Camila Bustamante

Ni. Peteisen
Nath 9 P.7
Becembei 4, 2u1S

Nathematical Noueling Pioject

!"#$% '(#)*"#)+, (-.

The giaphs shown below that iepiesent the numbei of steps vs. the uistance jumpeu
in cm, anu anothei one that iepiesents the length of a penuulum vs. the aveiage
time peiiou in seconus, aie calleu mathematical mouels. These mouels, just like any
othei, aie maue to iepiesent ieal-life "stuff" oi situations.

A mathematical mouel consists on two things: uomain anu the iange. The !"#$%&
anu the '$&() of any uata aie iuentifieu as the inuepenuent anu uepenuent
vaiiables as well, anu these two types can be seen in oui eveiyuay life when we
manipulate things in oiuei to get iesults. An example of this coulu be, how the age of
a human being (uomain) affects how much that peison giows (iange). The uomain
anu iange follow the cause anu effect iule as well, so any two vaiiables manipulateu
in these ways coulu be eithei the uomain oi the iange.

*+",) can also be seen in ieal life, foi example in the constiuction of builuings,
iamps, steepness of stieets. They all neeu to have an iuentifieu slope in oiuei to be
maue.

As foi -"'')+$.%"&, theie aie enuless ieal-life examples of both positive anu
negative coiielations. Any uomain oi iange at all that is ielateu to one anothei can
be a coiielation. If one vaiiable incieases anu the othei uecieases, then it woulu be a
negative coiielation, but if both inciease oi ueciease togethei, then the coiielation
is positive. A specific example of a coiielation coulu be the amount of exeicise a
peison uoes vs. the amount of bouy fat a peison has. This woulu be a negative
coiielation because as the amount of exeicise incieases, the amount of bouy fat
uecieases.
In oui case, foi example when we woikeu with penuulum, a coiielation that is
ielateu with penuulum is watchmaking. This is because when making olu house
clocks, foi example, they neeu to measuie what how much time it takes the
penuulum to go fiom one siue to the othei, like in oui mouel.
We can see the coiielation of amount of steps vs. uistance jumpeu in the ieal woilu
in many occasions, one of them being foi the 0lympic spoit long jump foi example.
In this spoit the competitois must know how much steps they have to take in oiuei
to jump as long as they can, so with this infoimation they can set themselves goals
to keep on beating them.



0)+$.%"&12%, 3&4)1.%($.)!5 The numbei of steps vs. the uistance jumpeu in cm.

Besciiption: The /+$0), foi this ielationship investigateu is the numbei of steps
taken befoie jumping, anu the #0,1" was the uistance jumpeu. The steps taken weie
incieaseu by 1 each time, anu we began at u, enuing at 14. In oui gioup, Ciistobal
took all the steps, to make the iesults moie accuiate, anu then we measuieu the
uistance he jumpeu each time using meteis.






































6"#$%&: {u-14}
0$&(): {162-S77}
*+",): Positive

The lines of best fit by mean point (gieen) anu by autogiaph (blue) only have
a uiffeience in %2+3" of about a hunuieuth, anu theii y-inteicept is almost the same,
which makes these two lines extiemely similai anu makes them neaily be on top of
the othei.
The thiee lines uiawn above aie a veiy %*#+,1 3+%)*)4" 5+##"20*)+, because
iounueu up the coiielation coefficient is about 9.7, anu we know that closei it is to 1
oi -1, the stiongei the coiielation. The coiielation foi this mathematical mouel is
the ielationship of how the numbei of steps one takes befoie jumping, is ielateu to
the uistance they actually ieach to jump.
Baseu on my lines, I can make pieuictions foi both uomain (x) anu iange (y)
foi each line.
Foi my line of best fit calculateu by autogiaph, I can pieuict that if the
numbei of steps (uomain) weie 2S, then the uistance jumpeu (iange) woulu be
aiounu S74.7S cm because by ieplacing the "x" value of (y= 1S.197 + 19S), I was
able to calculate the uistance jumpeu (y).

