2013 Marty Hall
Basic Java Syntax
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2013 Marty Hall
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Topics in This Section
Basics
Creating, compiling, and executing simple Java programs
Accessing arrays Looping Indenting Code Using if statements Comparing strings Building arrays
One-step process Two-step process Using multidimensional arrays
Performing basic mathematical operations Reading command-line input
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2013 Marty Hall
Basics
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Eclipse: Making Projects
Creating new project
File New Project Java Java Project
Pick any name To simplify applets later, choose Sources/Classes in same folder
Creating new class
R-click New Class
You can have Eclipse make main when class created, or use shortcut to insert it later Eventually you will make package (subdir) first, then put class there
Can also copy/rename existing class
Getting Started: Syntax
Example
public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world."); } }
Details
Processing starts in main
Eclipse can create main automatically
When creating class: choose main as option Eclipse shortcut inside class: type main then hit Control-space
Routines usually called methods, not functions.
Printing is done with System.out.print...
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System.out.println, System.out.print, System.out.printf Eclipse shortcut: type sysout then hit Control-space
Getting Started: Execution
File: HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world."); } }
Compiling
Eclipse: just save file DOS> javac HelloWorld.java
Executing
Eclipse: R-click, Run As, Java Application DOS> java HelloWorld Hello, world.
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Packages
Idea
Packages are subdirectories used to avoid name conflicts Java class must have package subdirname; at the top
But Eclipse puts this in automatically when you right-click on a package and use New Class
Naming conventions
Package names are in all lower case Some organizations use highly nested names
com.companyname.projectname.projectcomponent
Creating packages in Eclipse
R-click project, New Package Then R-click package and New Class
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HelloWorld with Packages (in src/mypackage folder)
package mypackage; public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world (using packages)"); } }
Run from Eclipse in normal manner: R-click, Run As Java Application. Running from the command line is a pain: you must go to parent directory and do java mypackage.HelloWorld. Run from Eclipse and it is simple to use packages.
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More Basics
Use + for string concatenation Arrays are accessed with [ ]
Array indices are zero-based The argument to main is an array of strings that correspond to the command line arguments
args[0] returns first command-line argument args[1] returns second command-line argument, etc. Error if you try to access more args than were supplied
The length field
Gives the number of elements in any array
Thus, args.length gives the number of command-line arguments Unlike in C/C++, the name of the program is not inserted into the command-line arguments
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Command-line Arguments
Are useful for learning and testing
Command-line args are helpful for practice But, programs given to end users should almost never use command-line arguments
They should pop up a GUI to collect input.
Eclipse has poor support
Entering command-line args via Eclipse is more trouble than it is worth So, to test with command-line args:
Save the file in Eclipse (causing it to be compiled) Navigate to folder on desktop (not within Eclipse) Open command window (Start icon, Run cmd) Type java Classname arg1 arg2
Example: Command Line Args and the length Field
File: ShowTwoArgs.java (nave version)
public class ShowTwoArgs { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("First arg: " + args[0]); System.out.println("Second arg: " + args[1]); } }
Oops! Crashes if there are less than two command-line arguments. The code should have checked the length field, like this: if (args.length > 1) { doThePrintStatements(); } else { giveAnErrorMessage(); }
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Example (Continued)
Compiling (automatic on save in Eclipse)
DOS> javac ShowTwoArgs.java
Manual execution
DOS> java ShowTwoArgs Hello Class First args Hello Second arg: Class DOS> java ShowTwoArgs [Error message]
Eclipse execution (cumbersome)
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To assign command line args: R-click, Run As, Run Configurations, click on Arguments tab
2013 Marty Hall
Loops
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Looping Constructs
for/each
for(variable: collection) { body; }
for
for(init; continueTest; updateOp) { body; }
while
while (continueTest) { body; }
do
do { body; } while (continueTest);
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For/Each Loops
public static void listEntries(String[] entries) { for(String entry: entries) { System.out.println(entry); } }
Result
String[] test = {"This", "is", "a", "test"}; listEntries(test); This is a test
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For Loops
public static void listNums1(int max) { for(int i=0; i<max; i++) { System.out.println("Number: " + i); } }
Result
listNums1(4); Number: Number: Number: Number:
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0 1 2 3
While Loops
public static void listNums2(int max) { int i = 0; while (i < max) { System.out.println("Number: " + i); i++; // "++" means "add one" } }
Result
listNums2(5); Number: Number: Number: Number: Number: 0 1 2 3 4
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Do Loops
public static void listNums3(int max) { int i = 0; do { System.out.println("Number: " + i); i++; } while (i < max); // ^ Dont forget semicolon }
Result
listNums3(3); Number: 0 Number: 1 Number: 2
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2013 Marty Hall
Class Structure and Formatting
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Defining Multiple Methods in Single Class
public class LoopTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] test = { "This", "is", "a", "test"}; listEntries(test); listNums1(5); listNums2(6); listNums3(7); These methods say static because they are called directly from main. In the next two sections on OOP, we will explain what static means and } why most regular methods do not use static. But for now, just note that
methods that are directly called by main must say static.
