English For Tibetan II

English for Tibetan Speakers
Book Two
.LA/-{.-=-:)$-0:A-|R
(.J2-$*A?-0,)
lR3-0-0R,#-<R=1J-,,
Karl A. Peet
Author
;A$-2+<-2,[-o=-5K-<A%-,
Klurgyal Tserang
Tibetan Translator
.LA/-;A$-lR3-1A$-0,Z%-/1J-,,
Shauna B. Peet & Kevin Stuart
English Editors
<A-3R-2,2N->A?-5K-<A%-,
Tashi Tserang
Illustrator
1
Contents.!<-($
Unit One: Back to School#J-5/-.%-0R,aR2-9<-=R$-0, <6>
* Past Tense: Irregular Verbs .?-:.?-2-=?-$9$?-:I<-L-5B$ <8>
Unit Two: What Do You Want to Be?#J-5/-$*A?-0,HJ.-<%-&A-8A$-LJ.-/-:.R., <11>

* Comparison of AdverbsL-2:A-i3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$-$A-2#<-2, <13>
Unit Three: What Were You Doing Yesterday?#J-5/-$?3-0,#-?%-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-212?-
0-;A/, <15>
* Past Continuous Tense (I) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-LJ.-28A/-0, <17>

Unit Four: The Track Meet#J-5/-28A-2,=?-l=-0:A-o$?-l=-:P/-2#<, <19>
* Past Continuous Tense (II) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-.-v-2, <22>
Unit Five: Going to the Monastery#J-5/-s-2,.$R/-0<-:PR-2, <25>
* Object Clause (I)
L-;=-!R/-0:A-2-5B$ <27>
Unit Six: Giving Compliments#J-5/-S$-0,2!R.-2}$?-LJ.-0, <29>
* So...that... (S$?)0?, <31>
Unit Seven: Following Instructions #J-5/-2./-0,$?%?-v<-12-0, <33>
* Infinitive Phrases (I) i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$ <35>
Unit Eight: Have You Seen My Dog?#J-5/-2o.-0,HJ.-GA?-2.$-$A-HA-AJ-3,R%-, <37>
* Present Perfect Tense (I) L?-9A/-.-v-2, <39>
Unit Nine: Catching the Bus#J-5/-.$-2,_%?-:#R<-=-:.$-0<-:PR-2, <42>
* Object Clause (II) L-;=-!R/-0:A-2-5B$ <44>
Unit Ten: I Didnt Know Who to Tell#J-5/-2&-2,%?-?-=-2>.-o-3A->J?, <47>
* Infinitive (II) i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$ <49>
Unit Eleven: At the Art Museum#J-5/-2&-$&A$-0,+-l=-2>3?-!R/-#%-., <52>
* Present Perfect Tense (II) L?-9A/-.-v-2, <54>
Unit Twelve: Production and Trade#J-5/-2&-$*A?-0,,R/-*J.-.%-5S%-=?, <57>
* Passive Voice (I): Present TenseL-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-=?-.?-.-v-2, <58>
2
Unit Thirteen: Where Can I Find Something to Eat?%?-?-(-$%-/?-9-3-29:-,2, <62>
* Infinitive (III)i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$ <65>
Unit Fourteen: How Many Stars Are in the Sky?#J-5/-2&-28A-2,/3-3#:-<-{<-3-$-5S.
-;R.-.3, <68>
* Present Perfect Tense (III) L?-9A/-.-v-2, <70>
Unit Fifteen: Inventions and Discoveries#J-5/-2&R-s-0,$?<-$+R.-.%-fJ.-0, <73>
* Passive Voice (II): Past TenseL-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-=?-.?-:.?-0, <75>
Unit Sixteen: Is There Life Out There?#J-5/-2&-S$-0,?:A-$R-=:A-KA-<R=-.-YR$-($?-;R.-.3,

<78>
* Object Clause (III)L-;=-!R/-0:A-2-5B$ <80>
#J-5/-2&-2./-0,%?-HJ.-GA?-$/?-5=
Unit Seventeen: I Didnt Know If You Had Heard the News
-:.A-$R-;R.-3J.-3A->J?,<82>
* Past Perfect Tense (I):.?-2:A-.?-GA-.-v-2, <84>
Unit Eighteen: The Lost Herd#J-5/-2&R-2o.-0,2R<-?R%-2:A-K$?-H, <86>

* Future-in-the-Past Tense (I):.?-0:A-.?-GA-3-:R%?-0, <88>
Unit Nineteen: The Floods Must Be Stopped!#J-5/-2&-.$-2,(-=R$-:$R$-.$R?, <90>

