UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

AutoCAD 1
COURSE CODE: MEC211 YEAR I- SEMESTER II PRACTICAL
Version 1: December 2008

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AUTOCAD I (MEC 211) TABLE OF CONTENTS WEEK 1: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3: INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD DRAWING STARTING AUTOCAD AUTOCAD WINDOW TOOL PALETTES: MENU BAR TOOLBARS

1.2.4 THE OBJECT SNAP MENU 1.3 COMMAND WINDOW 1.3.1 ENTER COMMANDS ON THE COMMAND LINE 1.3.2 ENTER SYSTEM VARIABLES ON THE COMMAND LINE 1.3.3 ENTER SYSTEM VARIABLES ON THE COMMAND LINE 1.3.4 SWITCH BETWEEN DIALOG BOXES AND THE COMMAND LINE 1.3.5 DOCK AND RESIZE THE COMMAND WINDOW 1.4: COMMAND ENTRY (ICONS, KEYBOARD AND MENUS) 1.5 SET INTERFACE OPTIONS

1.5.1 TO SET OPTIONS 1.6 1.7 1.8 SAVE AND RESTORE PROFILES OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS

WEEK 2:

2.0 PRACTICE DRAWING USING LINE 2.1 SAVING YOUR WORK 2.2 PLOTTING YOUR WORK 3.0 PROPERTIES TOOLBAR 3.1 SETTING UP AUTOCAD ENVIRONMENT 3.1.1 SETTING UNITS 3.1.2 SETTING GRIDS AND SNAP 3.1.3 SETTING THE SCREEN LIMITS 4.0 THE X,Y CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (2D DRAWING) 4.1 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT 4.2 ICONS, KEYSTROKES AND MENUS 4.3 TASK (1) 5.0DRAWING OBJECTS 5.1 DRAW TOOLBAR

WEEK 3:

WEEK 4:

WEEK 5:

5.1.1 LINES 5.1.2 THE LINE COMMAND 5.1.3 COMMAND SEQUENCE 5.2 THE CONSTRUCTION LINE COMMAND 5.2.1 COMMAND SEQUENCE 5.3 THE RAY COMMAND 5.4 THE POLYLINE FAMILY 5.4.1 THE POLYLINE COMMAND WEEK 6: 6.0 THE RECTANGLE COMMAND 6.0.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE 6.1: THE POLYGON COMMAND 6.1.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE 6.2: THE CIRCLE COMMAND 6.2.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE 6.3: THE ARC COMMAND 6.3.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE 6.4: TASK (2) 7.0 MODIFYING OBJECTS 7.1: INTRODUCTION 7.2: THE COPY COMMAND 7.3: THE MIRROR COMMAND 7.4: THE OFFSET COMMAND WEEK 8: 8.0 CONTINUATION OF MODIFYING OBJECTS 8.1: THE MOVE COMMAND 8.1.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE 8.2: 8.3: WEEK 9: THE ROTATE COMMAND TASK (3)

WEEK 7:

9.0 DIMENSIONING DRAWINGS 9.1: INTRODUCTION 9.2: THE LINEAR DIMENSION COMMANDS 9.3: THE CONTINUE DIMENSION COMMAND 9.4: THE DIAMETER DIMENSION COMMAND 9.4.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE 9.5: THE RADIUS DIMENSION COMMAND 9.5.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE

WEEK 10:

10.0 OBJECT SNAPS

10.1: TEXT COMMAND 10.2: TASK (4) WEEK 11: 11.0 SELECTING OBJECTS IN AUTOCAD 11.1: TO SUMMARIZE 11.2: OBJECT PROPERTIES 11.3: DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY

WEEK 12:

12.0 POLAR TRACKING 12.1: OBJECT SNAP TRACKING 12.2: TASK (5)

WEEK 13:

13.0 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT METHODS 13.1: INTRODUCTION 13.2: TASK (6) 14.0 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT 14.1: RIGHT CONE 14.2: PATTERN DEVELOPMENT 14.3: TASK (7) 15.0 INTERSECTION OF CYLINDER 15.1: PERPENDICULAR INTERSECTION OF EQUALLY DIAMETERS CYLINDERS 15.2: PERPENDICULAR INTERSECTION OF UNEQUAL DIAMETERS CYLINDERS 15.3: TASK (8)

WEEK 14:

WEEK 15:

WEEK (ONE) 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD DRAWING

Welcome to the world of CAD (Computer Aided Drawing/ Drafting)- Through this module you will be learning the basics of drawing using AutoCAD. The module is designed so that the commands and instructions should work on almost any version of AutoCAD, although this version is designed specifically for AutoCAD 2006. By the end of this module it is hoped that you will gain the skills to develop 2D drawings and print them out to scale.

1.1: STARTING AUTOCAD

To start AutoCAD software there are certain basic step to follow, and they are as follows : Click (bottom left) Start AutoCAD2006. Programs Autodesk AutoCAD2006

Once AutoCAD has loaded, move the mouse around until you see the drawing cursor.

1.2: AUTOCAD WINDOW

AutoCAD program window is dividing into five main parts , they are as follows (Fig. 1) : Pull-down menu bar Docked and floating window Drawing area Command window Status bar

Layer Bar

Menu Bar

Drawing area Draw toolbars Modify toolbars Cursor Command window UCS Icon Status Bar

(Fig. 1.1)

1.2.1 TOOL PALETTES:

Tool palettes are tabbed areas within the Tool Palettes window. You can place blocks and hatches that you use often on a tool palette. When you need to add a block or a hatch to a drawing, drag it from the tool palette onto your drawing. Blocks and hatches that reside on a tool palette are called tools, and several tool properties including scale, rotation, and layer can be set for each tool individually. Blocks that are placed with this method often must be rotated or scaled after they are placed. You can use object snaps when dragging blocks from a tool palette, however grid snap is suppressed during dragging. I Scale Blocks Automatically

When a block is dragged from a tool palette into a drawing, it is scaled automatically according to the ratio of units defined in the block and defined in the current drawing. For example, if the current drawing uses meters as its units and a block is defined using centimeters as its units, the ratio of the units is 1 m/100 cm. When the block is dragged into the drawing, it is inserted at 1/100 scale.

Fig 1.2 II

To display the Tool Palettes window On the Tools menu, click Tool Palettes Window. Alternatively, you can press CTRL+3.

Standard toolbar Command line TOOLPALETTES You can change the insertion properties or pattern properties of any tool on a tool palette. For example, you can change the insertion scale of a block or the angle of a hatch pattern. To change these tool properties, right-click a tool and click Properties on the shortcut menu. Then you change the tool's properties in the Tool Properties dialog box. The Tool Properties dialog box has two categories of properties the Insert or Pattern properties category, and the General properties category.

Insert or Pattern properties. Control object-specific properties such as scale, rotation, and angle. General properties. Override the current drawing property settings such as layer, color, and line type.

The options and settings for tool palettes are accessible from shortcut menus in different areas on the Tool Palettes window. These settings include

Auto-hide. The Tool Palettes window can automatically roll open or roll away when your cursor moves over the title bar on the Tool Palettes window.

Transparency. The Tool Palettes window can be made transparent so it does not obscure objects under it. (Transparency is not available to Microsoft Windows NT users.) Views. The display style and size of the icons in a tool palette can be changed.

You can dock the Tool Palettes window on the right or left edge of the application window. Press the CTRL key to prevent docking as you move the Tool Palettes window. Tool palette settings are saved with your AutoCAD profile.

III

Update the Icon for a Tool

Icons in tool palettes are not automatically updated if the block or hatch changes. If you change a block or hatch definition you can update its icon in a tool palette. In the Tool Properties dialog box, change the entry in the Source File field for blocks or the Pattern name field for hatches, and then change the entry back again. This forces an update of the icon for that tool. Alternatively, you can delete the tool and then replace it using Design Center.

