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    Moisture and Precipitation: Hydrological Cycle

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    Cynthiacaty
    The document discusses key concepts in the hydrological cycle including: 1. Evaporation and condensation are phase changes that involve latent heat and affect humidity levels in the air. 2. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration from land to the atmosphere, and is influenced by various environmental factors. 3. Condensation can occur in clouds aloft or near the ground as fog, mist, or dew depending on atmospheric conditions.

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    Moisture and Precipitation: Hydrological Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Cynthiacaty
    27 views22 pages
    The document discusses key concepts in the hydrological cycle including: 1. Evaporation and condensation are phase changes that involve latent heat and affect humidity levels in the air. 2. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration from land to the atmosphere, and is influenced by various environmental factors. 3. Condensation can occur in clouds aloft or near the ground as fog, mist, or dew depending on atmospheric conditions.

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    Moisture

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    Lecture2 Moisture

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    The document discusses key concepts in the hydrological cycle including: 1. Evaporation and condensation are phase changes that involve latent heat and affect humidity levels in the air. 2. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration from land to the atmosphere, and is influenced by various environmental factors. 3. Condensation can occur in clouds aloft or near the ground as fog, mist, or dew depending on atmospheric conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    27 views22 pages

    Moisture and Precipitation: Hydrological Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Cynthiacaty
    The document discusses key concepts in the hydrological cycle including: 1. Evaporation and condensation are phase changes that involve latent heat and affect humidity levels in the air. 2. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration from land to the atmosphere, and is influenced by various environmental factors. 3. Condensation can occur in clouds aloft or near the ground as fog, mist, or dew depending on atmospheric conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    MOISTURE AND PRECIPITATION

    Hydrological Cycle the sun is the energy source involves changes of states Changes of States heat energy involved is measured in calories 1cal= the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1gm of water 1oC latent heat * heat energy not associated with temp change evaporation, condensation melting, freezing sublimation, deposition

    Humidity amount of water vapor in the air vapor pressure absolute humidity relatively humidity dew point temp measured by hygrometer or psychometric Evaporation evaporation from a water surface is affected by: * vapor pressure of water surface * vapor pressure of the air * wind

    Evapotranspiration for land water balance factors: radiation, temp, dew point, wind speed, type of soil, vegetation, precipitation methods * theoretical (Penman, Thornthwaite) * analytical (based on balance of energy) * empirical (based on historical data) Condensation near the ground mist fog * advection * radiation * upslope * evaporation dew

    Evaportation fog forming over a lake as cool air flows over the warm water. ( Source: NOAA Photo Collection Website).

    Condensation above the surface (Cloud) hygroscopic nuclei solute effect curvature effect cloud forms & classification * Luke Howard 1803 * 10 basic types by WMO * stratus: layer cumulus: pile cirrus: hair, feather-like * by altitude: cirro: high alto: middle strato: low

    Condensation aloft and adiabatic temperature change parcel of air mechanism causing air to rise: * orographic * convection * cyclonic adiabatic warming and cooling * lapse rate * dry adiabatic lapse rate * wet/moist adiabatic lapse rate stability * absolute stability * absolute instability * conditional instability

    Precipitation types formation * Findeisen-Bergeron process * collision-coalescence process measurement: rain gauge spatial distribution * varies geographically and seasonally * factors: air mass, topography, distance from moisture source temporal distribution * no. of rain days * annual precipitation

    Flood and drought uneven precipitation distribution both in time and space flood drought * meteorological drought * agricultural drought * hydrological drought * Palmer drought index a quantitative measure of drought intensity ranges from +4 (wet) to -4 (dry)

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