TRANSFORMERTESTING

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Transformers: coreofelectricitysupply

Transformer:mostvitalequipmentofthesupplysystem Types:

EHVTransformer HTTransformer LTTransformer InstrumentTransformers

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NECESSITYOFTESTS

Toprovethatthedesignmeetsthespecifiedjobrequirementsandtoobtaintransformer characteristics. Tocheckthatthequalityrequirementshavebeenmetandthatperformanceiswithinthe toleranceguaranteed.

TestsperformedfortheformerpurposearereferredtoasTypetests andthatforthelater purposearereferredtoasRoutinetests (carriedoutoneveryunitmanufactured). InAdditiontothesetwocategoryoftests,specialtests Mayalsobeperformedtoobtaininformationusefultothe Userduringoperationormaintenanceofthetransformer.

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TransformerTests

Reference standard : IEC 60076

EXAMPLE:ROUTINETESTS Measurementofwindingresistance Measurementofvoltageratio,polarityandcheckofvoltagevectorrelationship Measurementofnoloadlossandexcitationcurrent Measurementofshortcircuitimpedanceandloadloss Measurementofinsulationresistance Switchingimpulsevoltagewithstandtest Lightningimpulsevoltagewithstandtest Magneticcircuit(isolation)test EXAMPLE: TYPETESTS

Meaurementofpowertakenbycoolingcircuits TempRiseTest

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ADDITIONALTESTS

TESTWITHLIGHTNINGIMPULSECHOPPEDONTHETAIL MAGNETICCIRCUIT(ISOLATION)TEST MAGNETICBALANCETESTONTHREEPHASETRANSFORMERS DISSOLVEDGASANALYSIS(DGA)OFOILFILLEDINTHETRANSFORMER DETERMINATIONOFCAPACITANCESANDTANDELTABETWEENWINDINGTOEARTHANDBETWEEN WINDINGS

MECHANICALTESTS

MEASUREMENTOFVIBRATIONONTRANSFORMERTANK VACUUMTESTONTRANSFORMERTANK OILPRESSURETESTONCOMPLETELYASSEMBLEDTRANSFORMER JACKINGTESTANDDYEPENETRATIONTEST PRESSURERELIEFDEVICETEST

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TestsonTransformers

Erectiontests(installationTests) Precommissioningtests CommissioningTests

Erection tests:
Thorough checking for any damage
Verification of technical specifications Foundation etc

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ERECTIONATSITE:INSPECTION

Makevisualinspectionforanytransitdamage Checknitrogenpressure. Checkvariousaccessoriesforanytypeoftransitdamage. Makeinternalinspectionofthetransformertotheextent possibleforanyvisiblediscrepancy.

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OILFILLING

Beforefillingtheoilintotransformerchecktheoilcarefullyfor

Breakdownvoltage Moisturecontent Tandeltaandcapacitance

Iftheoilisnothavingthepropertiesasrecommendedbythe standards,itmustbefilteredwithfilterswithbuiltinheaters and vacuumpumpsforimprovingthequalityofoil. Fortransformersdispatchedgasfilled,oilfillingmustalwaysbe doneundervacuum.

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GENERALTESTSAFTERTRAFOINSTALLATION

(GetClearanceforTesting&Commissioningactivities) Physicalinspection Fireprotectionsystemavailable Oillevelchecking,nooilleakage Powerandcontrolcablingchecking, CoolerfanandPumpcontrolcktchecking Buch.Relaycorrectlymounted,airreleasedfromBuchrelay, Coolingsystem&radiators,OLTC BreatherinstallationOk,silicagelcolourblue

OTI&WTICalibration

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PrecommissioningTests

IRvalueoftransformerandcables WindingResistance TransformerTurnsRatio PolarityTest MagnetizingCurrent VectorGroup MagneticBalance Bushing&WindingTanDelta(HV) Protectiverelaytesting Transformeroiltesting Hipottest

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CommissioningTests:

RemoteAnnunciationandcontrolschemes PowercableIdentification&Tests Chargingthetransformer:noloadandfullloadoperation

andObservationforanyabnormality Confirmingtheoperationofallprotection,interlocksand meteringschemes