* Passive Voice (III)L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/, <92>
#J-5/-*A->-2,HJ.-GA?-.J-212-/?-2-%?->J?-;R., <94>
* Future-in-the-Past Tense (II):.?-2:A-.?-GA-3-:R%?-0, <96>
Unit Twenty-One: A Letter from Lhasa#J-5/-*J<-$&A$-0,z-?-/?-2{<-;R%-2:A-:UA/-;A$-&A$ <98>
* Review of Past Tenses.?-:.?-0:A-2*<-.R%-, <101>
Unit Twenty-Two: American and British English#J-5/-*J<-$*A?-0,A-<:A-.LA/-{.-.%-.LA/
-)A:A-.LA/-{., <103>
* Direct and Indirect Speech (I): Present Tense ,.-S%?-5B$-.%-2o.-S%?-5B$-=?-.?-.-v-2:Ai3-0, <105>
Unit Twenty-Three: Guess Who Are Coming to Dinner #J-5/-*J<-$?3-0,.R-/2-?-5S-.$R%-)
-:,%-2<-;R%-o<-5S.-.0$-LR?, <108>
Unit Twenty: I Knew That You Could Do It!
*Present Continuous Tense: Future Use LJ.-28A/-0:A-.-v-2-=?-3-:R%?-0-!R/-0:A-i3-0, <110>
#J-5/-*J<-28A-2,#R-3R?-#-0<-A%-P%?-8A$-
Unit Twenty-Four: Did She Leave a Telephone Number?
28$-;R.-.3, <113>
* Direct and Indirect Speech (II): Past Tense,.-S%?-5B$-.%2o.-S%?-5B$-=?-.?-:.?-0:A-i3-0,
<116>
Unit Twenty-Five: A Healthy Diet#J-5/-*J<-s-2,2.J-,%-=-1/-0:A-29:-2+%-, <119>
* Attributive Clause (I);R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$ <121>
Unit Twenty-Six: School Life#J-5/-*J<-S$-0,aR2-9:A-:5S-2, <124>
LJ.- 28A/- .- v- 2- =?- ,A<- 2+%- .- v- 2- .%- .?- 3- :R%?
* Present Continuous Tense: Present and Future Use
-0-!R/-0:A-.-v-2, <126>
Unit Twenty-Seven: Development#J-5/-*J<-2./-0,:1J=-o?, <128>
* Passive Voice: Future TenseL-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-=?-.?-3-:R%?-0, <130>
Unit Twenty-Eight: A New Primary School#J- 5/- *J<- 2o.- 0,$?<- .- 24$?- 0:A- aR2- (%- 8A$
<133>
* Attributive Clause (II);R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$ <135>
Unit Twenty-Nine: Interview with the Local Paper#J-5/-*J<-.$-2,?-$/?-$?<-:I<-#%
-$A-3A-$-.%-3)=-:U.-$/%-2, <137>
* Direct and Indirect Speech (III),.-S%?-5B$-.%-2o.-S%?-5B$ <139>
Unit Thirty: The Night Sky#J-5/-?3-2&-2,35/-3R:C-3#:-.LA%?, <142>
* Present Continuous Tense: Passive VoiceLJ.-28A/-0:A-.-v-2-=?-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/, <144>
Unit Thirty-One: A Field Trip#J-5/-?R-$&A$-0,.%R?-.R%-,J%?->A$ <146>
* Direct and Indirect Speech (IV),.-S%?-5B$-.%-2o.-S%?-5B$ <148>
Unit Thirty-Two: Traditional Music#J-5/-?R-$*A?-0,YR=-o/-<R=-3R, <150>
* Present Perfect Tense: Passive Voice L?-9A/-0:A-.-v-2-=?-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/, <152>
Unit Thirty-Three: Good Deeds#J-5/-?R-$?3-0,.R/-29%-, <155>
* Attributive Clause (III): whose;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$ whose <157>
Unit Thirty-Four: A Letter to Lhasa#J-5/-?R-28A-2,z-?<-2{<-2:A-;A-$J <160>
4
* Infinitive-as-Subject (I)LJ.-0R-!R/-0:A-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$ <162>
Unit Thirty-Five: At the Construction Site#J-5/-?R-s-2,29R-20/-=?-$/?-?, <164>
i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$must / mustnt <166>

Unit Thirty-Six: A Happy Childhood#J-5/-?R-S$-0,3R-*A.-w/-0:A-LA?-.?, <168>
* Attributive Clause (IV): Where / When ;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$where / when <170>
Unit Thirty-Seven: Womens Equality#J-5/-?R-2./-0,2.-3J.-GA-:S-3*3-,R2-,%-, <172>
* Infinitive-as-Subject (II)LJ.-0R-!R/-0:A-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-5B$ <174>
Unit Thirty-Eight: Stereotypes#J-5/-?R-2o.-0,2?3-5=, <176>
* Modal Verbs (II): My / Might / Can / Couldi3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$may / might / can / could
* Modal Verbs (I): must / mustnt
<178>
Unit Thirty-Nine: In the Computer Lab#J-5/-?R-.$-2,lA?-:#R<-#%-., <180>