Foi my line of best fit by eye, I can pieuict that if the numbei of steps
(uomain) weie 2S, then the uistance jumpeu (iange) woulu be aiounu S68.S cm
because by ieplacing the "x" value of (y= 1S.17 + 19u.8), I was able to calculate the
uistance jumpeu (y).
Foi my line of best fit passing thiough the mean point I can pieuict that if the
numbei of steps (uomain) weie 2S, then the uistance jumpeu (iange) woulu be
aiounu S7S.2cm because by ieplacing the "x" value of (y= 1S.1x + 19S.7), I was able
to calculate the uistance jumpeu (y).

Line of best fit calculateu by Autogiaph (shown in blue):

*+",)8%&.)'-),. 9"'#5 y= 1S.19x + 19S *.$&!$'! 9"'#5 1S19x - 1uuy = -19Suu

:"'')+$.%"& :")99%-%)&.5 u.9661uu6S94


Line of best fit by eye (shown in puiple):

*+",)8%&.)'-),. 9"'#5 y= 1S.1x + 19u.8 *.$&!$'! 9"'#5 1S1x -1uy = -19u8


Line of best fit passing thiough the mean point (shown in gieen):

*+",)8%&.)'-),. 9"'#5 y= 1S.1x + 19S.7 *.$&!$'! 9"'#5 1S1x -1uy = -19S7































;"'< 9"' +%&) "9 =)1. 9%. => )>)5

The line of best fit by eye passeu thiough points (2, 221) anu (12, S72)

To finu slope-inteicept foim:


1. m=

2. m= S72-221 - 1S1 - 1S.1
12-2 1u

S. y-y1 = m(x-x1)
- y-221 = 1S.1 (x-2)
- y - 221 = 1S.1x - Su.2
- +221 +221

6),02 7890*)+,. ! # $%&$' ( $)*&+


To change into stanuaiu foim:

1. SF: ax + by = c
2. y = 1S.1x + 19u.8
S. -1S.1x + y = 19u.8
- * -1u *-1u *-1u

6),02 7890*)+,. $%$' , $*! # -$)*+


;"'< 9"' +%&) "9 =)1. 9%. => 9%&!%&( .2) #)$& ,"%&.5

The line of best fit by mean point was calculateu to be 7, Su1.4, anu the slope foi this
line was the same as the line of best fit.

To finu slope-inteicept foim:

1. m = 1S.1
2. y-y1 = m(x-x1)
- y-Su1.4 = 1S.1 (x-7)
- y - Su1.4 = 1S.1x - 1uS.7
- +Su1.4 +Su1.4

6),02 7890*)+,. ! # $%&$' ( $)%&.

To change into stanuaiu foim:

1. SF: ax + by = c
2. y = 1S.1x + 19S.7
S. -1S.1x + y = 19S.7
- * -1u *-1u *-1u

6),02 7890*)+,. $%$' , $*! # -$)%.



























0)+$.%"&12%, 3&4)1.%($.)!5 The length of penuulum vs. the aveiage time peiiou in
seconus.

Besciiption: The /+$0), foi this set of lines is the length of the stiing on the
penuulum, anu the #0,1" was the aveiage time peiiou it took to swing once. . The
length of the penuulum stiing uecieaseu by 1cm each time, anu we began at Sucm,
enuing at 16cm. What we uiu to iecoiu oui iesults was cut the iope by a centimetei
each time, anu we waiteu counteu how many seconus it took foi the penuulum to
swing 1S times. To calculate the aveiage time peiiou pei swing, we just uiviueu 1S
by all the values of the iange.




