IV

Specify Overrides for Tool Properties

In some cases, you may want to assign specific property overrides to a tool. For example, you may want a hatch to be placed automatically on a pre-specified layer, regardless of the current layer setting. This feature can save you time and reduce errors by setting properties automatically when creating certain objects. The Tool Properties dialog box provides fields for each potential property override. Layer property overrides affect color, linetype, lineweight, plot style, and plot. Layer property overrides are resolved as follows:

If a layer is missing from the drawing, that layer is created automatically. If a layer to which you are dragging a block or hatch is currently turned off or frozen, the layer is temporarily turned on or thawed.

You can create new tool palettes using the Properties button on the title bar of the Tool Palettes window. Add tools to a tool palette with the following methods:

Drag drawings, blocks, and hatches from DesignCenter to the tool palette. Drawings that are added to a tool palette are inserted as blocks when dragged into the drawing. Use Cut, Copy, and Paste to move or copy tools from one tool palette to another.

Create a pre-populated tool palette tab by right-clicking a folder, a drawing file, or a block in the DesignCenter tree view, and then clicking Create Tool Palette on the shortcut menu.

Note: For block tools on tool palettes, the source drawing files must always be accessible. If a source drawing file is moved to a different folder, you must modify the block tool that references it by right-clicking the block tool and, in the Tool Properties dialog box, specifying the new source file folder. Once tools are placed in a tool palette, you can rearrange them by dragging them within the tool palette. A tool palette tab can be moved up and down the list of tabs from the tool palette shortcut menu, or from the Tool Palettes tab of the Customize dialog box. Similarly, you can delete tool palettes that you no longer need. Tool palettes that are deleted are lost unless they are first saved by exporting them to a file. You can control the path to your tool palettes on the Files tab in the Options dialog box. This path can be to a shared network location. Note If a tool palette file is set with a read-only attribute, a lock icon displays in a lower corner of the tool palette. This indicates that the tool palette cannot be modified beyond changing its display settings and rearranging the icons.

To create a tool palette from a folder or a drawing

1. If Design Center is not already open, on the Tools menu, click Design Center. 2. In the Design Center tree view or the content area, right-click a folder, drawing file, or block. 3. On the shortcut menu, click Create Tool Palette.

A new tool palette is created that contains all the blocks and hatches in the selected folder or drawing.

1.2.2 MENU BAR

Menus are available from the menu bar at the top of the AutoCAD drawing area. You can choose menu options in the following ways:

Click the menu name to display a list of options. Click the option to choose it, or press DOWN ARROW to move down the list and then press ENTER.

Press ALT and then enter the underlined letter in the menu name. For example, to open a new drawing, press ALT and press F to open the File menu. Then press ENTER to choose the highlighted option New.

The default menu file is acad. mnu. You can specify a different menu (for example, a menu you have customized) in the Options dialog box, Files tab. To use a menu Choose one of the following methods:

On the menu bar, click a menu name to display a list of options. On the menu, either click an option or use the DOWN ARROW to move down the list, and then press ENTER. Press ALT and press the underlined letter in the menu name. Then press the underlined letter in the option name. For example, to open a new drawing, press ALT and press F to open the File menu. Then press N for New.

1.2.3: TOOLBARS
Toolbars contain buttons that start commands. When you move the pointing device over a toolbar button, the tooltip displays the name of the button. Buttons with a small black triangle in the lower-right corner have flyouts that contain related commands. With the cursor over the icon, hold down the pick button until the flyout appears. The Standard toolbar at the top of the drawing area is displayed by default. This toolbar is similar to those found in Microsoft Office programs. It contains frequently used AutoCAD commands such as DIST, PAN, and ZOOM, as well as Microsoft Office standard commands such as New, Open, and Save.

Display, Dock, and Resize Toolbars

AutoCAD initially displays several toolbars:

Standard toolbar Styles toolbar Layers toolbar Properties toolbar Draw toolbar Modify toolbar

You can display or hide these four and additional toolbars, and you can create your own toolbars. A toolbar can be floating or docked. A floating toolbar is located anywhere in the drawing area of the AutoCAD window, and you can drag it to a new location, resize it, or dock it. A docked toolbar is attached to any edge of the drawing area. While a toolbar is docked, it cannot be resized. You can move a docked toolbar by dragging it to a new docking location.

II

To display a toolbar
1. From the View menu, choose Toolbars. 2. In the Customize dialog box, Toolbars tab, select the name of the toolbar you want to show. 3. Choose Close.

Shortcut menu You can also display a toolbar by right-clicking any toolbar button and choosing a toolbar from the shortcut menu.

1.2.4 THE OBJECT SNAP MENU

The object snap menu is displayed at your cursor location when you hold down SHIFT and click the right mouse button or the equivalent button on another pointing device. The default object snap menu lists object snaps and tracking options. If you want to change the options, you can customize the acad. mnu file.

To display the object snap menu

1. Enter any command that prompts you to specify a point. For example, enter line. 2. At the From Point prompt, hold down SHIFT and right-click.

The object snap menu is displayed, and you can choose an object snap option.

1.3

COMMAND WINDOW

You can display commands, system variables, options, messages, and prompts in a dockable and resizable window called the command window.

1.3.1 Enter Commands on the Command Line

You can enter a command by using the keyboard. Some commands also have abbreviated names called command aliases. To enter a command by using the keyboard, type the full command name on the command line and press ENTER or SPACEBAR, or right-click your pointing device. Some commands also have abbreviated names. For example, instead of entering circle to start the CIRCLE command, you can enter c. Abbreviated command names are called command aliases and are defined in the acad.pgp file. To define your own command aliases, see Create Command Aliases . I Specify Command Options

When you enter commands on the command line, AutoCAD displays either a set of options or a dialog box. For example, when you enter circle at the Command prompt, the following prompt is displayed: Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan, tan, radius)]: You can specify the center point either by entering X,Y coordinate values or by using the pointing device to click a point on the screen. To choose a different option, enter the letters capitalized in one of the options in the brackets. You can enter uppercase or lowercase letters. For example, to choose the three-point option (3P), enter 3p. II Execute Commands

To execute commands, press SPACEBAR or ENTER, or right-click your pointing device after entering command names or responses to prompts. The instructions in Help assume this step and do not specifically instruct you to press ENTER after each entry. III Repeat and Cancel Commands

If you want to repeat a command that you have just used, press ENTER or SPACEBAR, or right-click your pointing device at the Command prompt. You also can repeat a command by entering multiple, a space, and the command name, as shown in the following example: Command: multiple circle To cancel a command in progress, press ESC. IV Interrupt a Command with Another Command or System Variable

Many commands can be used transparently: that is, they can be entered on the command line while you use another command. Transparent commands frequently change drawing settings or display options, for example, GRID or ZOOM. In the Command Reference, transparent commands are designated by an apostrophe in front of the command name. To use a command transparently, choose its toolbar button or enter an apostrophe (') before entering the command at any prompt. On the command line, double angle brackets (>>) precede prompts that AutoCAD displays for transparent commands. After you complete the transparent command, the original command resumes. In the following example, you turn on the dot grid and set it to one-unit intervals while you draw a line, and then you continue drawing the line. Command: line Specify first point: 'grid

>>Specify grid spacing (X) or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <0.000>: 1 Resuming LINE command Specify first point:

1.3.2 ENTER SYSTEM VARIABLES ON THE COMMAND LINE

System variables are settings that control how certain commands work. System variables are settings that control how certain commands work. They can turn on or turn off modes such as Snap, Grid, or Ortho. They can set default scales for hatch patterns. They can store information about the current drawing and about AutoCAD configuration. Sometimes you use a system variable in order to change a setting. At other times you use a system variable to display the current status. For example, the GRIDMODE system variable turns the dot grid display on and off when you change the value. In this case, the GRIDMODE system variable is functionally equivalent to the GRID command. DATE is a read-only system variable that stores the current date. You can display this value, but you cannot change it. You can examine or change a system variable's setting transparently, that is, while using another command; however, new values may not take effect until the interrupted command ends.