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1.ChecktheoperationoftheBuchholtzalarmandtripbyinjectingairthroughthetestpet cock. 2.TesttheOTIforalarmandtrip. 3.TesttheWTIforalarmandtrip. 4.ChecktheworkingoftheWTI/RTD(ResistanceTemperatureDevice)repeatersatthe controlroom. 5.TesttheOLTC Oilsurgerelayfortrip. 6.Checkalarmforlowoillevel. 7.Checkvariousrelaysforcurrent&timesettings 8.Checkthecoolerunitfor overcurrentsettingoffansandoilpumps coolersupplyfailurealarm fan/pumptripalarm .anymal operationofthetransformerBuchholtzrelaywhenalltheoilpumpsare switchedonsimultaneouslyinforcedoilcooledtransformers

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FIELDTESTS:
NoLoad Windingresistance TurnsRatio. Polarity, connectiongroupand Excitationcurrent. Onload shortcircuittest, Impedancemeasurement

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InsulationResistance
Thistesthasbeenthemostusual

historically,beingcalledto megger thetransformer (thetermcomesfromthefirmof thefirstIRsystems).

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InsulationResistanceandPolarizationIndex

Equivalent diagram of the dielectric circuit of a transformer. Ri is the insulation resistance, Cg the geometric capacitance and the different Ra/Ca emulate the equivalent dielectric absorption circuit.

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WindingResistance
Thisisnothingbuttheresistancemeasurementofthewindingsbyapplyingasmall

d.cvoltagetothewindingandmeasuringthecurrentthroughthe same
Themeasuredresistanceshouldbecorrectedtoacommontemperaturesuchas

75Cor85Cusingthefollowingformula:

where RCisthecorrectedresistance,RMisthemeasuredresistance CFisthecorrectionfactorforcopper(234.5)oraluminum(225) windings CTisthecorrectedtemperature(75Cor85C) WTisthewindingtemperature(C)attimeoftest

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WindingResistance.
Withthistestwedeterminatethepure

ohmicresistancefromeachphasewindings bothinhighandlowvoltageandeach positionoftapchanger.

inafirstapproachseemseasytomeasure,

itsnotso,becauseitisnecessarytomake flowrelativelyhighcurrentstoregisterthe usuallowresistancevalues/m / with therequiredprecision.Thiscurrentsmust alsoflowthroughtheequivalentinductance ofthetransformer.

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TransformerTurnsRatio(TTR):
Transformer Turns Ratio (TTR): quotient between high voltage / low voltage. Must match with protocol /nameplate values. In the power transformer with tap changer, take readings for each position (giving extra information on its status and that of the On Line Tap Changer (OLTC)

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Transformer Turns Ratio: Doble kit

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PolarityTest

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Opencircuittest&Excitationcurrent
Excitationcurrentisthecurrentflowingintothehighvoltagewinding

withthelowvoltagesideopen.

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FIELDTESTS:Loadtest
shortcircuittest, Impedancemeasurement

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ShortCircuittest

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ShortCircuittest
shortcircuittest isbasedintheapplicationofavoltageinonewinding

(highvoltageone)withtheotherwindingshortcircuited.Itisusualto registernominalandextremepositionsifthetransformerhadan OLTC.

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Impedancemeasurement
Shortcircuitvoltage:voltagerequiredtocirculatefullloadcurrent. shouldbeneartheprotocol/nameplatevaluefromthetransformer. Itschangewillindicateirregularitiesinthemagneticcore,winding,

displacement,shortcircuits,mechanicaldeformations

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FrequencyResponseAnalysis

Themainpurposeofthistestistodeterminatethefrequencyresponse

graphoftheequivalentelectric/dielectric/magnetic/mechanic altogetherevaluated.

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FrequencyResponseAnalysis

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DIELECTRICSYSTEMTESTS.
Liquiddielectric(usuallymineraloil) ORsoliddielectric(usuallypaper)

Dielectriccircuittests.
InsulationResistanceandPolarizationIndex(IR,PI). Capacitance,Dissipation(power)factor(tan)andinsulationlosses indielectricbushing. PartialDischarge(PD).