public public public public
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static static static static
void void void void
listEntries(String[] entries) {} listNums1(int max) {} listNums2(int max) {} listNums3(int max) {}
Indentation: blocks that are nested more should be indented more
Yes blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
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No blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
Indentation: blocks that are nested the same should be indented the same
Yes blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
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No blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
Indentation: number of spaces and placement of braces is a matter of taste
OK blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
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OK blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
OK blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
2013 Marty Hall
Conditionals and Strings
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If Statements
Single option
if (boolean-expression) { statement1; ... statementN; }
Two options
if (boolean-expression) { ... } else { ... }
Multiple options
if (boolean-expression) { ... } else if (boolean-expression) { ... } else if (boolean-expression) { ... } else { ... }
The value inside parens must strictly be boolean, unlike C, C++, and JavaScript. A widely accepted best practice is to use the braces even if there is only a single statement inside the if or else.
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Switch Statements
Example
int month = ...; String monthString; switch(month) { case 1: monthString = "January"; break; case 2: monthString = "February"; break; case 3: monthString = "March"; break; ... default: monthString = "Invalid month"; break; }
Syntax is mostly like C and C++
Types can be primitives, enums, and (Java 7+ only) Strings
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Boolean Operators
==, !=
Equality, inequality. In addition to comparing primitive types, == tests if two objects are identical (the same object), not just if they appear equal (have the same fields). More details when we introduce objects. Numeric less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to. Logical AND, OR. Both use short-circuit evaluation to more efficiently compute the results of complicated expressions. Logical negation.
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<, <=, >, >= &&, || !
Example: If Statements
public static int max(int n1, int n2) { if (n1 >= n2) { return(n1); } else { return(n2); } }
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Strings
Basics
String is a real class in Java, not an array of characters as in C and C++. The String class has a shortcut method to create a new object: just use double quotes
This differs from normal objects, where you use the new construct to build an object
Use equals to compare strings
Never use == to test if two Strings have same characters!
Many useful builtin methods
contains, startsWith, endsWith, indexOf, substring, split, replace, replaceAll
Note: can use regular expressions, not just static strings
toUpperCase, toLowerCase, equalsIgnoreCase
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Common String Error: Comparing with ==
public static void main(String[] args) { String match = "Test"; if (args.length == 0) { System.out.println("No args"); } else if (args[0] == match) { System.out.println("Match"); } else { System.out.println("No match"); } }
Prints "No match" for all inputs
Fix:
if (args[0].equals(match))
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2013 Marty Hall
Arrays
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Building Arrays: One-Step Process
Declare and allocate array in one fell swoop
type[] var = { val1, val2, ... , valN };
Examples:
int[] values = { 10, 100, 1000 }; String[] names = {"Joe", "Jane", "Juan"}; Point[] points = { new Point(0, 0), new Point(1, 2), new Point(3, 4) };
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Building Arrays: Two-Step Process
Step 1: allocate an array of references:
type[] var = new type[size]; E.g.: int[] primes = new int[x]; // x is positive integer String[] names = new String[someArray.length];
Step 2: populate the array
primes[0] = 2; primes[1] = 3; primes[2] = 5; primes[3] = 7; etc.
If you fail to populate an entry
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names[0] = "Joe"; names[1] = "Jane"; names[2] = "Juan"; names[3] = "John"; etc.
Default value is 0 for numeric arrays Default value is null for Object arrays
Two-Step Process: Examples
public static Circle[] makeCircles1(int numCircles) { Circle[] circles = new Circle[numCircles]; // Empty array of proper size for(int i=0; i<circles.length; i++) { circles[i] = new Circle(Math.random() * 10); // Populate array } This approach is correct! return(circles); } public static Circle[] makeCircles2(int numCircles) { Circle[] circles = new Circle[numCircles]; // Empty array of proper size for(int i=0; i<circles.length; i++) { circles[i].setRadius(Math.random() * 10); // NullPointerException } This approach fails: crashes with return(circles); NullPointerException because circles[i] is null. } public static Circle[] makeCircles3(int numCircles) { Circle[] circles = new Circle[numCircles]; for(Circle c: circles) { c = new Circle(Math.random() * 10);; // Fails to store c in array } return(circles); // Array still contains only null pointers }
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This approach fails: array is still empty after the loop.