* Attributive Clause (V): Restrictive and Non-Restrictive
;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$-=?-$8/-.2%-
&/-.%-<%-.2%-&/, <182>
#J-5/-28A-2&-2,%?-HJ.-<%-:.A-/-;R.-0-3-:.R., <185>
*ModalVerbs (III):cant / couldnt / wont / wouldnti3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$cant /
Unit Forty: I Cant Believe Youre Here!
couldnt / wont / wouldnt <187>

Text Translations 2+<-;A$ <190>
9<-2!R.,1: o=-,A:A-1-g$?-GA?-35S/-0:A-.LA/-;A$-$A-.L%?-GA-1, <267>

Appendix II: IPA English Consonants9<- 2!R.,2: o=- ,A:A- 1- g$?-GA?- 35S/- 0:A- .LA/- ;A$- $A- $?=LJ.-GA-1, <268>
Appendix III: Glossary 9<-2!R.,3: ,-~.KR$?-21A$?, <270>
Appendix IV: Proper Names 9<-2!R.,4: (J.-.R/-IA-3A%-, <296>
Appendix V: Irregular Verbs9<-2!R.,5: $9$?-:I<-L-5B$ <303>
References.J.-$8A:A-;A$-<A$?, <305>
Translator's Note 2+<-0-0R:C-$+3, <306>
Appendix I: IPA English Vowels
Unit One: Back to School
#J-5/-.%-0R,aR2-9<-=R$-0,
IDialogue #-2h,
YANGZOM: Hi, Tashi! Its great to see you again. How was your summer holiday?
TASHI:
Hello, Yangzom! Im glad to see you, too. My summer holiday was a lot of
fun. I went with my family to the mountains for three weeks.
YANGZOM: Three weeks! Thats a long time. What did you do during the day?
TASHI:
In the daytime, we rode horses and swam in a beautiful lake. The sun shone so
brightly on the mountain valleys, and the summer rain rarely fell. It was a
wonderful holiday!
YANGZOM: That sounds like a lot of fun, although I would rather take a walk in the forest
than ride a horse. I also prefer boating to swimming, if I have the choice. But
what else did you do?
TASHI:
In the evening, we built a big fire and cooked our dinner over it. We ate
delicious food and drank fresh, clear water. After dinner, we sang songs
together and then slept happily under the stars. I was very sad when we left the
mountains--I think camping is much more exciting than school!
YANGZOM: Youd better not tell that to Mr. Sutton.
TASHI:
Whos Mr. Sutton?
YANGZOM: Hes one of our new foreign teachers. Hes standing right behind you!
TASHI:
Oh, hello, Mr. Sutton. Its nice to meet you.
MR. SUTTON:Hello, Tashi. I hope you will enjoy our class this year.
TASHI:
Im sure I will, Mr. Sutton. I find English more interesting than any other
subject!
II Sentence Patterns 5B$-$A-P2-!%?,
Practice these sentence patterns after reading the dialogue. $R%-$A-#-2h-.J-2[$?-eJ?-5B$-$A-
P2-!%?-:.A-.$-=-.R%-2-LR?,
Which do you think is more
interesting--music or art?
Do you find science easier than math?
Would you rather eat mutton or beef?
Which do you prefer--basketball or
football?
Do you agree (with me)?
I think art is more interesting than music.

No, I find math easier than science.
Id rather eat beef than mutton.
I prefer football to basketball.
Yes, I agree (with you).
No, I disagree (with you).
III Text: English and Tibetan Names

aR2-5/,.LA/-)A-2-.%-2R.-3A:A-<?-3A%-,
ood morning, class. My name is Mr. Sutton. Ill be one of your English teachers this
term. Do you have any questions for me?
Yes, Mr. Sutton, I have a question. What does Sutton mean?
Thanks for your question, Lhamo. Sutton is my last name, or family name, the same
name that my father and grandfather used. Sutton doesnt have any special meaning that I
know, and this is true of many English family names. My first name, or given name, is
Jack, and my middle name is Lee. These are the names that my parents gave me when I
was born.
Do all Westerners have three names?
Good question, Tashi. Most Westerners have three names, but we usually use only two in
informal situations. I usually go by Jack Sutton or Mr. Sutton, and my close friends call
me Jack. And now I have a question for you, Dawa--how are Tibetan names different from
English names?
Most Tibetans have only one name made up of three or four syllables, for example,
Drolma Gyi or Tashi Dondrup. Tibetans do not usually use family names. And some
Tibetan names are used for both boys and girls. For instance, Tserang Gyal is a boys name
and Tserang Tso is a girls name. Is this also true for English names?
Yes, it is. English names include many nicknames
that are used for both boys and girls. For instance,
Patrick is a boys name and Patricia is a girls
name, but both are called Pat for short.
Thats very interesting, Mr. Sutton. Could you give
us English names?
Of course I can, Yangzom--Ill call you Patsy!
IV Common Expressions o/-2!R=-5B$