Oilsampling.
DielectricStrength. Moisturecontent. DissolvedGases. FuranAnalysis.

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Oiltestingandmaintenance
Therearethreeimportantpurposesoftheoilina transformer: 1.Gooddielectricstrength 2.Efficientheattransferandcooling 3.Topreservethecoreandassembly
Byfillingvoids(toeliminatepartialdischarge) Bypreventingchemicalattackofcore,copperandinsulationby

having lowgascontentandnaturalresistancetoageing.

OilTesting

Visualchecks OilBDVtest Powerfactor(tandelta)test Aciditytest Moisture(ppm) DGA

Transformer BDV test set

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Breakdownvoltage.

Oildegradationcanbeeasilyappreciatedwiththisparameter

tested.Thetestisbasedintheinsertionofelectrodesimmersedin oilandincreasingvoltageuptobreakdown. Testisrepeatedsixtimestogetarepeatablemeasurement. Theonlydisadvantageisthatitisnecessarytoextractfromthe transformerasignificantsample(testcellwillhave350...600ml).

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IEC 156

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TransformerOilSpecifications
Characteristics Breakdownvoltage Requirementasper IS:18661983 50KV(min)for>145KV 40KV(min)for72.5KVto145KV 30KV(min)for<72.5KV 25ppm(max)for>145KV 35ppm(max)for<145KV 0.2(max)for>145KV 1.0(max)for<145KV >0.1X10E12 <0.5 >140

Watercontent Tandeltaat50deg.C Specificresistanceat90deg.Cohmcm NeutralizationvaluemgKOH/gm Flashpoint(degreeC)

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Capacitance/Tandelta (DissipationFactor)

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Capacitance/Tandelta (DissipationFactor)

Anotherusualapproachwhenperformingdielectricevaluationistan

delta.ThistestusesACandpursuestoknowlossangleofthetested element.
Thismeasurementincludesinformationofthemoistureand

contaminationdegreeandemulatesthebehaviourandvoltage aggressionssimilartoserviceones.
Itisimportanttotakenoteoftransformertemperatureand

environmentalmoisture(surfaceleakage).

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VectorGroupTest:Dy11

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VectorGroupTest:Dy11

Dy11

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Vectorgrptest

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VectorGroupDy1

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VectorGroupDy1

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PartialDischargetest.
Partialdischargearesmalldischargesthatappearinsideofthe dielectricasasignofits

degeneration.Theyappearasaresultoftheincreaseoftheelectricfieldinsmall gaseousvoidsinsidetheoilandalsoinsidethepaper,epoxyor asaresultofthe presenceofmetalliccontamination,etc.Thisdischargeacceleratethethermal degradationeffectsandleadsometimesexponentiallytothepowertransformer destruction.

Therearetwousualdetectionsystems,

Acousticsystemusessoundmechanicmanifestation(inultrasonicrange Electric systemsdeterminatesdischargesandcorrelatesthemwithInsulation healthiness.

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SomeotherTests,normallyperformed atManufacturersworks

TemperatureRiseTest LighteningImpulseTest VacuumAndPressureTest LightningImpulseWithstand SwitchingImpulseWithstand

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History/Trending

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Conclusion
Testingisanart&scienceofmanagingMachine,Manpower,Material, Quality,Time Peopleresponsibleforupkeepofelectricalapparatusneedto cultivateawatchfulattitudeto Look (eye) Listen (ear) Smell (nose) Feel (finger/skin) forsymptomsofimpendingtrouble Adaptnewtechniques. Keeponlearningfromtheexperiencesworldwide,avoid obsolescence DevelopIntegratedPredictiveDiagnosticSystem KeepitSystemOrientedtoensuresustainability (Avoidsubjectivity&individualbias)
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Conclusion

SafetyFirst GoodTestequipment peopletohaveadeepknowledge Takecareofenvironmentalconditionswhilecomparingresults Workpressureandshortdowntime Keepyourmindcool

