Java Programming

Our Agenda
Introduction to OOPS What is Java? The building Blocks of Java-- JDK Java architecture The java.lang. package Basic program constructs Applets v/s Applications

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Agenda Continued
The Utilities in util package User interface & Event Handling Exceptions Handling

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Before the first Cup.

Before we begin something on installation
Have jdk1.2.2 installed you get an exe version set path after installation to test open a command window and type javac if it gives a help for the command the installation is OK

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Introducing to OOPS
You need to familiarize yourself with some terms like Class, Object, Inheritance, Polymorphism etc etc.

The programming style that you use in C where importance is given for functions can be called as structured programming

Importance is given only to functionality, no importance is associated with the Data.

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Class..Objects.
What is a Class?
A class is a blueprint or prototype that defines the variables and the methods common to all objects of a certain kind.

So what is an Object?
An object is a software bundle of related variables and methods. Software objects are often used to model real-world objects you find in everyday life.

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Representation of Object

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The Object
The object diagrams show that the object's variables make up the center, or nucleus, of the object

Methods surround and hide the object's nucleus from other objects in the program. Packaging an object's variables within the protective custody of its methods is called encapsulation

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State & Behavior

The functions are called methods and the variables attributes

The value of the attributes is called the state.

Somebody calling a method on an object and the method getting executed by making use of current state is invoking the behavior

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How do you write a class

In Java we use a key word class
A class is defined as follows class Employ { String Name;//attribute int Age;//attribute //a behavior void printDetails(){ System.out.println(Name is+Name); System.out.println(Age is+Age); } }

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Inheritance
Now you have understood a Class let us look at what is inheritance.

A class inherits state and behavior from its super-class. Inheritance provides a powerful and natural mechanism for organizing and structuring software programs.

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Inheritance
However, subclasses are not limited to the state and behaviors provided to them by their superclass.

Subclasses can add variables and methods to the ones they inherit from the superclass.

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Overriding
Subclasses can also override inherited methods and provide specialized implementations for those methods.

You are not limited to just one layer of inheritance. The inheritance tree, or class hierarchy, can be as deep as needed.

Methods and variables are inherited down through the levels

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Inheritance
Inheritance offers the following benefits:
Subclasses provide specialized behaviors from the basis of common elements provided by the super class

Programmers can implement super-classes called abstract classes that define "generic" behaviors.
The abstract superclass defines and may partially implement the behavior, but much of the class is undefined and unimplemented

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What is Java?
A language developed at Sun Microsystems

A general-purpose language

High-level language

Developed initially for consumer devices

Help in building a dynamic Web

Supported today by most of the big players like IBM, Netscape, Oracle, Inprise etc.

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Features Of Java
Object-oriented Simple Robust Secure Architecture Neutral / Portable Multithreaded Distributed

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Java - The Basics

Draws features from OO languages like Smalltalk, C++, Ada An interpreted language Uses a virtual machine called Java Virtual Machine (JVM) A very exhaustive OO library

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Hello World
We will have the source code first
Type this into any text editor
public class HelloWorldApp { public static void main(String[]args){ System.out.println(Hello World!); } } Save this as HelloWorldApp.java (take care case matters..)

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Some Rules
The name of the file must always be the name of the public class

It is 100% case sensitive

You can have only one public class in a file(i.e. in one .java file)

Every stand alone Java program must have a public static void main defined
it is the starting point of the program.

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To Compile
Open a command prompt

Go to the directory you have saved your program.

Type javac HelloWorldApp.java.

If it says bad command or file name set the path If it does not say anything and get the prompt the compilation was successful.

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To execute

Type in the command prompt java HelloWorldApp The result

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So How did this work.

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Platform independence...
Java is a language that is platform independent. A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs Once compiled code will run on any platform without recompiling or any kind of modification. This is made possible by making use of a Java Virtual Machine a.k.a. JVM

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Java Virtual Machine

JVM can be considered as a processor purely implemented with software. The .class file that is generated is the machine code of this processor. The interface that the JVM has to the .class file remains the same irrespective of the underlying platform .

This makes platform independence possible

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Platform independence
The JVM interprets the .class file to the machine language of the underlying platform .

The underlying platform processes the commands given by the JVM and returns the result back to JVM which displays it for you.

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The life cycle

The Java programming language is unusual in that a program is both compiled and interpreted

With the compiler, first you translate a program into an intermediate language called Java bytecodes-the platform-independent codes interpreted by the interpreter on the Java platform

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A Diagrammatic Representation

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JDK
JDK or Java Development Kit is a free software that can be used to write and compile Java programs.

