/ The ri+ht most bit& or least si+nificant bit& of an octet holds a value of 2*. The bit 0ust to the left of that holds a value of 2 . This continues until the left-most bit& or most si+nificant bit& which holds a value of 2(. 1o if all binary bits are a one& the decimal equivalent would be 2,, as shown here/ 2" )2 32 ) " 2 2 ( 2"3)23323 )3"32323 !2,,# .

.ere is a sample octet conversion when not all of the bits are set to * ***** * )2 * * * * * (*3)23*3*3*3*3*3 !),#

And this is sample shows an IP address represented in both binary and decimal. *. . 23. 4 (decimal# **** * *.******* .*** * .*** ** (binary#

These octets are broken down to provide an addressin+ scheme that can accommodate lar+e and small networks. The IP address is a 325bit address that consists of two components. 6 7ne component is the network portion of the address& consistin+ of the network bits. 8 The network bits make up the left portion of the address. 8 They consist of the first bit up to some boundary& to be discussed later. 6 The second component is the host portion of the address& consistin+ of the host bits. 8 The host bits make up the ri+ht portion of the address. 8 They consist of the remainin+ bits not included with the network bits.

IP Classes

The class of an address specified which of the bits were used to identify the network& the network I9& or which bits were used to identify the host I9& host computer. It also defined the total number of hosts subnets per network. There were five classes of IP addresses/ classes A throu+h $. :lassful addressin+ is no lon+er in common usa+e and has now been replaced with classless addressin+. Any netmask can now be assi+ned to any IP address ran+e.

The four octets that make up an IP address are conventionally represented by a& b& c& and d respectively. The followin+ table shows how the octets are distributed in classes A& ;& and :.

Class A B C

IP Address a.b.c.d a.b.c.d a.b.c.d

Network ID a a.b a.b.c

Host ID b.c.d c.d d

Class A: :lass A addresses are specified to networks with lar+e number of total hosts. :lass A allows for 2) networks by usin+ the first octet for the network I9. The first bit in this octet& is always set and fi'ed to <ero. And ne't seven bits in the octet is all set to one& which then complete network I9. The 22 bits in the remainin+ octets represent the hosts I9& allowin+ 2) networks and appro'imately ( million hosts per network. :lass A network number values be+in at and end at 2(. Class B: :lass ; addresses are specified to medium to lar+e si<ed of networks. :lass ; allows for )&3"2 networks by usin+ the first two octets for the network I9. The two bits in the first octet are always set and fi'ed to *. The remainin+ ) bits& to+ether with the ne't octet& complete network I9. The ) bits in the third and fourth octet represent host I9& allowin+ for appro'imately ),&*** hosts per network. :lass ; network number values be+in at 2" and end at 4 . Class C: :lass : addresses are used in small local area networks (=A>s#. :lass : allows for appro'imately 2 million networks by usin+ the first three octets for the network I9. In class : address three bits are always set and fi'ed to *. And in the first three octets 2 bits complete the total network I9. The " bits of the last octet represent the host I9 allowin+ for 2,2 hosts per one network. :lass : network number values be+in at 42 and end at 223. Class D and E: Classes 9 and $ are not allocated to hosts. :lass 9 addresses are used for multicastin+& and class $ addresses are not available for +eneral use/ they are reserved for future purposes.

Network Masks
A network mask helps you know which portion of the address identifies the network and which portion of the address identifies the node. Class A, B, and C networks have default masks, also known as natural masks, as shown here:
Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0

An I address on a Class A network that has not !een su!netted would have an address"mask pair similar to: #.$%.&'.& $''.%.%.%. (o see how the mask helps you identify the network and node parts of the address, convert the address and mask to !inary num!ers.
8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

)nce you have the address and the mask represented in !inary, then identifying the network and host I* is easier. Any address !its which have corresponding mask !its set to & represent the network I*. Any address !its that have corresponding mask !its set to % represent the node I*.
8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 net id | host id netid = 00001000 = 8 hostid = 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1