11 Matrices

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MATRICES
S
A
K
S
H
I
Main Points :
An arrangement of numbers in to rows and columns is called matrix.
In scalar matrix, the principal diagonol elements are equal
then
(AB)
1
= B
1
.A
1
|A| = 0 A is singular matrix A
1
does not exists
|A| 0 A is non - singular matrix A
1
exists
AB = K.I, K R
4 Marks Questions
1. then show that A
2
(a + d)A = (bc ad) I.
Sol:
L.H.S. A
2
(a + d)A
= A A (a+ d) A
2
a
2
bc a + ad ab bd + ab bd
ca dc + ac dc
2
bc d +
2
ad d
j \
, (
, (
( ,
2 2
2 2
a bc ab bd a ad ab bd
ca dc bc d ac dc ad d
j \ j \
+ + + +
, ( , (
, ( , (
+ + + +
( , ( ,
( )
a b a b a b
a d
c d c d c d
j \j \ j \
+
, (, ( , (
( ,( , ( ,
1 0
I
0 1
j \
, (
( ,
a b
A
c d
j \
, (
( ,
a b 1 0
A , I
c d 0 1
j \ j \

, ( , (
( , ( ,
1
1
A .B
K
1
a b d b
1
A A
c d c a ad bc
j \ j \

, ( , (

( , ( ,
5x 2x
ii) BA
5y 2y
, ]
, ]
]
[ ] i) AB 5x 2y +
[ ]
x
A 5 2 , B
y
, ]

, ]
]
S
A
K
S
H
I
R.H.S.
Hence it is Proved.
2. then verify A (B + C) = AB + AC.
Sol:
L.H.S.
R.H.S. AB + AC
20 14
30 21
j \
, (
( ,
4 24 10 4
6 36 15 6
+ + j \
, (
+ +
( ,
2 4 2 5
AB
3 6 6 1
j \j \
, (, (
( ,( ,
34 18
...........(1)
51 27
j \
, (
( ,
2 36 14 4
3 54 21 6
+ + j \
, (
+ +
( ,
( )
2 4 1 7
A B C
3 6 9 1
j \j \
+
, (, (
( ,( ,
1 7
9 1
j \
, (
( ,
2 1 5 2
6 3 1 0
+ + j \
, (
+ +
( ,
2 5 1 2
B C
6 1 3 0
j \ j \
+ +
, ( , (
( , ( ,
1 2
C
3 0
j \
, (
( ,
2 5
B
6 1
j \
, (
( ,
2 4
A
3 6
j \
, (
( ,
2 4 2 5 1 2
A , B , C
3 6 6 1 3 0
j \ j \ j \

, ( , ( , (
( , ( , ( ,
( ) bc ad I R.H.S.
( )
1 0
bc ad
0 1
j \

, (
( ,
bc ad 0
0 bc ad
j \
, (
( ,
S
A
K
S
H
I
from (1) & (2) A (B + C) = AB + AC
3. then verify (AB)1 = B
1
.A
1
Sol:
,
L.H.S. (AB)
1
1/ 2 1/ 2
..............(1)
1/ 6 1/ 6
j \
, (
( ,
1 1
3 3
6 6
1 1
1 1
6 6
j \

, (
, (
, (

, (
( ,
3 3 3 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 3 3 6
j \ j \

, ( , (
+
( , ( ,
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 3 3 3
1
AB AB
1 3 1 1 1 3 3 1
j \ j \

, ( , (

( , ( ,
1
a b d b
1
A A
c d c a ad bc
j \ j \

, ( , (

( , ( ,
1 3
1 3
j \
, (
( ,
4 5 0 3
6 5 0 3
+ j \
, (
+
( ,
2 1 2 0
AB
3 1 5 3
j \j \
, (, (