1.3.3 ENTER SYSTEM VARIABLES ON THE COMMAND LINE

You can edit text in the command window to correct or repeat commands. You can navigate and edit text in the command window to correct or repeat commands. Use the standard keys:

UP, DOWN, LEFT ARROW, and RIGHT ARROW INS, DEL PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN HOME, END BACKSPACE

You can repeat any command used in the current session by cycling through the commands in the command window with UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW and pressing ENTER. By default, pressing CTRL+C copies highlighted text to the Clipboard. Pressing CTRL+V pastes text from the Clipboard to the text or command window. If you right-click in the command window or text window, AutoCAD displays a shortcut menu from which you can access the six most recently used commands, copy

selected text or the entire command history, paste text, and access the Options dialog box. For most commands, a command line with two or three lines of previous prompts, called the command history, is sufficient for viewing and editing. To see more than one line of command history, you can scroll through the history or resize the command window by dragging its border. For commands with text output, such as LIST, you might need a larger command window, or you can press F2 to use the text window. I Use the Text Window

The text window is a window similar to the command window in which you can enter commands and view prompts and messages. The text window displays a complete command history for the current AutoCAD session. Use the text window to view lengthy output of commands such as LIST, which displays detailed information about objects you select. To move forward and backward in the command history, you can click the scroll arrows along the right edge of the window. Press SHIFT with a key to highlight text. For example, press SHIFT+HOME in the text window to highlight all text from the cursor location to the beginning of the line. To copy all the text in the text window to the Clipboard, use the COPYHIST command.

1.3.4 Switch Between Dialog Boxes and the Command Line

You can display prompts on the command line instead of using a dialog box, or switch back again. This option is useful primarily when using scripts. Some functions are available both on the command line and in a dialog box. In many cases, you can enter a hyphen before the command to suppress the dialog box and display prompts on the command line instead. For example, entering layer on the command line displays the Layer Properties Manager. Entering -layer on the command line displays the equivalent command line options. Suppressing the dialog box is useful for compatibility with earlier versions of AutoCAD and for using script files. There may be slight differences between the options in the dialog box and those available on the command line. These system variables also affect the display of dialog boxes:

ATTDIA controls whether INSERT uses a dialog box for attribute value entry. CMDNAMES displays the name (in English) of the currently active command and transparent command. EXPERT controls whether certain warning dialog boxes are displayed. FILEDIA controls the display of dialog boxes used with commands that read and write files. For example, if FILEDIA is set to 1, SAVEAS displays the

Save Drawing As dialog box. If FILEDIA is set to 0, SAVEAS displays prompts on the command line. The procedures in this documentation assume that FILEDIA is set to 1. Even when FILEDIA is set to 0, you can display a file dialog box by entering a tilde (~) at the first prompt. FILEDIA and EXPERT are useful when you use scripts to run commands.

1.3.5 Dock and Resize the Command Window

To relocate and resize the command window for your convenience, drag it or use the splitter bar. By default, the command window is docked. The docked command window is the same width as the AutoCAD window. If text that is entered becomes longer than the width of the command line, the window pops up in front of the command line to show the full text of the line. You can resize the window vertically by dragging the splitter bar, which is located on the top edge of the window when it is docked on the bottom and at the bottom edge of the window when it is docked at the top. Undock the command window by dragging it away from the docking region. When you undock the window, the floating window is the size it was before you undocked it. You can move the floating command window anywhere on the screen and resize its width and height with the pointing device. Dock the command window by dragging it until it is over the top or bottom docking regions of the AutoCAD window.

1.4: COMMAND ENTRY (ICONS, KEYBOARD AND MENUS)

There are many ways to draw using AutoCAD; however, we shall explain the most common methods of using AutoCAD facilities. For example, If you want to draw a line, you can do it in a number of ways: Method (1)- At the command line type: LINE (or) L and press the ENTER key.

Method (2)- Select the line icon

from the DRAW toolbar.

Method (3)- Select Draw > Line from the pull-down menu.

1.5

SET INTERFACE OPTIONS

You can change many of the settings that affect the AutoCAD interface and drawing environment in the Options dialog box. For example, you can establish how often AutoCAD automatically saves the drawing to a temporary file, and you can specify

the search path for files that you use most often. Experiment with the settings in the Options dialog box until you find the best environment for your needs. Settings in the Options dialog box include the following:

Automatic Save (Open and Save tab). Saves your drawing at specified time intervals. To use this option, in the Options dialog box, Open and Save tab, select Automatic Save and enter the interval in minutes. Color (Display tab). Specifies the background colors used in the layout and Model tabs and the color used for prompts and crosshairs. Font (Display tab). Changes the fonts used in the AutoCAD window and in the text window. This setting does not affect the text in your drawings. Search Path (Files tab). Sets the search path AutoCAD uses to find support files such as text fonts, drawings, linetypes, and hatch patterns.

1.5.1 To set options

1. From the Tools menu, choose Options. 2. In the Options dialog box, choose the tab you want. 3. Set options as desired. 4. Do either or both of the following:

Choose Apply to record the current options settings in the system registry. Choose OK to record the current options settings in the system registry and close the Options dialog box.

Command line OPTIONS Customizes many AutoCAD settings. Current Profile Displays the name of the current profile above the tabs. To set the current profile, create a new profile, or edit an existing profile, use the Profiles tab. ( CPROFILE system variable) Current Drawing Displays the name of the current drawing above the tabs. A drawing file icon is displayed next to any option saved with the drawing. An option saved with the drawing affects only the current drawing. An option saved in the registry affects all drawings in an AutoCAD session. Options that are saved in the registry (and are not displayed with a drawing file icon) are saved in the current profile. ( DWGNAME system variable)

The Options dialog box includes the following tabs:

Files Display Open and Save Plotting System User Preferences Drafting Selection Profiles

1.6

SAVE AND RESTORE PROFILES

You can use the Profiles tab in the Options dialog box to create and save your drawing environment settings as a profile. If you share your workstation with other users who use the same login name, you can restore your options by making the profile current. You can also create and save profiles to use with different projects. By default, AutoCAD stores your current options in a profile named UNNAMED PROFILE. AutoCAD displays the current profile name, as well as the current drawing name, in the Options dialog box. The profile information is stored in the system registry and can be saved to a text file (an ARG file). AutoCAD organizes essential data and maintains changes in the registry as necessary. Once you save a profile, you can export or import the ARG file to and from different computers. If you make changes to your current profile during an AutoCAD session and you want to save those changes in the ARG file, you must export the profile. When you export the profile with the current profile name, AutoCAD updates the ARG file with the new settings. You can import the profile again into AutoCAD to update your profile settings.

1.7

OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS

To open an existing drawing 1. From the File menu, choose Open. 2. In the Select File dialog box, select one or more files and choose Open. The icons on the left side of the dialog box provide quick access to commonly used files and file locations. To reorder the icons, drag them to a new location. To add, modify, or remove an icon, right-click the icon to display a shortcut menu. Standard toolbar

Command line OPEN

1.8

OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS

To change the default drawing folder 1. On the command line, enter remember folders, and then enter 0. 2. On the Windows desktop, right-click the AutoCAD icon. Then choose Properties. 3. Choose the Shortcut tab. 4. In the Start In box, enter the path of the folder that should be the default when you open or save drawing files. 5. Choose OK.

