7

'Oria sunartsewn

Sthn pargrafo aut ja orsoume aus thr t shmanei {to rio thc to

f (x) kajc X
thc

x tenei (plhsizei) s to xo }.
diaforetik ap to

Gia na qei nnoia to rio, prpei na mporome

na plhsisoume

osodpote kont sto

xo ,

me shmea tou pedou orismo

f,

xo .

Prpei loipn prta na dieukrinsoume t shmanei

{to

xo

enai shmeo sussreushc tou

X }.

7.1

Shmea sussreushc sunlwn

Orismc 7.1 sussreushc

(toul qiston) shmeo tou

xX

me

X R X kje X ektc 0 < |x xo | <

'Estw tou kai an .

stw

perio q tou

xo R xo (xo , xo + )
. To

lgetai

shmeo
uprqei

tou

xo

, dhlad an gia kje

xo >0

periqei na

Dhlad to

xo

enai shmeo sussreushc tou

an mpore na proseggisje

osodpote kont ap shmea tou na mhn ankei s to

X \ {xo }.

To dio to

xo

mpore na ankei

X.
kai na shmeo tou , tte to

Orismc 7.2 XR xo X monwmno shmeo tou X >0 (xo , xo + ) X = {xo }

An an den enai shmeo an uprqei ste .

xo

lgetai tou

medhl.

sussreushc

Pardeigma 7.1 X = [a, b] X = (a, b] X a X X = {1, 2, 3, . . .} X 1 1 X = {1, 2 , 3 , . . .} 0 X 1 X = {(1)n + n : n = 1, 2, . . .} 1, 1

An , kje reushc. An , kje shmeo tou epshc to To enai shmeo sussreushc den tou snolo qei mnwc la ta shmea tou An tte la ta shmea . enai to An mno shmeo sussreushc tou memonwmna, kai ta enai ta

shmeo

tou

enai

shmeo

susskai

enai .

shmeo

sussreushc,

kanna

shmeo

sussreushc.

Epo-

enai memonwmna. tou

enai

memonwmna,

kai

to

tte

la

ta

shmea

tou

enai

mna shmea

sussreushc tou

An to

xo

enai shmeo sussreushc tou

mnon na, all peira shmea tou shmewn tou

X \ {x o }

pou

X , kje perioq X \ {xo }. Mlis ta, sugklnei s to xo :

kai stw

tou

xo

periqei qi

uprqei akolouja

Prtash 7.2 (i) xo

To

'Estw

XR

enai shmeo

sussreushc

xo R X
tou

. .

Ta aklouja enai isodnama:

(ii) (iii) n=m

Kje perio q

Uprqei mia akolouja

(xo , xo + ) (xn )

tou

me

xo xn X

periqei peira gia kje

shmea tou kai

xn = xm

tan

, ste

xn xo

Apdeixh (i) (ii) Kje perioq tou xo periqei shmea tou X diaforetik ap to xo . An gia kpoio > 0 uprqe mno peperasmno pljoc shmewn tou X s thn perioq (xo , xo + ), na (toulqis ton) ap aut ja tan plhsis tero s to xo . An 1 > 0 tan h aps tash tou shmeou auto ap to xo , tte s thn perioq (xo 1 , xo + 1 ) den ja uprqe kanna shmeo tou X \ {xo }, opte to xo den ja tan shmeo sussreushc tou X . (ii) (iii) Kataskeuzoume thn akolouja (xn ) ap s toiqea 1 1 tou X s te xn (xo , xo + ) gia kje n (opte sgoura ja qoume xn n n xo ) kai frontzontac s te kje xn na enai diaforetik ap ta prohgomena: Afo s thn perioq (xo 1, xo + 1) uprqoun peira s toiqea tou X , ja uprqei na, s tw x1 , diaforetik ap'to xo . 1 1 Afo s thn perioq (xo , xo + ) uprqoun peira s toiqea tou X , ja 2 2 uprqei na, s tw x2 , diaforetik ap'to xo kai ap to x1 . An qoume kataskeusei x1 , x2 , . . . , xn1 X diaforetik metax touc 1 1 (kai ap to xo ) s te xk (xo , xo + ) gia k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1, afo s thn k k 1 1 perioq (xo , xo + n ) uprqoun peira s toiqea tou X , ja uprqei na, n s tw xn , diaforetik ap' la ta prohgomena. 'Etsi oloklhrjhke h epagwgik kataskeu thc akoloujac (xn ).
epa gw gik

