Weigted Residual Methods

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 2

Approximate solutions, including FE
solutions, can be constructed from
governing differential equations. One
approach is the Galerkin method. This
can be applied to non-structural
problems.
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 3
Galerkin Method
( )
( )
Notation:
x independent variables, e.g. coordinates of a point
u u x dependent variables, e.g. displacements of a point
u u x approximate solution
f function of x (may be constant or zero)
D differential operat
=
=
or
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 4
Problem Statement
In domain V:
Du- f 0
with appropriate B.C.
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 5
Problem Statement
Residual in domain V:
R Du- f
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 6
Approximate Solution
th
i
u is a linear combination
of basis functions
u is a typically a polynomial
of n terms whose
i term is muliplied
by a generalized d.o.f. a
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 7
Solution
i
Minimize residual w.r.t. weights
Best Approximation:
WRdv 0 i 1, 2, , n = =
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 8
One-Dimensional Example
q cx =
P
T
L
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 9
One-Dimensional Example
x x
2
2
x
du
E E
dx
d u
AE q 0
dx
d
A q 0
dx
o = c =
+ =
o
+ =
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 10
One-Dimensional Example
2
2
T
d u cx
0
dx AE
du
AE P at x = L
dx
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 11
Exact Solution
3
2
T
T
2
2
d u cx
0
dx AE
du
AE P at x
cL
= L
d
P c
u x x x
AE 2AE 6A
x
E
+ =
=
= +
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 12
Galerkin Problem
T
L
2
i
2
0
i
i
d u cx
W dx 0
dx AE
du
W
da
| |
+ =
|
\ .
=
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 13
Integration by Parts
d uv udv vdu
udv uv vdu
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 14
Galerkin Problem
T
T T
L
2
i
2
0
L L
2
i i
2
0 0
i
2
2
i
d u cx
W dx
dx AE
d u cx
W dx W d
d u du
dv dx v
dx d
dW
u W
x 0
dx
x
A
du
x
E
d
=
| |
+ =

= =
|
\
+ =
=
.
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 15
Galerkin Problem
T
T
T
L
2
i
2
0
L
L
i
i
0
0
d u
W dx
dx
dW du du
W dx
dx dx dx
=
(
| | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 16
Galerkin Problem
T
T T
T
T
L
2
i
2
0
L L
L
L
i
i i
0 0
2
i i
2
0 0
dW du du cx
W W dx
d u cx
W dx
dx AE
d u cx
W dx W dx 0
dx AE
dx dx dx AE
(
| | | |
+ +
| |
+ =
|
\ .
+ =
| | (
\ . \ .

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 17
Assumed Function
2
1 2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
u a x a x
du
dW
W x
1
da
dx
du dW
W x 2x
da dx
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 18
Integrals
T
T
L
1 2 T
0
L
2
1 2 T
0
cx P
1 a 2a x x dx L 0
AE AE
cx P
2x a 2a x x dx L 0
AE AE
(
+ + + =
(

(
+ + + =
(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 19
Solution
2
T
1
T
2
7cL P
a
AE 12AE
cL
a
4AE
= +
=
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 20
Solution
2
2
T T
2
T T
7cL cL P
u x x x
AE 12AE 4AE
7cL cL du P
E x
dx A 12A 2A2
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 21
Solution
2
2
3
T
2
T T
7cL cL P
u x x x
AE 12AE 4AE
cL P c
u x x x
AE 2AE 6AE
= +
=

+
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 22
Comparison of Results
Quantity Location Exact Galerkin
u L/2 0.2292 0.2292
u L 0.3333 0.3333
u,x 0 0.5000 0.5833
u,x L/2 0.3750 0.3333
u,x L 0.0000 0.0833
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 23
Galerkin FEM Formulation:
Uniform Bar, Axial Load
2
,xx
2
,x
d u
AE q(x) AEu q(x) 0
dx
F AEu
+ = + =
=
L
( )
q q x =
x, u
A, E
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 24
Galerkin FEM Formulation:
Uniform Bar, Axial Load
T
1 2
u N d
L x x
N
L L
d u u
=
(

(
=
(

(

=
(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 25
Galerkin FEM Formulation:
Uniform Bar, Axial Load
1 1 2 2
i i
i
u N u N u
u
W N
d
L x x
N
L L
= +
c
= =
c

(
=
(

(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 26
Galerkin FEM Formulation:
Uniform Bar, Axial Load
j
els
L
N
i ,xx
j 1
0
N AEu q dx 0
=
+ =
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 27
Galerkin FEM Formulation
j
j
L
i ,xx
0
L
L
i ,x i ,x ,x
0
0
For EA constant:
N AEu dx
N AEu N AEu dx
=
(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 28
B.C.
,x
F=AEu
For ends of the element
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 29
Galerkin FEM Formulation:
Uniform Bar, Axial Load
j
els
j
els els
L
N
i ,xx
j 1
0
L
N N
L
i ,x ,x i i ,x
0
j 1 j 1
0
N AEu q dx 0
N AEu N q dx N AEu 0
=
= =
+ =
( + + =

