PHYSICS CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 Learning Outcome:

1.1 Physical Quantities and Units (1 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: State basic quantities and their respective SI units: length (m), time (s), mass (kg), electrical current (A), temperature (K), amount of substance (mol) and luminosity (cd (cd). ). ( Emphasis on units in calculation)
2

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND CHAPTER 1: Physical quantities and MEASUREMENTS

measurements (3 Hours)

State derived quantities and their respective units and symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration (m s-2), work (J), force (N), pressure (Pa), energy (J), power (W) and frequency (Hz). State and convert units with common SI prefixes.

UNIT FIZIK KOLEJ MATRIKULASI MELAKA

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 1.1 Physical Quantities and Units

Physical quantity is defined as a quantity which can be measured. It can be categorized into 2 types Basic (base) quantity Derived quantity Basic quantity is defined as a quantity which cannot be derived from any physical quantities. Table 1.1 shows all the basic (base) quantities. Quantity Length Mass Time Temperature Electric current Amount of substance Table 1.1 Symbol SI Unit metre kilogram second kelvin ampere mole Symbol

PHYSICS

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Derived quantity is defined as a quantity which can be expressed in term of base quantity. Table 1.2 shows some examples of derived quantity. Derived quantity
Velocity Volume Acceleration Density Momentum Force Work

Symbol
v V a

Formulae
s/t lwt v/t m/V mv ma Fs F/A 1/T W/t

Unit
m s-1 m3 m s-2 kg m-3 kg m s-1 kg m s-2 @ N kg m2 s-2 @ J N m-2 @ Pa s-1 @ Hz kg m2 s-3 @ Js-1 @W
4

p F W P f P

l m t T/ I N

m kg s K A mol
3

Table 1.2

Pressure Frequency Power

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1.1.1 Unit Prefixes

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It is used for presenting larger and smaller values. Table 1.3 shows all the unit prefixes. Prefix tera giga mega kilo deci centi milli micro Table 1.3 nano pico Multiple 1012 109 Symbol T G M k d c m n p

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Example 1.1 :

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Solve the following problems of unit conversion. a. 15 mm2 = ? m2 b. 65 km h1 = ? m s1 c. 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3 Solution : a. 15 mm2 = ? m2

106 103 101 102 103 106 109 1012

(1 mm)2 = (103 m )2
1 mm 2 = 10 6 m 2
b. 65 km h-1 = ? m s-1 1st method :

Examples: 5740000 m = 5740 km = 5.74 Mm 0.00000233 s = 2.33 106 s = 2.33 s

65 103 m 65 km h 1 = 1h 3 65 10 m 65 km h 1 = 3600 s 65 km h 1 = 18 m s 1

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2nd method :

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65 km 65 km h 1 = 1h 65 km 1000 m 1 h 65 km h 1 = 1 h 1 km 3600 s
65 km h 1 = 18 m s 1

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Follow Up Exercise

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1. A hall bulletin board has an area of 250 cm2. What is this area in square meters ( m2 ) ? 2. The density of metal mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. What is this density as expressed in kg/m3

c. 450 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3

3.
3

450 g cm
450 g cm

10 3 kg 1 cm 3 450 g = 3 3 2 3 1 g 1 cm m 10

A sheet of paper has length 27.95 cm, width 8.5 cm and thickness of 0.10 mm. What is the volume of a sheet of paper in m3 ? Convert the following into its SI unit: (a) 80 km h1 = ? m s1 (b) 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3 (c) 15 dm3 = ? m3 (d) 450 K = ? C
8

= 4.5 10 kg m

4.

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 Learning Outcome:

1.2 Scalars and Vectors (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: a) Define scalar and vector quantities, b) Perform vector addition and subtraction operations graphically.
(Emphasise the meaning of positive and negative vectors)

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 1.2 Scalars and Vectors

Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only. e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure, electric current, work, energy and etc. Mathematics operational : ordinary algebra Vector quantity is defined as a quantity with both magnitude & direction. e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, electric field, magnetic field and etc. Mathematics operational : vector algebra

c) d) e) f)

Resolve vector into two perpendicular components (x and y axes)

( Emphasise on resolving vector)

Illustrate unit vectors ( i , j , k) in cartesian coordinate. State the physical meaning of dot (scalar) product State the physical meaning of cross ( vector) product:

A B = A (B cos ) = B ( A cos
A B = A (B sin

Direction of cross product is determine by corkscrew method or right hand rule.