(iii) (i)

An uprqei akolouja

X pou sugklnei s to xo , tte gia |xn xo | < gia kje n no , kai

snolo

(xn ) diaforetikn an do shmewn kje > 0 ja uprqei no N s te 2 f :X R

mia

tou

afo oi roi thc akoloujac enai diafore-

tiko, kpoioc ap autoc ja enai diaforetikc ap'to

xo ,

opte ja ankei s to

(xo , xo + ) X \ {xo }.
'Estw

Prtash 7.3

X R

kai h

sunrthsh.

An

xo X

enai memonwmno shmeo, tte

enai suneqc sto

xo

Apdeixh 'Es tw > 0. Ja br > 0 s te gia kje x X me |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < . Ma afo to xo enai memonwmno shmeo tou X , uprqei > 0 s te to mno x X pou ikanopoie |x xo | < na enai to dio to xo . Epomnwc an x X kai |x xo | < tte x = xo opte |f (x) f (xo )| = 0 < . 2

Prtash 7.4 X R xo X X \{xo } f (xo ) = g (xo )

'Estw An enai shmeo , tte .

kai

sussreushc

f, g : X R suneqec X f (x) = g (x)

do tou kai

sunartseic. gia kje

Apdeixh 'Es tw (xn ) akolouja s toiqewn tou X \ {xo } pou sugklnei s to xo (afo to xo enai shmeo sussreushc tou X , uprqei ttoia akolouja). Afo oi f kai g enai suneqec, qoume f (xn ) f (xo ) kai g (xn ) g (xo ). All xn X \ {xo }, ra f (xn ) = g (xn ) gia kje n, kai sunepc

f (xo ) = lim f (xn ) = lim g (xn ) = g (xo ). 2

n n
7.2 'Oria sunartsewn

Orismc 7.3
orismo

'Estw

shmeo sussreushc tou

X R X xo
, (to

stw

f :X R

mia

sunrthsh

kai

xo R

mpore na ankei na mhn ankei sto pedo

me

(i)

Lme ti

ton arijm

Gia kje an

Grfoume tte

f to rio thc f kajc to x xo uprqei kai isotai yo R >0 >0 xX 0 < |x xo | < |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo
thc ). an: uprqei ste kai tte .

xxo

(ii)
an

Lme ti h Gia kje

xX

kai

(iii)
an

Lme ti h

Gia kje

xX

kai

f tenei sto + kajc to x xo M >0 >0 0 < |x xo | < f (x) > M f tenei sto kajc to x xo M <0 >0 0 < |x xo | < f (x) < M
uprqei ste tte . uprqei ste tte .

an:

an:

Shmeinoume ti h parxh tou orou qei sqsh me thn sumperifor thc

kont
to

s to

xo .

Epomnwc, propjesh gia thn parxh tou orou enai to

f xo

na enai shmeo sussreushc tou pedou orismo

thc sunrthshc. Sto dio

xo

mpore na mhn orzetai kajlou. All kai an orzetai, h tim

f (xo )

den endiafrei son afor s thn parxh tou orou.

Paradegmata 7.5 (i) limx3 x2 = 9

(ii)

An

f : R R

me

f (x) =

x2 0

an an

x=3 x=3

to

rio

limx3 f (x)

uprqei kai isotai me 9.

(iii) (iv ) (v ) (vi)

To rio An

To rio

1 limx0 x f : (0, +) R 1 limx0 sin x

den uprqei. me

f (x) =

1 , x

tte

limx0 f (x) = + x x=
rrhtoc

den uprqei.