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 30
,x
1
,x
2
B N
u
1 1
u B d
u L L
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 31
j
els
els
els
els els
L
N
i ,x ,x i
j 1
0
N
L
i ,x
0
j 1
L
N
T
j
j 1
0
L
N N
L
T T
0
j 1 j 1
0
N AEu N q dx
N AEu 0
B AE B dx d
N qdx N F 0
=
=
=
= =
+
( + =

| |
|
\ .
= + =
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 32
els
els
els
L
N
T
j
j 1
0
L
N
T
e
j
j 1
0
N
L
T
0
j 1
k B AE B dx
r N qdx
P N F 0
=
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
=
= =
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 33
Beam Dynamics
4 2
L
4 2
,xxxx L
d v d v
EI (x) 0
dx dt
EIv v 0
+ =
+ =
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 34
B.C.
,xx B
,xxx B
EIv -M =0
EIv -V =0
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 35
Shape Functions
3 2 3
1
3
3 2 2 3
2
3
3 2
3
3
3 2 2
4
3
1

N 2x 3x L L
L
1

N x L 2x L xL
L
1

N 2x 3x L
L
1

N x L x L
L
= +
= +
= +
=
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 36
Shape Functions for Beam Element
-0.500
0.000
0.500
1.000
0
N
1

N
3

N
2

N
4

L
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 37
1 1 2 1 3 2 4 2
1
1
2
2
i i
i
v N v N N v N
v
d
v
v
W N
d
= + u + + u


u

=
`


u
)
c
= =
c
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 38
j
L
T
,xxxx L
0
N EIv v dx 0
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 39
L
T
,xxxx
0
L
L
T T
T
,xx ,xx ,xxx ,x ,xx
0
0
EI constant Integration
(by parts twice!)
N v dx
N v dx N v N v
=
(

(
( ( +
(


(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 40
j
L
T
,xxxx L
0
L
T
T
,xx ,xx L
0
L
T
T
,xxx ,x ,xx
0
N EIv v dx 0
N EI v N v dx
N v N v 0
+ =
(

( + +
(


(
( =
(


(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 41
L
T
T
,xx ,xx L
0
L
T
T
,xxx ,x ,xx
0
N EI v N v dx
N v N v
( + =
(


(
(
(


(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 42
,xx B
,xxx B
L
T
T
,xx ,xx L
0
L
T
T
B B
,x
0
EIv -M =0
EIv -V =0
N EI v N v dx
V M
N N
EI EI
( + =
(


(
(
(

(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 43
,xx
,xx
v N d
v B d
B N
=
(

=
(

( =
(


Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 44
L
T
0
L
T
L
0
L
T
T
B B
,x
0
k B EI B dx
m N N dx
V M
R N N
EI EI
=
( (

= =
( (

(
( =
(

(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 45
Heat Flow in a Bar
,x
d
AkT
dx
Af
Af d Af +
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 46
T
e
T N T
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 47
1 1 2 2
i i
i
T N T N T
T
W N
d
L x x
N
L L
= +
c
= =
c

(
=
(

(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 48
L
T
,x
0
0
d
N AkT dx
dx 0
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 49
L
T
T
,x ,x
0
0
N AkT dx N Af
0

(
( =
(
`



)
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 50
,x ,x e
L
T
1 1
,x ,x e
2 2
0
T N T
A F
N Ak N T dx
A F
( =


( ( =
`

)
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 51
L
T
T ,x ,x e
0
T
k N Ak N T dx
1 1
k kA
1 1
( ( =

(
=
(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 52
Two Dimensional Problems
x ,x y ,y
x ,x y ,y B
In volume V: k k Q 0
x y
is known
On boundary S: either
lk mk f 0
c c
| + | + =
c c
|

| + | =

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 53

Poissons Equation
x ,x y ,y
x y
2
k k Q 0
x y
If k k k constant:
k Q 0
c c
| + | + =
c c
= = =
V | + =
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 54
Shape Functions
e
N
Shape functions depend on 2D element:L
CST, LST, Quad, Quadratic, etc.
| = |
(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 55
Galerkin Residuals
T
x ,x y ,y
0
0
N k k Q dxdy
x y
0


( c c

| + | + =
(
`
(
c c



)
}}
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 56
Integration by Parts
T
x ,x
T
,x x ,x
T
x ,x
N k dxdy
x
N k dxdy
N k ldS
c
(
| =
(

(
c

( |

+ |
(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 57
Integration by Parts
T
y ,y
T
,y y ,y
T
y ,y
N k dxdy
y
N k dxdy
N k mdS
( c
| =
(
(
c

(
|

+ |
(

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 58
,x ,x e
,y ,y e
N
N
Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 59
Galerkin Residuals
T T
,x x ,x ,y y ,y e
T T
B
N k N N k N dxdy
N Qdxdy N f dS
( ( ( ( + |

= +
( (

Spring 2003 Weighted Residuals 60
Galerkin Residuals
T T
,x x ,x ,y y ,y
T T
B
k N k N N k N dxdy
r N Qdxdy N f dS
( ( ( ( = +

= +
( (