2013 Marty Hall

Basic Java Syntax

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2013 Marty Hall

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Topics in This Section

Basics
Creating, compiling, and executing simple Java programs

Accessing arrays Looping Indenting Code Using if statements Comparing strings Building arrays
One-step process Two-step process Using multidimensional arrays

Performing basic mathematical operations Reading command-line input

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2013 Marty Hall

Basics
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Eclipse: Making Projects

Creating new project
File New Project Java Java Project
Pick any name To simplify applets later, choose Sources/Classes in same folder

Creating new class

R-click New Class
You can have Eclipse make main when class created, or use shortcut to insert it later Eventually you will make package (subdir) first, then put class there

Can also copy/rename existing class

Getting Started: Syntax

Example
public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world."); } }

Details
Processing starts in main
Eclipse can create main automatically
When creating class: choose main as option Eclipse shortcut inside class: type main then hit Control-space

Routines usually called methods, not functions.

Printing is done with System.out.print...

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System.out.println, System.out.print, System.out.printf Eclipse shortcut: type sysout then hit Control-space

Getting Started: Execution

File: HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world."); } }

Compiling
Eclipse: just save file DOS> javac HelloWorld.java

Executing
Eclipse: R-click, Run As, Java Application DOS> java HelloWorld Hello, world.
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Packages
Idea
Packages are subdirectories used to avoid name conflicts Java class must have package subdirname; at the top
But Eclipse puts this in automatically when you right-click on a package and use New Class

Naming conventions
Package names are in all lower case Some organizations use highly nested names
com.companyname.projectname.projectcomponent

Creating packages in Eclipse

R-click project, New Package Then R-click package and New Class
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HelloWorld with Packages (in src/mypackage folder)

package mypackage; public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world (using packages)"); } }

Run from Eclipse in normal manner: R-click, Run As Java Application. Running from the command line is a pain: you must go to parent directory and do java mypackage.HelloWorld. Run from Eclipse and it is simple to use packages.
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More Basics
Use + for string concatenation Arrays are accessed with [ ]
Array indices are zero-based The argument to main is an array of strings that correspond to the command line arguments
args[0] returns first command-line argument args[1] returns second command-line argument, etc. Error if you try to access more args than were supplied

The length field

Gives the number of elements in any array
Thus, args.length gives the number of command-line arguments Unlike in C/C++, the name of the program is not inserted into the command-line arguments
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Command-line Arguments
Are useful for learning and testing
Command-line args are helpful for practice But, programs given to end users should almost never use command-line arguments
They should pop up a GUI to collect input.

Eclipse has poor support

Entering command-line args via Eclipse is more trouble than it is worth So, to test with command-line args:
Save the file in Eclipse (causing it to be compiled) Navigate to folder on desktop (not within Eclipse) Open command window (Start icon, Run cmd) Type java Classname arg1 arg2

Example: Command Line Args and the length Field

File: ShowTwoArgs.java (nave version)
public class ShowTwoArgs { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("First arg: " + args[0]); System.out.println("Second arg: " + args[1]); } }
Oops! Crashes if there are less than two command-line arguments. The code should have checked the length field, like this: if (args.length > 1) { doThePrintStatements(); } else { giveAnErrorMessage(); }
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Example (Continued)
Compiling (automatic on save in Eclipse)
DOS> javac ShowTwoArgs.java

Manual execution
DOS> java ShowTwoArgs Hello Class First args Hello Second arg: Class DOS> java ShowTwoArgs [Error message]

Eclipse execution (cumbersome)

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To assign command line args: R-click, Run As, Run Configurations, click on Arguments tab

2013 Marty Hall

Loops
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Looping Constructs
for/each
for(variable: collection) { body; }

for
for(init; continueTest; updateOp) { body; }

while
while (continueTest) { body; }

do
do { body; } while (continueTest);
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For/Each Loops
public static void listEntries(String[] entries) { for(String entry: entries) { System.out.println(entry); } }

Result
String[] test = {"This", "is", "a", "test"}; listEntries(test); This is a test
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For Loops
public static void listNums1(int max) { for(int i=0; i<max; i++) { System.out.println("Number: " + i); } }

Result
listNums1(4); Number: Number: Number: Number:
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0 1 2 3

While Loops
public static void listNums2(int max) { int i = 0; while (i < max) { System.out.println("Number: " + i); i++; // "++" means "add one" } }

Result
listNums2(5); Number: Number: Number: Number: Number: 0 1 2 3 4

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Do Loops
public static void listNums3(int max) { int i = 0; do { System.out.println("Number: " + i); i++; } while (i < max); // ^ Dont forget semicolon }