Currently version 1.3 has been released but we will be using version 1.2.2

It has lots of examples and the Standard Java Class Library also called the API

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JDK
We will be making use of the Classes defined in the standard library by creating objects or inheriting from those classes.

We use the javac compiler provided with JDK

We have tools like javadoc, rmiregistry, appletviewer etc which we may make use of
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The Java Platform

The Java platform has two components:
The Java Virtual Machine (Java VM) The Java Application Programming Interface (Java API)

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets.

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The Java Definition

The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all of the following buzzwords:

Simple, Architecture-neutral, Object-oriented, Portable, Distributed, Highperformance, Interpreted, Multithreaded, Robust, Dynamic and Secure

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Constituents of a Class
Variables or Data Members

Constructors

Functions or Methods

Classes, also called Inner Classes

Startup function, if it is a starter class

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Data Types
Strongly typed language

Two types of variables

Primitive type Reference type null is a special type

Reference types cannot be cast to primitive types

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Primitive Data Types

byte Byte-length integer short Short integer 8-bit two's complement 16-bit two's complement

int Integer 32-bit two's complement

long Long integer

64-bit two's complement(real numbers)

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Primitive Data Types

float Single-precision floating point 32-bit IEEE 754

double Double-precision floating point

64-bit IEEE 754

char

A single character

16-bit Unicode character true or

boolean false

A boolean value (true or false)

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References..
Arrays, classes, and interfaces are reference types

A reference is called a pointer, or a memory address in other languages

The Java programming language does not support the explicit use of addresses like other languages do

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Reference...

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Access Specifiers
There are four access specifiers:
public

private

- package

protected

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Access for Types

Access specifiers could be used on classes in Java

All classes belong to packages in Java

public types are only accessible outside the package

private and protected specifier are invalid for classes

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Modifiers in Java
Access specifiers

static

final

abstract

native

synchronized
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final Modifier
final modifier has a meaning based on its usage

For variable:
Primitives: read-only Objects: reference is read-only use all upper case letters

For methods: no overriding

For classes: no inheritance

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abstract Modifier
abstract modifier is used to defer an operation

Cannot be used for variables

For methods: no implementation

For classes: no instantiation

A concrete class can be made abstract by using the modifier for the class

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Rules to Follow
The following cannot be marked with abstract modifier

Constructors

Static methods

Private methods

Methods marked with final modifier

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native Modifier
native modifier is used to indicate implementation of the method in a non-Java language, like C/C++

The library where the method is implemented should be loaded before invoking native methods synchronized Modifier Discussed in the module on threading

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Variables
The Java programming language has two categories of data types: primitive and reference.

A variable of primitive type contains a single value of the appropriate size and format for its type: a number, a character, or a boolean value

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Scope of variables
A variable's scope is the region of a program within which the variable can be referred to by its simple name.

Scope also determines when the system creates and destroys memory for the variable

Dont confuse Scope with Visibility

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Scope.

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Member Variables
A member variable is a member of a class or an object.

It is declared within a class but outside of any method or constructor.

A member variable's scope is the entire declaration of the class.

The declaration of a member needs to appear before it is used

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Local Variables
You declare local variables within a block of code

The scope of a local variable extends from its declaration to the end of the code block in which it was declared

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Parameter Scope

Parameters are formal arguments to methods or constructors and are used to pass values into methods and constructors. The scope of a parameter is the entire method or constructor for which it is a parameter. Exception-handler parameters are similar to parameters but are arguments to an exception handler rather than to a method or a constructor

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Final variables

You can declare a variable in any scope to be final . The value of a final variable cannot change after it has been initialized. Such variables are similar to constants in other programming languages. To declare a final variable, use the final keyword in the variable declaration before the type: final int Var = 0;

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Visibility
Visibility is set with an access modifier Applies only to member variables and determines whether the variable can be used from outside of the class within which it is declared. The access modifiers are public, protected, private and default(when none specified) The default scope is Package.

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Public-Private
Public variables and methods are those which can be accessed from any where i.e. From the class, outside the class and outside the package.

Private variables are those which can be accessed only within the class.

They are not visible outside that class.

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Protected
Protected variables re those which are visible only inside the class and the children classes of that class.

If your class extends a base class then your derived class will be able to access the variables and methods of the base class that are declared as protected ( and public of course.)