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SomeReferences

NATIONALSTANDARDSIS2026(PARTIII) IEC600765:2000.Powertransformers.Part5:Abilitytowithstandshortcircuit. IEC60726:2003.Drytypepowertransformers. IEC600763Testlevels&testmethodrequirementfordifferenttests ANSI/IEEEStd621995.IEEEGuideforDiagnosticFieldTestingofElectricPowerApparatus Part1:OilFilledPowerTransformers,Regulators,andReactors.IEEEPowerEngineeringSociety1995. ANSI/IEEEStdC57.12.901993.IEEEStandardTestCodeforLiquidImmersedDistribution.Power andRegulatingTransformersandIEEEGuideforShortCircuitTestingofDistributionandPower Transformers. ANSI/IEEEStd.C57.12.001993.IEEEStandardGeneralRequirementsforLiquidImmersed Distribution,PowerandRegulatingTransformers. EN601561995.Insulatingliquids.Determinationofthebreakdownvoltageatpowerfrequency. Testmethod.. EN608141997.Insulatingliquids.Oilimpregnatedpaperandpressboard.Determinationofwater byautomaticcoulometricKarlFischerTitration. EN605671992.Guideforthesamplingofgasesandofoilfromoilfilledelectricalequipmentand fortheanalysisoffreeanddissolvedgases . EN60599:1999.Mineraloilimpregnatedelectricalequipmentinservice Guidetothe interpretationofdissolvedandfreegasesanalysis.. EN61620:1999.Insulatingliquids.Determinationofthedielectricdissipationfactorby measurementoftheconductanceandcapacitance.Testmethod. EN61198:1994.Mineralinsulatingoils.Methodforthedeterminationof2furfuralandrelated compounds.

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TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS

LIGHTNINGIMPULSETEST

TosimulatethesystemdisturbancesduetoLightningstroke Canberepresentedbythreebasicwaveshapes

FullwaveLI Choppedwave(Choppedontail) Choppedwave(Choppedonfront)

Lightningdisturbancesdonotalwayshavethesebasicwaveshapes.However,by

definingtheamplitudeandshapeofthesewaves,itispossibletoestablishaminimum impulsedielectricstrengththatatransformershouldmeet.

Ifalightningdisturbancetravelssomedistancealongthelinebeforeitreachesatransformer,its waveshapeapproachesthatofthefullwave.Itisgenerallyreferredtoas1.2/50wave.Awave travelingalongthelinemightcauseflashoveracrossaninsulatorafterthepeakofthewavehas beenreached.Thiswaveissimulatedbyachoppedwavewhichisofthesamemagnitudeasthefull wave.Ifalightningstrokehitsdirectlyatorveryneartoatransformerterminal,theimpulse voltagemayrisesteeplyuntilitisrelievedbyaflashover,causingsudden,verysteepcollapsein voltage.Thisconditionisrepresentedbythefrontofwave

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TESTSONTRANSFORMERS

LIGHTNINGIMPULSETEST

1.2/50SLIWAVE

CURRENTWAVEFORMDURINGLI

TYPICAL TEST LEVELS FOR LI TEST : H1 : 1300 kVp,

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TESTSONTRANSFORMERS

LIGHTNINGIMPULSETEST

1.2/50SLIWAVECHOPPEDAT3.7S

CURRENTWAVEFORMDURINGCHOPPEDLI

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SWITCHINGIMPULSETEST

Switchingimpulselevelisconductedtoverifytheintegrityoftransformerundervarious switchingsurgesonAC/DCline. ThetypicalwaveshapeofSwitchingimpulseis250/2500SasperIEC60060&itsmagnitudeis lowerthanthecorrespondingLIwavebutforlongerduration. Inviewofthedifficultiesingeneratingthesewaveshapesinlaboratoriesandmoretominimize thecoresaturationduringtestingoftransformers,IEC60076Part3hasspecifiedaswitching impulsewavehavingavirtualfronttimeofatleast100s,durationabove90%ofthespecified amplitudeofatleast200sandatotaldurationtothefirstzeropassageofatleast1000s. Unlikeinthecaseofacwinding,boththeterminalsofvalvewindingexperiencefulldcvoltage ofthebridgetowhichtheyareconnected.Thereforevalvewindingistestedtoprovethe insulationofthewindingwiththerespecttoground.Switchingimpulsesareappliedtothe valvewindingterminalsconnectedtogether.Theotherwindingterminalsnotundertestare shortcircuitedandgrounded.