that sounds like (fun) .J-*A.-0<-$%-,
to take a walk :(3-:(3-=-:PR-2,
youd better... HR.(GA?)------/-=J$?-(.$:),
close friend >$-0R,PR$?-29%-0R,
to go by (Jack) || Jack8J?-:2R.-0:A-.R/,
to be called (Bill) for short 2#?-3A%-=-----(Bill)9J<,

family name <?,
2+$?-3A%-,
to be made up of - - -=?-P2,
given name
V Grammar Points
2h-3R.-.!:-$/.,
* Past Tense: Irregular Verbs .?-:.?-0-=?- $9$?-:I<-L-5B$
Present Form .?-.-v-2:A-i3-0, Past Form .?-:.?-0:A-i3-0,
give
ring
sleep
come
gave
rang
slept
came
Can you find other past tense irregular verbs in the dialogue and text above? HJ.-GA?-aR2-5/
-.%-#-2h-=?-.?-:.?-0-!R/-0:A-$9$?-:I<-L-5B$-$8/-24=-,2-23,
* Comparison of Adjectives o/-5B$-$A-2#<-2,
Positive
Comparative
,R$-3:A-<A3-0, 2#<-2:A-<A3-0,
Short Forms
o/-5B$-,%-%:A-i3-0,
Long Forms
o/-5B$-<A%-2R:C-i3-0,
Irregular Forms
$9$?-:I<-&/-IA-i3-0,
strong
easy
stronger
easier
interesting
comfortable
Superlative
5.-3,R:C-<A3-0,
strongest
easiest
more interesting most interesting

less comfortable least comfortable
good
bad
better
worse
best
worst
These example sentences use comparison of adjectives: :.A<-o/-5B$-$A-2#<-2-=-.<-2:A
-.0J-2eR.-IA-5B$-:$:-;R.-.J,
Positive:
I find chemistry as easy as math.
These noodles are as good as the mutton.
Comparative:
My English is worse than it was before the summer holiday.
I think physics is more interesting than history.
Superlative:
This is the least comfortable bed of all.
She is the strongest student in our class.
VI Activities .R%-2h<,
1. Look at these pairs of words and tell your partner which one you would rather be. Give
reasons for your choices. (-&/-IA-3A%-:.A-.$-=-2v?-+J-HR.-GA-<R$?-0<-HR.-<%-.J-$*A?-=?-$%-8A$
-;A/-/-.$:-2-2>.-0-.%-.J:A-o-35/->R.,
Example: Id rather be the moon than a star, because a star is too hot.
a) fire--water
b) a chicken--an egg
c) a hammer--a nail
d) a city--a village
e) a tiger--a bird
f) a forest--a river
g) grass--flowers
2. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences. $>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-/?-5B$-P2-29R?,
Example:
I think swimming is more fun than watching TV.

I disagree. I think swimming is the least fun of all.
swimming
interesting
Chinese
is more difficult
is less fun
I think reading
playing cards is as
popular
...
than writing.
as
watching TV.
math.
...
swimming
I agree.
is the least
reading
I think Chinese
I disagree.
playing cards is the most
...
...
interesting
popular
of all.
fun
difficult
...
3. Sing this song. \-:.A-=R%?,

Id rather be...
Id rather be a sparrow than a snail,
Yes I would, if I only could,
I surely would.
Id rather be a hammer than a nail,
Yes I would, if I only could,
I surely would.
9
cooking.
VII Exercises .%-$8A,

1. Change these present tense verbs to past tense. .?-.-v-2-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-:.A-.$-:.?-0:A-i3-0<
-2+<-.$R?,
a) go
b) eat
c) ring
d) fall
e) sleep
f) do
g) ride
2. Change these past tense verbs to present tense. .?-:.?-0-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-:.A-.$-.-v-2:A-i3-0<
-2+<-.$R?,
a) built
b) swan
c) sang
d) gave
e) lay
f) shone
g) drank
3. Answer these questions about the text. aR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-,R2?,