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Default Scope
The default Scope i.e. if you dont specify any access modifiers the scope is package scope.

It means that within the package the class is it will be accessible but outside the package it is not accessible.

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Class Member Access

Private
Same class Same Package subclass Same Package non-subclass Different Package subclass Different Package non-subclass

Friendly

Protected Public

Yes No No No No

Yes Yes Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

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Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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The syntax...
Java follows exactly the syntax of C with some minor differences.

A happy news -------THERE IS NO POINTERS IN JAVA

But we have a concept called reference that we have discussed already

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Interfaces
( Inheritance in Java ]

Class A

Class A

Class B

Class B

Class C Allowed in Java

Class C Not Allowed in Java

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Interface

Following are the code for the diagram in the slide shown before : Class ClassB Bextends extendsA A {{ }} Class ClassC Cextends extendsB B {{ }} Class Class C C extends extendsA A, ,B B {{ }}

The code written above is not acceptable by Java

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Implementing Multiple Inheritance in Java

Inter A

Inter B

Inter C Class E can inherit from interface A, B and C in the following manner : Class Class EE implements implements A, A,B, B,C C {{ . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .; ; }}

INTERFACE
Class E

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Another way of implementing multiple Inheritance

Class A
E X T E N D S

inter B

Inter C Class E can inherit from classes A,& implements B and C in another way as shown here :

INTERFACE
Class E

Class ClassEEextends extendsA A implements implementsB, B,C C {{ . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .; ; }}

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Creating an interface class

In Java interfacing is done in the following manner :

When the code is executed as given below, myinterface.class file will be created in the folder JavaProgs

public publicinterface interfacemyinterface myinterface {{ public publicvoid voidadd(int add(intx, x,int inty) y); ; }}

When the code for interface is executed as given below : javac d c:\JavaProgs\ myinterface . java
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Using interface in Programs

import import java.io.* java.io.*; ; import import mypackage.* mypackage.*; ; Class Classdemo demoimplements implementsmyinterface myinterface {{ public publicvoid voidadd(int add(intx., x.,int inty) y) {{ System.out.println( System.out.println( ++( (xx++yy ); ); }} }} Public Publicstatic staticvoid voidmain(String main(Stringargs[ args[]) ]) {{ deno deno dd == new new demo demo( () ) ; ; d.add d.add(10 (10, ,20 20) ); ; } 2005, Infosys Technologies Copyright Ltd }
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Importing the folder where myinterface.class file is stored

Interfaces Contd
Comparable to a pure abstract class

Classes implement, by providing definitions to the methods of the interface

Inheritance is possible in interfaces, even multiple inheritance is possible

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Why use Packages ?

Just think of Writing the code from the scratch, each time you create an application Youll end up spending your precious time and energy and finally land up with a Huge code accumulated before you.
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Reusing The Existing Code Reusability of code is one of the most important requirements in the software industry. Reusability saves time, effort and also ensures consistency.
A class once developed can be reused by any number of programs wishing to incorporate the class in that particular program.

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Concept of Packages In Java, the codes which can be reused by other programs is put into a Package. A Package is a collection of classes, interfaces and/or other packages. Packages are interfaces essentially a packag es means of classe organizing s classes together Packa as groups. ge
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Features of Packages
Packages are useful for the following purposes: Packages allow you to organize your classes into smaller units ( such as folders ) and make it easy to locate and use the appropriate class file. It helps to avoid naming conflicts. When you are working with a number of classes, it becomes difficult to decide on names of the classes & methods. At times you would want to use the same name, which belongs to an another class. Package, basically hides the classes and avoids conflicts in names. Packages allow you to protect your classes, data and methods in a larger way than on a class-to-class basis. Package names can be used to identify your classes.

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An Example on the use of Packages

Package Circle Some Class Method Method to find area of the circle Some Method

Import

To find the area of a circle on the front face of the cube, we need not write a code explicitly to find the area of the circle We will import the package into our program and make use of the area method already present in the package circle.

