2
Single-Row Functions
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Describe various types of functions available in SQL Use character, number, and date functions in SELECT statements
Describe the use of conversion functions
2-2
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL Functions
Input arg 1 Output
Function Function performs action
arg 2
Result value
arg n
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Two Types of SQL Functions
Functions
Single-row functions
Multiple-row functions
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Single-Row Functions
Manipulate data items Accept arguments and return one value
Act on each row returned
Return one result per row May modify the datatype Can be nested
function_name (column|expression, [arg1, arg2,...])
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Single-Row Functions
Character
General
Single-row functions
Number
Conversion
Date
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Character Functions
Character functions
Case conversion functions LOWER
Character manipulation functions CONCAT
UPPER INITCAP
SUBSTR LENGTH INSTR LPAD
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Case Conversion Functions
Convert case for character strings
Function LOWER('SQL Course') UPPER('SQL Course') INITCAP('SQL Course') Result sql course
SQL COURSE
Sql Course
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using Case Conversion Functions
Display the employee number, name, and department number for employee Blake.
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, deptno 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE ename = 'blake'; no rows selected SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE empno, ename, deptno emp LOWER(ename) = 'blake';
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO --------- ---------- --------7698 BLAKE 30
2-9
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Character Manipulation Functions
Manipulate character strings
Function CONCAT('Good', 'String') SUBSTR('String',1,3) Str 6 3 ******5000 Result GoodString
LENGTH('String')
INSTR('String', 'r') LPAD(sal,10,'*')
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the Character Manipulation Functions
SQL> SELECT ename, CONCAT (ename, job), LENGTH(ename), 2 INSTR(ename, 'A') 3 FROM emp 4 WHERE SUBSTR(job,1,5) = 'SALES';
ENAME ---------MARTIN ALLEN TURNER WARD CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) LENGTH(ENAME) INSTR(ENAME,'A') ------------------- ------------- ---------------MARTINSALESMAN 6 2 ALLENSALESMAN 5 1 TURNERSALESMAN 6 0 WARDSALESMAN 4 2
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Number Functions
ROUND: Rounds value to specified decimal
45.93 Truncates value to specified decimal 45.92
ROUND(45.926, 2) TRUNC:
TRUNC(45.926, 2)
MOD:
division MOD(1600, 300)
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Returns remainder of
100
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the ROUND Function
Display the value 45.923 rounded to the hundredth, no, and ten decimal places.
SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0), 2 ROUND(45.923,-1) 3 FROM SYS.DUAL;
ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0) ROUND(45.923,-1) --------------- -------------- ----------------45.92 46 50
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the TRUNC Function
Display the value 45.923 truncated to the hundredth, no, and ten decimal places.
SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923), 2 TRUNC(45.923,-1) 3 FROM SYS.DUAL;
TRUNC(45.923,2) TRUNC(45.923) TRUNC(45.923,-1) --------------- ------------- --------------45.92 45 40
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the MOD Function
Calculate the remainder of the ratio of salary to commission for all employees whose job title is a salesman.
SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE ename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm) emp job = 'SALESMAN';
ENAME SAL COMM MOD(SAL,COMM) ---------- --------- --------- ------------MARTIN 1250 1400 1250 ALLEN 1600 300 100 TURNER 1500 0 1500 WARD 1250 500 250
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
2-15
Working with Dates
Oracle stores dates in an internal numeric format: Century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds. The default date format is DD-MON-YY. SYSDATE is a function returning date and time. DUAL is a dummy table used to view SYSDATE.
2-16
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Arithmetic with Dates
Add or subtract a number to or from a date for a resultant date value. Subtract two dates to find the number of days between those dates. Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24.
2-17
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using Arithmetic Operators with Dates
SQL> SELECT ename, (SYSDATE-hiredate)/7 WEEKS 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE deptno = 10;
ENAME ---------KING CLARK MILLER
WEEKS --------830.93709 853.93709 821.36566
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Date Functions
FUNCTION MONTHS_BETWEEN ADD_MONTHS NEXT_DAY LAST_DAY ROUND TRUNC DESCRIPTION Number of months between two dates Add calendar months to date Next day of the date specified Last day of the month Round date Truncate date
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using Date Functions
MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
19.6774194
ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)
'11-JUL-94'
NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')
'08-SEP-95'
LAST_DAY('01-SEP-95')
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
'30-SEP-95'
Using Date Functions
ROUND('25-JUL-95','MONTH')
01-AUG-95
ROUND('25-JUL-95','YEAR') TRUNC('25-JUL-95','MONTH') TRUNC('25-JUL-95','YEAR')
01-JAN-96 01-JUL-95 01-JAN-95
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Conversion Functions
Datatype conversion
Implicit datatype conversion
Explicit datatype conversion
2-22
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Implicit Datatype Conversion
For assignments, Oracle can automatically convert
From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
DATE
NUMBER
DATE
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VARCHAR2
VARCHAR2
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Implicit Datatype Conversion
For expression evaluation, Oracle can automatically convert
From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
DATE
2-24
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Explicit Datatype Conversion
TO_NUMBER TO_DATE
NUMBER
CHARACTER
DATE
TO_CHAR
TO_CHAR
2-25
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
TO_CHAR Function with Dates
TO_CHAR(date, 'fmt')
The format model: Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive Can include any valid date format element Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeros Is separated from the date value by a comma
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Date Format Model Elements
YYYY YEAR MM MONTH DY DAY
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Full year in numbers Year spelled out 2-digit value for month Full name of the month
3-letter abbreviation of the day of the week
Full name of the day
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Date Format Model Elements
Time elements format the time portion of
the date.