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SWITCHINGIMPULSETEST

WAVESHAPEOFSWITCHINGIMPULSEASPERIEC60060

STANDARD250/2500SSWITCHING IMPULSEWAVE

TYPICAL SWITCHING IMPULSE LEVELS : H1 : 1080 kVp, X1-X2 : 1290 kVp, X3-X4: 980 kVp

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SWITCHINGIMPULSETEST

Switchingimpulselevelisconductedtoverifytheintegrityoftransformerundervarious switchingsurgesonAC/DCline. ThetypicalwaveshapeofSwitchingimpulseis250/2500SasperIEC60060&itsmagnitudeis lowerthanthecorrespondingLIwavebutforlongerduration. Inviewofthedifficultiesingeneratingthesewaveshapesinlaboratoriesandmoretominimize thecoresaturationduringtestingoftransformers,IEC60076Part3hasspecifiedaswitching impulsewavehavingavirtualfronttimeofatleast100s,durationabove90%ofthespecified amplitudeofatleast200sandatotaldurationtothefirstzeropassageofatleast1000s. Unlikeinthecaseofacwinding,boththeterminalsofvalvewindingexperiencefulldcvoltage ofthebridgetowhichtheyareconnected.Thereforevalvewindingistestedtoprovethe insulationofthewindingwiththerespecttoground.Switchingimpulsesareappliedtothe valvewindingterminalsconnectedtogether.Theotherwindingterminalsnotundertestare shortcircuitedandgrounded.

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SWITCHINGIMPULSETEST

WAVESHAPEOFSWITCHINGIMPULSEASPERIEC60060

STANDARD250/2500SSWITCHING IMPULSEWAVE

TYPICAL SWITCHING IMPULSE LEVELS : H1 : 1080 kVp, X1-X2 : 1290 kVp, X3-X4: 980 kVp

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Magnetic balance test

Done on TRANSFORMER to see whether the transformer core is magnetically balanced or not...AND ALSO WINDING CONDITION.... for example we r having delta HV and star winding LV side ... HV SIDE WE WIL BE HAVING THREE BUSHINGS....THOSE R 1U,1V,1W.. HV SIDE WE WIL BE HAVING FOUR BUSHINGS.....2U,2V,2W,2N... WE CAN DO THIS MBT (MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST)WITH 1PHASE SUPPLY(1PHASE AND NEUTRAL(230V)) OR WITH 2-PHASE SUPPLY(2PHASES(440V)) 1ST STEP OF MBT: GIVE POWER SUPPLY 1-PHASE OR 2 PHASE BETWEEN 1U AND 1V ,MEASURE THE VOLTAGES BETWEEN 1V-1W AND 1U-1W AND ALSO 2U-2N,2V-2N,2W-2N.. SO HERE IF THE CORE IS CORRECTLY BALANCED THEN WE WILL GET RESULTS AS FOLLOWS 1U-1V 1V-1W 1U-1W 2U-2N 2V-2N 2W-2N 440 300 140 90 50 40 THAT MEANS HV SIDE : 1U-1V = 1V-1W + 1U-1W I.E 440V = 300 + 140 AND ALSO LV SIDE : 2U-2N = 2V-2N + 2W-2N 90 = 50 + 40 STEP 2: AFTER DOING THIS ..INTERCHANGE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 1V-1W AND MEASURE THE VALUES AS ABOVE... STEP 3: AFTER DOING THIS ..INTER CHANGE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 1U-1W AND MEASURE THE VALUES AS ABOVE... IF ANY FAULT IS THERE IN TRANSFORMER WE CAN NOT FIND GOOD RESULTS.... IF THE WINDING IS DAMAGED .... WE WILL GET ZERO VALUES .... ex: HV SIDE 1U-1V = 1V-1W + 1U-1W 440V = 440 + 0 AND ALSO LV SIDE : 2U-2N = 2V-2N + 2W-2N 90 = 90 + 0 THIS IS THE ACTUAL APPLICATION OF MANGNETICA BALANCE TEST...

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