An

f : [0, 1] R xo [0, 1]

me

f (x) =

0
1 n

an an

m n

me

(m, n) = 1

tte gia

kje

to rio

limxxo f (x)

uprqei kai isotai me 0.

Apdeixh Ta (i), (ii) kai (iv ) apotelon aplc efarmogc tou orismo. Ta (iii) kai (v ) apodeiknontai eukoltera me qrsh thc arqc thc metaforc
(bl. paraktw).

Apdeixh tou (vi) 'Es tw > 0. Ja dexw ti, gia kje x [0, 1] {arket kont} s to xo , all me x = xo , isqei ti |f (x) 0| < . Ac dialxoume nan 1 . An gia kpoio x [0, 1] den isqei h sqsh fusik arijm k s te k 1 |f (x) 0| < , tte isqei f (x) k , ra (ap ton orism thc f ) o x ja enai m me paronomas t mikrtero so me k . Dhlad oi rhtc, angwgo klsma n timc tou x pou prpei na apoklesoume enai

1 k1 1 1 2 1 3 . 1, , , , , , . . . , , . . . , 2 3 3 4 4 k k
To pljoc autn twn arijmn enai peperasmno, epomnwc uprqei mia perio-

(xo , xo + ) pou den periqei kannan apautoc, ektc (endeqomnwc) ap to xo . 'Ara gia kje x [0, 1] me 0 < |x xo | < ja qoume anagkas tik 1 |f (x)| < k , ra |f (x) 0| < . 2
q

xxo

Prtash 7.6 (Arq thc metaforc) xo R lim f (x) yo

mia sunrthsh, na shmeo me uprqei kai isotai an kai me

'Estw

sussreushc mnon

tou an

XR f :XR X yo R gia kje akolouja

, stw kai . Tte to , h akolouja

(xn )

xn X \{xo }
sugklnei, kai

gia

kje

ttoia

ste

lim xn = xo

(f (xn ))

mlista

sto

yo

Apdeixh

Upojtoume prta ti to

xxo

lim f (x)

uprqei kai isotai me

yo .

> 0 ja uprqei > 0 s te an x X kai 0 < |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) yo | < . 'Es tw (xn ) mia (tuqaa) akolouja me xn X \{xo } gia kje n, pou sugklnei s to xo . Ja uprqei tte no N s te |xn xo | < gia kje n no . Mlis ta efson xn = xo ja qoume 0 < |xn xo | < . Epomnwc ap thn
Tte gia kje 4

prohgomenh pargrafo qoume

|f (xn ) yo | < gia kje n no . Afo to enai aujareto, dexame ti h akolouja (f (xn )) sugklnei s to yo . 'Es tw ants trofa ti, gia kje akolouja (xn ) me xn X \{xo } pou sugklnei s to xo , h akolouja (f (xn )) sugklnei s to yo . Ja dexoume tte ti to lim f (x) uprqei kai isotai me yo .
xxo
Prgmati an aut den isqei tte ja uprqei kpoioc jetikc arijmc s te
gia kanna

0 < |x xo | < tte |f (x) yo | < }. 1 Tte thc morfc = n 1 all |f (xn ) yo | . ja uprqei xn X me 0 < |xn xo | < n Sqhmatzoume thn akolouja (xn ): 'Eqoume xn X kai xn = xo (efson 1 gia kje n). 0 < |xn xo |) gia kje n kai xn xo (efson |xn xo | < n All |f (xn ) yo | gia kje n, epomnwc h akolouja (f (xn )) den sugklnei s to yo . 2
{an kai
gia kje

>0 xX
na

mhn isqei

h sunepagwg

Paratrhsh
sunjkh thc

Den

arke

gia

thn

parxh

tou

orou

xxo

lim f (x)
na

na

isqei

prtashc

gia kpoia akolouja

(xn ).

Prpei

isqei

gia

lec

tic akoloujec pou ikanopoion Gia pardeigma an

xn X \{xo }

gia kje

kai

lim xn = xo .
an

enai h sunrthsh

Dirichlet (f (q ) = 1
all to rio

rhtc,

f (t) = 0

an

rrhtoc) tte

1 lim f ( ) = 1, n n lim sin

x0

lim f (x)

den uprqei

(giat?). To dio sumbanei kai s thn epmenh efarmog.