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Importing a Package
In Java, the Packages (where the required method is already created) can be imported into any program where the method is to be used. We can import a Package in the following manner : import package_name . class_name ; Suppose you wish to use a class say My_Class whose location is as follows :

My_Package

My_Sub_Package

My_Class

This class can be imported as follows : import My_Package . MySub_Package . My_Class ;

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Creating a Package
In Java Packages are created in the following manner : Package package_name ; Method to add( ) package packagemypackage mypackage;; public publicclass classcalculate calculate { { public publicint intadd(int add(intx, x,int int y) y) { { return( return(x x+ +y y));; } } } } mypackage
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Compiling the package

javac javac -d -d c:\ c:\JavaProgs JavaProgs Calculate.java Calculate.java

When the above command is executed on the command prompt, the compiler creates a folder called mypackage in our JavaProgs directory and stores the Calculate.class into this folder

gs JavaPro

kage c a p y m

c Cal

ula

Cla te .

ss

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Standard Java Packages

The Three Java Packages that are essential to any Java program are :

java java. .lang lang java java. .io io java java. .util util

java .lang Contains classes that form the basis of the design of the programming language of Java java .io The use of streams for all input output operations in Java is handled by the java.io package

java . util Contains classes and interfaces that provide additional utility but may not be always vital.

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java.lang package
One of the most important classes defined in this package is Object and it represents the root of the java class hierarchy. This package also holds the wrapper classes such as Boolean, Characters, Integer, Long, Float and Double. Many a times it is necessary to treat the non-object primitive datatypes of int, char, etc. as objects. Thus Java defines wrapper classes that enable us to treat even primitive data types as objects.These wrapper classes are found in the package java.lang. Other classes found in this package are : Math which provides commonly used mathematical functions like sine, cosine and square root. String & String Buffer Encapsulate commonly used operations on character strings.

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Some of the important methods of Math class

int abs(int i) -- returns the absolute value of I long abs(long l) -- returns the absolute value of l float abs(float f) -- returns the absolute value of f double abs(double d) -- returns the absolute value of d double ceil(double d) -- returns as a double the smallest integer that is not less than d double floor(double d) --- returns as a double the largest integer

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java.io package
This package has two very important abstract classes : Input Stream This class defines the basic behavior required for input. Output stream This class is the basis of all the classes that deal with output operations in Java.

Since these are abstract classes, they cannot be used directly but must be inherited, so that the abstract methods can be implemented. All I/O stream classes are derived from either of these classes.

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java.io package

The classes derived in Inputstream and Outputstream can only read from or write to the respective files. We cannot use the same class for both reading and writing operations. An exception to this rule is the class RandomAccessFile. This is the class used to handle files that allow random access and is capable of mixed reading and writing operations on a file. There are two additional interface to this package : Data input Data output These classes are used to transfer data other than bytes or characters

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Java.util package

One of the most important package in this package is the class Date, which can be used to represent or manipulate date and time information. In addition, the class also enable us to account for time zones . Java helps us to change the size of an array which is usually fixed, by making use of the class Vector. This class also enable us to add, remove and search for items in the array.

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Tips on using packages

The statement : import java.awt.* ; Will include all the classes available in the awt subdirectory present in the java directory. While creating a package, care should be taken that the statement for creating a package must be written before any other import statements

package mypackage ; import java . io;

LEG AL

import java . io;

ILLEGA L

package mypackage ;
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Important Packages in Java

java.lang You dont need to explicitly import this package. It is always imported for you. This package consists of classes that help you for all the Input and Output operations. This package consists of classes that you need, to execute an applet in the browser or an appletviewer. This package is useful to create GUI applications. This package provides a variety of classes and interfaces for creating lists, calendar, date, etc. This package provides classes and interfaces for TCP/IP network programming.
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java.io

java.applet

java.awt java.util

java.net

Declaring and Access Control

Arrays
An array is a data structure which defines an ordered collection of a fixed number of homogeneous data elements The size of an array is fixed and cannot increase to accommodate more elements In Java, array are objects and can be of primitive data types or reference types All elements in the array must be of the same data type

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Arrays
Declaring Arrays Variables <elementType>[] <arrayName>; or <elementType> <arrayName>[]; where <elementType> can be any primitive data type or reference type Example: int IntArray[]; Pizza[] mediumPizza, largePizza;

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Arrays
Constructing an Array
<arrayName> = new <elementType>[<noOfElements>];

Example:
IntArray = new int[10]; mediumPizza = new Pizza[5]; largePizza = new Pizza[2];

Declaration and Construction combined

int IntArray = new int[10]; Pizza mediumPizza = new Pizza[5];

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Arrays
Initializing an Array
<elementType>[] <arayName> = {<arrayInitializerCode>};

Example:
int IntArray[] = {1, 2, 3, 4}; char charArray[] = {a, b, c}; Object obj[] = {new Pizza(), new Pizza()}; String pets[] = {cats, dogs};

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IO Facilities in Java

Overview
IO Streams in Java Understanding some fundamental streams Creating streams for required functionality Some advanced streams

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Streams
Streams are channels of communication Provide a good abstraction between the source and destination Could also act as a shield to lower transport implementation Most of Javas IO is based on streams
Byte-oriented streams Character-oriented streams

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Concatenating Streams

Data InputStream

File InputStream

File Object

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Input & Output Streams

Streams
A stream can be thought of as a Conduit (pipe) for data between a source and the destination. Two types of Streams are 1. Low level streams 2. High level streams

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Low level streams & High level streams

Streams which carries bytes are called low level streams. Examples are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream.

