7
'Oria sunartsewn
Sthn pargrafo aut ja orsoume aus thr t shmanei {to rio thc to
f (x) kajc X
thc
x tenei (plhsizei) s to xo }.
diaforetik ap to
Gia na qei nnoia to rio, prpei na mporome
na plhsisoume
osodpote kont sto
xo ,
me shmea tou pedou orismo
f,
xo .
Prpei loipn prta na dieukrinsoume t shmanei
{to
xo
enai shmeo sussreushc tou
X }.
7.1
Shmea sussreushc sunlwn
Orismc 7.1 sussreushc
(toul qiston) shmeo tou
xX
me
X R X kje X ektc 0 < |x xo | <
'Estw tou kai an .
stw
perio q tou
xo R xo (xo , xo + )
. To
lgetai
shmeo
uprqei
tou
xo
, dhlad an gia kje
xo >0
periqei na
Dhlad to
xo
enai shmeo sussreushc tou
an mpore na proseggisje
osodpote kont ap shmea tou na mhn ankei s to
X \ {xo }.
To dio to
xo
mpore na ankei
X.
kai na shmeo tou , tte to
Orismc 7.2 XR xo X monwmno shmeo tou X >0 (xo , xo + ) X = {xo }
An an den enai shmeo an uprqei ste .
xo
lgetai tou
medhl.
sussreushc
Pardeigma 7.1 X = [a, b] X = (a, b] X a X X = {1, 2, 3, . . .} X 1 1 X = {1, 2 , 3 , . . .} 0 X 1 X = {(1)n + n : n = 1, 2, . . .} 1, 1
An , kje reushc. An , kje shmeo tou epshc to To enai shmeo sussreushc den tou snolo qei mnwc la ta shmea tou An tte la ta shmea . enai to An mno shmeo sussreushc tou memonwmna, kai ta enai ta
shmeo
tou
enai
shmeo
susskai
enai .
shmeo
sussreushc,
kanna
shmeo
sussreushc.
Epo-
enai memonwmna. tou
enai
memonwmna,
kai
to
tte
la
ta
shmea
tou
enai
mna shmea
sussreushc tou
An to
xo
enai shmeo sussreushc tou
mnon na, all peira shmea tou shmewn tou
X \ {x o }
pou
X , kje perioq X \ {xo }. Mlis ta, sugklnei s to xo :
kai stw
tou
xo
periqei qi
uprqei akolouja
Prtash 7.2 (i) xo
To
'Estw
XR
enai shmeo
sussreushc
xo R X
tou
. .
Ta aklouja enai isodnama:
(ii) (iii) n=m
Kje perio q
Uprqei mia akolouja
(xo , xo + ) (xn )
tou
me
xo xn X
periqei peira gia kje
shmea tou kai
xn = xm
tan
, ste
xn xo
Apdeixh (i) (ii) Kje perioq tou xo periqei shmea tou X diaforetik ap to xo . An gia kpoio > 0 uprqe mno peperasmno pljoc shmewn tou X s thn perioq (xo , xo + ), na (toulqis ton) ap aut ja tan plhsis tero s to xo . An 1 > 0 tan h aps tash tou shmeou auto ap to xo , tte s thn perioq (xo 1 , xo + 1 ) den ja uprqe kanna shmeo tou X \ {xo }, opte to xo den ja tan shmeo sussreushc tou X . (ii) (iii) Kataskeuzoume thn akolouja (xn ) ap s toiqea 1 1 tou X s te xn (xo , xo + ) gia kje n (opte sgoura ja qoume xn n n xo ) kai frontzontac s te kje xn na enai diaforetik ap ta prohgomena: Afo s thn perioq (xo 1, xo + 1) uprqoun peira s toiqea tou X , ja uprqei na, s tw x1 , diaforetik ap'to xo . 1 1 Afo s thn perioq (xo , xo + ) uprqoun peira s toiqea tou X , ja 2 2 uprqei na, s tw x2 , diaforetik ap'to xo kai ap to x1 . An qoume kataskeusei x1 , x2 , . . . , xn1 X diaforetik metax touc 1 1 (kai ap to xo ) s te xk (xo , xo + ) gia k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1, afo s thn k k 1 1 perioq (xo , xo + n ) uprqoun peira s toiqea tou X , ja uprqei na, n s tw xn , diaforetik ap' la ta prohgomena. 'Etsi oloklhrjhke h epagwgik kataskeu thc akoloujac (xn ).
