9 Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words used to link words, phrases or clauses. Some common conjunctions are and, but and or.

and, but and or

Use and to link words that are similar.

We buy fruit and vegetables at the grocery store. The president visited towns and cities across the country. The house is warm and comfortable. The weather was cold and windy. There were several cars and trucks in the street.
Use but to link words that are different and do not normally go together.

and

He works quickly but neatly. The teacher is rm but fair with the children. The musicians are young but very talented. The weather was sunny but cold. Karate is tiring but fun. We want a vacation that's interesting but relaxing. Some animals are big but gentle.
Use or to talk about choices.

You can have a soda or lemonade. Would you like pasta or rice? Who is cooking the dinner, Mom or Dad? Does the sauce taste sweet or sour? Do we turn right or left? Is your sister older or younger than you? Should the children bring bikes or skateboards?
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or

Conjunctions: Linking Phrases; With Lists

The word or is often used with not and other negative words.

She does not like apple juice or orange juice. I didnt see or hear anything strange. He cant sing or dance. Theyve never been to Europe or Asia.

Conjunctions Linking Phrases

Use the conjunctions and, but and or to link phrases. The phrases in these examples are printed in color.

We like going shopping and visiting museums. I tell my parents and my best friend all my secrets. Some of my toys are dirty and a bit broken. The car is very old but still very reliable. The weather was very sunny but rather cold. Im older than Anna but younger than Jack. Is it quicker to go by train or by car? You could call it a thin book or a thick magazine. She couldnt decide whether to stay in bed or get up and take a shower.

Conjunctions with Lists

Use the conjunctions and and or with lists of words. Remember to put a comma between the words. Then use and or or between the last two words.

We bought milk, eggs, cheese and butter. My favorite teachers are Mr. Lee, Mrs. Carter and Mr. Park. In the morning I get up, take a shower, eat breakfast and brush my teeth. Kathleen didnt have any paper, pens or pencils. People travel to work by car, bus or train. I havent eaten breakfast, lunch or dinner.
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Conjunctions that Join Sentences; Other Words for and

Conjunctions That Join Sentences

Conjunctions are also used to join two sentences to make them one. Here are some examples with and, but and or.

Mom is working in the garden. Dad is busy in the kitchen. Mom is working in the garden and Dad is busy in the kitchen. Sam is playing football. Eric is reading a book. Sam is playing football and Eric is reading a book. I switched on the TV. There were no interesting programs on. I switched on the TV, but there were no interesting programs on. Meera phoned her friend Anna. She wasnt at home. Meera phoned her friend Anna, but she wasnt at home. Would you like to go to the movies? Shall we go for a burger? Would you like to go to the movies or shall we go for a burger? Hurry up! Youll be late for school. Hurry up or youll be late for school! N o t e s
A long sentence with two parts that are linked by and, but or or is called a compound sentence.

Other Words for and

There are other words for and that also join two sentences.

Dad washed the car. He polished it. Dad not only washed the car, but he also polished it. Sally baked the cake. She decorated it. Sally not only baked the cake, but she decorated it as well. John did his homework. He cleaned his room. John not only did his homework, but he cleaned his room, too. They visited Sydney. They also visited Hong Kong and Tokyo. They visited Sydney, as well as Hong Kong and Tokyo. Sam ran faster than Kim. He ran faster than David too. Sam ran faster than both Kim and David.
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Conjunctions: Other Words for but or or

Other Words Used for but

There are other words for but that also join sentences.

Grandpa is old but very t. Although Grandpa is old, hes very t. The weather was sunny but cold. Even though the weather was sunny, it was cold. The bus is slower than the train but its cheaper. While the bus is slower than the train, its cheaper. This computer is very old but reliable. Though this computer is very old, it is very reliable.

Other Words for or

There are other words for or that name choices or join two sentences.

The movie wasnt funny. It wasnt interesting. The movie was neither funny nor interesting. You can do your homework now. You can do your homework after dinner. You can do your homework either now or after dinner. We could walk. We could take a taxi. We could walk, or else take a taxi.

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Conjunctions of Time and Place

Conjunctions of Time
The conjunctions before, after, since, until, when, while, as and as soon as are used to say when something happens. They are called conjunctions of time.

Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away. Before you leave the house, be sure that youve got your backpack. I usually do my homework after I have my dinner. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs. Weve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you. Since the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more. You cant watch TV until youve done your homework. Until the rice is cooked, we cant eat dinner. Ill call you when I get home. When the wind blows, the branches on the tree bend. Dad watches TV while he does his exercises. While were waiting for the bus, lets play a game. People stand back as the train goes through the station. As the presidents car goes past, everybody waves. We went inside as soon as it started to rain. As soon as youve nished your homework, let me see it.

Conjunctions of Place
The conjunctions where and wherever are used to talk about places. They are called conjunctions of place.

Does anybody know where Mr. Carter lives? Where the road is narrow, big trucks cant get through. The dog follows Andrew wherever he goes. Wherever there are mountains, you will also nd streams.
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Conjunctions of Reason and Purpose

Conjunctions of Reason
The conjunctions because, since, as and in case tell why someone does something. They are called conjunctions of reason.

I sat down because I was feeling tired. Because we arrived late, we missed the beginning of the play. I took an apple since it was the only fruit in the bowl. Since you have nished your homework, you can help me make dinner. Mom switched off the TV as it was past my bedtime. As youre my best friend, Ill lend you my new bike. Take an umbrella in case it rains. In case you forget the number, Ive written it on this piece of paper.

Conjunctions of Purpose
The conjunctions so, so that and in order to tell what the purpose of something is. They are called conjunctions of purpose.

The children are wearing hats so they wont get sunburned. John nished his homework before dinner so he could watch his favorite TV program. Lets write down the address so we dont forget it. We left early so that we wouldnt be late. John took a map so that he wouldnt get lost. I hid the comics under the bed so that nobody could nd them. She goes jogging every morning in order to keep t. In order to get to sleep, he reads a really boring book at bedtime. Dad painted the walls white in order to make the room look brighter.
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Exercise 1
Complete the following sentences by adding and, but or or. 1. Mrs. Taylor is tall 2. Learning geography is hard 3. I dont like football 4. Do you pull the handle 5. These tools are old 6. We visited lots of castles 7. The classes are quite difcult 8. I didnt know whether to turn left soccer. push it? still useful. palaces in England. Im doing well. right. slim. interesting.

Exercise 2
Complete the following sentences by adding commas and and or or. The first one has been done for you. 1. Youll need paper scissors glue. Youll need paper, scissors and glue. 2. I dont enjoy football swimming homework. 3. Shall we play tennis read a book watch TV? 4. Do you want to sit next to Peter David Sam? 5. We visited India Japan South Korea on our trip. 6. Mr. Carter likes classical music pop music jazz. 7. No one likes people who are rude mean cruel. 8. Dad has to make our breakfast help us get dressed take us to school. .
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. . . . . . .

Exercise 3
Choose the sentence from the box that goes with each sentence below. Join the two sentences with and, but or or. The first one has been done for you.

You werent at home. Draw a picture of your favorite animal. Nobody answered. Do you want to play at my house? It was closed.
1. Shall I bring my computer games to your house?

Put it in the fridge. We couldnt nd it. Will he drop it? Is Nicole smarter? She didnt know the answer.

Shall I bring my computer games to your house or do you want to play at my house?. 2. We went to the supermarket. 3. Take this milk. 4. We looked everywhere for the key. 5. I phoned you this morning. 6. Jim asked the teacher. 7. Take a pencil. 8. Is Susan the smartest student in the class? 9. Do you think hell catch the ball? 10. We knocked at the door.
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Exercise 4
Complete each sentence with one of the sentence parts in the box. Underline the conjunction in your sentence. The first one has been done for you.

in case the ground is muddy. as soon as youve done your homework. where I had spilled the juice. so he could show it to his friends. because it had started to rain.
1. The children went inside

so youre not tired in the morning. before you start to paint. since I last saw my cousin. until it is soft enough to eat. while their dad cooked dinner.

The children went inside because it had started to rain. 2. He took his new toy to school 3. Put on your apron 4. The children played in the garden 5. Wear your boots 6. You can watch a video 7. There was a mark on the carpet 8. Cook the pasta 9. Go to bed early 10. Its been six months

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