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    Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation 2.1 Cell Structure

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    CikguAgnes
    This document discusses cell structure and organization. It begins by describing the basic structures of animal and plant cells. It then discusses how different organelles are found more abundantly in different cell types depending on their specialized functions, such as mitochondria in muscle cells. The document goes on to explain cell specialization and organization in multicellular organisms from the cellular to system level. It also describes the tissues, organs and systems in both animals and plants. Finally, it discusses the importance of homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in regulating the internal environment of multicellular organisms.

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    Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation 2.1 Cell Structure

    Uploaded by

    CikguAgnes
    3K views9 pages
    This document discusses cell structure and organization. It begins by describing the basic structures of animal and plant cells. It then discusses how different organelles are found more abundantly in different cell types depending on their specialized functions, such as mitochondria in muscle cells. The document goes on to explain cell specialization and organization in multicellular organisms from the cellular to system level. It also describes the tissues, organs and systems in both animals and plants. Finally, it discusses the importance of homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in regulating the internal environment of multicellular organisms.

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    Biology F4

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    This document discusses cell structure and organization. It begins by describing the basic structures of animal and plant cells. It then discusses how different organelles are found more abundantly in different cell types depending on their specialized functions, such as mitochondria in muscle cells. The document goes on to explain cell specialization and organization in multicellular organisms from the cellular to system level. It also describes the tissues, organs and systems in both animals and plants. Finally, it discusses the importance of homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in regulating the internal environment of multicellular organisms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    3K views9 pages

    Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation 2.1 Cell Structure

    Uploaded by

    CikguAgnes
    This document discusses cell structure and organization. It begins by describing the basic structures of animal and plant cells. It then discusses how different organelles are found more abundantly in different cell types depending on their specialized functions, such as mitochondria in muscle cells. The document goes on to explain cell specialization and organization in multicellular organisms from the cellular to system level. It also describes the tissues, organs and systems in both animals and plants. Finally, it discusses the importance of homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in regulating the internal environment of multicellular organisms.

    Copyright:

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    of 9

    CHAPTER 2 CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

    2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS


    Animal Cell
    Plant cell

    Density of Organelles in specific cells

    Types of cells Function Organelles found


    abundantly in the
    specific cells
    Sperm cells Require energy to propel Mitochondria
    towards fallopian tube for
    fertilisation
    Muscles cells Contract and relax to enable Mitochondria
    movement
    Cells in the Require energy for active cell Mitochondria
    meristems division
    Mesophyll Absorb sunlight during Chloroplast
    palisade cells photosynthesis
    Cells in salivary Synthesise and secrete RER
    glands enzyme Golgi apparatus
    Intestinal Secretes digestive enzymes SER
    epithelium
    Liver cells Detoxification of drugs and SER
    poisons
    Goblet cells in Secretes mucus Golgi apparatus
    the intestinal
    and respiratory
    tract
    2.2 CELL ORGANISATION
    Living processes in unicellular organisms
    -Unicellular organisms can feed,respire,excrete,move,respond to
    stimuli,reproduce and
    grow.
    Eg: Amoeba sp.-living in freshwater / soil water environment

    Respiratio Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ occurs through the Plasma


    n membrane by diffusion
    Responses -Sunlight/acidic solution cause Amoeba to retreat
    to stimuli -Favourable stimuli -food causes it to move towards the
    stimuli
    Growth Increasing cytoplasm & lining of plasma membrane
    Feeding By Phagocytosis

    Amoeba sp. Approaches the food

    Two pseudopodia extend out and


    enclose the food particles

    Food particles then packed in a food vacuole


    Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
    (contain lysozyme enzyme)

    Food is digested by lysozyme


    Nutrients then absorbed into the cytoplasm
    When Amoeba moves away undigested
    food is left behind

    Excretion -Waste products (CO₂ and NH₃) eliminated through the


    plasma membrane by
    diffusion.
    Osmoregulation
    -When contractile vacuole filled with water to a maximum
    size
    =>contract to expel water
    Locomotio By Cytoplasmic projection
    n -Also known as ameboid movement
    -Extend its pseudopodia
     Anchoring the tips on the ground
    Flow of cytoplasm into the projected pseudopodia
    Reproducti
    on

    Amoeba divides  nucleus divides  cytoplasm divides 


    2 new cells
    after it grown
    formed
    to certain size
    Cell specialisation in multicellular organisms
    -human life begin as a single cell known as zygote
    -zygote undergo repeated division forming embryo
    -embryo cells grow, change shape and differentiate to carry out specific
    functions.
    =>cells can perform their tasks more efficiently.