epa gw gik
(iii) (i)
An uprqei akolouja
X pou sugklnei s to xo , tte gia |xn xo | < gia kje n no , kai
snolo
(xn ) diaforetikn an do shmewn kje > 0 ja uprqei no N s te 2 f :X R
mia
tou
afo oi roi thc akoloujac enai diafore-
tiko, kpoioc ap autoc ja enai diaforetikc ap'to
xo ,
opte ja ankei s to
(xo , xo + ) X \ {xo }.
'Estw
Prtash 7.3
X R
kai h
sunrthsh.
An
xo X
enai memonwmno shmeo, tte
enai suneqc sto
xo
Apdeixh 'Es tw > 0. Ja br > 0 s te gia kje x X me |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < . Ma afo to xo enai memonwmno shmeo tou X , uprqei > 0 s te to mno x X pou ikanopoie |x xo | < na enai to dio to xo . Epomnwc an x X kai |x xo | < tte x = xo opte |f (x) f (xo )| = 0 < . 2
Prtash 7.4 X R xo X X \{xo } f (xo ) = g (xo )
'Estw An enai shmeo , tte .
kai
sussreushc
f, g : X R suneqec X f (x) = g (x)
do tou kai
sunartseic. gia kje
Apdeixh 'Es tw (xn ) akolouja s toiqewn tou X \ {xo } pou sugklnei s to xo (afo to xo enai shmeo sussreushc tou X , uprqei ttoia akolouja). Afo oi f kai g enai suneqec, qoume f (xn ) f (xo ) kai g (xn ) g (xo ). All xn X \ {xo }, ra f (xn ) = g (xn ) gia kje n, kai sunepc
f (xo ) = lim f (xn ) = lim g (xn ) = g (xo ). 2
n n
7.2 'Oria sunartsewn
Orismc 7.3
orismo
'Estw
shmeo sussreushc tou
X R X xo
, (to
stw
f :X R
mia
sunrthsh
kai
xo R
mpore na ankei na mhn ankei sto pedo
me
(i)
Lme ti
ton arijm
Gia kje an
Grfoume tte
f to rio thc f kajc to x xo uprqei kai isotai yo R >0 >0 xX 0 < |x xo | < |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo
thc ). an: uprqei ste kai tte .
xxo
(ii)
an
Lme ti h Gia kje
xX
kai
(iii)
an
Lme ti h
Gia kje
xX
kai
f tenei sto + kajc to x xo M >0 >0 0 < |x xo | < f (x) > M f tenei sto kajc to x xo M <0 >0 0 < |x xo | < f (x) < M
uprqei ste tte . uprqei ste tte .
an:
an:
Shmeinoume ti h parxh tou orou qei sqsh me thn sumperifor thc
kont
to
s to
xo .
Epomnwc, propjesh gia thn parxh tou orou enai to
f xo
na enai shmeo sussreushc tou pedou orismo
thc sunrthshc. Sto dio
xo
mpore na mhn orzetai kajlou. All kai an orzetai, h tim
f (xo )
den endiafrei son afor s thn parxh tou orou.
Paradegmata 7.5 (i) limx3 x2 = 9
(ii)
An
f : R R
me
f (x) =
x2 0
an an
x=3 x=3
to
rio
limx3 f (x)
uprqei kai isotai me 9.
(iii) (iv ) (v ) (vi)
To rio An
To rio
1 limx0 x f : (0, +) R 1 limx0 sin x
den uprqei. me
f (x) =
1 , x
tte
limx0 f (x) = + x x=
rrhtoc
den uprqei.
An
f : [0, 1] R xo [0, 1]
me
f (x) =
0
1 n
an an
m n
me
(m, n) = 1
tte gia
kje
to rio
limxxo f (x)
uprqei kai isotai me 0.