1 x0 x 1 1 Apdeixh Jewrome tic akoloujec xn = n kai yn = (n = 1, 2, . . .). 2n 2 Parathrome ti xn = 0 = yn gia kje n kai ti limn xn = 0 = limn yn . 1 1 'Omwc an f (x) = kai g (x) = sin (x = 0), tte ta ria limn f (xn ) kai x x limn f (yn ) enai diaforetik metax touc (enai + kai ants toiqa). Epshc ta ria limn g (xn ) kai limn g (yn ) enai diaforetik metax touc (enai 0 kai 1 ants toiqa).
Efarmog
Ta ria

1 x0 x lim

kai

den uprq oun.

Prtash 7.7 xo X
na kai mnon an to

'Estw

X R

stw tou

shmeo

sussreushc

xxo

lim f (x)

uprqei kai isotai me

f : X R X f f (xo )
. Tte h

mia

sunrthsh suneqc

kai sto

stw

enai .

xo

an

Apdeixh An h f enai suneqc s to xo tte gia kje > 0 ja uprqei > 0 s te an x X kai |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < . Epomnwc, an

xX

kai

0 < |x xo | < f (xo ).

xxo

tte

|f (x) f (xo )| < ,

ra to

xxo

lim f (x)

uprqei

kai isotai me

An ants trofa to

lim f (x)

uprqei kai isotai me

f (xo ),

tte gia kje

> 0 ja uprqei > 0 s te an x X kai 0 < |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < . Epomnwc an x X kai |x xo | < ja isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < (giat an |x xo | = 0 tte x = xo ra |f (x) f (xo )| = 0 < ). 'Ara h f ja enai suneqc s to xo . 2
Shmewsh Tonzoume kai pli ti h Prtash qei efarmog mnon tan to xo enai shmeo sussreushc tou pedou orismo thc sunrthshc. Se kje memonwmno shmeo so tou pedou orismo thc h sunrthsh enai suneqc (Prtash 7.3), all to rio lim f (x) .
xso
den qei nnoia

Paratrhsh 7.8 An efarmsoume thn Prtash 7.7 s to Pardeigma 7.5 (vi) prokptei ti se kje rrhto xo [0, 1] h sunrthsh f enai suneqc (afo to lim f (x) uprqei kai isotai me 0 = f (xo )) en enai asuneqc se
kje rht

xxo m n

(0, 1]

(afo to

xm/n

lim f (x)

uprqei men, all den isotai me

f(m )). n
H epmenh Paratrhsh bebainei ti to rio h

mpore na orisje s to

xo

tsi s te na enai

xxo suneqc s to

lim f (x)

uprqei an kai mnon an

aut mpore na qrhsimesei wc isodnamoc orismc tou orou

xxo

xo . H Paratrhsh lim f (x).

sunrthsh kai kai stw me

Paratrhsh 7.9

'Estw

X R
an

stw

xo R
nan

na

shmeo

sussreushc

tou

Tte

f : X R lim f (x)
to

mia

xxo

uprqei

isotai

arijm

yo R

an

kai

mnon

sunrthsh

: X {xo } R f
enai suneqc sto

me

(x) = f

f (x), yo ,

an an

x X \{xo } x = xo

xo

Apdeixh
tash 7.7, h isotai me mnon an

Orzoume th sunrthsh

pwc f

s thn ekfnhsh. Smfwna me thn Pr-

enai f

suneqc s to

xo

an kai mnon an to rio

xxo

(x) lim f

uprqei kai kai kai

(xo ) = yo . Efson mwc, an x X \{xo }, qoume |f (x) yo | < an f (x) uprqei |f (x) yo | < , ap ton Orism 7.3 blpoume ti to lim f
xxo

isotai me

yo

an kai mnon an to

xxo

lim f (x)

uprqei kai isotai me

yo .