Result
listNums3(3); Number: 0 Number: 1 Number: 2

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2013 Marty Hall

Class Structure and Formatting

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Defining Multiple Methods in Single Class

public class LoopTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] test = { "This", "is", "a", "test"}; listEntries(test); listNums1(5); listNums2(6); listNums3(7); These methods say static because they are called directly from main. In the next two sections on OOP, we will explain what static means and } why most regular methods do not use static. But for now, just note that
methods that are directly called by main must say static.

public public public public

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static static static static

void void void void

listEntries(String[] entries) {} listNums1(int max) {} listNums2(int max) {} listNums3(int max) {}

Indentation: blocks that are nested more should be indented more

Yes blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
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No blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }

Indentation: blocks that are nested the same should be indented the same
Yes blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
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No blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }

Indentation: number of spaces and placement of braces is a matter of taste

OK blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }
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OK blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }

OK blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; for(...) { blah; blah; } }

 2013 Marty Hall

Conditionals and Strings

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If Statements
Single option
if (boolean-expression) { statement1; ... statementN; }

Two options
if (boolean-expression) { ... } else { ... }

Multiple options
if (boolean-expression) { ... } else if (boolean-expression) { ... } else if (boolean-expression) { ... } else { ... }

The value inside parens must strictly be boolean, unlike C, C++, and JavaScript. A widely accepted best practice is to use the braces even if there is only a single statement inside the if or else.

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Switch Statements
Example
int month = ...; String monthString; switch(month) { case 1: monthString = "January"; break; case 2: monthString = "February"; break; case 3: monthString = "March"; break; ... default: monthString = "Invalid month"; break; }

Syntax is mostly like C and C++

Types can be primitives, enums, and (Java 7+ only) Strings
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Boolean Operators
==, !=
Equality, inequality. In addition to comparing primitive types, == tests if two objects are identical (the same object), not just if they appear equal (have the same fields). More details when we introduce objects. Numeric less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to. Logical AND, OR. Both use short-circuit evaluation to more efficiently compute the results of complicated expressions. Logical negation.
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<, <=, >, >= &&, || !

Example: If Statements
public static int max(int n1, int n2) { if (n1 >= n2) { return(n1); } else { return(n2); } }

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Strings
Basics
String is a real class in Java, not an array of characters as in C and C++. The String class has a shortcut method to create a new object: just use double quotes
This differs from normal objects, where you use the new construct to build an object

Use equals to compare strings

Never use == to test if two Strings have same characters!

Many useful builtin methods

contains, startsWith, endsWith, indexOf, substring, split, replace, replaceAll
Note: can use regular expressions, not just static strings

toUpperCase, toLowerCase, equalsIgnoreCase

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Common String Error: Comparing with ==

public static void main(String[] args) { String match = "Test"; if (args.length == 0) { System.out.println("No args"); } else if (args[0] == match) { System.out.println("Match"); } else { System.out.println("No match"); } }

Prints "No match" for all inputs

Fix:
if (args[0].equals(match))
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2013 Marty Hall

Arrays
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Building Arrays: One-Step Process

Declare and allocate array in one fell swoop
type[] var = { val1, val2, ... , valN };

Examples:
int[] values = { 10, 100, 1000 }; String[] names = {"Joe", "Jane", "Juan"}; Point[] points = { new Point(0, 0), new Point(1, 2), new Point(3, 4) };

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Building Arrays: Two-Step Process

Step 1: allocate an array of references:
type[] var = new type[size]; E.g.: int[] primes = new int[x]; // x is positive integer String[] names = new String[someArray.length];

Step 2: populate the array

primes[0] = 2; primes[1] = 3; primes[2] = 5; primes[3] = 7; etc.

If you fail to populate an entry

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names[0] = "Joe"; names[1] = "Jane"; names[2] = "Juan"; names[3] = "John"; etc.

Default value is 0 for numeric arrays Default value is null for Object arrays

Two-Step Process: Examples

public static Circle[] makeCircles1(int numCircles) { Circle[] circles = new Circle[numCircles]; // Empty array of proper size for(int i=0; i<circles.length; i++) { circles[i] = new Circle(Math.random() * 10); // Populate array } This approach is correct! return(circles); } public static Circle[] makeCircles2(int numCircles) { Circle[] circles = new Circle[numCircles]; // Empty array of proper size for(int i=0; i<circles.length; i++) { circles[i].setRadius(Math.random() * 10); // NullPointerException } This approach fails: crashes with return(circles); NullPointerException because circles[i] is null. } public static Circle[] makeCircles3(int numCircles) { Circle[] circles = new Circle[numCircles]; for(Circle c: circles) { c = new Circle(Math.random() * 10);; // Fails to store c in array } return(circles); // Array still contains only null pointers }
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This approach fails: array is still empty after the loop.