Apdeixh Ta (i), (ii) kai (iv ) apotelon aplc efarmogc tou orismo. Ta (iii) kai (v ) apodeiknontai eukoltera me qrsh thc arqc thc metaforc
(bl. paraktw).
Apdeixh tou (vi) 'Es tw > 0. Ja dexw ti, gia kje x [0, 1] {arket kont} s to xo , all me x = xo , isqei ti |f (x) 0| < . Ac dialxoume nan 1 . An gia kpoio x [0, 1] den isqei h sqsh fusik arijm k s te k 1 |f (x) 0| < , tte isqei f (x) k , ra (ap ton orism thc f ) o x ja enai m me paronomas t mikrtero so me k . Dhlad oi rhtc, angwgo klsma n timc tou x pou prpei na apoklesoume enai
1 k1 1 1 2 1 3 . 1, , , , , , . . . , , . . . , 2 3 3 4 4 k k
To pljoc autn twn arijmn enai peperasmno, epomnwc uprqei mia perio-
(xo , xo + ) pou den periqei kannan ap autoc, ektc (endeqomnwc) ap to xo . 'Ara gia kje x [0, 1] me 0 < |x xo | < ja qoume anagkas tik 1 |f (x)| < k , ra |f (x) 0| < . 2
q
xxo
Prtash 7.6 (Arq thc metaforc) xo R lim f (x) yo
mia sunrthsh, na shmeo me uprqei kai isotai an kai me
'Estw
sussreushc mnon
tou an
XR f :XR X yo R gia kje akolouja
, stw kai . Tte to , h akolouja
(xn )
xn X \{xo }
sugklnei, kai
gia
kje
ttoia
ste
lim xn = xo
(f (xn ))
mlista
sto
yo
Apdeixh
Upojtoume prta ti to
xxo
lim f (x)
uprqei kai isotai me
yo .
> 0 ja uprqei > 0 s te an x X kai 0 < |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) yo | < . 'Es tw (xn ) mia (tuqaa) akolouja me xn X \{xo } gia kje n, pou sugklnei s to xo . Ja uprqei tte no N s te |xn xo | < gia kje n no . Mlis ta efson xn = xo ja qoume 0 < |xn xo | < . Epomnwc ap thn
Tte gia kje 4
prohgomenh pargrafo qoume
|f (xn ) yo | < gia kje n no . Afo to enai aujareto, dexame ti h akolouja (f (xn )) sugklnei s to yo . 'Es tw ants trofa ti, gia kje akolouja (xn ) me xn X \{xo } pou sugklnei s to xo , h akolouja (f (xn )) sugklnei s to yo . Ja dexoume tte ti to lim f (x) uprqei kai isotai me yo .
xxo
Prgmati an aut den isqei tte ja uprqei kpoioc jetikc arijmc s te
gia kanna
0 < |x xo | < tte |f (x) yo | < }. 1 Tte thc morfc = n 1 all |f (xn ) yo | . ja uprqei xn X me 0 < |xn xo | < n Sqhmatzoume thn akolouja (xn ): 'Eqoume xn X kai xn = xo (efson 1 gia kje n). 0 < |xn xo |) gia kje n kai xn xo (efson |xn xo | < n All |f (xn ) yo | gia kje n, epomnwc h akolouja (f (xn )) den sugklnei s to yo . 2
{an kai
gia kje
>0 xX
na
mhn isqei
h sunepagwg
Paratrhsh
sunjkh thc
Den
arke
gia
thn
parxh
tou
orou
xxo
lim f (x)
na
na
isqei
prtashc
gia kpoia akolouja
(xn ).
Prpei
isqei
gia
lec
tic akoloujec pou ikanopoion Gia pardeigma an
xn X \{xo }
gia kje
kai
lim xn = xo .
an
enai h sunrthsh
Dirichlet (f (q ) = 1
all to rio
rhtc,
f (t) = 0
an
rrhtoc) tte
1 lim f ( ) = 1, n n lim sin
x0
lim f (x)
den uprqei
(giat?). To dio sumbanei kai s thn epmenh efarmog.