6"#$%&: {16-Su}
0$&(): {u.S8-u.6}
*+",): Positive

The lines of best fit by mean point (gieen), by autogiaph (blue), anu by eye
(puiple) aie uiffeient, but with pietty close y-inteicepts, so they all begin at
uiffeient points. The %2+3"% aie eithei the same oi extiemely similai, which makes
these thiee lines neaily be on top of each othei.
The thiee lines uiawn above aie a veiy %*#+,1 3+%)*)4" 5+##"20*)+, because
iounueu up the coiielation coefficient is about 9.2, anu we know that closei it is to 1
oi -1, the stiongei the coiielation. The coiielation foi this mathematical mouel is
the ielationship of how the length of a penuulum, is ielateu to the aveiage time
peiiou pei swing.
Baseu on my lines, I can make pieuictions foi both uomain (x) anu iange (y)
foi each line.
Foi my line of best fit calculateu by autogiaph, I can pieuict that if the length
of the penuulum (uomain) continueu to ueciease up to 1ucm, then the aveiage time
peiiou pei swing (iange) woulu be aiounu u.28 seconus because by ieplacing the
"x" value of (y= u.u1S467 + u.12S7) I was able to calculate the aveiage time peiiou
pei one swing (y).

Foi my line of best fit by eye, I can pieuict that if the length of the penuulum
(uomain) continueu to ueciease up to 1ucm, then the aveiage time peiiou pei swing
(iange) woulu be aiounu u.28 seconus because by ieplacing the "x" value of (y =
u.u1S7 + u.14), I was able to calculate the uistance jumpeu (y).
Foi my line of best fit passing thiough the mean point, I can pieuict that if the
length of the penuulum (uomain) continueu to ueciease up to 1ucm, then the
aveiage time peiiou pei swing (iange) woulu be aiounu u.29 because by ieplacing
the "x" value of (y = u.u1S7 + u.1S6S), I was able to calculate the uistance jumpeu
(y).



Line of best fit calculateu by Autogiaph (shown in blue):

*+",)8%&.)'-),. 9"'#5 y= u.u1S46x + u.12S7

*.$&!$'! 9"'#5 1S46x - 1uuuuy = -12S7u

:"'')+$.%"& :")99%-%)&.5 u.99S4S4uSuS


Line of best fit by eye (shown in puiple):

*+",)8%&.)'-),. 9"'#5 y = u.u1Sx + u.14 *.$&!$'! 9"'#5 1Sx - 1uuuy = -14u


Line of best fit passing thiough the mean point (shown in gieen):

*+",)8%&.)'-),. 9"'#5 y = u.u1Sx + u.1S6S *.$&!$'! 9"'#5 1Sx - 1uuuy = -1S6.S
























;"'< 9"' +%&) "9 =)1. 9%. => )>)5

The line of best fit by eye passeu thiough points 28, u.S6 anu 16, u.S8

To finu slope-inteicept foim:


1. m=

2. m= u.S6 - u.S8 - u.18 - u.u1S
28- 16 12

S. y-y1 = m(x-x1)
- y-u.S8 = u.u1S (x-16)
- y - u.S8 = u.u1Sx - u.24
- +u.S8 +u.S8

6),02 7890*)+,. ! # *&*$%' ( *&$/

To change into stanuaiu foim:

1. SF: ax + by = c
2. y = u.u1Sx + u.14
S. -u.u1S + y = u.14
- * -1uuu *-1uuu *-1uuu

6),02 7890*)+,. $%' , $***! # -$/*

;"'< 9"' +%&) "9 =)1. 9%. => 9%&!%&( .2) #)$& ,"%&.5

The line of best fit by mean point was calculateu to be 7, Su1.4, anu the slope foi this
line was the same as the line of best fit.

To finu slope-inteicept foim:

1. m = u.u1S
2. y-y1 = m(x-x1)
- y - u.481S = u.u1S (x - 2S)
- y - u.481S = u.u1Sx - u.S4S
- +u.481S +u.481S

6),02 7890*)+,. ! # *&*$%' ( *&$010

To change into stanuaiu foim:

1. SF: ax + by = c
2. y = u.u1Sx + u.1S6S
S. -u.u1Sx + y = u.1S6S
- * -1uuu *-1uuu *-1uuu

6),02 7890*)+,. $%' , $***! # -$01&0