1.9

QUIZ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What do you understand with acronyms CAD List out 10 features of Autocad What does WCS stand for? state five advantages of using CAD over manual Drawing Explain what you understand tool Palettes window. explain how display the Tool Palettes window list out the buttons find in menu bar and toolbar

WEEK TWO 2.0 2.1 START, ORGANIZE, AND SAVE A DRAWING START AND SAVE A DRAWING

When you start a drawing, you specify the type of units to use and other settings. You can also choose how to save your work, including saving backup files.

2.1.1 START A DRAWING FROM SCRATCH

A quick way to begin a new drawing is to start from scratch, which starts a drawing that uses settings from a default drawing template file. A quick way to begin a new drawing is to start from scratch, which starts a drawing that uses settings from a default drawing template file. You can start from scratch from the Create New Drawing dialog box, from the Select Template dialog box, or without using a dialog box at all. In each case, you use either the NEW command or the QNEW command.

Use the Create New Drawing Dialog Box

The Create New Drawing dialog box is displayed under the following conditions:

You set the STARTUP system variable to 1 (on). You set the FILEDIA system variable to 1 (on). You click New on the File menu or Qnew on the Standard toolbar when no drawing template file is specified in the Options dialog box.

The Create New Drawing dialog box provides several methods for starting a new drawing. When you use Start from Scratch, you can specify either imperial or metric units for the new drawing. The setting you select determines default values used for many system variables controlling text, dimensions, grid, snap, and the default linetype and hatch pattern file.

Imperial. Creates a new drawing based on the imperial measurement system. The drawing uses internal default values, and the default drawing boundary, called the drawing limits, is 12 9 inches. Metric. Creates a new drawing based on the metric measurement system. The drawing uses internal default values, and the default drawing boundary is 429 297 millimeters.

1 Use the Select Template Dialog Box

The Select Template dialog box is displayed under the following conditions:

You set the STARTUP system variable to 0 (off). You set the FILEDIA system variable to 1 (on). You click New on the File menu or, by default, Qnew on the Standard toobar.

At the bottom-right corner of the Select Template dialog box, there is an Open button with an arrow button next to it. If you click the arrow button, you can choose between two internal default drawing templates, metric or imperial.

2. Use a Default Drawing Template File

The fastest way to begin working on a new drawing is to start automatically with a default drawing template file. No dialog box is displayed with this method:

You set the STARTUP system variable to 0 (off). You set the FILEDIA system variable to 1 (on). You specify a default drawing template file in the Options dialog box on the Files tab. Click the node labeled "Drawing Template Settings" and specify a path and drawing template file. You click Qnew on the Standard toolbar.

From now on, a new drawing is immediately created that is based on the specified default drawing template file. If no template file is specified in the Options dialog box, QNEW displays the Select Template dialog box.

2.1.1.1

TO START A DRAWING FROM SCRATCH WITH THE CREATE DRAWING DIALOG BOX

1. If necessary, set the STARTUP system variable to 1 and the FILEDIA system variable to 1. On the command line, enter startup and 1; then enter filedia and 1. 2. On the File menu, click New. 3. In the Create New Drawing dialog box, click Start from Scratch. 4. Under Default Settings, click either Imperial or Metric.

The new drawing starts as drawing1.dwg. The default drawing name changes to reflect the number of new drawings that have been started. For example, if you start another drawing, the default drawing name is drawing2.dwg.

2.1.2 USE A SETUP WIZARD

A setup wizard establishes basic drawing settings step by step. A setup wizard establishes basic drawing settings step by step. You have two wizard options to help you set up a drawing:

Quick Setup Wizard. Sets units of measurement, precision of displayed units, and grid limits. Advanced Setup Wizard. Sets units of measurement, precision of displayed units, and grid limits. Also establishes angle settings such as units of measurement style, precision, direction, and orientation.

These wizards are available in the Create New Drawing dialog box.

I. To begin a new drawing using a wizard

1. If necessary, set the STARTUP system variable to 1 and the FILEDIA system variable to 1. 2. On the File menu, choose New. 3. In the Create New Drawing dialog box, click Use a Wizard. 4. Click Quick Setup or Advanced Setup. 5. Complete the wizard pages using the Next and Back buttons to move forward and backward. 6. On the last page, click Finish.

2.1.3 USE A TEMPLATE FILE TO START A DRAWING

A drawing template file contains standard settings. Select one of the template files supplied, or create your own template files. A drawing template file contains standard settings. Select one of the template files supplied, or create your own template files. Drawing template files have a .dwt file extension.

When you create a new drawing based on an existing template file and make changes, the changes in the new drawing do not affect the template file. You can use one of the template files supplied with AutoCAD, or you can create your own template files.

I.

Create a Drawing Template File

When you need to create several drawings that use the same conventions and default settings, you can save time by creating or customizing a template file instead of specifying the conventions and default settings each time you start. Conventions and settings commonly stored in template files include

Unit type and precision Title blocks, borders, and logos Layer names Snap, Grid, and Ortho settings Drawing (grid) limits Dimension styles Text styles Linetypes

By default, drawing template files are stored in the template folder, where they are easily accessible.

II

Recover the Default Drawing Template File

If the settings in the AutoCAD drawing template files acad.dwt or acadiso.dwt have been changed from the original defaults, you can reset them by starting a new drawing with no template and then saving the drawing as a drawing template file, replacing acad.dwt or acadiso.dwt. You can start a new drawing with the original defaults by using NEW to display the Select Template dialog box. To do this, click the arrow next to the Open button and then click one of the "no template" options from the list.

2.2 SAVE A DRAWING

You save drawing files for later use just as you do with other Windows applications. You can also set up automatic saving and backup files and save only selected objects. You save drawing files for later use just as you do with other Windows applications. AutoCAD also provides automatic saving, backup files, and other options for saving. When you are working on a drawing, you should save it frequently. Saving protects you from losing work in the event of a power failure or other unexpected event. If you want to create a new version of a drawing without affecting the original drawing, you can save it under another name.

The file extension for AutoCAD drawing files is .dwg, and unless you change the default file format in which drawings are saved, drawings are saved in the AutoCAD LT 2004 drawing-file format. This format is optimized for file compression and for use on a network.

Fig 2.1

Save Your Drawing Automatically

If you turn on the automatic saving option, AutoCAD saves your drawing at specified time intervals. By default, files saved automatically are temporarily assigned the name filename_a_b_nnnn.sv$. The file name is the current drawing name, a is the number of open instances of the same drawing file in the same AutoCAD session, b is the number of open instances of the same drawing in different sessions of AutoCAD, and nnnn is a random number generated by AutoCAD. Files that are automatically saved are deleted when AutoCAD closes a drawing in the normal way. Saved files remain in the event of a crash or power failure. To recover a previous version of your drawing from the automatically saved file, rename the file using a .dwg extension.

II

Use Backup Files

If you turn on automatic backups, AutoCAD saves the previous version of your drawing files to a file with the same name and a .bak file extension. To recover the previous version of your drawing from a backup file, rename the file using a .dwg extension.

III

Save Part of a Drawing File

If you want to create a new drawing file from part of an existing drawing, you can use BLOCK or WBLOCK. With either command, you can select objects or specify a block definition in your current drawing and save them in a new drawing file. You can also save a description along with the new drawing.

IV

Save to a Different Type of Drawing File

You can save a drawing to an earlier version of the DWG or DXF format or save a drawing as a template file. Choose the format from Files of Type in the Save Drawing As dialog box.

Reduce the Time Required to Save a Drawing File

You can reduce the time required to save a drawing file if you specify incremental saves rather than full saves. An incremental save updates only those portions of the saved drawing file that you changed.