1 x0 x 1 1 Apdeixh Jewrome tic akoloujec xn = n kai yn = (n = 1, 2, . . .). 2n 2 Parathrome ti xn = 0 = yn gia kje n kai ti limn xn = 0 = limn yn . 1 1 'Omwc an f (x) = kai g (x) = sin (x = 0), tte ta ria limn f (xn ) kai x x limn f (yn ) enai diaforetik metax touc (enai + kai ants toiqa). Epshc ta ria limn g (xn ) kai limn g (yn ) enai diaforetik metax touc (enai 0 kai 1 ants toiqa).
Efarmog
Ta ria
1 x0 x lim
kai
den uprq oun.
Prtash 7.7 xo X
na kai mnon an to
'Estw
X R
stw tou
shmeo
sussreushc
xxo
lim f (x)
uprqei kai isotai me
f : X R X f f (xo )
. Tte h
mia
sunrthsh suneqc
kai sto
stw
enai .
xo
an
Apdeixh An h f enai suneqc s to xo tte gia kje > 0 ja uprqei > 0 s te an x X kai |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < . Epomnwc, an
xX
kai
0 < |x xo | < f (xo ).
xxo
tte
|f (x) f (xo )| < ,
ra to
xxo
lim f (x)
uprqei
kai isotai me
An ants trofa to
lim f (x)
uprqei kai isotai me
f (xo ),
tte gia kje
> 0 ja uprqei > 0 s te an x X kai 0 < |x xo | < na isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < . Epomnwc an x X kai |x xo | < ja isqei |f (x) f (xo )| < (giat an |x xo | = 0 tte x = xo ra |f (x) f (xo )| = 0 < ). 'Ara h f ja enai suneqc s to xo . 2
Shmewsh Tonzoume kai pli ti h Prtash qei efarmog mnon tan to xo enai shmeo sussreushc tou pedou orismo thc sunrthshc. Se kje memonwmno shmeo so tou pedou orismo thc h sunrthsh enai suneqc (Prtash 7.3), all to rio lim f (x) .
xso
den qei nnoia
Paratrhsh 7.8 An efarmsoume thn Prtash 7.7 s to Pardeigma 7.5 (vi) prokptei ti se kje rrhto xo [0, 1] h sunrthsh f enai suneqc (afo to lim f (x) uprqei kai isotai me 0 = f (xo )) en enai asuneqc se
kje rht
xxo m n
(0, 1]
(afo to
xm/n
lim f (x)
uprqei men, all den isotai me
f(m )). n
H epmenh Paratrhsh bebainei ti to rio h
mpore na orisje s to
xo
tsi s te na enai
xxo suneqc s to
lim f (x)
uprqei an kai mnon an
aut mpore na qrhsimesei wc isodnamoc orismc tou orou
xxo
xo . H Paratrhsh lim f (x).
sunrthsh kai kai stw me
Paratrhsh 7.9
'Estw
X R
an
stw
xo R
nan
na
shmeo
sussreushc
tou
Tte
f : X R lim f (x)
to
mia
xxo
uprqei
isotai
arijm
yo R
an
kai
mnon
sunrthsh
: X {xo } R f
enai suneqc sto
me
(x) = f
f (x), yo ,
an an
x X \{xo } x = xo
xo
Apdeixh
tash 7.7, h isotai me mnon an
Orzoume th sunrthsh
pwc f
s thn ekfnhsh. Smfwna me thn Pr-
enai f
suneqc s to
xo
an kai mnon an to rio
xxo
(x) lim f
uprqei kai kai kai
(xo ) = yo . Efson mwc, an x X \{xo }, qoume |f (x) yo | < an f (x) uprqei |f (x) yo | < , ap ton Orism 7.3 blpoume ti to lim f
xxo
isotai me
yo
an kai mnon an to
xxo
lim f (x)
uprqei kai isotai me
yo .