    Cell organisation in multicellular organisms

    Cell  Tissue  Organ  System  Organism

    Cell organisation in animals

    System
    Integument
    ary
    Lymphatic
    Digestive
    Circulatory
    Respiratory
    Reproducti
    ve
    Endocrine
    Nervous
    Muscular
    Excretory
    Skeletal
    Example:
    C Tissue Organ System O
    Epithelial Epithelial Skin Integumenta Human
    RBC Connective ry
    WBC Nerve
    Nerve Muscle

    Cell organisation in plants


    -2 types of tissue
    a) Permanent tissue :
    i) Epidermal tissue
    ii) Ground tissue : Parenchyma
    Collenchyma
    Sclerenchyma

    iii) Vascular tissue : Phloem


    Xylem

    Epidermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue

    Phloem
    -mostly coated with Parenchyma tissue -consists mainly of sieve
    cuticle -thin walls tubes
    -functions -large vacuole -sieve tubes form long
    a)prevent water continuous tube-like
    loss -functions structure
    through a)storing starch & sugar
    evaporation b)provide support & -functions
    b)prevent infection shape a)Transport nutrients to
    c)prevent to plants all
    mechanical parts of plants
    injury

    Collenchyma tissue Xylem


    -uneven thick wall -cell wall thickened with
    lignin
    -functions -consists mainly of
    a)support herbaceous xylem
    plants, vessels joint together
    young stems & petiols end to
    end (rootsleaves)

    -functions
    a)Transport water from
    Sclerenchyma tissue roots
    -uniformly thickened wall to other parts of plants
    by b)Provide support &
    Lignin / dead cell mechanical strength

    -functions
    a)support & give
    mechanical
    strength to mature
    parts of
    plants
    b)Meristematic tissue
    -consists of small cells with -thin walls -no vacuoles

    -large nuclei -dense cytoplasm


    -young & dividing actively
    -not undergone differentiation
    -located at tip of root & buds of shoots
    Example:
    Organ System
    Flower, Fruit, Leaf , Stem Shoot
    Root Root

    Regulating the internal environment


    Internal environment of multicellular organisms
    -consists of a)Interstitial fluid – fill the spaces between cells
    =>constantly bathes the cells
    => nutrients & waste products are exchanged
    between
    interstitial fluid & blood plasma (in the blood
    capillaries)

    b)Blood plasma

    The necessity for maintaining an optimal internal environment


    -Physical & chemical factors within the internal environment must be
    maintained regardless
    of the condition outside the cell so that the cell can function optimally
    and effectively
    -Homeostasis = maintenance of a relatively constant internal
    environment for the
    optimal functions of cells.
    - Negative Feedaback Mechanism = Mechanism than governs
    homeostasis

    Blood Blood
    Pancreas
    sugar sugar
    secretes
    level rises level falls
    insulin

    Normal
    Sugar
    Level

    Blood Blood
    sugar Pancreas sugar
    level falls secretes level rises
    glucagon

    Blood sugar level is maintained by the negative feedback


    mechanism
    Skin Signals send .More sweat
    Body to the brain produced
    receptor
    temperatur (hypothalam .Blood vessel
    detect the
    e rises us) dilate
    changes
    .Minimise muscle

    Normal
    Body
    Temperatur

    .Less sweat
    Body produced
    temperatur Skin Signals send .Blood vessel
    e falls receptor to the brain constrict
    detect the (hypothalam .Muscle contract-
    changes us)
    Normal Body Temperature is maintained by the negative feedback
    mechanism

    Detected Breathing & CO₂


    Content of exhaled
    by Pulse rate
    CO₂ O₂
    increased nervous increased
    system

    Normal
    Content of
    CO₂

    Content of Detected Breathing & Less CO₂


    exhaled
    CO₂ by Pulse rate
    decreased nervous decreased
    system
    Normal content of CO₂ is maintained by the negative feedback
    mechanism

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