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4.3.2 Exercise 4: n1 n1 n2 n2

1) The document discusses properties of meromorphic functions defined on the extended complex plane. 2) It claims that any such function f has finitely many poles, which form an isolated set. 3) Near each pole, f can be written as the sum of a principal part (involving negative powers of z) and a holomorphic function. 4) Using these local representations, it constructs an entire and bounded function h, and thus shows f must be rational by Liouville's theorem.

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Muthumanikandan Hariraman
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19 views2 pages

4.3.2 Exercise 4: n1 n1 n2 n2

1) The document discusses properties of meromorphic functions defined on the extended complex plane. 2) It claims that any such function f has finitely many poles, which form an isolated set. 3) Near each pole, f can be written as the sum of a principal part (involving negative powers of z) and a holomorphic function. 4) Using these local representations, it constructs an entire and bounded function h, and thus shows f must be rational by Liouville's theorem.

Uploaded by

Muthumanikandan Hariraman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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i = lim

z!0

zhn(z) = 0 And lim


z!1

g(z) h cn 1 zn 1 + cn 2 zn 2 + _ _ _ + c0 i = lim
z!0

f(z) = f(0) since f is entire. Note that we also obtain that c0 = f(0). Hence, g(z) _ cn 1 zn 1 + cn 2 zn 2 + _ _ _ + c0 _ (we are abusing notation to denote the continuation to all of C) is a bounded entire function and is therefore identically zero by Liouville's theorem. Hence, 8z 6= 0; f(z) = cn 1zn 1 + cn 2zn 2 + _ _ _ + c0 Since f(0) = c0, we obtain that f is a polynomial.

4.3.2 Exercise 4
Let f : C [ f1g ! C [ f1g be a meromorphic function in the extended complex plane. First, I claim that f has _nitely many poles. Since the poles of f are isolated points, they form an at most countable subset fpkg1 k=1 of C. By de_nition, the function ~ f(z) = f
1 z

_ has either a removable singularity or a pole at z = 0. In either case, there exists r > 0 such that ~ f is holomorphic on D0(0; r). Hence, fpkg1 k=1 _ D(0; r). Since this set is bounded, fpkg1 k=1 has a limit point p. By continuity, f(p) = 1 and therefore p is a pole. Since p is an isolated point, there must exist N 2 N such that 8k _ N; pk = p. Our reasoning in the preceding Exercise 2 shows that for any pole pk 6= 1 of order mk, we can write in a neighborhood of pk f(z) = _ cm k (z pk)mk + cm k 1 (z pk)mk 1 + _ _ _ + c1 z pk + c0 _ | {z }
fk(z)

+gk(z) where gk is holomorphic in a neighborhood of pk. If p = 1 is a pole, then analogously,

~ f(z) = h cm1 zm1 + cm 1 1 zm1 1 + _ _ _ + c1 z + c0 i | {z }


~ f1(z)

+~g1(z) where ~g1 is holomorphic in a neighborhood of 0. For clari_cation, the coe_cients cn depend on the pole, but we omit the dependence for convenience. Set f1(z) = ~ f1
1 z

_ and h(z) = f(z) Xn


k=1

f1(z)

fk(z) I claim that h is (or rather, extends to) an entire, bounded function. Indeed, in a neighborhood of each zk, h can be written as h(z) = gk(z) P i6=k fk(z) and in a neighborhood of z1 as h(z) = g1(z) Pn k=1 fk(z), which are sums of holomorphic functions. ~ h(z) = h
1 z

_ is evidently bounded in a neighborhood of 0 since the fk


1 z

_ are polynomials and f


1 z

_ f1
1 z

_ = ~g1(z), which is holomorphic in a neighborhood of 0. By Liouville's theorem, h is a constant. It is immediate from the de_nition of h that f is a rational function. 6

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