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Frequency Scaling and Transformations: C Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University 1

This document discusses frequency scaling and transformations for filter design. It introduces lowpass prototype filters and describes how frequency scaling can be used to design filters with different cutoff frequencies from the prototype. It also explains several common frequency transformations - from lowpass to highpass, bandpass, bandstop, and multiband filters. Frequency scaling and transformations allow filters to be designed by reusing existing prototype filters and tables, simplifying the design process.

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Karthik Koneru
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76 views34 pages

Frequency Scaling and Transformations: C Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University 1

This document discusses frequency scaling and transformations for filter design. It introduces lowpass prototype filters and describes how frequency scaling can be used to design filters with different cutoff frequencies from the prototype. It also explains several common frequency transformations - from lowpass to highpass, bandpass, bandstop, and multiband filters. Frequency scaling and transformations allow filters to be designed by reusing existing prototype filters and tables, simplifying the design process.

Uploaded by

Karthik Koneru
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE598 Fall 2013

c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University


1

13

Frequency Scaling and Transformations



EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
2
Contents
Frequency Scaling and Transformation
Introduction
Lowpass Prototype Filters
Frequency Scaling
Frequency Transformations

EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
3
Introduction
Frequency scaling and frequency transformation are
two important filter design techniques that allow to
reuse numerous existing filter tables and filter
circuits
Frequency scaling provides a way to design an
desired filter from its prototype
Frequency transformation provides a way to
transform among different filter types
Both techniques can be used to significantly simplify
your filter design processes
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
4
Lowpass Prototype Filter
It is a normalized filter:
Pass band 0 < O < 1
Stop band 1 < O

|H(jO)|
1
1
O
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
5
Frequency Scaling
A lowpass filter with cutoff frequency e
s
can be
built from its prototype lowpass filter



1
|H(jO)|
O
|H(je)|
e
e
s

R
n

C
n

L
n

R
C
L
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
6
Frequency Scaling
We may scale the values of RLC from its
prototype RLC as:



n
s
s
s s
n
n s
L
R
L
R
C
C
R R R
e
e
=
=
=
Arbitrary resistor scaling factor
Frequency scaling factor
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
7
Frequency Scaling
Location of pole and zero of the transfer function
after scaling:



z z
p p
s
s
e
e

Original location
New location
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
8
Frequency Scaling: Active-RC Filters
For active-RC filters, frequency scaling rules can
be expressed as






MOS-C Filter will be scaled similar to active-RC
filters
s s
n
n s
R
C
C
R R R
e
=
=
Frequency scaling factor
Arbitrary resistor scaling factor
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
9
Frequency Scaling: Gm-C Filters
For Gm-C filters, frequency scaling rules can be
expressed as



n
s
s
n s
C
K
C
Gm K Gm
e
=
= ) (
Arbitrary gm scaling factor
Frequency scaling factor
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
10
Frequency Scaling: SC Filters
For SC filters, frequency scaling rules are slightly
different for the two types of capacitors
(switched- and conventional capacitors):



s s
n
n
switch
s
switch
R
C
C
C
T
R
C
T
e
=
= ) ( ) (
Frequency scaling factor
Arbitrary resistor scaling factor
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
11
Example: Frequency Scaling




R
n
= 1
C
n
= 1
v
i

v
o

S
S H
n
+
=
1
1
) (
|H(jO)|
1
O
1
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
12
Example: Frequency Scaling (I)
Select R
s
= 1k, e
s
/2t = 10kHz, we have




R = 1kO
C = 0.016uF
v
i

v
o

|H(je)|
1
f 10k
uF
R
C
C
k R R R
s s
n
n s
016 . 0
1
= =
O = =
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
13
Example: Frequency Scaling (II)
If select R
s
= 100k, e
s
/2t = 10kHz, we have




R = 100kO
C = 160pF
v
i

v
o

|H(je)|
1
f 10k
pF
R
C
C
k R R R
s s
n
n s
160
100
= =
O = =
e
The solution is not unique!!
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
14
Typical Component Values in VLSI
Tolerances: 10 ~ 50% absolute
0.1 ~ 1% for ratio
Resistor: 50 ~ 100kO
Capacitor: 0.1pf ~ 100pf
Inductor: <10nH (lossy)
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
15
Frequency Transformations
LP-to-HP transformation
LP-to-BP transformation
LP-to-BS transformation
LP-to-multiband transformation
Hilbert transformation

EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
16
Lowpass-to-Highpass Transformation


s
S or
o o
e
e
e
= = O
|H(jO)|
1
O 1
|H(je)|
1
e e
o

A) Lowpass prototype
B) Highpass normalized
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
17
Lowpass-to-Highpass Transformation
Location of poles of the transfer function

Original pole location
New pole location
PL
e
p p
p
p
LP LP o
HP
LP
u
e

= =
1 1
1
1
A
A
Unit circle
New zero location
o
HP
p
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
18
Example: LP-to-HP Transformation
LP filter:


Transformation


HP filter

S
s H
L
+
=
1
1
) (
s
S
1

s
s
s
S H s H
s S L H
+
=
+
= =
=
1 / 1 1
1
| ) ( ) (
/ 1
1
1/S
1
s
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
19
Example: LP-to-HP Transformation


|H
L
(je)|
1
e 1
A) Lowpass filter
|H
H
(je)|
1
e 1
B) Highpass filter
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
20
Example: LP-to-HP Transformation
LP filter:


Transformation

HP filter

1
1
1
) (
2
+ +
=
S
Q
S
s H
L
s
S
1

1
1
| ) ( ) (
2
2
/ 1
+ +
= =
=
s
Q
s
s
S H s H
s S L H
1/Q
1/S
1
s
S
1/s
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
21
Example: LP-to-HP Transformation


|H
L
(je)|
1
e 1
A) Lowpass filter
|H
H
(je)|
1
e 1
B) Highpass filter
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
22
Lowpass-to-Bandpass Transformation

) (
1
2 2
s
s
Q S or
B
o
o
o
e
e e
e e
+ =

= O
A) Lowpass prototype B) bandpass
|H(jO)|
1
O
1
|H(je)|
1
e e
o
e
o

B
B
Q
o
e
=
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
23
Pole Locations
For the first-order lowpass prototype:

) )
2
( 1
2
(
0 1
0 ) ( 0
2
2
Q
p
j
Q
p p
s
Q
p
s
p
s
s
Q p s
LP LP
o
BP
o
Lp
o
Lp
o
o
Lp
=
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

= + =
e
e e
e
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
24
Pole Locations


Original pole
New pole location
p
LP

o
BP
p
e
o
BP
p
e New zero location
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
25
Pole Locations
For the second-order lowpass prototype:

o
LP LP
o
BP
LP LP
o
BP
Lp
o
o
Lp
o
o
LP LP
LP
Q
p
Q
p p
Q
p
Q
p p
p
s
s
Q p
s
s
Q
p s p s
Q
s
s
1 )
2
(
2
1 )
2
(
2
{
0 ) ) ( )( ) ( (
0 ) )( ( 1
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2 1
2 1
2
=
=

= + +
= = + +
e
e
e
e
e
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
26
Pole Locations:


New pole location
p
LP1

o
BP
p
e
2
o
BP
p
e
1
p
LP2

New pole location
original pole location
original pole location
New zero location (2x)
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
27
Example: LP-to-BP Transformation
LP filter:


Transformation

BP filter

S
s H
L
+
=
1
1
) (
s
s
Q S
2
1+

2 2
1
/ 1
/
1
1
1
| ) ( ) (
2
s Q s
Q s
s
s
Q
S H s H
s
s
Q S
L BP
+ +
=
+
+
= =
+
=
1
1/S
Q
s
1/s
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
28
Lowpass-to-Bandstop Transformation


) (
1 1
2 2
s
s
Q
S or B
o
o
o
e
e
e e
e
+
=

= O
A) Lowpass prototype B) bandpass
|H(jO)|
1
O
1
|H(je)|
1
e e
o
e
o

B
B
Q
o
e
=
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
29
Pole Location
For first-order lowpass prototype

) )
2
1
( 1
2
1
(
0 1
1
0
) (
1
0
2
2
LP LP o
BP
o Lp o
Lp
o
o
Lp
Qp
j
Qp
p
s
Qp
s
p
s
s
Q
p s
=
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
=
e
e e
e
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
30
Pole Location


Original pole
New pole location
p
LP

o
BP
p
e
o
BP
p
e New zero location
o
BP
z
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
31
Pole Locations
For the second-order lowpass prototype:

o
LP LP o
BP
LP LP o
BP
Lp
o
o
Lp
o
o
LP LP
LP
Qp Qp
p
Qp Qp
p
p
s
s
Q
p
s
s
Q
p s p s
Q
s
s
1 )
2
1
(
2
1
1 )
2
1
(
2
1
{
0 )
) (
1
)(
) (
1
(
0 ) )( ( 1
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
2 1
2 1
2
=
=

=
+

= = + +
e
e
e
e
e
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
32
Pole Locations:


New pole location
p
LP1

o
BP
p
e
2
o
BP
p
e
1
p
LP2

New pole location
original pole location
original pole location
New zero location (2x)
o
BP
z
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
33
Lowpass-To-MultiBand Transformation

n
k
k
k
n
k
k
k
s
s
s
K
S
K
1
) 2 ( 0
2 2
) 1 2 ( 0
2 2
1
) 2 ( 0
2 2
) 1 2 ( 0
2 2
) (
) (
) (
) (
=

+
+
=

= O
e
e
e e
e e
e
EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University
34
Hilbert Transformation
Transfer a real filter to a complex filter
(See ployphase filter topic)

o
o
j s S e
e e
=
= O

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