Relationships between Stress and Strain

(Hookes Law)
When strains are small, most of materials are linear elastic. Tensile: = Shear:

=G

Poissons ratio

l z z = l0 z

l x x = l0 x
Nominal lateral strain (transverse strain)

lateral strain x = Poissons ratio: = tensile strain z

Relationships between Stress and Strain

An isotropic material has a stress-strain relationships that are independent of the orientation of the coordinate system at a point. A material is said to be homogenous if the material properties are the same at all points in the body For isotropic materials Elastic Stress-Strain Relationships Principal Stresses 1 = E1 2 = 0 3 = 0 Principal Strains
1 = 1
E

Uniaxial

2 = 3 =

1 1
E E

Uniaxial Stresses

x y z [ ] = yz zx xy x y z [ ] = yz zx xy

x 0 0 [ ] = 0 0 0 x y z [ ] = 0 0 0

x
E

= E x
x
E

x =

y =

z =

x
E

1 E x E y E z = 0 0 0 0 0 0

E 1 E

0 0 0 1 G 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 G 0

E 0 0 0

E 1 E 0 0 0

0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 G

Principal Stresses Biaxial

E ( 1 + 2 ) 1 = 1+ 2 E ( 2 + 1 ) 2 = 1+ 2 3 = 0

Principal Strains 1 = 1 2
2 = 2
E E

1
E

3 =

1
E

2
E

Triaxial

Principal Stresses

Principal Strains

1 (1 ) + ( 2 + 3 ) 1 = E 1 2 2 2 (1 ) + ( 1 + 3 ) 2 = E 1 2 2 3 (1 ) + ( 1 + 2 ) 3 = E 1 2 2

1 = 2 = 3 =

1 2 3
E E E

2 1 1
E E E

3 3 2
E E E

Triaxial Stresses

x y z [ ] = yz zx xy x y z [ ] = yz zx xy

x y z [ ] = 0 0 0 x y z [ ] = 0 0 0

x =

1 x y z E E E 1 y = x + y z E E E 1 z = x y + z E E E

1 E x E y E z = 0 0 0 0 0 0

E 1 E

0 0 0 1 G 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 G 0

E 0 0 0

E 1 E 0 0 0

0 0 x y 0 z 0 0 0 0 0 1 G

For an isotropic material, the principal axes for stress and the principal axes for strain coincide. 1
x y = xy = xy
G

XY tan 2 = X Y
xy

(1 )( x y )

2 xy XY E G tan 2 = = = = tan 2 X Y 1 (1 )( ) 2G (1 ) ( x y ) x y E

Plane Stress x =

1 ( x y ) E 1 y = ( y x ) E

z =

+ y )

yz = 0 zx = 0

xy =

xy
G

Plane Strain

E (1 ) x + y x = (1 + )(1 2 ) E (1 ) y + x y = (1 + )(1 2 ) xy = G xy

] ]

z =

(1 + )(1 2 )

+y)

yz = 0 xz = 0

Isotropic Materials

x =

x
E

y
E +

z
E

y = z =

x
E

y
E

z
E

x
E

y
E

z
E

1 yz = yz G 1 zx = zx G 1 xy = xy G

 x = S11 x + S12 y + S13 z + S14 yz + S15 zx + S16 xy

y = S 21 x + S 22 y + S 23 z + S 24 yz + S 25 zx + S 26 xy

z = S31 x + S32 y + S33 z + S34 yz + S35 zx + S36 xy

yz = S 41 x + S 42 y + S 43 z + S 44 yz + S 45 zx + S 46 xy

zx = S51 x + S52 y + S53 z + S54 yz + S55 zx + S56 xy xy = S61 x + S62 y + S63 z + S64 yz + S65 zx + S66 xy
x S11 S 21 y = S z S31 = yz S 41 zx S51 S is the compliance matrix S61 xy S12 S 22 S32 S 42 S52 S62 S13 S 23 S33 S 43 S53 S63 S14 S 24 S34 S 44 S54 S64 S15 S 25 S35 S 45 S55 S65 S16 x S 26 y S36 z S 46 yz S56 zx S66 xy

[ ] [ ][ ]