Streams which carries primitive data types are called high level streams. Examples are DataInputStream and DataOutputStream.

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InputStream & OutputStream

InputStreams are used for reading the data from the source.

OutputStreams are used for writing the data to the destination.

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bytes Source bytes FileInputStream DataInputStream

int,float,double.

Java program

Destination bytes

FileOutputStream bytes

DataOutputStream

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Writing Primitives to a File

DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream( new FileOutputStream("item.dat")); dos.writeFloat(itemPrice); dos.writeInt(itemQty); dos.writeChars(itemNo);

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Filter Streams
Filter contents as they pass through the stream Filters can be concatenated as seen before Some filter streams
Buffered Streams LineNumberInputStream PushBackInputStream PrintStream

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Conversion Streams
InputStreamReader: bridge from byte streams to character streams
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(System.in));

OutputStreamWriter: bridge from chararcter streams to byte streams

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Review
Streams are the basis of Javas IO Pre-defined streams for many situations Streams need to be concatenated Conversion streams available for byte to character and vice-versa conversion

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String class
A string is a collection of characters Has equals( ) method that should be used to compare the actual string values Lot of other methods are available which are for the manipulation of characters of the string

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public class Stringcomparison { public static void main(String args[]) { String ss1=new String("Rafiq"); String ss2=new String("Rafiq"); String s1="Rafiq"; String s2="Rafiq"; System.out.println(" == comparison for StringObjects: "+(ss1==ss2)); System.out.println(" == comparison for StringLiterals: "+(s1==s2)); System.out.println(" equals( ) comparison for StringObjects: "+(ss1.equals(ss2))); System.out.println(" equals( ) comparison for StringLiterals: "+(s1.equals(s2))); } }
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class checkstring { public static void main(String args[]){ String str="HELLO guys & girls"; System.out.println("The String is:"+str); System.out.println("Length of the String is:"+str.length()); System.out.println("Character at specified position:"+str.charAt(4)); System.out.println("substring of the String is:"+str.substring(6,10)); System.out.println("Index of the specified character:"+str.indexOf("g")); System.out.println("conversion to uppercase:"+str.toUpperCase()); System.out.println("conversion to uppercase:"+str.toLowerCase()); } }

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String Buffer
The prime difference between String & StringBuffer class is that the stringBuffer represents a string that can be dynamically modified. StringBuffers capacity could be dynamically increased eventhough its capacity is specified in the run time. Constructors StringBuffer() StringBuffer(int capacity) StringBuffer(String str) Methods int length() int capacity() void setLength(int len)

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String Buffer
char charAt(int where) void setCharAt(int where, char ch) StringBuffer append(String str) StringBuffer append(int num) StringBuffer append(Object obj) StringBuffer insert(int index,String str) StringBuffer insert(int index,char ch) StringBuffer insert(int index,Object obj) StringBuffer reverse()
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java.util Package
Has utility classes like Date Properties HashTable Vector e.t.c

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Vector
Vector( ) Vector(int size) Vector(int size, int incr) The following are few Vector methods: final void addElement(Object element) final int capacity() final boolean contains(Object element) final Object elementAt(int index) final Object firstElement()

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Vector

final void insertElementAt(Object element, int index) final Object lastElement() final boolean removeElement(Object element) final void removeElementAt(int index) final int size()

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Date
import java.util.Date; class DateDemo{ public static void main(String args[]) { //Instantiating a Date Object Date date=new Date(); System.out.println("current date is"+date); System.out.println("current day is"+date.getDay()); System.out.println("current month is"+date.getMonth()); System.out.println("current Year is"+date.getYear()); long msec=date.getTime(); System.out.println("Milliseconds since Jan. 1,1970 ="+msec); } }
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Applications and Applets (The difference)

These are some of the difference between an Application and an Applet :
Java Application Java Applet

1. 2. 3.