)=

(A

sin

)
9 10

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1.2.1 Vectors
Vector A

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Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the same. (shown in figure 1.1)

Length of an arrow magnitude of vector A Direction of arrow direction of vector A

Q
Figure 1.1

Table 1.4 shows written form (notation) of vectors. displacement velocity acceleration

P=Q

If vector A is multiplied by a scalar quantity k Then, vectorkA Ais

s
s
Table 1.4

v v
v (bold)

a a
a (bold)

kA
A

s (bold)

Notation of magnitude of vectors.

v =v
a =a
11

A
if k = +ve, the vector is in the same direction as vector A. if k = -ve, the vector is in the opposite direction of vector 12 A.

PHYSICS
1.2.2 Direction of Vectors

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Can be represented by using: a) Direction of compass, i.e east, west, north, south, north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west b) Angle with a reference line e.g. A boy throws a stone at a velocity of 20 m s-1, 50 above horizontal.

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c) Cartesian coordinates 2-Dimension (2-D)

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s = ( x, y ) = (1 m, 5 m) y/m
5

v
50

x/m

13

14

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3-Dimension (3-D)

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s = ( x , y , z ) = ( 4, 3, 2) m

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Unit vectors

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A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1 with no units.

s = 4 i +3j + 2k y/m
3

Are use to specify a given direction in space.

i , j & k is used to represent unit vectors pointing in the positive x, y & z directions.

s
2 0

x/m

| = | |i j | = |k | = 1

z/m

15

16

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d) Polar coordinates

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F = 30 N,150
F

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1.2.3 Addition of Vectors

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There are two methods involved in addition of vectors graphically i.e. Parallelogram Triangle For example : A + B

)
150

A
e) Denotes with + or signs. signs

+
Parallelogram Triangle

+
O

B A

A+ B
O

A+ B
B

17

18

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If there are more than 2 vectors therefore Use vector polygon and associative rule.P E.g. +Q+

Triangle of vectors method: a) Use a suitable scale to draw vector A. b) From the head of vector A draw a line to represent the vector B. c) Complete the triangle. Draw a line from the tail of vector A to the head of vector B to represent the vector A + B.

A+ B = B + A
A

Commutative Rule

(P + Q ) + R
P

B
B+ A
O

(P + Q )
Q

19

(P + Q ) + R = P + (Q + R )

Associative Rule
20

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Distributive Rule : a. b.

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A + B = A + B

A + B = 2 A + 2 B

( + )A = A + A
For example : Proof of case a: let

, are real number

2 A + 2B
2B
O

=2

A+ B = 2 A+ B
A+ B
B
O

) (

)
2A

2 A+ B

)
21

2 A + B = 2 A + 2B

22

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Proof of case b: let

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= 2 and = 1

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For example :

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CD
D

1.2.4 Subtraction of Vectors

( + )A = (2 + 1)A = 3 A
A

3A

CD=C+ D
Parallelogram

( )

D
Triangle

A + A = 2 A + 1 A
2A

+
3A

C
O

C CD

CD

(2 + 1)A = 2 A + 1A
23 24

PHYSICS

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1.2.5 Resolving a Vector
1st method :

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2nd method :

Vectors subtraction can be used to determine the velocity of one object relative to another object i.e. to determine the relative velocity. to determine the change in velocity of a moving object.