When you use incremental saves, drawing files will contain a percentage of potentially wasted space. This percentage increases after each incremental save until it reaches a specified maximum, at which time a full save is performed instead. You can set the incremental save percentage in the Open and Save tab of the Options dialog box or by setting the value of the system variable ISAVEPERCENT. If you set the value of ISAVEPERCENT to 0, all saves are full saves. To reduce the size of drawing files, it is recommended that you perform a full save (with IPERCENTSAVE set to 0) before transmitting or archiving a drawing.

2.3 OPEN AN EXISTING DRAWING

You can use several methods to find and open one or more existing drawings, even damaged drawings. 2.3.1. OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS To open an existing AutoCAD drawing, you can choose Open from the File menu to display the Select File dialog box. 2.3.2 FIND A DRAWING FILE. You can search for a drawing using name, location, and date filters or properties such as keywords that you added to the drawing. 2.3.4 SPECIFY SEARCH PATHS, FILE NAMES, AND FILE LOCATIONS You can set the search path to support files such as text fonts, drawings, linetypes, and hatch patterns. You also can specify the location of temporary files, which is important when working in a network environment. 2.3.5 WORK WITH MULTIPLE OPEN DRAWINGS You can open more than one drawing in a single session. 2.3.6 OPEN PART OF A LARGE DRAWING (PARTIAL LOAD) If you work with large drawings, you can improve performance by opening only the view and layer geometry that you want to work with. 2.3.7. ADD IDENTIFYING INFORMATION TO DRAWINGS You can keep track of your drawings more easily if you assign keywords of other information to them. 2.3.8 RECOVER A DAMAGED FILE When a file is damaged, you can recover some or all of the data by reverting to a backup file or by using commands to find and correct errors.

2.4 SPECIFY UNITS, ANGLES, AND SCALE

When you start a drawing, you specify the units of measurement you want to use, their format, and other conventions.

2.4.1 SET UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Before you start to draw, you decide what one drawing unit represents based on what you plan to draw. You also set the format and the number of decimal places. 2.4.2 SET ANGLE CONVENTIONS Angle conventions include the position of angle 0 and the direction of measurement: clockwise or counterclockwise. You also set the format and the number of decimal places. 2.4.3 DRAW TO SCALE You set the scale for a drawing when you are ready to print or plot.

2.5 ORGANIZE DRAWINGS AND APPLY STANDARDS

Drawings are easier to interpret if you set standards to enforce consistency. You can set standards for layer names, dimension styles, and other elements; check drawings against these standards; and then change any properties that do not conform.

2.5.1 OVERVIEW OF CAD STANDARDS

You can create a standards file to define common properties in order to maintain consistency throughout your drawing files. Standards define a set of common properties for named objects such as layers and text styles. You or your CAD manager can create, apply, and audit standards in AutoCAD drawings to enforce consistency. Because standards make it easier for others to interpret drawings, standards are particularly useful in collaborative environments, where many individuals contribute to the creation of a drawing.

2.5.2 NAMED OBJECTS FOR STANDARDS-CHECKING

You can create standards for the following named objects:

Layers Text styles Linetypes Dimension styles Standards File

After you define standards, you save them as a standards file. You can then associate the standards file with one or more drawing files. After you associate a standards file with a drawing, you should periodically check the drawing to make sure it conforms with the standards. Sample Drawing and Associated Standards File

AutoCAD provides a sample drawing and an associated standards file. The drawing file has been deliberately modified to contain a number of nonstandard

objects to demonstrate how drawings are audited. The sample files, MKMPlan.dwg and MKMStd.dws, are installed in the Sample folder of AutoCAD. How a Standards Audit Works

When you check a drawing for standards violations, each named object of a specific type is checked against the standards files associated with the drawing. For example, each layer in the drawing is checked against the layers in the standards file. A standards audit can uncover two types of problems:

An object with a nonstandard name is present in the drawing being checked. For example, a layer named WALL is present in the drawing but not in any associated standards files. A named object in a drawing matches the name of one in a standards file, but their properties are different. For example, in the drawing the WALL layer is yellow, but the standards file specifies red for the WALL layer.

When you fix objects with nonstandard names, the nonstandard objects are purged from the drawing. Any drawing objects that are associated with the nonstandard object are transferred to a replacement standard object that you specify. For example, you fix a nonstandard layer, WALL, and replace it with the standard ARCH-WALL. In this example, choosing Fix in the Check Standards dialog box transfers all objects from layer WALL to layer ARCH-WALL and then purges layer WALL from the drawing. Standards Plug-Ins

The auditing process uses standards plug-ins, applications that define the rules for the properties that are checked for individual named objects. Layers, dimension styles, linetypes, and text styles are each checked against their corresponding plug-ins. You can specify which plug-ins to use when checking a drawing for standards violations. Autodesk or third-party developers may add standards plug-ins for checking additional drawing properties. All plug-ins check all properties for each named object except for the layer plug-in. The following layer properties are checked when using the layer plug-in:

Color Linetype Lineweight Plot style mode Plot style name (when the PSTYLEMODE system variable is set to 0)

The following layer properties are not checked by the layer plug-in:

On/Off Freeze/Thaw

Lock Plot/No Plot

Standards Settings
A variety of settings that may be useful to CAD managers are available in the CAD Standards Settings dialog box. This dialog box can be accessed by clicking Settings in the Check Standards and Configure Standards dialog boxes.

2.5.3 DEFINE STANDARDS

To set standards, you create a file that defines properties and named objects and save it as a standards file.

2.5.4 CHECK DRAWINGS FOR STANDARDS VIOLATIONS

You can audit a drawing file for violations of standards and then fix violations. The Batch Standards Checker audits more than one file at a time.

2.6

TRANSLATE LAYER NAMES AND PROPERTIES

With the Layer Translator, you can change a drawing's layers to match layer standards you set.

Convert Layers to Established Drawing Standards Using the Layer Translator, you can convert layers in one drawing to standards you define. View Selected Drawing Layers With the Layer Translator, you can control which layers are visible in the drawing area. Purge Unreferenced Layers You can use the Layer Translator to purge (delete all) unreferenced layers from a drawing.

QUIZ 1. What do you understand with a layer in AUTOCAD. 2. Explain the following: Layers Text styles Linetypes Dimension styles 3. what is command line 4. explain the steps taking in saving drawing in AUTOCAD 5. standard in AUTOCAD means what?

WEEK THREE 3.0: PRACTICE DRAWING USING LINE

Let's try to use some of those available facilities (Fig. 3.1). Left-click on the Line tool icon or enter L (for Line) at the command line. The command line shows:

Command: L LINE Specify first point : Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c (for close )

(Fig. 3.1) 3.1: Saving Your Work Select the Save icon from the standard toolbar

Choose your directory

Write the file name

3.2: Plotting Your Work Step 1: choose file plot. The plot dialog box appears. Choose printer /plotter

Choose plot area

Choose your printer

3.3:

properties toolbar

Changing the color of the object

Changing line types

Changing the line weight

3.4: Setting Up Autocad Environment 3.4.1: Setting Units Select units Tools menu [Figure: 3.2a &3.2b].

Choose 0

Figure: 3.2a Figure: 3.2b 3.4.2: Setting Grids And Snap. Select Drafting setting from Tools menu [Figure: 3.2a & 3.2b]. Make shore they are 10

Figure: 3.2a 3.4.3: Setting the screen limits

Figure: 3.2b

Command: '_limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>: 0, 0 Specify upper right corner <420.0000, 297.0000>: 297,210 (A4 size)

3.5

TASK 3

Using a limit of 200 by 300 units: 1. 2. 3. Draw a line of 100units Draw a rectangle of 50 by 70 units Draw a circle of 60 units radius

WEEK FOUR 4.0: THE X, Y CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (2D DRAWING)

Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact according to the sizes you enter, even it is more accurate than you will ever need it to be(i.e.2.535683mm). All objects drawn on the screen are drawn in 2D which means that a simple X,Y co-ordinate system is used. In AutoCAD this is known as the World Co-ordinate System (WCS). You must understand this to know how to enter the right dimension. Below in Figure 3 an example is illustrated.