Standalone program. Applications can run by itself. Since it can be run independently, so utilities like event handling, user interface, etc. should be explicitly written by the programmer.

1. 2.

Used for Internet programming. Applications cannot run by itself and requires a Browser software to run it.

3.

Since applets runs inside the Browser, it enjoys all the inbuilt facilities of some event handling.

No Control over the low of the program

There is some control over the execution of the program.

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Applet
What is an applet? A small Java program that runs on a Browser The applet runs on JVM embedded in the browser

import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Graphics; public class HelloWorld extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString("Hello world!", 50, 25); } }

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Life Cycle of an Applet

init( )

Applet Born
Initialization state

Start state start( )

Applet Working

Redraw Applet paint( )

Applet Displayed Idle State

stop( )

Destroy Applet destroy( )

If start( ) called again

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Applet Life Cycle..

The Browser creates an Object of the applet and then it calls a sequence of methods on that object. The first method to be called is init() Then the start() method is called. Then repaint(). Finally to remove destroy() is called. So there is no need for a public static void main in the applet to work because the browser creates the object and calls the method on that.

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Life cycle Applet...

Every time you move out of the HTML that contains your applet and then come back the start() is called. init() is called only once. When ever you lose scope and return the paint() is called. All these calls are done by the browser(not by you)

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Applet...
You need to override only the methods you want, the others are redirected to the base class. If you need to repaint the applet display you can do it by calling repaint().(You are not supposed to call directlypublic void paint(Graphics g))

Why?????????????

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Some code review..

We used import statements We inherited from Applet class We did some overriding We called some behavior We learnt to embed Java programs in HTML

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Exception Handling

Exceptions and Errors

Exceptions are situations within the control of an application, that it should try to handle

Errors indicate serious problems and abnormal conditions that most applications should not try to handle

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Overview
What is an Exception?

Errors and Exceptions

The try-catch-finally block(s)

Catching multiple exceptions

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Exceptions
An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.

The exception object contains information about the exception, including its type and the state of the program when the error occurred.

Helpful in separating the execution code from the error handler

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Exceptions
The Java programming language provides a mechanism known as exceptions to help programs report and handle errors.

When an error occurs, the program throws an exception.

It means that the normal flow of the program is interrupted and that the runtime attempts to find an exception handler--a block of code that can handle a particular type of error

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Exceptions
The exception handler can attempt to recover from the error or, if it determines that the error is unrecoverable, provide a gentle exit from the program.

Three statements play a part in handling exceptions: try-catch-finally

Java enforces exceptions to be handled by the programmer, resulting in compile errors otherwise

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Javas Exception Hierarchy

Throwable Error Exception Runtime Exception

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Try catch -finally

The finally statement is associated with a try statement and identifies a block of statements that are executed regardless of whether or not an error occurs within the try block. try { } catch (exceptiontype name) { statement(s) finally { } } statement(s)

statement(s)

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The finally Block

Defines the code that is executed always

In the normal execution it is executed after the try block

When an exception, it is executed after the handler or before propagation as the case may be

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Throwing Exceptions
Exceptions in Java are compulsorily of type Throwable Use the throw clause to throw an exception

Can also be used to rethrow an exception

public void read() throws IOException { // Some code that cause IO Exception throw new IOException(); }

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Some Java Exceptions

ArithmeticException ClassCastException IllegalStateExecption IndexOutOfBoundsException InstantiationException NullPointerException SecurityException

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Some Java Errors

ClassFormatError InternalError LinkageError OutOfMemoryError StackOverflowError VirtualMachineError UnknownError

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Throws-Throw
These are two key words that you may use The Throws keyword is used along with the declaration of a method that can throw an exception. This makes it mandatory for anyone calling the method to have it in try block. Else the compiler will give an error.

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Throw
All Java methods use the throw statement to throw an exception.

The throw statement requires a single argument: a throwable object.

If you attempt to throw an object that is not throwable, the compiler refuses to compile your program

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Throw
It is used as follows- in a case where you want to throw an exception

if(accountIsValid()){ continue} else{ throw new InvalidAccontException(); }

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The Hierarchy

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Errors
When a dynamic linking failure or some other "hard" failure in the virtual machine occurs, the virtual machine throws an Error.

Typical Java programs should not catch Errors. In addition, it's unlikely that typical Java programs will ever throw Errors either.