HH24:MI:SS AM 15:45:32 PM
Add character strings by enclosing them
in double quotation marks.
DD "of" MONTH 12 of OCTOBER
Number suffixes spell out numbers.
ddspth fourteenth
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
RR Date Format
Current Year 1995 1995 2001 2001 Specified Date 27-OCT-95 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-95 RR Format 1995 2017 2017 1995 YY Format 1995 1917 2017 2095
If the specified two-digit year is
0-49 If two digits of the current year are 0-49 The return date is in the current century. The return date is in the century after the current one. 50-99 The return date is in the century before the current one. The return date is in the current century.
50-99
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using TO_CHAR Function with Dates
SQL> SELECT ename, 2 TO CHAR(hiredate, 'fmDD Month YYYY') HIREDATE 3 FROM emp; ENAME HIREDATE ---------- ----------------KING 17 November 1981 BLAKE 1 May 1981 CLARK 9 June 1981 JONES 2 April 1981 MARTIN 28 September 1981 ALLEN 20 February 1981 ... 14 rows selected.
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
TO_CHAR Function with Numbers
TO_CHAR(number, 'fmt')
Use these formats with the TO_CHAR function to display a number value as a character.
9 0 Represents a number Forces a zero to be displayed
$
L . ,
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Places a floating dollar sign
Uses the floating local currency symbol Prints a decimal point Prints a thousand indicator
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using TO_CHAR Function with Numbers
SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE TO_CHAR(sal,'$99,999') SALARY emp ename = 'SCOTT';
SALARY -------$3,000
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions
Convert a character string to a number format using the TO_NUMBER function
TO_NUMBER(char)
Convert a character string to a date format using the TO_DATE function
TO_DATE(char[, 'fmt'])
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
NVL Function
Converts null to an actual value Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and number. Datatypes must match
NVL(comm,0)
NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97') NVL(job,'No Job Yet')
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the NVL Function
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, (sal*12)+NVL(comm,0) 2 FROM emp; ENAME SAL COMM (SAL*12)+NVL(COMM,0) ---------- --------- --------- -------------------KING 5000 60000 BLAKE 2850 34200 CLARK 2450 29400 JONES 2975 35700 MARTIN 1250 1400 16400 ALLEN 1600 300 19500 ... 14 rows selected.
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
DECODE Function
Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE statement
DECODE(col/expression, search1, result1 [, search2, result2,...,] [, default])
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the DECODE Function
SQL> SELECT job, sal, 2 DECODE(job, 'ANALYST' 3 'CLERK', 4 'MANAGER', 5 6 REVISED_SALARY 7 FROM emp;
JOB SAL REVISED_SALARY --------- --------- -------------PRESIDENT 5000 5000 MANAGER 2850 3420 MANAGER 2450 2940 ... 14 rows selected.
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SAL*1.1, SAL*1.15, SAL*1.20, SAL)
Nesting Functions
Single-row functions can be nested to any level Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the least deep level F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3)
Step 1 = Result 1 Step 2 = Result 2 Step 3 = Result 3
2-38
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Nesting Functions
SQL> SELECT 2 3 FROM 4 WHERE ename, NVL(TO_CHAR(mgr),'No Manager') emp mgr IS NULL;
ENAME NVL(TO_CHAR(MGR),'NOMANAGER') ---------- ----------------------------KING No Manager
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Summary
Use functions to: Perform calculations on data Modify individual data items Manipulate output for groups of rows
Alter date formats for display
Convert column datatypes
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Practice Overview
Creating queries that require the use of numeric, character, and date functions Using concatenation with functions Writing case-insensitive queries to test the usefulness of character functions Performing calculations of years and months of service for an employee Determining the review date for an employee
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Course Overview
<Enter course-overview information here>
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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