a) How many names do most Westerners have?
b) What different names does Mr. Sutton have?
c) Do Tibetans usually use family names?
d) Are some Tibetan names used by both boys and girls?
e) What name is Patrick called for short?
10
Unit Two: What Do You Want to Be?
#J-5/-$*A?-0,HJ.-<%-&A-8A$-LJ.-/-:.R.,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(before class on Tuesday morning)
MS. LYONS: Good morning Lhamo, youre in the classroom a bit early today!
LHAMO:
Hi, Ms. Lyons. Its nice to see you. I often come to class earlier than my
classmates so I can review my lessons before class begins.
MS. LYONS: Arent you preparing your lessons a bit late?
LHAMO:
Oh, no. I prepared all my lessons yesterday afternoon. But now Im looking
over them again so I can learn the material better.
MS. LYONS: Well, thats very impressive! You work harder than any other student in the
class! What do you want to do when you finish school?
LHAMO:
Some days I think Id like to be a doctor, but other days I think Id rather be an
artist. I find art more interesting than science, though I prefer math to music.
But my dream is to be a businesswoman. There are so many things to be, its
difficult for me to decide!
MS. LYONS: Youre a very clever student and you have many talents. If you keep working
hard, you can be anything you want to be!
II Sentence Patterns5B$-$A-P2-!%?,
Did you sleep late last Saturday?
Did Tashi sleep later than you?
Who slept the latest of all?
Did Lhamo run quickly in the race?
Did Yangzom run more quickly than Lhamo?
Who ran the most slowly of all?
11
Yes, I slept late last Saturday.

Yes, Tashi slept later than I.
Dawa slept the latest of all.
No, she ran slowly in the race.
No, she ran more slowly than Lhamo.
Helen ran the most slowly of all.
III Text:The Tortoise and the Hare
aR2-5/,<?-&=-.%-<A-2R%-,
nce upon a time, a proud hare and a modest tortoise lived together in the forest. The
hare made fun of the tortoise because he walked so slowly, while the hare ran faster
than the wind. The tortoise grew tired of the
hares boasting, so one day he challenged the hare to a
race.
Ha! said the hare. This is a joke! You know that no
animal in the forest can run as fast as I. I will beat you
easily.
Very well, said the tortoise, we will see who runs
faster during the race.
All the animals in the forest came to the starting line.
They watched as the hare ran quickly into the trees, while
the tortoise walked slowly along the path. It seemed certain that the hare would reach the
finish line sooner than the tortoise.
The hare ran so fast that he became tired. He decided to stop and wait for the tortoise to
catch up. He lay down in the soft grass and soon he felt sleepy. Ill take a short nap, he
said, and then Ill finish the race. I will still win it easily.
While the hare slept, the tortoise moved along steadily. At last, he passed the hare and
reached the finish line. Finally, the hare woke up and started to run again, but he started too
late to catch up to the tortoise. As the tortoise crossed the finish line, all of the other animals
applauded. The hare was too embarrassed to show his face, so he crept quietly into the
forest.
LESSON: Slow and steady wins the race.
once upon a time $/:-}-3R-8A$-=,}R/-(.,
to look over
8A2-$>J<-LJ.-0,8A2-v-LJ.-0,
to make fun of$.-3R-aR%-2,
to get / grow tired of,%-(.-0,?/-$%-*J?-2,
very well@-&%-29%-2,
to catch up toeJ?-9A/-0<-LJ.-0,eJ?-2~J$-0,
to show (sbs) face<%-$9$?-3%R/-0,
to walk / move along.J.-.J-:PR-2,2o.-.J-:PR-2,
at last3)$-3,<,3,:-3)$
12
V Grammar Points2h-3R.-.!:-$/.,
*Comparison of Adverbs L-2:A-i3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$-$A-2#<-2,
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
,R$-3:A-<A3-0, 2#<-2:A-<A3-0, 5.-3,R:C-<A3-0,

strong
fast
well
badly
far
easily
slowly
Regular Forms 5B$-U.-&/-IA-i3-0,

Irregular Forms $9$?-:I<-&/-IA-i3-0,
Long Forms <A%-2-&/-IA-i3-0,
stronger
faster
better
worse
farther
more easily
more slowly
strongest
fastest
best
worst
farthest
most easily
most slowly
VI Activities.R%-2h<,
1.Ask and answer these questions about the text with your partner.HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-
aR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-:SA-2-.%-=/-,R2?,
a) Who can run faster than any animal in the forest?
b) Which animal moves the most slowly?
c) Who started the race more quickly?
d) Did the hare reach the finish line sooner than the tortoise?
e) What does the lesson at the end of the story mean? Do you agree or disagree?
2. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
Example: Dawa runs as fast as the wind.

Lhamo
Andrew
Dawa
Helen
...
smiles
swims
draws
laughs
...
better than
as brightly as
more easily than
the most happily of
...
13
a fish.
the sun.
anyone.
an artist.
...
3. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.$>3-IA-5B$-:.A-.$-=?-/R<-2-i3?-;%-.$-0<-UA?,
Example: Last summer we go to the mountains for three weeks. Last summer we went to
the mountains for three weeks.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
My parents give me my given name when I was born.