Prtash 7.10 X f, g : X R
, stw

'Estw

X R

stw kai

sunartseic

xo R R
.

na An

shmeo ta ria

sussreushc

tou kai

xxo

lim f (x) = yo

xxo

lim g (x) = zo
1. To rio

uprq oun, tte

xxo

lim (f (x) + g (x)) lim (f (x))

uprqei kai isotai me

yo + zo

2.

To rio

xxo

uprqei kai isotai me

yo

3.

To rio

xxo

lim (f (x).g (x))

uprqei kai isotai me

yo zo

4.

An

f (x) = 0
me

gia

kje

xX

kai

yo = 0

to

rio

xxo

lim

isotai

zo . yo

g (x) f (x)

uprqei

kai

apdeixh

enai mesh sunpeia twn ants toiqwn algebrikn idiottwn twn

akoloujin, an qrhsimopoisoume thn {arq thc metaforc}.

Parathrseic 7.11 f :XR

kai

'Estw

X R xo R
, Upojtoume ti

shmeo

sussreushc . Tte

tou

mia sunrthsh.

(a) (b) (g)

xxo

lim f (x) = yo >0

. kje

enai

topik fragmnh s to
me na

xo

, dhlad uprqei

kai

M >0

ste

gia kje An

xX yo = 0
.

tte

|x xo | < >0
uprqei

isqei ste

|f (x)| M f (x) = 0

gia

xX

me

0<

|x xo | < g (x) lim xxo f (x)

Epomnwc h sunrthsh

1 f

orz etai sto

(X \{xo }) (xo , xo + ).
an

'Epetai

ti

sto

(4)

thc

prohgomenhc

prtashc,

yo = 0

tte

to

rio

uprqei kai isotai me

zo . yo
kje

Apdeixh 'Es tw > 0. Uprqei () > 0 s te gia 0 < |x xo | < () na isqei |f (x) yo | < , ra

xX

me

|yo | < |f (x)| < |yo | + .

(a) (b)
Mporome na proume p.q. An

M = max{|yo | + , |f (xo )|}. =

|yo | 2

yo = 0,

qrhsimopointac thn prohgomenh anisthta me

x X me 0 < |x xo | < ( |y2o | ), thn anisthta |f (x)| > |yo | = |y2o | > 0, ra f (x) = 0. 1 (g) An yo = 0, ap to (b) uprqei > 0 s te h f na orzetai s to snolo X = X (xo , xo + ). Efarmzoume to (4) thc Prtashc s to snolo X . 2
qoume, gia kje 7

Prtash 7.12 f :X R yo g f (X ) Y limxxo (g f )(x)

kai . . 'Estw pou

'Estw

X R

stw to

Upojtoume

ti

rio

mia sunrthsh orismnh sto kai

yo Y

).

An

uprqei kai isotai me

xo R limxxo f (x) f (X ) yo g suneqc g (yo )

shmeo kai sto enai .

sussreushc kai

tou

X
me

uprqei

isotai

(dhlad

g:Y R
to rio

sto

yo

tte

Apdeixh Kai aut h apdeixh prokptei mesa ap thn arq thc metaforc: An (xn ) enai tuqaa akolouja me xn X kai xn = xo gia kje n, s te xn xo , isqurzomai ti h akolouja ((g f )(xn )) sugklnei s to g (yo ). Prgmati, afo limxxo f (x) = yo , ap thn arq thc metaforc qoume limn f (xn ) = yo , ra, ap thn sunqeia thc g s to yo , qoume limn g (f (xn )) = g (yo ). Epomnwc, afo h (xn ) enai tuqaa, ap thn arq thc metaforc prokptei ti to rio limxxo g (f (x)) uprqei kai isotai me g (yo ). Pardeigma 7.13
xxo
An to

xxo

lim f (x) |yo |

.

uprqei kai isotai me

yo

tte to

lim |f |(x)

uprqei kai isotai me

'Oria s to peiro

Orismc 7.4 f :XR X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto + uprqei kai isotai me yo R >0 M R xX x>M |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo
'Estw enai mia sunrthsh. lme ti An to den nw fra gmno, an: Gia kje uprqei tte ste an kai . Grfoume

X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto uprqei kai isotai me yo R >0 M R xX x<M |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo
An to den enai ktw fra gmno, lme ti an: Gia kje uprqei tte ste an kai . Grfoume

x+

(Oi sqseic 7.3

x+

lim f (x) = +

orzontai anloga me touc orismoc

(ii)

kai

(iii)

ants toiqa.)