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GUI Programming using AWT

JAVA GUI Components

AWT provides us with predefined classes and methods to help in creating various GUI components. Following are the various GUI components available in the java.awt package : Button : push button Canvas : drawing surface Checkbox : option button Choice : combo box Label : static text List : list box Scrollbar : scrolling capability TextComponent : base class for text components Container : base class for all GUI containers

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Java AWT components

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Building applications with graphical user interfaces

Creating the interface

Creating the window Adding components Layout Another Container

Defining the behavior

WindowEvent and WindowListener ItemEvent and ItemListener

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AWT hierarchy
Component Button Canvas Checkbox Choice Container Panel ScrollPane Window Dialog FileDialog Frame Label List Scrollbar TestComponent TextArea TextField

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Creating the window

Use Containers containers hold the Components and helps to organize the components into manageable groups. provides the basic window and dialog services. top-level windows are represented by the Frame class.

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Defining the types of container

Frame : It is a fully functioning window with its own title and icons. Other containers: Panel : A pure container and not a window in itself. Sole purpose is to organize the components on to a window. Dialog : pop-up window that pops out when an error message has to be displayed. Not a fully functioning window like the Frame.

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Frames
Are subclasses of Window Have title and resize corner Inherit from Component class and add components with the add method Have Border Layout as the default layout manager Use the setLayout method to change the default layout manager

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Frames

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Panels

Provide a space for components Allow subpanels to have their own layout manager Add components with the add method Default layout manager is the FlowLayout layout manager

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Panel

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Adding components
Components need to be added to a window
Create an instance Add it to a window by calling add() Removing with remove()

Except labels all other components generate events when accessed.

You need to handle the events

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Layout Managers

Used to display the components on the target screen. Java being platform independent, employs a unique way to display the components on the screen, independent of the platform. Java provides five different ways of sectioning the display area. Each of these ways of displaying components on different screen sections is handled by the Layout Manager.

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Layout managers

The five Layout managers available are :

Flow Layout Grid Layout Border Layout Card Layout GridBag Layout

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Flow Layout Manger

Arranges components from left-to-right in top-to-down fashion.

1. 2. 3.

The first component is placed at the Top-left corner. The successive components will be placed next to the one before it till a border of the display is encountered. The remaining components will be displayed in the next row in a similar fashion.

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Flow Layout Manager

4.

5.

The horizontal alignment of components is possible The options available for horizontal alignment are : Left Right Center By default, the components are center aligned. It is also possible to specify the vertical and horizontal spacing between the components.

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Grid Layout Manager

The display area is divided into a grid composing of rows and columns and further into number of cells. 2. Components are placed in the cells one after another in a rowwise fashion. 3. Relative placement of the components remain the same irrespective of the size of the Applet. 4. Possible to vary the space between components placed on a Grid Layout. The dimension of Applets in the HTML page do not affect the placement of components in the GridLayout.
1.

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Border Layout Manager

1. 2. 3.

It uses the Graphic directions of East, West, North, South and Center. The components are arranged along the borders of the Layout area. The space left in the center is given to the component with center as its position. The Border Layout manager is the default layout manager for Dialog and Frame.

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Card Layout Manager

1. 2. 3.

The Card Layout components are arranged into individual cards. All the components are not visible at the same time. These cards can only be viewed one at a time. In Card Layout, the components are placed in different Panels.

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GridBag Layout Manager

Most powerful Layout Manager. Arranges the components in Grids. Most complex of all Layout Managers. Most flexible of all the five Layout Managers available. Some controls provided by GridBag Layout Manager are : Span of Cells. Arrangement of Components in the cells. Space proportions between rows and columns. These controls are managed by the class called GridBagConstraints.

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Event handling

Events
An event is an object that represents some activity to which we may want to respond Example:
a mouse is moved a mouse button is clicked a mouse is dragged a graphical button is clicked a keyboard key is pressed a timer expires

Often events correspond to user actions, but not always

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Events
The Java standard class library contains several classes that represent typical events Certain objects, such as an applet or a graphical button, generate (fire) an event when it occurs Other objects, called listeners, respond to events We can write listener objects to do whatever we want when an event occurs

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Events
The java.awt.event package defines classes to different type of events. Events correspond to :
Physical actions (eg.,mouse button down, Key press/release) Logical events (e.g. gotfocus - receiving focus on a component)

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Some Event Classes

Present in java.awt.event class

ActionEvent a button pressed, a menu item selected, etc. ItemEvent a check box or list item is clicked, etc. ComponentEvent a component is hidden, moved, resized, or becomes visible KeyEvent keyboard events like key pressed, released, etc MouseEvent mouse clicked, dragged, etc WindowEvent minimized, maximized, resized, etc

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Events and Listeners

Event

Generator

Listener

This object may generate an event

This object waits for and responds to an event

When an event occurs, the generator calls the appropriate method of the listener, passing an object that describes the event

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Delegation Event Model

Events are fired by event sources. An event listener registers with an event source and receives notifications about the events of a particular type.