Fig. 4.1

4.1: Angular Measurement AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram in Figure - 4 that shows this feature.

Fig. 4.2

4.2: Icons, Keystrokes and Menus There are many ways to do things in most windows programs. AutoCAD is no exception. Example: If you want to draw a line, you can do it a few ways:

At the command line type: LINE (or) L and press the ENTER key.

Select the line icon

from the DRAW toolbar.

Select Draw > Line from the pull-down menu.

Command

Keystroke

Icon

Menu

Result Draw a straight line segment from one point to the next

Line

Line / L

Draw > Line

Circle

Circle / C

Draws a circle Draw > Circle based on a > Center, center point Radius and radius. Modify > Erase Erases an object. Enables the Print/Plot Configuration Dialog Box Undoes the last command.

Erase

Erase / E

Print

Print / Plot Cntl+P

File > Print

Undo

Edit > Undo

4.3: TASK (4)

1) Draw the figure below, save file and print it

(Fig.T1). 2) Start AutoCAD by setting the screen limits to (A2) size drawing sheet. Print the Commands' list as evidence. 3) Try to draw a box using free hand Line command. Print the result.

WEEK (5) 5.0: DRAWING OBJECTS

The "Draw" commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles. Most AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply from these basic components. A good understanding of the Draw commands is fundamental to the efficient use of AutoCAD. 5.1: Draw Toolbar

5.1.1: Lines Lines are probably the most simple of AutoCAD objects. Using the Line command, a line can be drawn between any two points picked within the drawing area (Fig. 5.1.2) 5.1.2: The Line Command Toolbar Draw

Pull-down Draw Line Keyboard LINE short-cut L

(Fig. 5.1.2) 5.1.3: Command Sequence Command: LINE Specify first point: (pick P1) Specify next point or [Undo]: (pick P2) Specify next point or [Undo]: (to end) You can also draw lines by entering the co-ordinates of their end points at the command prompt rather than picking their position from the screen.

5.2: The Construction Line Command The "Construction Line" command creates a line of infinite length which passes through two picked points. Construction lines are very useful for creating construction frameworks or grids within which to design. Construction lines are not normally used as objects in finished drawings, it is usual, therefore, to draw all your construction lines on a separate layer which will be turned off or frozen prior to printing. Toolbar Draw

Pull-down Draw Construction Line Keyboard XLINE short-cut XL

5.2.1: Command Sequence `Command: XLINE Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: (pick a point) Specify through point: (pick a second point) Specify through point: (to end or pick another point) 5.3: The Ray Command The Ray command creates a line similar to a construction line except that it extends infinitely in only one direction from the first pick point. The direction of the Ray is determined by the position of the second pick point.

The Ray command creates a line similar to a construction line except that it extends infinitely in only one direction from the first pick point. The direction of the Ray is determined by the position of the second pick point.

Command Sequence Toolbar custom Command: RAY Specify start point: (pick the start point) Specify through point: (pick a second point to determine direction) Specify through point: (to end or pick another point)

Pull-down Draw Ray Keyboard RAY

5.4: The Polyline Family Polylines differ from lines in that they are more complex objects. A single polyline can be composed of a number of straight-line or arc segments. Polylines can also be given line widths to make them appear solid. The illustration below shows a number of polylines to give you an idea of the flexibility of this type of line (Fig. 5.4) .

Fig. 5.4 5.4.1: The Polyline Command Toolbar Draw

Pull-down Draw Polyline Keyboard PLINE short-cut PL

Fig. 5.4.1

Command Sequence Command: PLINE

Specify start point: (pick P1) Current line-width is 0.0000 Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P2) Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P3) Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P4) Specify next point or

WEEK 6 6.0: The Rectangle Command

The "Rectangle" command is used to draw a rectangle whose sides are vertical and horizontal. The position and size of the rectangle are defined by picking two diagonal corners (Fig. 6) Toolbar Pulldown Draw Draw Rectangle .

Keyboard RECTANGLE short-cuts REC, RECTANG Fig. (6)

6.0.1: Command Sequence

Command: RECTANG Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick P1) Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick P2) Notice that, instead of picking a second point to draw the rectangle, you have the option of entering dimensions. Say you wanted to draw a rectangle 20 drawing units long and 10 drawing units wide. The command sequence would look like this: Command Sequence Command: RECTANG Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick a point) Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: D Specify length for rectangles <0.0000>: 20 Specify width for rectangles <0.0000>: 10 Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick a point to fix the orientation) .

6.1: The Polygon Command

The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3 sides up to 1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the user, the number of sides, a pick point for the centre of the polygon, whether you want the polygon inscribed or circumscribed and then a pick point which determines both the radius of this imaginary circle and the orientation of the polygon. The polygon command creates a closed polyline in the shape of the required polygon.

This command also allows you to define the polygon by entering the length of a side using the Edge option. You can also control the size of the polygon by entering an exact radius for the circle. Follow the command sequence below to see how this command works (Fig. 6.1). Toolbar Draw

Pull-down Draw Polygon Keyboard POLYGON short-cut POL Fig. 6.1

6.1.1: Command Sequence

Command: POLYGON Enter number of sides <4>: 5 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: (pick P1 or type E to define by edge length) Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: (to accept the inscribed default or type C for circumscribed) Specify radius of circle: (pick P2 or enter exact radius)

Fig. 6.1.1 In the illustration above, the polygon on the left is inscribed (inside the circle with the polygon vertexes touching it), the one in the middle is circumscribed (outside the circle with the polyline edges tangential to it) and the one on the right is defined by the length of an edge.

6.2: The Circle Command

The Circle command is used to draw circles. There are a number of ways you can define the circle. The default method is to pick the centre point and then to either pick a second point on the circumference of the circle or enter the circle radius at the keyboard (Fig.6.2). Toolbar Pulldown Draw Draw Circle Center, Radius short-cut Fig. 6.2 C

Keyboard CIRCLE

6.2.1: Command Sequence

Command: CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: (pick P1) Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <50.0195>: (pick P2 or enter the exact radius)

6.3: The Arc Command

The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle (Fig. 6.2.1). There are numerous ways to define an arc, the default method uses three pick points, a start point, a second point and an end point. Using this method, the drawn arc will start at the first pick point, pass through the second point and end at the third point. Once you have mastered the default method try some of the others. You may, for example need to draw an arc with a specific radius. All of the Arc command options are available from the pull-down menu. Toolbar Draw

Pull-down Draw Arc 3 Points Keyboard ARC short-cut A

Fig.6.2.1

6.3.1: Command Sequence

Command: ARC Specify start point of arc or [Center]: (pick P1) Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: (pick P2) Specify end point of arc: (pick P3) It is also possible to create an arc by trimming a circle object. In practice, many arcs are actually created this way. See the Trim command on the Modifying Objects tutorial for details.

6.4: TASK (2)

1) With the aid of figure- 6.4 Copy the drawings (A and B) use the Command Sequence shown below. Command Sequence for (A) Command: l LINE Specify first point: 40,160 Specify next point or [Undo]: 170,160 Specify next point or [Undo]: 170,190 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 190,190 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 190,230 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 170,230 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 170,260 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 90,260 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 90,230 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 40,230 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 40,220 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 70,220 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 70,190 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 40,190 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c Command Sequence for (B) Command: l LINE Specify first point: 40,110 Specify next point or [Undo]: @ 50<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 50<0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 30<90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 50<0 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 90<270 or -90 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 50<180

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<90 or -270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 50<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 30<270 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @50<180 Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c

2) Re-Draw figure "C" shown in Figure (xxx) .