Den enai dskolo na apodexei kanec ti, an to to rio louja gia to

den enai nw fragmno,

x+

lim f (x)

uprqei kai isotai me me

yo

an kai mnon an

gia kje

ako-

(xn ) s toiqewn tou X ).

xn + isqei f (xn ) yo

(kai ants toiqa

Pleurik ria

Orismc 7.5 XR xo R xo shmeo sussreushc tou X ap ta arister >0 x (xo , xo ) X x X x o < x < xo ) (xo , xo ) X = xo shmeo sussreushc tou X ap ta dexi > 0 x (xo , xo + ) X x X x o < x < xo + ) (xo , xo + ) X =
'Estw kai . To lgetai an gia kje uprqei dhlad To (isodnama, me , . shmeo kje lgetai an gia uprqei (isodnama, me , an dhlad .

an

Paratrhsh 7.14
fa, an na shmeo

An na shmeo

xo

enai shmeo sussreushc tou

ap

ta arister ap ta dexi, tte enai shmeo sussreushc tou

Antstro shmeo

xo

enai

shmeo

sussreushc ta

tou

tte

enai

sussreushc ap ta arister,

ap

dexi, kai

ta

do.

Orismc 7.6 (Pleurik ria) f : X R xo R xo X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto xo ap ta arister uprqei kai isotai me yo R >0 >0 xX x o < x < xo |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo lim f (x) = yo
'Estw mia sunrthsh kai stw . An to enai shmeo sussreushc tou ap ta arister, lme ti an: Gia kje uprqei ste an kai tte . Grfoume

xo X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto xo ap ta dexi uprqei kai isotai me zo R >0 >0 xX x o < x < xo + |f (x) zo | < lim f (x) = zo lim f (x) = zo
An to enai shmeo sussreushc tou ap ta dexi, lme ti an: Gia kje uprqei ste an kai tte . Grfoume

x xo

xxo

x xo

xxo +

(Pleurik ria sa me

orzontai anloga me touc orismoc 7.3

(ii)

kai

(iii)

ants toiqa .)

Shmeinoume ti enai dunatn to mhn uprqei, mpore kai ta do

xxo +

lim f (x)

na uprqei kai to

xxo

lim f (x)

na

pleurik ria

na uprqoun kai na enai nisa.

Paratrhsh 7.15 g = f |X (,xo ]

Jtoume

'Estw kai

f : X R h = f |X [xo ,+)
9

mia .

sunrthsh

kai

stw

xo R

Parathrome

ti

to

xo

enai

shmeo

sussreushc tou

tou

an kai mnon an enai shmeo An to rio

sussreushc

sunlou

X X (, xo ]
ap ta an to rio

arister .

xxo

xo lim f (x)

enai shmeo sussreushc tou uprqei kai isotai me

ap ta arister, tte to pleurik kai mnon

yo

an

xxo

lim g (x)
tte rio

uprqei kai isotai me Antstoiqa, to pleurik an to

rio

xxo +

yo xo lim f (x)
.

enai

shmeo

sussreushc isotai me

tou an

ap

ta

dexi, an to

uprqei

kai

zo

kai

mnon

xxo

lim h(x)

uprqei kai isotai me

zo

Apdeixh
isotai me

Upojtoume ti to

aris ter kai jtoume

xo enai shmeo sussreushc tou X ap ta Xo = X (, xo ]. An to lim f (x) uprqei kai

xxo

yo , tte gia kje > 0 uprqei > 0 s te gia kje x X me 0 < xo x < na isqei |f (x) yo | < . Epomnwc, gia kje x Xo me 0 < |x xo | < qoume 0 < xo x < , epomnwc |g (x) yo | = |f (x) yo | < . Dhlad to rio lim g (x) uprqei kai isotai me yo .
xxo
An ants trofa to rio uprqei

xxo

lim g (x)

uprqei kai enai

yo ,

tte gia kje

> 0

> 0 s te gia kje x Xo me 0 < |x xo | < isqei |g (x) yo | < . Epomnwc, gia kje x X me 0 < xo x < qoume x Xo , epomnwc |f (x) yo | = |g (x) yo | < . Dhlad to rio lim f (x) uprqei kai enai yo .
xxo
O isqurismc gia to rio ap dexi apodeiknetai me ton dio trpo.