( ,( ,
2 0
B
5 3
j \
, (
( ,
2 1
A
3 1
j \
, (
( ,
2 1 2 0
A , B
3 1 5 3
j \ j \

, ( , (

( , ( ,
34 18
51 27
j \
,
( ,
20 14 14 4
AB AC
30 21 21 6
j \ j \
+ +
, ( , (
( , ( ,
14 4
21 6
j \
, (
( ,
2 12 4 0
3 18 6 0
+ + j \
, (
+ +
( ,
2 4 1 2
AC
3 6 3 0
j \j \
, (, (
( ,( ,
S
A
K
S
H
I
R.H.S. B
1
.A
1
from (1) & (2) (AB)
1
= B
1
.A
1
4. Solve 3x + 4y 8 = 0, by using cramer's rule
Sol: 3x 4y 8 = 0
3x 4y = 8 .............(1)
x 10
y
6
1 1
2 2
...........(2)
1 1
6 6
j \
, (
, (
, (
, (
( ,
1 1
2 2
5 6 5 4
6 6
j \
, (
, (

, (
, (
( ,
1 1
0 0
2 2
5 3 5 2
6 3 6 3
j \
+ +
, (
, (
, (

, (
( ,
1 1
1/ 2 0 1 1
consider B A
5 / 6 1/ 3 3 2

j \j \
, (, (
( ,( ,
1 1
3 2
j \
, (
( ,
1 1
1
3 2 2 3
j \
, (

( ,
( ) ( )
1
2 1 1 1
1
A A
3 1 3 2 2 1 1 3
j \ j \

, ( , (

( , ( ,
1/ 2 0
5 / 6 1/ 3
j \
, (
( ,
1 1
3 0
6 6
1 1
5 2
6 6
j \

, (

, (
, (

, (
( ,
3 0
1
5 2 6
j \
, (

( ,
( ) ( )
1
2 0 3 0
1
B B
5 3 5 2 2 3 0 5
j \ j

, ( ,

( , (
S
A
K
S
H
I
6y = x 10
x 6y = 10 ..........(2)
from (1) & (2)
3x + 4y = 8
x 6y = 10
Matrix equation form is
AX = B
|A|= ad bc
= 3 ( 6) (4 1)
= 18 4
= 22 0
Cramer's rule is applicable
|B
1
| = 8 ( 6) 4 (10)
= 48 40
= 88
|B
2
| = 3 (10) 8 (1)
= 30 8
= 22
x = 4, y = 1
5. Solve x + 5y = 17, 5x + y = 13 by using Matrix inversion method?
Sol: x + 5y = 17 .......(1)
5x + y = 13 ........(2)
Matrix equatioin form is
2
| B | 22
y 1
| A| 22

1
| B | 88
x 4
| A| 22

2
3 8
B
1 10
, ]
, ]
]
1
8 4
B
10 6
, ]
, ]
]
3 4 x 8
A X B
1 6 y 10
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
3 4 x 8
1 6 y 10
, ] , ] , ]
, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
x 10
y
6
S
A
K
S
H
I
AX = B
|A| = ad bc
= (1 1) (5 5)
= 1 25
= 24 0
Matrix insession method is applicable
AX = B X = A
1
B.
x = 2, y = 3
2 Marks Questions
1. If then find x and y?
Sol:
By equating the corresponding elements
3x + 2y = 5 (3)
2x 3y = 8 (2)
_________________
9x + 6y = 15
4x 6y = 16
_________________
3x 2y 6 5 6
2 2x 3y 7 8
+ j \ j \
, ( , (
( , ( ,
3x 2y 6 5 6
A
2 2x 3y 7 8
+ j \ j \

, ( , (
( , ( ,
2
3
j \
, (
( ,
1
48
24
1
72
24
j \
, (
, (
, (
, (
( ,
48
1
72 24
j \
, (

( ,
17 65
1
85 13 24
j \
, (
+
( ,
1 5 17
1
5 1 13 24
j \j \
, (, (

( ,( ,
d b p
1
X
c a q ad bc
j \j \
, (, (

( ,( ,
1 5 x 17
A X B
5 1 y 13
j \ j \ j \

, ( , ( , (
( , ( , ( ,
1 5 x 17
5 1 y 13
j \j \ j \
, (, ( , (
( ,( , ( ,
13x = 31
2. Find x and y if then find x and y?
Sol:
2x = 6 3x + 4 = 10
x = 3 3(3) + y = 10
9 + y = 10
y = 10 9
y = 1
3. find 'm' if AB = BA.
Sol:
2 m 2
1
0
2
j \
, (
, (
( ,
2 m 2
1
0 0 0
2
j \
, (
, (
+ +
( ,
1 4 2 m
AB
0 1 0 1/ 2
j \j \
, (, (