Tashis family drinked fresh water on their holiday.
Mr. Suttons close friends calls him Jack.
We swum everyday in a beautiful river.
My family name is the same name my grandfather use.
VII Exercises.%-$8A,
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverbcomparison. ;%-.$-0:A-L-2:A-i3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$-$A-
2#<-2-2!R=-+J-!R%-(-{R%?,
Example: Lhamo studies harder than anyone in our class. (hard)
a) The hare runs the ____________ of all the animals in the forest. (fast)
b) I didnt do as __________ as Tashi did on the last English exam. (well)
c) The river flows ________________ in winter than in summer. (slow)
d) Yangzom works the _______________ of all the students in our class. (steady)
e) I wake up ____________ on Sunday than I wake up on Monday. (late)
2. Mark these sentences true (T) or false (F). If a sentence is false, change the sentence
to make it true. 5B$- :.A- i3?- =- :PA$- /- T.%- /R<- /F ;A- g$?- :$R.- .$R?- 2- .%- ,/R<- 2- i3?-
=-.$-2&R?-LJ.-.$R?,
Example: I sleep later on Monday than I do on Saturday. I sleep later on Saturday than I
do on Monday.
a) A pig can run faster than a deer.
T F
b) Cars move more slowly than airplanes.
T F
c) It snows harder in summer than in winter.
T F
d) The wind blows more steadily inside than outside. T F
e) I can speak English better than I can write English. T F
3. Answer these questions about the dialogue. #-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Do Lhamos classmates come to the classroom earlier than she?

Why does Lhamo look over her lessons again before class?
Does Ms. Lyons think that Dawa works harder than Lhamo?
Does Lhamo find art more interesting than science?
Does Lhamo prefer music to math?
14
Unit Three: What Were You Doing Yesterday?
#J-5/-$?3-0,#-?%-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-212?-0-;A/,
I Dialogue#-2h,
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
Hi, Yangzom. I didnt see you in English class yesterday. What were you
doing during class?
Oh, I was going to the hospital when class began.
The hospital? Were you ill?
No, I was visiting my uncle in the hospital. He was having an operation
yesterday afternoon.
Oh dear! Was it serious?
No, it wasnt too serious. It was a very common operation. My parents and I
were keeping him company while he was waiting to have his operation.
Well, I hope your uncle gets well soon!
Thanks a lot. Ill send him your regards. Tashi, were you worrying about me
during class?
I was worrying about you just a little bit. Im glad everything is OK now.
Youre a good friend, Tashi. Thanks for thinking of me!
What were you doing after class?
I was sleeping.
We were reviewing our lessons.
What was I doing Tuesday evening?

What was he doing on Sunday?
What were they doing last night?
You were making dinner.

He was hanging laundry.
They were counting money.
15
III Text:The Bank Robbery

aR2-5/,.%=-#%-=-:UR$-2&R3-L?-0,
ast night, someone robbed the ABC Bank at the corner of Main Street and First
Avenue. Today, the police are trying to figure out who robbed the bank. Can you
help them catch the thief?
Mr. Jones is the president of the bank. He was working in the bank last night. He was
moving money from one safe to another safe when the lights went out. He was the only
person with the key to the safe.
Ms. Brown works at the convenience
store next to the bank. She was counting
money last night when she heard a loud
noise in the bank. When she left her store,
someone was running out of the front door
of the bank with a large bag. Ms. Brown
called the police to tell them what she saw
and heard.
Mr. Smith is a clerk in the bank. He
was also working late last night in his
office. When the lights went out, he
stopped working. He was looking for a candle when he heard a noise behind him. He
doesnt remember what happened after that.
When the police arrived, Mr. Jones was helping Mr. Smith put a bandage on his head.
Mr. Jones said that he was running to Mr. Smiths office when he heard the thief hit Mr.
Smith on the head. He also said he was trying to call the police when the thief ran out of the
back door of the bank with a bag of money.
Today, 250,000 dollars are missing from the bank. Do you know who wasnt telling the
truth? Who do you think the bank robber is?
What happened? &A-8A$-L%-?R%-%3,
to worry about ?J3?-#<-LJ.-0,
Oh dear! A-#-#,A-3-3,
to figure out %R?-:6B/-0,l.-$&R.-LJ.-0,
to get well )J-=J$?-?-:PR-2,
convenience store 5S%-#%-(%-2,
to keep (sb) company :.$-<R$?-LJ.-0,
to tell the truth S%-2R<-5-2,
to send (sb) regards :53?-8-LJ.-0,
16
* Past Continuous Tense (I) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-LJ.-28A/-0,
Subject + LJ.-0R+
was / were +
Verb-ing (+ Complement)
L-5B$ - ing(+$?2-5B$)
I
He
They
was
wasn't
were
reading a book.
washing his clothes.
watching a movie.
1. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A
-/%-$A-,-~.-.$-2!R=-/?-5B$-P2-29R?,
I
last night?
you
on Saturday afternoon?
What
s / he doing at noon yesterday?
were we
the day before yesterday?
they
on Monday evening?
was
I
You
She / He
We
They
watching TV.
playing football.
cooking supper.
riding a bicycle.
...
2. Finish this dialogue and read it with your partner. #-2h-:.A-(-5%-.-2+%-!J-<R$?-0-.%-3*3
-.-[R$?,
TSOMO: What ________ you doing ______ 10 oclock this morning?
TASHI: I ______ _____________ (review) my English lessons.
TSOMO: _______ (do) you see Lhamo _______ that time?
TASHI: Yes, I _______ (see) her.
TSOMO: What _______ she ___________ (do) then?
TASHI: Lhamo _______ ___________ (study) history.
TSOMO: What ______ you __________ (read) when class ________(begin)?
TASHI: I wasnt ____________. I ________ drawing a picture.
TSOMO: May I ________ (see) it?
TASHI: _____ course! Its right here.
TSOMO: Oh, its lovely! Will you _________ (draw) another for me?
TASHI: Of _________ I will!
17
3. Ask and answer these questions about the dialogue.#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-aR2-PR$?-1/
-5/-=-:SA-2-.%-SA?-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a) Was Yangzom in English class yesterday?