Prtash 7.10 X f, g : X R
, stw
'Estw
X R
stw kai
sunartseic
xo R R
.
na An
shmeo ta ria
sussreushc
tou kai
xxo
lim f (x) = yo
xxo
lim g (x) = zo
1. To rio
uprq oun, tte
xxo
lim (f (x) + g (x)) lim (f (x))
uprqei kai isotai me
yo + zo
2.
To rio
xxo
uprqei kai isotai me
yo
3.
To rio
xxo
lim (f (x).g (x))
uprqei kai isotai me
yo zo
4.
An
f (x) = 0
me
gia
kje
xX
kai
yo = 0
to
rio
xxo
lim
isotai
zo . yo
g (x) f (x)
uprqei
kai
apdeixh
enai mesh sunpeia twn ants toiqwn algebrikn idiottwn twn
akoloujin, an qrhsimopoisoume thn {arq thc metaforc}.
Parathrseic 7.11 f :XR
kai
'Estw
X R xo R
, Upojtoume ti
shmeo
sussreushc . Tte
tou
mia sunrthsh.
(a) (b) (g)
xxo
lim f (x) = yo >0
. kje
enai
topik fragmnh s to
me na
xo
, dhlad uprqei
kai
M >0
ste
gia kje An
xX yo = 0
.
tte
|x xo | < >0
uprqei
isqei ste
|f (x)| M f (x) = 0
gia
xX
me
0<
|x xo | < g (x) lim xxo f (x)
Epomnwc h sunrthsh
1 f
orz etai sto
(X \{xo }) (xo , xo + ).
an
'Epetai
ti
sto
(4)
thc
prohgomenhc
prtashc,
yo = 0
tte
to
rio
uprqei kai isotai me
zo . yo
kje
Apdeixh 'Es tw > 0. Uprqei () > 0 s te gia 0 < |x xo | < () na isqei |f (x) yo | < , ra
xX
me
|yo | < |f (x)| < |yo | + .
(a) (b)
Mporome na proume p.q. An
M = max{|yo | + , |f (xo )|}. =
|yo | 2
yo = 0,
qrhsimopointac thn prohgomenh anisthta me
x X me 0 < |x xo | < ( |y2o | ), thn anisthta |f (x)| > |yo | = |y2o | > 0, ra f (x) = 0. 1 (g) An yo = 0, ap to (b) uprqei > 0 s te h f na orzetai s to snolo X = X (xo , xo + ). Efarmzoume to (4) thc Prtashc s to snolo X . 2
qoume, gia kje 7
Prtash 7.12 f :X R yo g f (X ) Y limxxo (g f )(x)
kai . . 'Estw pou
'Estw
X R
stw to
Upojtoume
ti
rio
mia sunrthsh orismnh sto kai
yo Y
).
An
uprqei kai isotai me
xo R limxxo f (x) f (X ) yo g suneqc g (yo )
shmeo kai sto enai .
sussreushc kai
tou
X
me
uprqei
isotai
(dhlad
g:Y R
to rio
sto
yo
tte
Apdeixh Kai aut h apdeixh prokptei mesa ap thn arq thc metaforc: An (xn ) enai tuqaa akolouja me xn X kai xn = xo gia kje n, s te xn xo , isqurzomai ti h akolouja ((g f )(xn )) sugklnei s to g (yo ). Prgmati, afo limxxo f (x) = yo , ap thn arq thc metaforc qoume limn f (xn ) = yo , ra, ap thn sunqeia thc g s to yo , qoume limn g (f (xn )) = g (yo ). Epomnwc, afo h (xn ) enai tuqaa, ap thn arq thc metaforc prokptei ti to rio limxxo g (f (x)) uprqei kai isotai me g (yo ). Pardeigma 7.13
xxo
An to
xxo
lim f (x) |yo |
.
uprqei kai isotai me
yo
tte to
lim |f |(x)
uprqei kai isotai me
'Oria s to peiro
Orismc 7.4 f :XR X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto + uprqei kai isotai me yo R >0 M R xX x>M |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo
'Estw enai mia sunrthsh. lme ti An to den nw fra gmno, an: Gia kje uprqei tte ste an kai . Grfoume
X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto uprqei kai isotai me yo R >0 M R xX x<M |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo
An to den enai ktw fra gmno, lme ti an: Gia kje uprqei tte ste an kai . Grfoume
x+
(Oi sqseic 7.3
x+
lim f (x) = +
orzontai anloga me touc orismoc
(ii)
kai
(iii)
ants toiqa.)