Exercise 1 :
1. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and 45 above the positive x axis. Vector B also has a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along the negative x axis. Using graphical methods and suitable scale to determine a) A + B b) A B c) A + 2 B (Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units) d)

Ry
0

Ry
Rx
0

R
Rx

2A B

Rx = cos Rx = R cos R Ry = sin R y = R sin R

25

Rx = sin Rx = R sin R Ry = cos R y = R cos R

26

PHYSICS
The magnitude of vector

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R:

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Example 1.2 :

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R or R =
Direction of vector

(R x )

+ Ry

( )

A car moves at a velocity of 50 m s-1 in a direction north 30 east. Calculate the component of the velocity a) due north. b) due east. Solution :

R:

a)

v N = v sin 60 v N = 50 sin 60
v N = 43.3 m s 1

or

v N = v cos 30 v N = 50 cos 30

tan =

Ry Rx

or

Ry = tan R x

vN
W

30

v
E

60

Vector R in terms of unit vectors written as

vE
S
27

b) v E

= v cos 60 v E = 50 cos 60
vE = 25 m s 1

or

v E = v sin 30 v E = 50 sin 30

+ Ry R = Rx i j

28

PHYSICS
Example 1.3 :

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F
150

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Example 1.4 : y

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S A particle S experienced a force of 100 N as shown in figure above. Determine the x-component and the y-component of the force. Solution : Vector x-component y-component y

F1 (10 N)
30o O 30o

F
30

Fy
150 S

Fx = F cos 30 Fy = F sin 30 Fx = 100 cos 30 Fy = 100 sin 30 Fy = 50 N Fx = 86.6 N

or

F2 (30 N)

F3 (40 N)
The figure above shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 acted on a particle O. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on particle O.
30

Fx

Fx = F cos150 Fy = F sin 150 Fx = 100 cos150 Fy = 100 sin 150

Fx = 86.6 N
Fy = 50 N
29

or

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Solution :

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y

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Solution : Vector x-component

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y-component

F2 y

F2
30o

F1
x

F3 x

F2 x

F1 F2

F1x = 0 N

60o O

F1 y = F1 F1 y = 10 N F2 y = 30 sin 60 F2 y = 26 N F3 y = 40 sin 30 F3 y = 20 N

30o

F2 x = 30 cos 60 F2 x = 15 N F3 x = 40 cos 30 F3 x = 34.6 N

F3
Fr =
Fr

F3 y
= F1 + F 2 + F 3
+

F3
Vector sum

F = F

Fy
31

= 0 + ( 15) + ( 34.6 )

= 49.6 N

F F

= 10 + 26 + ( 20.0 )

= 16 N

F x = F1 x + F 2 x + F 3 x F y = F1 y + F 2 y + F 3 y

32

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2

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Solution : The magnitude of the resultant force is

Fr =
Fr =

( F ) + ( F )
x y

Exercise 2 : 1. Vector A has components Ax = 1.30 cm, Ay = 2.25 cm; vector B

has components Bx = 4.10 cm, By = -3.75 cm. Determine a) the components of the vector sum A + B , b) the magnitude and direction of A + B , c) the components of the vector B A , d) the magnitude and direction of B A . (Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.42) ANS. : 5.40 cm, -1.50 cm; 5.60 cm, 345; 2.80 cm, -6.00 cm; 6.62 cm, 295 2. For the vectors A and B in Figure 1.2, use the method of vector resolution to determine the magnitude and direction of y a) the vector sum A + B , b) the vector sum B + A , B 18.0 m s -1 c) the vector difference A B , d) the vector difference B A.

( 49.6)2 + (16)2
y
Fr
18

Fr = 52.1 N
and

= tan

F F

F F
O

162
x
x

16 = tan = 18 49.6
1

(Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.39)

x-axis OR 18 above negative xx-axis. Its direction is 162 from positive x33

A 12.0 m s -1

ANS. : 11.1 m 77.6; U think; 28.5 m s-1, 202; 28.5 m s-1, 22.2

s-1,

37.0

0
Figure 1.2

x
34

PHYSICS
Exercise 2 :
3. Vector

CHAPTER 1
A points in the negative x direction. Vector B points at an angle of 30 above the positive x axis. Vector C has a magnitude of 15 m and points in a direction 40 below the positive x axis. Given that A + B + C = 0 , determine the magnitudes of A and B .