b) What was Yangzom doing when class began?
c) What was Yangzoms uncle doing in the hospital?
d) What were Yangzom and her parents doing while her uncle was waiting?
e) Was Tashi thinking about Yangzom during class? He wasnt worrying about her, was
he?
1. Fill in the blanks with the past tense or the past continuous tense.$>3-IA-!R%-(:A-
/%-.-:.?-5B$-$3-:.?-0:A-.?-GA-LJ.-28A/-0:A-5B$-{R%?,
a) What _______ you __________ (do) yesterday afternoon?
b) When the bell ______ (ring), Tashi _______ ____________ (finish) his lesson.
c) Last Monday night, we ________ _____________ (watch) a movie.
d) When Ms. Lyons _________ (come) into the classroom, Lhamo ______
____________ _________ (look over) her lessons.
e) I ________ ______________ (sleep) at eleven oclock last night.
2. Answer these questions about the text.aR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What happened last night? What are the police doing today?
What was Mr. Jones doing when the lights went out?
What was Ms. Brown doing when she heard a loud noise in the bank?
What was Mr. Smith doing when he heard a noise behind him?
Who do you think the bank robber is? Why do you think so?
3. Change these sentences from past continuous tense to past tense.:.?-0:A-.?-GA-
LJ.-28A/-0:A-5B$-$A-i3-0-:.A-.$-.?-:.?-0:A-i3-0<-2+<-.$R?,
Example: I was swimming in the river on Sunday. I swam in the river on Sunday.
a) Lhamo was eating lunch with Tashi on Tuesday.
b) Dawa was studying English last night.
c) Ms. Lyons was going to the market to buy fruit and vegetables.
d) Mr. Sutton was preparing his lessons on Monday afternoon.
e) Yangzom was riding her bicycle to school yesterday morning.
18
Unit Four: The Track Meet
#J-5/-28A-2,=?-l=-0:A-o$?-l=-:P/-2#<,
I Dialogue#-2h,
DAWA: Good morning, Tashi. Didnt I see you at the track meet on Saturday?
TASHI: Yes, I think you did. I was competing for our class. And I think I saw you waving
in the crowd.
DAWA: Yes, I was waving to you. Werent you running the 400-meter relay race?
TASHI: No, I was running the 1600-meter relay race.
DAWA: Now I remember. When I saw you, you were running faster than all of the other
runners. But wasnt Ryan catching up with you?
TASHI: Yes, he was. Ryan was feeling stronger than I was that day. At the end of the race,
his team was the winner!
DAWA: Yes, I was thinking that his team was the strongest. But werent you also throwing
the discus that day? And didnt you throw the discus farther than anyone?
TASHI: Yes, I did. But Andrew was throwing the discus very well that day, so I was afraid
I would lose.
DAWA: That sounds like a lot of work--werent you feeling tired at the end of the track
meet?
TASHI: Yes, I was feeling exhausted!
Were you playing football?
Yes, I was (playing football).