Den enai dskolo na apodexei kanec ti, an to to rio louja gia to
den enai nw fragmno,
x+
lim f (x)
uprqei kai isotai me me
yo
an kai mnon an
gia kje
ako-
(xn ) s toiqewn tou X ).
xn + isqei f (xn ) yo
(kai ants toiqa
Pleurik ria
Orismc 7.5 XR xo R xo shmeo sussreushc tou X ap ta arister >0 x (xo , xo ) X x X x o < x < xo ) (xo , xo ) X = xo shmeo sussreushc tou X ap ta dexi > 0 x (xo , xo + ) X x X x o < x < xo + ) (xo , xo + ) X =
'Estw kai . To lgetai an gia kje uprqei dhlad To (isodnama, me , . shmeo kje lgetai an gia uprqei (isodnama, me , an dhlad .
an
Paratrhsh 7.14
fa, an na shmeo
An na shmeo
xo
enai shmeo sussreushc tou
ap
ta arister ap ta dexi, tte enai shmeo sussreushc tou
Antstro shmeo
xo
enai
shmeo
sussreushc ta
tou
tte
enai
sussreushc ap ta arister,
ap
dexi, kai
ta
do.
Orismc 7.6 (Pleurik ria) f : X R xo R xo X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto xo ap ta arister uprqei kai isotai me yo R >0 >0 xX x o < x < xo |f (x) yo | < lim f (x) = yo lim f (x) = yo
'Estw mia sunrthsh kai stw . An to enai shmeo sussreushc tou ap ta arister, lme ti an: Gia kje uprqei ste an kai tte . Grfoume
xo X to rio thc f kajc to x tenei sto xo ap ta dexi uprqei kai isotai me zo R >0 >0 xX x o < x < xo + |f (x) zo | < lim f (x) = zo lim f (x) = zo
An to enai shmeo sussreushc tou ap ta dexi, lme ti an: Gia kje uprqei ste an kai tte . Grfoume
x xo
xxo
x xo
xxo +
(Pleurik ria sa me
orzontai anloga me touc orismoc 7.3
(ii)
kai
(iii)
ants toiqa .)
Shmeinoume ti enai dunatn to mhn uprqei, mpore kai ta do
xxo +
lim f (x)
na uprqei kai to
xxo
lim f (x)
na
pleurik ria
na uprqoun kai na enai nisa.
Paratrhsh 7.15 g = f |X (,xo ]
Jtoume
'Estw kai
f : X R h = f |X [xo ,+)
9
mia .
sunrthsh
kai
stw
xo R
Parathrome
ti
to
xo
enai
shmeo
sussreushc tou
tou
an kai mnon an enai shmeo An to rio
sussreushc
sunlou
X X (, xo ]
ap ta an to rio
arister .
xxo
xo lim f (x)
enai shmeo sussreushc tou uprqei kai isotai me
ap ta arister, tte to pleurik kai mnon
yo
an
xxo
lim g (x)
tte rio
uprqei kai isotai me Antstoiqa, to pleurik an to
rio
xxo +
yo xo lim f (x)
.
enai
shmeo
sussreushc isotai me
tou an
ap
ta
dexi, an to
uprqei
kai
zo
kai
mnon
xxo
lim h(x)
uprqei kai isotai me
zo
Apdeixh
isotai me
Upojtoume ti to
aris ter kai jtoume
xo enai shmeo sussreushc tou X ap ta Xo = X (, xo ]. An to lim f (x) uprqei kai
xxo
yo , tte gia kje > 0 uprqei > 0 s te gia kje x X me 0 < xo x < na isqei |f (x) yo | < . Epomnwc, gia kje x Xo me 0 < |x xo | < qoume 0 < xo x < , epomnwc |g (x) yo | = |f (x) yo | < . Dhlad to rio lim g (x) uprqei kai isotai me yo .
xxo
An ants trofa to rio uprqei
xxo
lim g (x)
uprqei kai enai
yo ,
tte gia kje
> 0
> 0 s te gia kje x Xo me 0 < |x xo | < isqei |g (x) yo | < . Epomnwc, gia kje x X me 0 < xo x < qoume x Xo , epomnwc |f (x) yo | = |g (x) yo | < . Dhlad to rio lim f (x) uprqei kai enai yo .
xxo
O isqurismc gia to rio ap dexi apodeiknetai me ton dio trpo.