( ,( ,
2 m
B
0 1/ 2
j \
, (
( ,
1 4
A
0 1
j \
, (
( ,
1 4 2 m
A , B ;
0 1 0 1/ 2
j \ j \

, ( , (

( , ( ,
[ ] [ ]
2 3
x y 6 10
0 1
j \
, (
( ,
[ ] [ ]
2 3
x y 6 10
0 1
j \
, (
( ,
31 14
x , y
13 13

28 14
y
13 2 13

65 93
2y
13
93
2y 5
13

31
3 2y 5
13
j \
+
, (
( ,
31
x
13

[ ] [ ] 2x 0 3x y 6 10 + +
S
A
K
S
H
I
Given that AB = BA
m 2 = 8 m
m + m = 8 + 2
2m = 10
m = 5
4. If show that 'P' is it's own inverse.
Sol:
= P
Here P
1
= P
P is it's own inverse
1 4
0 1
, ]
, ]
]
1 4
1
0 1
, ]

, ]
]
1 4
1
0 1 1
, ]
, ]
]
( ) ( )
1
1 4 1 4
1
P P
0 1 0 1 1 1 4 0
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
1
a b d b
1
A A
c d c a ad bc
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
1 4
P ,
0 1
, ]
, ]
]
1 4
P ,
0 1
, ]
, ]
]
2 m 2 2 8 m
1 1
0 0
2 2
j \ j \
, ( , (

, ( , (
( , ( ,
2 8 m
1
0
2
j \
, (
, (
( ,
2 0 8 m
1
0 0 0
2
+ j \
, (
, (
+ +
( ,
2 m
1 4
BA
1
0 1 0
2
j \
j \
, (
, (
, (

( ,
( ,
S
A
K
S
H
I
5. If then show that B + B
1
= 4I
Sol:
= 4I
B + B
1
= 4I
1 Marks Questions.
1. If doesn't have multiplicative inverse then find x
Sol:
Since A doesn't have multiplicative inverse
|A| = 0
(4 9 x x) = 0
36 x
2
= 0
36 = x
2
x
2
= 36
x = 6
4 x
0
x 9
, ]

, ]
]
4 x
A
x 9
, ]
, ]
]
4 x
A
x 9
, ]
, ]
]
1 0
4
0 1
, ]
, ]
]
4 0
0 4
, ]
, ]
]
1 3 2 2
1 1 3 1
+ , ]
, ]
+
]
1
1 2 3 2
B B
1 3 1 1
, ] , ]
+ +
, ] , ]
] ]
3 2
1 1
, ]
, ]
]
3 2
1
1 1 1
, ]
, ]
]
( ) ( )
1
1 2 3 2
1
B B
1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
1
a b d b
1
A A
c d c a ad bc
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
1 2
B
1 3
, ]
, ]
]
1 2
B
1 3
, ]
, ]
]
S
A
K
S
H
I
2. Write the matrix equation form of 3x + 8y 7 = 0, 6x y = 31
Sol: 3x + 8y 7 = 0 3x + 8y = 7
6x y = 31
Matrix equation form is
3. Find X, if X+2I =
Sol: X + 2I =
X = 2I
X = 2
4. If then find 't'
Sol:
64 = 2t
26 = 2t
6 = t
t = 6
5. Define Skew-symmetric matrix
Sol: A matrix "A" is said to be skew symmetric matrix if A
T
= A or A
T
+ A = 0
6. If then find 'd'
Sol:
2 4
4
5 d 2
2 4
4
5 d 2
t
4 3
4 3
2 64
2 2
, ] , ]
, ]
, ]
]
]
t
4 3
4 3
2 64
2 2
, ] , ]
, ]
, ]
]
]
1 1
X
1 0
, ]

, ]
]
3 2 1 0
X
1 0 2 2
, ]

, ]

]
3 1 2 0
X
1 2 0 2
, ] , ]