The java.awt.event package defines events and event listeners, as well as event listener adapters

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Listener Interfaces
We can create a listener object by writing a class that implements a particular listener interface The Java standard class library contains several interfaces that correspond to particular event categories E.g. the MouseListener interface contains methods that correspond to mouse events After creating the listener, we add the listener to the component that might generate the event to set up a formal relationship between the generator and listener

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Some Listener Interfaces

ActionListener for receiving action events E.g. mouse creates action on being clicked ItemListener for receiving item events E.g. list can be selected or deselected KeyListener- for receiving keyboard events (keystrokes). MouseListener MouseMotionListener WindowListener

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Mouse Events

The following are mouse events:

mouse pressed - the mouse button is pressed down mouse released - the mouse button is released mouse clicked - the mouse button is pressed and released mouse entered - the mouse pointer is moved over a particular component mouse exited - the mouse pointer is moved off of a particular component

Any given program can listen for some, none, or all of these

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Event Based Programming

Create a listener class implementing the appropriate listener interface. Register the listener with the required components. The event listeners will be listening for the events. When any event occurs, the event source creates an appropriate event object & invokes the appropriate method of the registered listener.

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Event Hierarchy

AWTEvent ActionEvent AdjustmentEvent ComponentEvent ContainerEvent FocusEvent InputEvent MouseEvent KeyEvent WindowEvent ItemEvent TextEvent

Abstract Class

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Event classes
ActionEvent Generated when a button is pressed, a list is double-clicked, or a menu item is selected. AdjustmentEvent Generated when a scroll bar is manipulated.

ComponentEvent Generated when a component is hidden, moved, resized or becomes visible ContainerEvent Generated when a component is added to or removed from a container. FocusEvent Generated when a component gains or loses keyboard focus.

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Event classes
InputEvent Abstract super class for all component input event classes. KeyEvent Generated when input is received from the keyboard. MouseEvent Generated when the mouse is dragged, moved, clicked, pressed, or released;also generated when a mouse enters or exits a component. WindowEvent Generated when a window is activated, closed, deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened, or quit. ItemEvent Generated when an item is selected or deselected TextEvent Generated when the value of a text area or text field is changed.
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Event Sources
Button
Generates action events when the button is pressed

CheckBox
Generates item events when the check box is selected or deselected

Choice
Generates item events when the choice is changed.

List
Generates action events when an item is double-clicked Generates item events when an item is selected or deselected

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Event Sources
Menu Item
Generates action events when a menu item is selected Generates item events when a checkable menu item is selected or deselected

Scrollbar
Generates adjustment events when the scroll bar is manipulated

Text components
Generates text events when the user enters a character

Window
Generates window events when a window is activated, closed, deactivated, deiconified, opened,or quit.

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Listener Interfaces
ActionListener void actionPerformed(ActionEvent) AdjustmentListener void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent) ComponentListener void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) void componentMoved(ComponentEvent e) void componentShown(ComponentEvent e) void componentHidden(ComponentEvent e) ContainerListener void componentAdded(ContainerEvent e) void componentRemoved(ContainerEvent e)

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Listener Interfaces
FocusListener void focusGained(FocusEvent e) void focusLost(FocusEvent e) ItemListener void itemStateChange(ItemEvent e) KeyListener void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) MouseMotionListener void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) TextListener void textChanged(TextEvent e)

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Listener Interfaces
MouseListener void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) WindowListener void windowActivated(WindowEvent e) void windowClosed(WindowEvent e) void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) void windowIconified(WindowEvent e) void windowOpened(WindowEvent e)

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A Simple Event Handler

import java.awt.*; public class TestButton{ public static void main(String args[]) { Frame f = new Frame(Test); Button b = new Button(Press Me); b.addActionListener(new ButtonHandler()); f.add(b); f.pack(); f.setVisible(true); } }

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A Simple Event Handler

import java.awt.event.*; public class ButtonHandler implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println(Action occurred); System.out.println(Buttons label is + e.getActionCommand()); } }

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Recap
Why Java Basic programming constructs Interfaces & packages Applets Exception Handling Event Handling

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End of session