Prtash 7.16
enai to shmeo
'Estw
sussreushc uprqei an
f :X R X
tou mnon
mia ap kai
sunrthsh ta ta
kai
stw ap
ti ta
to
xo R
Tte kai
kai an
arister do
kai
dexi.
xxo
lim f (x)
kai
pleurik
ria
uprq oun
enai sa.
Ac tonsoume ti, tan to
xxo
lim f (x)
den
uprqei
, den petai aparaittwc ti
ta pleurik ria uprqoun kai enai diaforetik: mpore na ap ta pleurik ria, kai ta do, na mhn uprqoun. 'Ena pardeigma enai h sunrthsh an an
f : R \ {0} R
Prisma 7.17
enai h shmeo
me
f (x) =
x 1 sin x
kai
x<0 x>0
kai stw ap ti ta to
'Estw
sussreushc
f :X R X
tou
mia
sunrthsh ta
xo X
Tte
ap
arister
kai
dexi.
enai suneqc sto
xo
an kai mnon an kai ta do pleurik ria
xxo +
lim f (x)
kai
xxo
lim f (x)
uprq oun kai
enai sa
metax
touc
kai me to
f (xo )
10
Epomnwc an ta do pleurik ria s to ap aut den uprqei, tte h
enai
xo uprqoun kai enai nisa, an kpoio asuneqc s to xo .
mia sunrthsh kai
Paratrhsh 7.18 lim f (x)
pleurik ria
'Estw kai
xxo
xxo +
f :RR lim f (x)
xo R
An
ta
uprq oun kai enai diaforetik metax
touc,
lme ti h
parousiz ei
lma asunqeiac
sto
xo
Upojtoume ti h
kje
enai montonh.
Tte ta pleurik ria uprq oun sto
gia
xo R
, kai epomnwc oi asunqeiec thc
, an uprq oun, ja enai lmata.
Apdeixh Mporome na upojsoume ti h f thn f ). To snolo
enai axousa (allic jewrome
Yo = {f (t) R : t < xo } = f ((, xo ))
enai mh ken kai nw fragmno ap to frgma, s tw kai isotai me
yo , yo .
kai isqei
f (xo ) kai sunepc qei elqis to nw yo f (xo ). Ja dexw ti to lim f (x) uprqei
xxo
sunlou
> 0, epeid o arijmc yo den enai nw frgma tou Xo , uprqei na f (to ) Xo me f (to ) > yo . Epomnwc gia kje x (to , xo ) qoume, efson h f enai axousa,
Prgmati, an doje
yo < f (to ) f (x) yo < yo +
ra, an jsoume (
= xo to > 0,
tte gia kje
me
0 < xo x <
qoume
to < x < xo
ra)
|f (x) yo | < .
Me ton dio trpo, jewrntac to snolo mno ap to
f (xo ))
apodeiknetai ti uprqei to
f ((xo , +)) (pou enai lim f (x) kai
xxo +
ktw frag-
xxo +
lim f (x) = inf f ((xo , +)) f (xo ).
Epomnwc ta pleurik ria pnta uprqoun kai
xxo
lim f (x) = sup f ((, xo , ))
kai
xxo +
lim f (x) = inf f ((xo , +))
xxo +
xxo
lim f (x) f (xo ) lim f (x).
' Ara, an ta pleurik ria diafroun, qoume lma asunqeiac, en an enai sa, tte sumpptoun me thn tim
f (xo )
opte h
enai suneqc s to
xo .
11