Fig. (6.4)

WEEK (7) 7.0: Modifying Objects 7.1: Introduction

AutoCAD drawings are rarely completed simply by drawing lines, circles etc. Most likely you will need to Modify these basic drawing objects in some way in order to create the image you need. AutoCAD provides a whole range of modify tools such as Move, Copy, Rotate and Mirror. As you can see, the command names are easily understandable. However, the way these commands work is not always obvious. This paper is designed to show you how all of the Modify commands work. 7.2: The Copy Command

Toolbar Pull-down Modify Copy Keyboard COPY or CP The Copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any drawing object or objects which you have previously created. Copy is a very useful and timesaving command because you can create very complex drawing elements and then simply copy them as many times as you like (Fig. 7).

(Fig. 7) Command Sequence Command: COPY Select objects: (pick object to copy, P1) Select objects: (to end selection)
<Base point or displacement>/Multiple: Second point of displacement: (pick P3)

(pick P2 or M for multiple copies)

The multiple option allows you to create additional copies of the selected object(s) by picking as many new points as you like. To end a multiple copy, just hit the key.

7.3: The Mirror Command

Toolbar Pull-down Modify Mirror Keyboard MIRROR The Mirror command allows you to mirror selected objects in your drawing by picking them and then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line using two points (Fig. 7.3).

(Fig. 7.3). Command Sequence Command: MIRROR Select objects: (pick object to mirror, P1) Select objects: (to end selection) First point of mirror line: (pick P2) Second point: (pick P3) Delete old objects? <N>: (for No to keep the original object) Notice that in the command sequence above, pressing the key when asked whether to "Delete old objects?" resulted in a "No" response. This is because "No" is the default option. AutoCAD always shows the default option within triangular brackets, in this case "<N>". Many AutoCAD commands offer default options. They are usually the most commonly used and you need only right-click or press to accept them. In order to create perfectly horizontal or vertical mirror lines use Ortho.

7.4: The Offset Command

Toolbar Pull-down Modify Offset Keyboard OFFSET Offset is probably one of the most useful commands for constructing drawings. The Offset command creates a new object parallel to or concentric with a selected object. The new object is drawn at a user defined distance (the offset) from the original and in a direction chosen by the user with a pick point. You can offset lines, arcs, circles, ellipses, 2D polylines, xlines, rays and planar splines (Fig. 7.4).

(Fig. 7.4) Command Sequence Command: OFFSET

Offset distance or Through <10>: (specify Select object to offset: (select object, P1) Side to offset?: (pick direction, P2) Select object to offset:

distance)

(to end or select another object to offset)

WEEK 8 8.0: Modifying Objects 8.1: The Move Command

Toolbar Pull-down Modify Move Keyboard MOVE or M The Move command works in a similar way to the Copy command except that no copy is made, the selected object(s) is simply moved from one location to another (Fig. 8.1)

(Fig. 8.1)

8.1.1: Command Sequence

Command: MOVE Select objects: (pick object to move, P1) Select objects: (to end selection) Base point or displacement: (pick P2) Second point of displacement: (pick P3) Note that as with the Copy command, the two pick points, P2 and P3 are used only to indicate the distance and direction of movement.

8.2: The Rotate Command

Toolbar Pull-down Modify Rotate Keyboard ROTATE or RO The Rotate command allows an object or objects to be rotated about a point selected by the user. AutoCAD prompts for a second rotation point or an angle which can be typed at the keyboard. (Fig. 8.2)

. (Fig. 8.2) Command Sequence Command: ROTATE Select objects: (pick object to rotate, P1) Select objects: (to end selection) Base point: (pick base point, P2) <Rotation angle>/Reference: (pick second point, P3 or enter angle) Remember, AutoCAD angles start at 3 o'clock and increase in an anti-clockwise direction. If you want to rotate in a clockwise direction you can enter a negative angle by using a minus sign. If you make a mistake, you can use the undo icon, press U or press CTRL+Z

8.3: TASK (3 )

(Fig. 8.3) Study the drawing shown in Figure (8.3) and try to draw and modify accordingly.

WEEK (9) 9.0: Dimensioning drawings 9.1: Introduction

This paper describes the options and commands available for dimensioning drawings and how to use them. The correct use of AutoCAD Dimension tools is the key to producing clear and concise measured drawings.

AutoCAD provides lots of control over the way dimensions look. Using a system similar to text styles, dimension styles allow you to design dimensions so that they look just the way you want them to.

Fig. (9.1)

For example, the illustration in Figure 18 above shows two different dimension styles. The one on the left is the default style known as STANDARD.

9.2: The Linear Dimension Commands

As the name suggests the "Linear" dimension commands are used to dimension along straight lines (Fig. 9.2). .

Toolbar Pull-down Dimension/Linear Keyboard DIMLINEAR Fig.9.2 You can use this command to generate horizontal and vertical dimensions. Consider the diagram (right) whilst working through the following examples.

Command Sequence Command: DIMLINEAR

First extension line origin or press ENTER to select: Second extension line origin: (pick P2) Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated): (pick a

(pick P1) point to position

the dimension line, you will see the dimension rubber banding)

9.3: The Continue Dimension Command

Toolbar Pull-down Dimension/Continue Keyboard DIMCONTINUE

You can use the Continue command to add a string of dimensions. In the illustration above the "36mm" dimension has been continued from the "64mm" dimension.

9.3.1: Command Sequence

Command: DIMCONTINUE Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>):

(pick P3) (pick another

or

to end)

9.4: The Diameter Dimension Command

Toolbar Pull-down Dimension/Diameter Keyboard DIMDIAMETER Fig.9.4

9.4.1: Command Sequence

Command: DIMDIAMETER Select arc or circle: (pick the circumference P1) Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (move

the cursor until you are happy with the text position and then pick to complete the sequence)

9.5: The Radius Dimension Command

Toolbar Pull-down Dimension/Radius Keyboard DIMRADIUS Fig. 9.5 The Radius command is identical to the Diameter command except that the dimension measurement is a radius rather than a dimension and the resulting dimension text is prefixed with a "R" to indicate radius.

9.5.1: Command Sequence

Command: DIMRADIUS Select arc or circle: (pick the circumference P2) Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (move

the cursor until you are happy with the text position and then pick to complete the sequence)

WEEK 10 10 .0: Object Snaps

Suppose you want to draw a line from the center of the circle to the middle of the vertical line you extended earlier. AutoCAD has a feature that makes this very easy. These are the Object Snaps (or Osnaps "Oh-Snaps"). Type OS <ENTER> . You will see this dialog box appear.

ICON

SETTING

ICON

SETTING

Endpoint Midpoint Center Node Quadrant Intersection Extension Insertion Point

Perpendicular Tangent Nearest Apparent Intersection Parallel None Osnap Setting Temporary Tracking Point Snap From

You may also see a toolbar with these snaps as shown below.

You may select whichever points you want to 'snap' on an object.

10.1: TEXT command:

Type in TEXT on the command line. Command: text Justify/Style/<Start point>:50,30 Height <5>: Rotation angle <0>:<enter> Text: (Start point 150,75)

10.2: TASK (4)

Draw the figure shown in Fig.( 10.2) below , and add the following : 1. All dimensions 2. All text

Fig. 10.2

WEEK (11) 11.0: Selecting Objects in AutoCAD

11.1: Types of selecting windows

One is a 'crossing window' and the other is a box. If you create the window from right to left, you make a crossing window. This means that any object that crosses the border of the window is added to the selection set. This is shown as a dotted line on the screen. If you create the window from left to right, you create a box. Using this method you'll add only the items that are completely within the box. This is shown as a solid line on the screen. The difference is very important.