Array Performance Problems
For very large arrays, undue paging can occur
Array of references (pointers) allocated first Individual objects allocated next Thus, for very large arrays of objects, reference and object can be on different pages, resulting in swapping for each array reference Example
String[] names = new String[10000000]; for(int i=0; i<names.length; i++) { names[i] = getNameFromSomewhere(); }
Problem does not occur with arrays of primitives
I.e., with arrays of int, double, and other types that start with lowercase letter Because system stores values directly in arrays, rather than storing references (pointers) to the objects
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Multidimensional Arrays
Multidimensional arrays
Implemented as arrays of arrays
int[][] twoD = new int[64][32]; String[][] cats = {{ "Caesar", "blue-point" }, { "Heather", "seal-point" }, { "Ted", "red-point" }};
Note:
Number of elements in each row need not be equal
int[][] irregular = { { { { {
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1 }, 2, 3, 4}, 5 }, 6, 7 } };
TriangleArray: Example
public class TriangleArray { public static void main(String[] args) { int[][] triangle = new int[10][]; for(int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) { triangle[i] = new int[i+1]; } for (int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) { for(int j=0; j<triangle[i].length; j++) { System.out.print(triangle[i][j]); } System.out.println(); } } }
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TriangleArray: Result
> java TriangleArray 0 00 000 0000 00000 000000 0000000 00000000 000000000 0000000000
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2013 Marty Hall
Math and Input
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Basic Mathematical Routines
Very simplest routines use builtin operators
+, -, *, /, ^, % Be careful with / on int and long variables
Static methods in the Math class
So you call Math.cos(...), Math.random(), etc.
Most operate on double precision floating point numbers
Simple operations: Math.pow(), etc.
pow (xy), sqrt (x), cbrt, exp (ex), log (loge), log10
Trig functions: Math.sin(), etc.
sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan
Args are in radians, not degrees, (see toDegrees and toRadians)
Rounding and comparison: Math.round(), etc.
round/rint, floor, ceiling, abs, min, max
Random numbers: Math.random()
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random (Math.random() returns from 0 inclusive to 1 exclusive). See Random class for more control over randomization.
More Mathematical Routines
Special constants
Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY Double.NAN Double.MAX_VALUE Double.MIN_VALUE
Unlimited precision libraries
BigInteger, BigDecimal
Contain the basic operations, plus BigInteger has isPrime
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Reading Simple Input
For simple testing, use standard input
If you want strings, just use args[0], args[1], as before
To avoid errors, check args.length first Use Scanner class
Convert if you want numbers. Two main options:
Note that you need import statement. See next slide! Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in); int i = inputScanner.nextInt(); double d = inputScanner.nextDouble(); String seven = "7"; int i = Integer.parseInt(seven);
Convert explicitly (Integer.parseInt, Double.parseDouble)
In real applications, use a GUI
Collect input with textfields, sliders, combo boxes, etc.
Convert to numeric types with Integer.parseInt, Double.parseDouble, etc.
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Example: Printing Random Numbers
import java.util.*; public class RandomNums { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("How many random nums? "); Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in); int n = inputScanner.nextInt(); for(int i=0; i<n; i++) { System.out.println("Random num " + i + " is " + Math.random()); } inputScanner.close(); } } How many random nums? 5 Random num 0 is 0.22686369670835704 Random num 1 is 0.0783768527137797 Random num 2 is 0.17918121951887145 Random num 3 is 0.3441924454634313 Random num 4 is 0.6131053203170818
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2013 Marty Hall
Wrap-Up
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Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location.
Summary
Basics
Loops, conditional statements, and array access is similar to C/C++
But new for each loop: for(String s: someStrings) { }
Indent your code for readability String is a real class in Java
Use equals, not ==, to compare strings
Allocate arrays in one step or in two steps
If two steps, loop down array and supply values
Use Math.blah() for simple math operations Simple input from command window
Use command line for strings supplied at program startup Use Scanner to read values after prompts
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Neither is very important for most real-life applications
2013 Marty Hall
Questions?
JSF 2, PrimeFaces, Java 7 or 8, Ajax, jQuery, Hadoop, RESTful Web Services, Android, HTML5, Spring, Hibernate, Servlets, JSP, GWT, and other Java EE training. Also see the Java 8 tutorial and general Java programming tutorial.
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Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location.
