Lecture #5

Pile design
Bearing capacity of a single pile
> load settlement curve
Shaft resistance
Tip resistance
F [kN]
s
[cm]
Shaft resistance
Tip resistance
s [cm]
F [kN]
Total
~0.02D
~0.1D
REAL IDEALIZED
Total
Bearing capacity of a single pile
> load settlement curve
Shaft resistance
Tip resistance
s [cm]
F [kN]
Total
~0.02D
~0.1D
Pile design > Settlement of pile groups
> Settlement of a single pile
q-z curve:
describes the relationship of
base resistance & displacement
consequently
o the mobilized base resistance is a
function of settlement
o the ultimate bas resistance develops at
a certain settlement
t-z curve:
describes the relationship of
shaft resistance & displacement
consequently
o the mobilized shaft resistance is a
function of settlement
o the ultimate shaft resistance develops at
a certain settlement
Pile design > Settlement of pile groups
> q-z & t-z curves for simplified design
SHAFT RESISTANCE
t-z curve
BASE RESISTANCE
q-z curve
Displacement between pile
shaft and the surrounding soil
Unit shaft resistance
q
s
max
D*
Bored & CFA piles Soil displ. piles
D* 0.0150.03 D 0.010.015 D
Displacement between pile
shaft and the surrounding soil
Unit base resistance
q
b
max
D**
Bored & CFA piles Soil displ. piles
D** ~0.1 D ~0.05 D
Pile design
> Settlement of pile groups
Pile design
> Settlement of pile groups
E
S
B
~5
R
H
2D
m
0
p
S
total
=
S
single
+ S
group
S
single
: using t-z and
q-z curves
S
group
= pm
0
/2E
s
Pile design > steps of design
Caculation of design load acting on pile
cap;
Choosing the type, number and
disitribution of piles;
Calculation of design load of a single pile;
Calculation of pile length;
Estimation of pile group settlement;
Modifying pile distribution or number if
neccesary.
Pile design > Design concepts
END BEARING PILES
at least 2/3 of total
capacity is provided by
base resistance;
Spacing
displacement piles: t 3D
replacement piles:
t 2.5D
recommended maximum
distance: 5D
F
group
= n F
pile
The bearing capacity of
underlying weaker
layers must be checked.
FRICTION PILES
at least 2/3 of total
capacity is provided by
shaft resistance;
Spacing
t 3D
recommended maximum
distance: 5D
F
group
< n F
pile
Shall not be used in
soft clays
Shall not be used in
case of large area
buildings
Pile design > Piled raft
Pile design
> Piled raft
Pile design > Piled raft
General idea:
The large surface of the slab
provides the required bearing
capacity
BUT
Mobilizing this resistance requires
(unacceptably) large deformation
(settlements)
SO
Piles are used as settlement
reducers (they take only a certain
part of the load)
Guidelines for design:
If the distrance between the piles
is larger than ~5 times the
diameter of the piles (t>5D), the
group effect will become
neglectible.
The larger the pile distance (=the
less the pile number), the larger
the required slab thickness and
the larger settlements.
OPTIMAZITAION IS NEEDED
Pile design > Piled raft
Pile design > Laterally loaded piles
Pile design > Laterally loaded piles
Free head Fixed head
Short pile
(L/R < 2)
Long pile
(L/R > 4)
25 . 0
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
h
k
I E
R
Pile design >
Laterally loaded piles
> Short piles
Cohesive soils:
Cohesionless soils:
Pile design >
Laterally loaded piles
> Long piles
Cohesive soils:
Cohesionless soils:
Laterally loaded piles > Ultimate horizontal resistance
> Cohesionless soils & short pile (Broms, 1964)
Laterally loaded piles > Ultimate horizontal resistance
> Cohesionless soils & long pile (Broms, 1964)
Laterally loaded piles > Ultimate horizontal resistance
> Cohesive soils & short pile (Broms, 1964)
Laterally loaded piles > Ultimate horizontal resistance
> Cohesive soils & long pile (Broms, 1964)
Laterally loaded piles > p-y curve
Laterally loaded piles > p-y curve
Nonlinear behaviour Linear behaviour
Subgrade reaction
k
h
= p/y
Soil type k
h
[MN/m
3
]
Clay (c
u
=50-100 kPa) ~135
Clay (c
u
=200-300 kPa) ~270
Clay (c
u
=300-400 kPa) ~540
Loose sand (submerged) ~5.4
Medium sand (subm.) ~16.3
Dense sand (subm.) ~34
Loose sand (above GWL) ~6.8
Medium sand (above GWL) ~24.4
Dense sand (above GWL) ~61
Representative values of k
h
(after Analysis and design od
shallow and deep foundation, 2006. Reese et al.)
Laterally loaded piles > p-y curve
n
h x
L
x
k k
|
.
|

\
|
=
The subgrade reaction depends on depth:
where
k
x
is the subgrade reaction at depth x
k
h
is the subgrade reaction at the pile tip
x is the depth below ground surface
L is the pile length
n is a coefficient equal to or larger than
0.
Generally n=1 is used, but previous
experiences have shown:
for sands n>1
for clays n<1
for clays (OCR>2) n=0
Pile design > Footing beams
Pile foundations
Superstructure
Footing
beam
Pile cap construction > soil excavation
Pile cap construction > forming bottom
level
Pile cap construction > formwork
Pile cap construction > reinforcement
Pile cap construction > completed pile cap
Mid-term questions
1. Types of precast piles, installation techniques.
2. Types and installation techniques of screw piles.
3. Types of soil replacement piles, excavation techniques, support of the drill hole.
4. Piling technique of CFA piles.
5. Micro piles.
6. Jet-grouting.
7. Vibro replacement technique.
8. Construction sequences of diaphragm (slurry) walls.
9. Advantages and limitations of diaphragm walls.
10. Caisson foundation.
11. Well foundation.
12. Components of pile capacity, pile types based on load transfer.
13. Pile load test types, determination (prediction) of pile capacity based on the
results.
14. Estimation of pile capacity based on laboratory test results.
15. Estimation of pile capacity based on in-situ test results.
16. Steps of pile design
17. Settlement of single piles and pile groups.
18. Laterally loaded piles, design based on p-y curves.