PHYSICS
1.2.6 Unit Vectors
notations

CHAPTER 1
, c , b a
of vector A.

E.g. unit vector a a vector with a magnitude of 1 unit in the direction

(Walker,pg.78,no. 65)

ANS. : 28 m; 19 m 4. Given three vectors P, Q and R as shown in Figure 1.3.

= a
y
Q 24 m s

A A

=1

)
50

P 35 m s 2

Unit vectors are dimensionless.

] = 1 [a
Unit vector for 3 dimension axes :

R 10 m s 2

0 Figure 1.3 Calculate the resultant vector of P, Q and R.

ANS. : 49.4 m s2; 70.1 above + xx-axis

@ i (bold ) x - axis i y - axis j @ j (bold ) @ k (bold ) z - axis k

35

=1 = i j =k
36

PHYSICS
y

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS
E.g. :

CHAPTER 1
m +3 s = 4i j + 2k

s=

j k
z
Vector can be written in term of unit vectors as :

(4)2 + (3)2 + (2)2

y/m
3 j

= 5.39 m

s
2k
z/m 0

+ ry r = rx i j + rz k
Magnitude of vector,

4i

x/m

r=

(rx )2 + (ry )2 + (rz )2

37

38

PHYSICS
Example 1.5 :
Two vectors are given as:

CHAPTER 1
m 2 a= i j + 6k m 3 b = 4i j+k

PHYSICS
b)

CHAPTER 1

( (

(b a ) = b (b a ) = b
x

a x = 4 1 = 3i

j a y = 3 ( 2 ) =

Calculate a) the vector a + b and its magnitude, b) the vector b a and its magnitude, c) the vector 2a + b and its magnitude. Solution : a) a + b = a + b = 1 + 4 = 5i

(b a )

= bz a z = 1 6 = 5k m b a = 3i j 5k
z

The magnitude, c)

ba=

(3)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 5)2

= 5.92 m

( ) (a + b ) = a
x

j + b y = 2 3 = 5

(2a + b ) (2a + b )

= 2a x + bx = 2(1) + 4 = 6i

j = 2a y + b y = 2( 2 ) + ( 3) = 7

(a + b )

= a z + bz = 6 + 1 = 7k m 5 a + b = 5i j + 7k
z

(2a + b )
= 9.95 m
39

= 2a z + bz = 2(6) + 1 = 13k m 7 2 a + b = 6i j + 13k

z

The magnitude, a + b

(5)2 + ( 5)2 + (7 )2

The magnitude, 2a + b

(6)2 + ( 7 )2 + (13)2

= 15.9 m
40

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A B = A(B cos )

1.2.7 Multiplication of Vectors

Scalar (dot) product The physical meaning of the scalar product can be explained by considering two vectors A and B as shown in Figure 1.4a.

From the Figure 1.4b, the scalar product can be defined as

A
Figure 1.4a

meanwhile from the Figure 1.4c,

B A = B( A cos )

where : angle between two vectors The scalar product is a scalar quantity.

Figure 1.4b shows the projection of vector vector A. A B = A component of

B onto the direction of

B parallel to A

The angle ranges from 0 to 180 . When 0 < < 90 scalar product is positive

A
B cos
Figure 1.4b

A
Figure 1.4c

9 0 < < 180 = 90

scalar product is negative scalar product is zero

The scalar product obeys the commutative law of multiplication i.e.