Isotropic Materials
An isotropic material has stress-strain relationships that are independent of the orientation of the coordinate system at a point. The isotropic material requires only two independent material constants, namely the Elastic Modulus and the Poissons Ratio. 1 E E E 0 0 0 1 x 0 0 0 x E E E y y 1 0 0 0 z E z E E = 1 yz 0 0 0 0 0 yz G zx zx 1 0 0 0 0 0 xy xy G 1 0 0 0 0 0 G

 E (1 ) ( 1 + )(1 2 ) x E y (1 + )(1 2 ) z E = yz (1 + )(1 2 ) zx 0 0 xy 0

E (1 + )(1 2 ) E (1 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) E (1 + )(1 2 ) 0 0 0

E 0 (1 + )(1 2 ) E 0 (1 + )(1 2 ) E (1 ) 0 (1 + )(1 2 ) 0 G 0 0 0 0

0 x 0 0 y z 0 0 yz 0 0 zx xy G 0 0 G 0

[ ] = [C ][ ]
C is the elastic or stiffness matrix

The isotropic material requires only two independent material constants, namely the Elastic Modulus and the Poissons Ratio.

Isotropic Materials
The isotropic material requires only two independent material constants, namely the Elastic Modulus and the Poissons Ratio. 0 0 0 C11 C12 C12 x x C C C 0 0 0 11 12 12 y 0 0 0 y C12 C12 C11 z ( C11 C12 ) z 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 yz yz ( C11 C12 ) zx 0 0 0 0 0 zx 2 xy ( C11 C12 ) xy 0 0 0 0 0 2
C11 = E (1 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) C12 = E (1 + )(1 2 )

(C11 C12 ) =
2

E =G 2(1 + )

Up to this point we have limited the study of the properties of materials to isotropic materials. For the most general linearly elastic anisotropic materials, a particular component of stress is assumed to depend of all six components of strain.

Anisotropic Materials

x = C11 x + C12 y + C13 z + C14 yz + C15 zx + C16 xy

Where Cij are constants if the material is homogeneous

x C11 y C21 C31 z = yz C41 zx C51 C61 xy

C12 C22 C32 C42 C52 C62

C13 C14 C23 C24 C33 C34 C43 C44 C53 C54 C63 C64

C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C65

C16 x C26 y C36 z C46 yz C56 zx C66 xy

Taking energy considerations the coefficients of this matrix are symmetric. Hence, instead of 36 independent constant, we have 21 independent constants

x C11 y C12 C13 z = yz C14 zx C15 C16 xy

C12 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26

C13 C23 C33 C34 C35 C36

C14 C24 C34 C44 C45 C46

C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56

C16 x C26 y C36 z C46 yz C56 zx C66 xy

C12 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C13 C14 C23 C24 C33 C34 C35 C36 C34 C44 C45 C46 C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56 C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66

C is referred to as the elastic matrix or stiffness matrix.

C11 C 12 C [C ] = 13 C14 C15 C16

Hence, we can also write

[ ] = [S ][ ]
x S11 y S12 S13 z = yz S14 zx S15 S16 xy S12 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 S13 S 23 S33 S 34 S 35 S36 S14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46 S15 S 25 S35 S 45 S55 S56 S16 x S 26 y S36 z S 46 yz S56 zx S 66 xy

The matrix S is referred to as the compliance matrix and the elements of S are the compliances.

21 elastic constants are required to describe the most general anisotropic material (fully anisotropic). This is in contrast to an isotropic material for which there are only two independent elastic
constants (typically the Young Modulus and the Poissons ratio).

E (1 ) E x = x + ( y + z ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) E (1 ) x + ( y + z ) x = (1 + )(1 2 )

Many materials of practical interest contain certain material symmetries with respect to their elastic properties (elastic symmetries). Other type of symmetries are possible optical, electrical and thermal properties.

Neumanns Principle
This is the most important concept in crystal physics. It states; ... the symmetry of any physical property of a crystal must include the symmetry elements of the point group of the crystal. This means that measurements made in symmetry-related directions will give the same property coefficients. Let us determine the structure of the elastic matrix for a material with a single plane of elastic symmetry. Crystals whose crystalline structure is monoclinic as examples of materials possessing a single plane of elastic symmetry. Example Iron aluminide, gypsum, talc, ice, selenium Materials with one plane of symmetry are referred to as Monoclinic materials.