11.1.1: To summarize:
DIRECTION LEFT TO RIGHT CALLED WINDOW SELCTION DISPLAY SOLID EFFECT SELECTS ON OBJECTS THAT ARE COMPLETELY WITHIN THE BOX

RIGHT TO LEFT

SECLECTS ANY OBJECT CROSSING THAT EITHER CROSSES DOTTED SELECTION THE BOUNDARY OR IS INSIDE IT

11.2: Object Properties

DON'T REDRAW AN OBJECT - CHANGE ITS PROPERTIES There are a few ways to change, or view objects properties. First is by using the PROPERTIES command. Command Keystroke Icon Menu Result Displays the properties of the object in the Properties Palette

Properties

PROPERTIES

Modify > Properties

1) Draw a line from (any point) to (any point) and press (ENTER).

2) Draw a circle and then select it. Right click on the screen and choose the Properties option at the bottom of the list as shown below:

11.3: Direct Distance Entry

DO NOT FORGET THE BASICS OF MANUAL ENTRY Direct Distance Entry (or DDE) is a way of bypassing the usual ways of entering in co-ordinates and just entering the distance. First method is (Your F8 key will toggle Ortho on and off. )

WEEK 12 12.0: Polar Tracking

Right click on the shown below: and choose the Settings option at the bottom of the list as

The increment angle is 30.

12.1: Object Snap Tracking

Consider that you want to draw a circle in the middle of a rectangle like the example below:

To do this exercise, make sure that your Midpoint Osnap is on. Command: _rectang Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 100,100 Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 200,200 Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: >> Resuming CIRCLE command. Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:

Move your cursor over the middle of the bottom line of the rectangle. You should see a light dotted line project vertically through your cursor. Now move your cursor to the middle of the right vertical line of the rectangle. As you move your cursor towards the center of the rectangle, you should see the 2 dotted lines cross. It should look like this: Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 25

12.2: QUIZ SHEET (5)

1) Draw the figure (Fig. 12.2) shown below , and add the following : 3. All dimensions 4. Text

(Fig. 12.2) 2) Draw the figure (Fig. 12.3) shown below , and add the following : 1-All dimensions 2-Text

(Fig. 12.3)

WEEK (13) 13.0: SURFACE DEVELOPMENT 13.1: Introduction

Many articles such as cans , pipes , elbows , boxes , ducts , hoppers , etc. , are manufactured from sheet metals. Generally a template of their original flat shape is firstly produced; this forms an orthogonal drawing . Also the template includes allowances for bending and seam , bearing , in mind the thickness of material used . Surface development methods: There are basic methods of pattern development . the parallel line method the radial line method . the triangulation method .

choosing a method depends totally on the shape of the product to be produced and can be seen through examples . 1) Right cylinder To develop a pattern for a right cylinder , it is important to understand that, practically , a cylinder is regarded as a multi-sided prism with circle base. To develop a pattern means to unroll the sheet as shown in Fig.(25) To develop a pattern , the following steps are to be followed : 1- Draw front and top views of the cylinder . 2- Divide the top view (circle ) into 12 equal parts ( graphically using the appropriate set square or analytically by dividing the circumference D over 12 , i.e. , D /12) and number them from 1 to 12 . 3- Project the point 1-12 from top view vertically upwards across the front view . 4- Project two lines parallel to the base of the front view from the top side and bottom side of cylinder towards the right hand side of board . 5- Measure one of the divided parts and step off this length 12-times along the development base line . 6- Complete the development as shown in fig.106

13.2: TASK (6)

WEEK 14 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT 14.1: Right cone

Fig (14) To develop a pattern for a right cone the following steps are to be followed: 1- draw the front and top views of the cone 2- divide the circle of the top view into 12 equal and number them from 1 to 12 . 3- on the development area , use "O" as a center, then draw an arc of radius (s) which is the true length of the sloping edge of the cone ( slant length ) . 4- use the divider to step off (12) equal spaces along the arc , each equal the distance between the two consecutive numbers on the circle ( approximate method ) or D/12 ( accurate method ) . 5- join the first and last element lines (0-11) and (0-12) . the sector represents the true pattern for the cone .

Fig (14.1) There are many types of right pyramids, see below Fig.(28) . According to the shape of the base, they can be classified to: a) b) c) Square pyramid. a-Square Rectangular pyramid. Pyramid Hexagonal pyramid. b-Rectangular Pyramid Fig.(14.2) c-Hexagonal Pyramid

When developing a pyramid, it is necessary to find the true length of its sloping edge (corner). This depends upon the position of the pyramid. When the pyramid is

positioned as shown in the above Fig. (28a) then line OA in the front view is the true length of the sloping edge. However, when the pyramid is positioned as shown in Fig. (28b) then it is important to deduce the true length of the edge of the pyramid. True length To find the true length of pyramid edge the following steps are to be followed: 1. In the Top view, with a radius OA and centre O, revolve the line OA until it is horizontal OA". Project the end of the line OA" up to meet a horizontal line through the front view of A at point A", in next Fig. (28b). Join this point of intersection with the front view of O. The true length of the edge is the line OA".

2.

3. 4.

Fig.(14.3)

14.2 Pattern Development

To develop the pattern of the right pyramid, the following steps are to be followed: 1)Draw the front and top views 1) Find the true length of the pyramid edge . 2) By using the true length as a radius draw an arc of a suitable length . 3) With a radial equals to the side of the pyramid base , mark off the four side of the base along the drawn arc (One is to be halved to keep the seemed joint in the middle of the pyramid ). 4) Joint the dividing points along the arc , in sequence , with straight lines ( SA, AB , BC , .,DS) . 5) Joint the dividing points along the arc with the apex "O" to get the pattern .

Fig.(14.4)

14.3 TASK (7)

Draw the development pattern for rectangular pyramid .

Fig.(14.5)

WEEK (15) 15.0: Intersection of cylinder

When two or more hollow objects (i.e. two cylinders) are connected together, a line is formed to the junction of their surfaces; this line is called the "Intersection line ". In Fig. (15) these lines are indicated as X X. The shape and size of the intersection line depends upon many factors such as: - Cross section of the intersected objects. - Size of the two objects. - Angle of intersection.

Fig. (15) Different intersections used in industry articles, ducts and smoke stakes as well known as in ships, oil pipe lines, automotive, air condition ducting, air craft and offshore construction industries .

Fig.(15.1) Examples of components intersection in practice

Developments of intersected objects are closely related to finding intersectionlines. In many instances, if not all intersections have to be determined before starting to develop a pattern. This section presents the basis for finding intersection lines of some common intersected shapes.

15.1: Perpendicular intersection of equally diameters cylindersFig. (15.2) The intersection between the equally diameters cylinders may be a right angle (90o) to form a T-connection as shown in fig The intersection of this cylinders connection can be determined according to the following steps: 1- Draw the three views for intersected cylinders. 2- Divide the two circle in Side and Top view into (12) equal parts (by using 30,60 triangle or compass ) and number the dividing points 1 to 7 , see the figure. 3- Project the points from Side View to Front View. 4- Project the points from Top view to Front View until crossing the lines projected from Side View. 5- Crossing points are created. 6- Joint these created points to obtain the required intersection curve. Note : the intersection curve in this case is a straight line .

Fig.15.2

15.2: perpendicular intersection of unequal diameters cylinders:

Cylinders of unequal diameters may be intersected at a right angle (90o) to form a T-joint as shown in next figure Fig. (15.3). For determining the intersection curve of this cylindrical joint, the same step followed for drawing the intersection line of equally diameters cylinders can be used. A point for remarking is that if the intersecting cylinders are not of the same diameters, the intersection will not be straight line but rather a curve.

Fig. (15.3)

15.3 TASK (8)

Fig (15.4) illustrates double intersection of three cylinders, find the intersection line missing.

Fig. (15.4)