, ] , ]
] ]
1 0
0 1
, ]
, ]
]
3 1
1 2
, ]
, ]
]
3 1
1 2
, ]
, ]
]
3 1
1 2
, ]
, ]
]
3 1
1 2
, ]
, ]
]
3 8 x 7
6 1 9 31
, ] , ] , ]
, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
S
A
K
S
H
I
2 (d 2) ( 4 5) = 4
2d 4 + 20 = 4
2d = 4 + 4 20
2d = = 12
d = 6
Multiple Choice Questions
1. _______ introduced the concept of matices (B)
a) J. J. Sylvestor b) Sir Arthe Cayley
c) Sir Ronald Fisher d) George Cantor
2. If is a scalar matrix, then = _______
a) 0 b) 3 c ) 3 d) 1
3. then AB =
a)
b)
c) (5x+2y) d) None
4. The order of matrix [1 2 3] is _____
a) 3 1 b) 1 3 c) 2 3 d) 3 2
5. If then order of Mis
a) 1 2 b) 2 2 c) 2 1 d) 1 1
6. If then 'a' = ______
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
7. then |A| = ______
a) 7 b) 7 c) 1/7 d) 49
8. If then 'd' = ______
a) 7 b) 4 c) 7 d) 3
2 5
2
4 d 2
, ]
, ]
]
2 3
A
5 4
, ]
, ]
]
a 3 2 5
1 2 1 6
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
[ ]
1 2
MX 2 3
0 3
, ]

, ]
]
5x 5y
2y 2x
, ]
, ]
]
[ ] 5x 2y
[ ]
x
A 5 2 B
y
, ]

, ]
]
3 0
P
0
, ]
, ]
]
S
A
K
S
H
I
9. If is to be singular then
a) ps = qr b) ps qs c) pr = qs d) pr qs
10. If then 'a' = ______
a) 5 b) 5 c) 5 d) None
11. If then 'a' = ______
a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 0
12. If then 't' = ______
a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8
13. A 3 4 matrix has ________
a) 3 columns and 4 rows b) 3 rows and 4 columns
c) 12 rows and 7 columns d) 12 columns and 7 rows
14. If then A B = ______
a) b)
c) d)
15. Matrix equation form of ax+by = p and cx + dy = q is _____
a) b)
c) d)
KEY:
1) b 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) a 6) d 7) b 8) c
9) a 10) c 11) b 12) b 13) b 14) b 15) c
a b p x
x y q y
j \j \ j \
, (, ( , (
( ,( , ( ,
a b x p
x y y q
j \j \ j \
, (, ( , (
( ,( , ( ,
a b p c
x y q d
j \j \ j \
, (, ( , (
( ,( , ( ,
a b y p
c d x q
j \j \ j \
, (, ( , (
( ,( , ( ,
4 4
4 4
, ]
, ]
]
3 3
3 3
, ]
, ]
]
2 2
2 2
, ]
, ]
]
1 1
1 1
, ]
, ]
]
4 5 2 3
A B
6 7 4 5
, ] , ]

, ] , ]
] ]
t
4 3
4 3
2 64
2 2
, ] , ]
, ]
, ]
]
]
[ ] [ ]
1 1
a b 1 2
0 2
, ]
, ]
]
2a 5
0
6 3

p q
A
r s
, ]
, ]
]
S
A
K
S
H
I
Fill in the blanks
1. If is a scalar matrix then x = ______
2. If AB = KI where kr then A
1
= ______
3. AB = I then B
1
= _____
4. If |A| 0 then A is ______ matrix
5. If has multiplicative inverse then = ______
6. then order of A is = ______
7. (A + B)
T
= _______
8. Multiplicative identity of 2 2 matrices is ______
9. then A
T
= ______
10. = ______
KEY:
1) 5 2) 3) A 4) Non-Singular 5) ps qr
6) 23 7) A
T
+B
T
8) 9) 10) 1
5 7 1
6 8 7
, ]
, ]
]
1 0
0 1
, ]
, ]
]
1
.B
k
cos sin
sin cos

5 6
A 7 8
1 7
, ]
, ]
, ]
, ]
]
1 2 3
A
4 5 6
, ]
, ]
]
p q
r s
, ]
, ]
]
5 0
x x
, ]
, ]
]

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