Array Performance Problems

For very large arrays, undue paging can occur
Array of references (pointers) allocated first Individual objects allocated next Thus, for very large arrays of objects, reference and object can be on different pages, resulting in swapping for each array reference Example
String[] names = new String[10000000]; for(int i=0; i<names.length; i++) { names[i] = getNameFromSomewhere(); }

Problem does not occur with arrays of primitives

I.e., with arrays of int, double, and other types that start with lowercase letter Because system stores values directly in arrays, rather than storing references (pointers) to the objects
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Multidimensional Arrays
Multidimensional arrays
Implemented as arrays of arrays
int[][] twoD = new int[64][32]; String[][] cats = {{ "Caesar", "blue-point" }, { "Heather", "seal-point" }, { "Ted", "red-point" }};

Note:
Number of elements in each row need not be equal
int[][] irregular = { { { { {
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1 }, 2, 3, 4}, 5 }, 6, 7 } };

TriangleArray: Example
public class TriangleArray { public static void main(String[] args) { int[][] triangle = new int[10][]; for(int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) { triangle[i] = new int[i+1]; } for (int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) { for(int j=0; j<triangle[i].length; j++) { System.out.print(triangle[i][j]); } System.out.println(); } } }
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TriangleArray: Result
> java TriangleArray 0 00 000 0000 00000 000000 0000000 00000000 000000000 0000000000
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2013 Marty Hall

Math and Input

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Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location.

Basic Mathematical Routines

Very simplest routines use builtin operators
+, -, *, /, ^, % Be careful with / on int and long variables

Static methods in the Math class

So you call Math.cos(...), Math.random(), etc.
Most operate on double precision floating point numbers

Simple operations: Math.pow(), etc.

pow (xy), sqrt (x), cbrt, exp (ex), log (loge), log10

Trig functions: Math.sin(), etc.

sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan
Args are in radians, not degrees, (see toDegrees and toRadians)

Rounding and comparison: Math.round(), etc.

round/rint, floor, ceiling, abs, min, max

Random numbers: Math.random()

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random (Math.random() returns from 0 inclusive to 1 exclusive). See Random class for more control over randomization.

More Mathematical Routines

Special constants
Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY Double.NAN Double.MAX_VALUE Double.MIN_VALUE

Unlimited precision libraries

BigInteger, BigDecimal
Contain the basic operations, plus BigInteger has isPrime

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Reading Simple Input

For simple testing, use standard input
If you want strings, just use args[0], args[1], as before
To avoid errors, check args.length first Use Scanner class

Convert if you want numbers. Two main options:

Note that you need import statement. See next slide! Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in); int i = inputScanner.nextInt(); double d = inputScanner.nextDouble(); String seven = "7"; int i = Integer.parseInt(seven);

Convert explicitly (Integer.parseInt, Double.parseDouble)

In real applications, use a GUI

Collect input with textfields, sliders, combo boxes, etc.
Convert to numeric types with Integer.parseInt, Double.parseDouble, etc.
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Example: Printing Random Numbers

import java.util.*; public class RandomNums { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("How many random nums? "); Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in); int n = inputScanner.nextInt(); for(int i=0; i<n; i++) { System.out.println("Random num " + i + " is " + Math.random()); } inputScanner.close(); } } How many random nums? 5 Random num 0 is 0.22686369670835704 Random num 1 is 0.0783768527137797 Random num 2 is 0.17918121951887145 Random num 3 is 0.3441924454634313 Random num 4 is 0.6131053203170818
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 2013 Marty Hall

Wrap-Up
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Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location.

Summary
Basics
Loops, conditional statements, and array access is similar to C/C++
But new for each loop: for(String s: someStrings) { }

Indent your code for readability String is a real class in Java

Use equals, not ==, to compare strings

Allocate arrays in one step or in two steps

If two steps, loop down array and supply values

Use Math.blah() for simple math operations Simple input from command window
Use command line for strings supplied at program startup Use Scanner to read values after prompts
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Neither is very important for most real-life applications

 2013 Marty Hall

Questions?
JSF 2, PrimeFaces, Java 7 or 8, Ajax, jQuery, Hadoop, RESTful Web Services, Android, HTML5, Spring, Hibernate, Servlets, JSP, GWT, and other Java EE training. Also see the Java 8 tutorial and general Java programming tutorial.

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Java, JSF 2, PrimeFaces, HTML5, JSP, Ajax, jQuery, Spring, Hibernate, RESTful Web Services, Hadoop, Android.
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Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location.