Prtash 7.16
enai to shmeo

'Estw

sussreushc uprqei an

f :X R X
tou mnon

mia ap kai

sunrthsh ta ta

kai

stw ap

ti ta

to

xo R
Tte kai

kai an

arister do

kai

dexi.

xxo

lim f (x)

kai

pleurik

ria

uprq oun

enai sa.

Ac tonsoume ti, tan to

xxo

lim f (x)

den

uprqei

, den petai aparaittwc ti

ta pleurik ria uprqoun kai enai diaforetik: mpore na ap ta pleurik ria, kai ta do, na mhn uprqoun. 'Ena pardeigma enai h sunrthsh an an

f : R \ {0} R
Prisma 7.17
enai h shmeo

me

f (x) =

x 1 sin x
kai

x<0 x>0
kai stw ap ti ta to

'Estw

sussreushc

f :X R X
tou

mia

sunrthsh ta

xo X
Tte

ap

arister

kai

dexi.

enai suneqc sto

xo

an kai mnon an kai ta do pleurik ria

xxo +

lim f (x)

kai

xxo

lim f (x)

uprq oun kai

enai sa

metax

touc

kai me to

f (xo )

10

Epomnwc an ta do pleurik ria s to ap aut den uprqei, tte h

enai

xo uprqoun kai enai nisa, an kpoio asuneqc s to xo .

mia sunrthsh kai

Paratrhsh 7.18 lim f (x)

pleurik ria

'Estw kai

xxo

xxo +

f :RR lim f (x)

xo R

An

ta

uprq oun kai enai diaforetik metax

touc,

lme ti h

parousiz ei

lma asunqeiac

sto

xo

Upojtoume ti h
kje

enai montonh.

Tte ta pleurik ria uprq oun sto

gia

xo R

, kai epomnwc oi asunqeiec thc

, an uprq oun, ja enai lmata.

Apdeixh Mporome na upojsoume ti h f thn f ). To snolo

enai axousa (allic jewrome

Yo = {f (t) R : t < xo } = f ((, xo ))

enai mh ken kai nw fragmno ap to frgma, s tw kai isotai me

yo , yo .

kai isqei

f (xo ) kai sunepc qei elqis to nw yo f (xo ). Ja dexw ti to lim f (x) uprqei
xxo

sunlou

> 0, epeid o arijmc yo den enai nw frgma tou Xo , uprqei na f (to ) Xo me f (to ) > yo . Epomnwc gia kje x (to , xo ) qoume, efson h f enai axousa,
Prgmati, an doje

yo < f (to ) f (x) yo < yo +

ra, an jsoume (

= xo to > 0,

tte gia kje

me

0 < xo x <

qoume

to < x < xo

ra)

|f (x) yo | < .
Me ton dio trpo, jewrntac to snolo mno ap to

f (xo ))

apodeiknetai ti uprqei to

f ((xo , +)) (pou enai lim f (x) kai

xxo +

ktw frag-

xxo +

lim f (x) = inf f ((xo , +)) f (xo ).

Epomnwc ta pleurik ria pnta uprqoun kai

xxo

lim f (x) = sup f ((, xo , ))

kai

xxo +

lim f (x) = inf f ((xo , +))

xxo +

xxo

lim f (x) f (xo ) lim f (x).

' Ara, an ta pleurik ria diafroun, qoume lma asunqeiac, en an enai sa, tte sumpptoun me thn tim

f (xo )

opte h

enai suneqc s to

xo .

11