Figure 1.4c shows the projection of vector A onto the direction of vector B . A B = B component of A parallel to B 41

A cos B

A B = B A
42

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Example of scalar product is work done by a constant force where the expression is given by

PHYSICS
following problems. a) A = i j+k Solution : a) A B =

CHAPTER 1
between vectors

W = F s = F (s cos ) = s(F cos )

Example 1.6 : Calculate the A B and the angle

b)

A and B for the

ANS.:3; 99. 99.4

The scalar product of the unit vectors are shown below :

j k
z
i j = (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0

i = i 2 cos 0 o = (1)2 (1) = 1 i 2 j j = j 2 cos 0 o = (1) (1) = 1 k = k 2 cos 0 o = (1)2 (1) = 1 k

2 B = 4i j 3k

B =2 j + 3k

3 A = 4i j+k

k (1)(4)i i + ( 1)( 2) j j + (1)( 3)k

A B = 4 + 2 3 A B = 3
The magnitude of the vectors: A = The angle ,

k =1 i = i j j=k

B=

(1)2 + ( 1)2 + (1)2 = (4)2 + ( 2)2 + ( 3)2

3
= 29

= (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0 jk = (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0 k i

= i k =0 i j= jk
43

A B = AB cos A B 3 1 = cos 1 AB = cos 3 29 = 71.2

44

PHYSICS
Example 1.7 : y
C (1 m )
25 0

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS
+ Cy C = C xi j

CHAPTER 1

b) Vectors C and D in unit vector are

19 x

+ 1sin 25 = 1cos 25 i j
+ 0.42 C = 0.91i j m
and

D(2 m )

) (
)

Figure 1.5 Referring to the vectors in Figure 1.5, a) determine the scalar product between them. b) express the resultant vector of C and D in unit vector. Solution : a) The angle between vectors C and D is

+ 2 sin 19 D = 2 cos19 i j
0.65 D = 1.89i j m

) (

Hence

+ (0.42 0.65) C + D = ( 0.91 + 1.89 )i j

0.23 = 0.98i j m

= (180 25) + 19 = 174

Therefore

C D = CD cos = (1)(2 )cos174 C D = 1.99 m 2

45

46

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Vector (cross) product Consider two vectors :

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+ y A = xi j + zk + q B = pi j + rk

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For example: How to use right hand rule : Point the 4 fingers to the direction of the 1st vector. Swept the 4 fingers from the 1st vector towards the 2nd vector. The thumb shows the direction of the vector product.

In general, the vector product is defined as

A B = C
and its magnitude is given by

A B = C

A B = C = A B sin = AB sin

B B A
A B B A
but

: angle between two vectors The angle ranges from 0 to 180 so the vector product always
where positive value. Vector product is a vector quantity. The direction of vector C is determined by

B A = C

A B = B A

)
48

RIGHTRIGHT -HAND RULE

47

Direction of the vector product (C ) always perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors A and B.

PHYSICS
y

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The vector product of the unit vectors are shown below :

PHYSICS
b)

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i 2 +0 A B = 3i jk j 5k k i + ( 2)(0) A B = ( 3)(1)i j j + ( 1)( 5)k

)(

j k
z x

=k i j = j i = k jk j =i

i = = i k k j

A B = 3 + 0 + 5 A B = 2
c) The magnitude of vectors,

i = i 2 sin 0 o = 0 i
j j = j 2 sin 0 o = 0 k = k 2 sin 0 o = 0 k

A=
k =0 i i = j j=k

B=

( 3)2 + ( 2)2 + ( 1)2 = 14 (1)2 + (0)2 + ( 5)2 = 26

Using the scalar (dot) product formula,

Example of vector product is a magnetic force on the straight conductor carrying current places in magnetic field where the expression is given by

F = I l B F = IlB sin

A B = AB cos A B 2 1 = cos 1 AB = cos 14 26 = 84

50

49

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Exercise 3 : +5 1. If vector a = 3i j a) a b , ; 26; 46 ANS. : 2k

CHAPTER 1
and vector b) a b ,

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

+4 b = 2i j , determine c) a + b b .

THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 2 : Kinematics of Linear Motion

2. Three vectors are given as follow :

; b = i and c = 2i +3 4 +2 a = 3i j 2k j + 2k j+k
Calculate a) a b c , b) a ANS. : 21; 9; 5i 11 j 9k

(b + c )

, c)

a b +c

and vector +2 3. If vector P = 3i jk determine a) the direction of P Q b) the angle between P and Q . ANS. : U think, 92.8

, +4 Q = 2i j + 3k

51

52