Crystal Systems Crystallographers have shown that only seven different types of unit cells are necessary to create all point lattice Cubic a= b = c ; = = = 90 Tetragonal a= b c ; = = = 90 Rhombohedral a= b = c ; = = 90 Hexagonal a= b c ; = = 90, =120 Orthorhombic a b c ; = = = 90 Monoclinic a b c ; = = 90 Triclinic a b c ; 90

Monoclinic Materials
Let us assume that the z-plane is the plane of elastic symmetry. For such a material the elastic coefficients in the stress-strain law must remain unchanged when subjected to a transformation that represents a reflection in the symmetry plane. For monoclinic materials (due to one plane of elastic symmetry) the number of independent elastic constants is reduced from 21 to 13.

x C11 C12 y C12 C22 C13 C23 z = 0 yz 0 zx 0 0 C16 C26 xy

C13 C23 C33 0 0 C36

0 0 0 C44 C45 0

0 0 0 C45 C55 0

C16 x C26 y C36 z 0 yz 0 zx C66 xy

KEY TO NOTATION

TRICLINIC (21)

MONOCLINIC (13)

ORTHORHOMBIC (9)

CUBIC (3)

(7)

TETRAGONAL

(6)

HEXAGONAL (5)

ISOTROPIC (2)

(7)

TRIGONAL

(6)

Orthotropic Materials
Let us consider a material with a second plane of elastic symmetry. The y-plane and the z-plane are the planes of elastic symmetry and are perpendicular to each other. Again, for such a material the elastic coefficients in the stress-strain law must remain unchanged when subjected to a transformation that represents a reflection in the symmetry plane. For orthotropic materials (due to the two planes of elastic symmetry) the number of independent elastic constants is reduced from 21 to 9.

x C11 C12 y C12 C22 C13 C23 z = 0 yz 0 zx 0 0 0 0 xy

C13 C23 C33 0 0 0

0 0 0 C44 0 0

0 0 0 0 C55 0

x y z 0 yz 0 zx C66 xy
0 0 0

Materials possessing two perpendicular planes of elastic symmetry must also possess a third mutually perpendicular plane of elastic symmetry. Materials having three mutually perpendicular planes of elastic symmetry are referred to as orthotropic (orthogonally anisotropic) materials. Long Fiber Composite

Transversely Isotropic Materials

Materials that are isotropic in a plane. Transversely isotropic materials require five independent material constants.
x C11 C12 C13 0 C12 C11 C13 0 y C13 C13 C33 0 z = 0 0 0 C44 yz 0 0 0 zx 0 0 0 0 0 xy 0 0 0 0 C44 0 x y 0 z 0 yz 0 zx (C11 C12 ) xy 2 0 0

By convention, the 5 elastic constants in transverse isotropic constitutive equations are the Young's modulus and poisson ratio in the x-y symmetry plane, Ep and p, the Young's modulus and poisson ratio in the z-direction, Epz and pz, and the shear modulus in the z-direction Gzp. The compliance matrix takes the form,

where

The stiffness matrix for transverse isotropic materials, found from the inverse of the compliance matrix, is given by,

where,

Engineering Material Constants for Orthotropic Materials

The quantities appearing in the coefficient matrix can be written in terms of well understood engineering constants such as the Young Modulus and the Poissons ratio. x = E x x For the x, y and z coordinate axes we can write: Where the Young Modulus in the x-, y- and zdirections are not necessarily equal. Any extension in the x-axis is accompanied by a contraction in the y- and z- axis. However, this quantities are not necessarily equal in orthotropic materials. Where xy is the contraction in the y-direction due to the stress in the x-direction

y = E y y z = Ez z

y = xy x z = xz x

If all three stresses are applied simultaneously, then: yx zx 1 x = x y z

Ex Ey Ez

[ ] = [S ][ ]
x S11 y S12 z S13 = yz 0 zx 0 0 xy S12 S 22 S 23 0 0 0 S13 S 23 S33 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 S55 0 x y z 0 yz 0 zx S 66 xy 0 0 0

zy 1 y = x + y z Ex Ey Ez
1 y = x y + z Ex Ey Ez

xy xz

yz

1 S11 = Ex S12 =

Comparing with the compliance matrix for orthotropic materials: 1 1 S 22 = S33 = Ey Ez

yx
Ey

xy
Ex

S13 =

zx
Ez

xz
Ex

S 23 =

zy
Ez

yz
Ey

Where xy is the contraction in the y-direction due to the stress in the x-direction

