Medication

Frequency/Dose

Classification

Adverse Effects

Mechanism of Action

Nursing Interventions

Human Albumin

F: D:

Plasma expanders

urticaria skin rash pruritus edema erythema headache chills febrile reactions hypotension nausea vomiting increased salivation

Albumin is responsible for 7580% of the colloid osmotic pressure of normal plasma. Albumin stabilizes circulating blood volume and is a carrier of hormones, enzymes, medicinal products and toxins.

Inform patients being treated with Albumin (Human) about the potential risks and benefits with its use

Furosemide

F: D:

Loop Diuretic

Hyperuricemia Loss of appetite Orthostatic hypotension

Furosemide is an anthranilic acid derivative and a potent diuretic that

- Educate patient that this drug causes sunsensitivity, advise patient to use

Pancreatiti Agranulocytosis Aplastic Anemia Thrombocytopenia

works by blocking the absorption of sodium and chloride in the kidney tubules (proximal and distal tubules, also in the loop of Henle), causing a profound increase in urine output.

sunscreen and avoid tanning beds. - Advise patient to avoid activities requiring coordination until drug effects are realized, as drug may cause dizziness, vertigo, or blurred vision.

Gasmotin

F: D:

GIT Regulators, Antiflatulents & Anti-Inflammatories

Diarrhea/loose stools dry mouth malaise, increased triglycerides hepatitis hepatic dysfunction jaundice edema leucopenia abdominal pain nausea, vomiting dizziness

a selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist. It is considered that this drug stimulates 5HT4 receptors in the gastrointestinal nerve plexus, which increases the release of acetylcholine, resulting in enhancement of gastrointestinal

- If any improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms is not observed after the administration for a given period of time (usually for 2 weeks), Gasmotin should not be administered aimlessly for a long period.

lightheadedness headache

motility and gastric emptying.

- Since the physiological function of the kidneys and liver are generally reduced in the elderly patients, Gasmotin should be administered with care by monitoring patients' condition. If any adverse reactions are found, appropriate measures eg, reducing the dose (eg, to 7.5 mg daily) should be given.

Ursofalk

F: D:

Cholagogues/ Cholelitholytics & Hepatic Protectors

Diarrhea or pasty stools.

Cholesterol gallstones are formed when there is an excess of cholesterol in the bile.

- Monitor blood pressure for hypotension

rash. Calcification of gallstones (a process in which the mineral calcium builds up in the gallstones causing

- Instruct patient to

Ursodeoxycholic acid remain on bed rest inhibits the enzymatic synthesis during therapy

them to harden). itching. nausea and vomiting

of cholesterol in the liver, and this leads to a reduction of the cholesterol content in bile. The lithogenic index of bile is decreased. Due to the lower concentration of cholesterol in bile, cholesterol stones gradually dissolve

Sodium Bicarbonate

F: D:

Antacid

Cellulitis Injection site extravasation

Systemic - increases the plasma bicarbonate, buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, and raises blood pH, thereby reversing the clinical manifestations of acidosis Urinary - increases the excretion of free bicarbonate ions in

- For clients taking the medication as a treatment for peptic ulcers it may be administered 1 and 3 hours after meals and at bedtime. - Assess for alkalosis by monitoring the client for confusion, irritability, paresthesia, tetany and altered breathing

skin ulcer tissue necrosis metabolic alkalosis

the urine, thus effectively raising the urinary pH. By maintaining an alkaline urine, the actual dissolution of uric acid stones may be accomplished. Antacid - reacts chemically to neutralize or buffer existing quantities of stomach acid but has no direct effect on its output. This action results in increased pH value of stomach contents, thus providing relief of hyperacidity symptoms

pattern.

Pantoprazole

F: D:

Proton pump inhibitor

Abdominal pain Diarrhea Flatulence

pantoprazole sodium is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that

- Advise patient that drug may increase risk for osteoporosis-

Headache Atrophic gastritis Thrombocytopenia Toxic epidermal necrolysis

covalently binds to the (H(+), K(+))ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This action suppresses the final step in gastric acid production and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated acid secretion

related fractures of the hip, wrist, or spine with multiple daily doses that are continued for longer than a year. - Warn patient to report diarrhea that does not improve, especially with persistent watery stools, fever, and abdominal pain - Advise patient that drug may cause abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, flatulence, dizziness, headaches, and fever

Interstitial nephritis

Propranolol Hydrochloride

F: D:

Beta-Adrenergic Blocker

Dermatitis Pruritus Urticaria

Propranolol Hydrochloride is a nonselective beta-

- Warn patient to avoid activities requiring mental

Dizziness Fatigue Congestive Heart Failure

blocker that reduces chronotropic, inotropic and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation by competing for available binding sites that stimulate the beta-adrenergic receptors. The drug controls hypertension, migraines and tremors through incompletely understood mechanisms. It has also dose-related antiarrhythmic, quindine-like or anaesthetic-like membrane effects

alertness or coordination until drug effects are realized, as drug may cause excessive somnolence and impaired cognition. - Advive patient that drug may cause cold extremities, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, paresthesias, dyspnea, and wheezing

Asthma Bronchospasm

Salbutamol (Ventolin)

F: D:

Beta -2 Adrenergic Agonist/ Bronchodilator

Hypokalemia Nausea Pharyngitis Throat Irritation Feeling nervous Headache Tremors Cough Rhinitis Upper Respiratory Infection

selectively acts on the beta-2 adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cylase, the catalyst for the conversion of adenosine triphosphate to cyclic - 3, 5 - adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). This action increases cyclic AMP levels resulting in bronchial smotth muscle relaxation and inhibition of release of immediate hypersensitivity mediators from mast cells.

- Administer PO medications with meals to minimize gastric irritation.

- Advise the patient to rinse mouth with water after each inhalation to minimize dry mouth.

Viral Lower Respiratory Infection

Pulmonary Edema.

Lactulose

F : 2x a day D : 10 g lactulose/15 mL

Hyperosmotic agent

Gaseous distention with flatulence or belching

Lactulose is a synthetic sugar used in the treatment of

- Advise patient that drug can be mixed with fruit juice,

abdominal discomfort and cramping

constipation and liver water, or milk to disease. It consists of the monosaccharides fructose and galactose. In the colon, lactulose is broken down primarily to lactic acid, and also to small amounts of formic and acetic acids, by the action of via evolved-beta galactosidase from colonic bacteria, which results in an increase in osmotic pressure and slight acidification of the colonic contents. This in turn causes an increase in stool make it more palatable. - Inform patient that drug may cause belching, flatulence, or abdominal cramps. Instruct patient to notify health care provider if these symptoms become bothersome or if diarrhea occurs.

diarrhea nausea vomiting

water content and softens the stool. In treating heptic diseases (hepatic encephalopathy) it is thought that lactulose draws out ammonia from the body in the same way that it draws out water into the colon.