Whereas with 1 xy = xy isotropic materials Gxy the relationship 1 between shear S 44 = G yz stress and shear strain is the same in 1 any coordinate Ex planes, for xy orthotropic x E x materials these relationships are not y xz E z x the same. = yz 0 zx xy 0
0

yz

1 yz = G yz

1 zx = zx Gzx 1 S 66 = Gxy
0 0 0 1 G yz 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Gzx 0 0 0 x y 0 z yz 0 zx xy 0 1 Gxy

1 S55 = Gzx

yx

Ey 1 Ey

zx zy
Ez

yz
Ey 0 0 0

Ez 1 Ez 0 0 0

 1 yz zy E E y z x xy + xz zy y E E x z z + xy yz = xz yz Ex E y zx 0 xy 0 0

yx + zx yz
E y Ez 1 zx xz Ex Ez yz + xz yx Ex E y 0 0 0

zx + yx zy
E y Ez zy + zx xy Ex Ez 1 xy yx Ex E y 0 0 0

0 0 0 G yz 0 0

0 0 0 0 Gzx 0

0 x 0 y z 0 yz zx 0 xy 0 Gxy

1 xy yx yz zy zx xz 2 xy yz zx Ex E y Ez

In 2-D
1 E x x xy y = E x xy 0

yx

Ey 1 Ey 0

0 x 0 y xy 1 Gxy

x C11 C12 y = C12 C22 0 0 xy

0 x 0 y C33 xy

Ex 1 xy yx x xy E y y = 1 xy yx xy 0

yx E x 1 xy yx
Ey 1 xy yx 0

0 x 0 y xy Gxy

Example: At a point on a free surface of aluminum (E = 10,000 ksi and G =4,000 ksi) the strains recorded by the three strain gages shown in the figure below are as given. Determine the stresses xx, yy, and xy.

Solution:

xx = a = 600 b = xx Cos (60) + yy Sin (60) + xy Sin(60) Cos (60)

2 2

1 3 3 b = 500 = 600 ( ) + yy ( ) + xy ( ) 4 4 4 2 2 c = xx Cos (135) + yy Sin (135) + xy Sin(135) Cos (135) 1 1 1 c = 400 = 600 ( ) + yy ( ) xy ( ) 2 2 2

 xx = 600 yy = 1061.9 xy = 338.1

E 10,000 1 = 1 = 0.25 = 2G 2 4,000

E x 1 2 E y = 2 1 xy 0

E 1 2
E 1 2 0

0 x 0 y G xy

2,500 10,000 0 600 x 1 0.252 1 0.252 10,000 2,500 6 0 1 , 061 . 9 10 = y 2 2 1 0.25 1 0.25 338 . 1 0 0 4,000 xy x 10,666.7 2,666.7 0 600 6 1 , 161 . 9 10 2 , 666 . 7 10 , 666 . 7 0 = y 338.1 0 0 4 , 000 xy

3,568.25 9,726.0 psi 1,352.4

Example An orthotropic material has the following properties Ex=7,500ksi, Ey= 2,500ksi, Gxy = 1,250ksi and xy= 0.25. Determine the principal stresses and strains at a point on a free surface where the following strains were measured: x=-400 ; y=600 ; xy=-500 . Consider plane stress conditions Solution:

Ex 1 xy yx x xy E y y = 1 xy yx xy 0

yx E x 1 xy yx
Ey 1 xy yx 0

0 x 0 y xy Gxy

S12 =

yx
Ey

xy
Ex

 yx
Ey

xy
Ex

yx

0.25 2500 = Ey = = 0.083 Ex 7500

xy

x 7660 638.3 0 400 x10 6 600 x10 6 638 . 3 2553 . 2 0 = y 500 x10 6 0 0 1250 xy

x 2681 psi y = 1276.6 psi 625 psi xy

1 = 1372.9 psi 2 = 2777.4 psi Max = 2075.1 psi

1 = 659 2 = 459 Max = 1118

1 E x x xy y = E x xy 0

yx

Ey 1 Ey 0

0 x 0 y xy 1 Gxy

 XY 500 = tan 2 = = 0 .5 X Y 400 600 2 xy 2 ( 625 ) tan 2 = = = 0.316 ( x y ) 2681 1276 .6

Different angles to obtain the principal stresses and the principal strains.