No, I wasnt (playing football).
Werent you jumping rope?
Yes, I was (jumping rope).
No, I wasnt (jumping rope).
Was I running faster than he?
Yes, you were.
Wasnt she running the fastest? No, she wasnt.
19
III Text: Remember the Summer Festival?
aR2-5/,.L<-#:A-.?-(J/-.J-S/-/3,
September 28, 2003
Dear Yangzom,
I cant stop thinking about the summer festival we attended in
Golok during the sixth lunar month. The grassland was so beautiful at
that time, and everyone was feeling very joyful. And werent the
flowers blooming beautifully?
I remember that in the valley, nomad families were pitching their
tents and building fires to boil mutton. On the meadow, men were
competing in wrestling matches, and both women and men were taking
part in archery contests. All of the competitors were trying their best to
be the winner!
Many people were preparing for the horse race, and their horses
were running faster than ever. When the race began, the horses were
running neck and neck. Wasnt Norbus horse running the strongest?
It was until Nimas horse caught up just before the finish line!
My favorite part of the festival was watching the dance
performances. The dancers were wearing the most colorful clothing, and
they were all dancing so gracefully. I was feeling delighted, and I was
wishing that the dancers would never stop. Werent they dancing on the
clouds? Was I only dreaming?
I hope I wasnt dreaming so we can take part in the summer
festival again next year. I hope you will join me again!
Your friend,
Drolma
20

track meeto$?-l=-:P/-2#<,
neck and neck.0%-2-3*3-$>A2-GA-2*R.-0,
relay raceo$-3,.-2%-l=-:P/-2#<,
as (quickly) as before }<-28A/(3IR$?-0)
to catch up witheJ?-2~J$-0,
(stronger) than ever}<-=?(!R2?-(J-2)
0$-0,8J.-0,
lunar month =$?-fA%-$A-^-2,
to pitch a tent4-$<-12-0,
to take part in8$?-0,
to try (sbs) best <%-/?-&A-tR$?,
to be afraid
21
* Past Continuous Tense (II) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-LJ.-28A/-0,
Was / Were + Subject + LJ.- 0R+
Were
Weren't
you
you
Present Participle
(+ Complement)
.-v-2:A-3A%-n%-(+$?2-5B$)
sleeping during class?
dancing on the grassland?
The past continuous tense can also be used to express a strong opinion: :.?-
0:A-.?-GA-LJ.-28A/-0:A-5B$-$A-i3-0?-.-.%-2?3-5=-S$-0R-!R/-0:A-5B$-G%-35S/-/?,
o Wasnt the music beautiful? = The music was so beautiful!
<R=-.L%?-.J-~/-0R-3-;A/-/3, = <R=-.L%?-.J-)A-:S:A-~/-0-=:%,
o Werent the flowers lovely? 3J-+R$-.J-i3?-3A-36K?-?3,
o They were wearing the most colorful clothing! #R-5S?-!/-=?-36K?-0:A-$R/-0-IR/,
1. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.
$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
Was
Wasnt
Were
I
you
Lhamo
the strongest of all?

faster than Tashi?
more gracefully than
ever?
we
swimming better than I?
Werent Tashi and Dawa drawing
too fast?
Yes, I
No, you
Yes, she
we
No, they
running
dancing
driving
was
wasnt
were
running
dancing
driving
swimming
werent drawing
22
as strong as Yangzom.
faster than Tashi.
as gracefully as before.
better than you.
too fast.
2. Ask your classmates these questions and write their answers. HJ.-GA-aR2-PR$?-5S<-SA-2-:.A-.$
-:SA-2-.%-#R-5S:C-2+2-0:A-=/-i3?-:VA-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Were you studying when the bell rang this morning?

Werent you eating your lunch outside yesterday?
Was your partner talking when the teacher came in?
Were you sleeping at ten forty-five last night?
Wasnt the weather beautiful yesterday?
3. Ask and answer these questions about the dialogue with your partner.HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R-.%-
3*3-.-SA-2-:.A-.$-1/-5/-=-:SA-2-.%-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Was Tashi competing in the track meet on Saturday?

What was Dawa doing when Tashi was running the relay race?
Was Tashi feeling stronger than Ryan in the relay race?
Wasnt Andrew throwing the discus well that day?
Did Andrew throw the discus farther than anyone?
How was Tashi feeling at the end of the track meet?
1. Read the text and fill in the blanks.aR2-5/-[R$-!J-$>3-IA-!R%-(-i3?-{R%-.$R?,

a) ______________ (watch) the dancers was my _______________ part of the festival.
b) Nimas horse ___________ ________ (catch up) to Norbus horse just_____________
the finish line.
c) Men _______ ________ (compete) in wrestling matches, and women and men _______
______________ ________ (take part) in archery contests.
d) Nomad families __________ _____________ (pitch) their tents and___________
(build) fires to _____________ (boil) mutton.
e) I hope I __________ _____________ (dream)!
2. Change these sentences from present tense statements to past continuous tense questions.
,A<-2+%-.-v-2:A-5B$-:.A-.$-:.?-0:A-.?-GA-LJ.-28A/-0:A-:SA-5B$-+-2+<,
Example: Birds sing in the trees. Were birds singing in the trees?
a) Nomads pitch their tents.
b) Lhamo runs quickly.
c) Dancers wear colorful clothing.
d) I prepare my lessons.
e) Young men race horses.
23
3. Find each of these words in the puzzle. The words may be written forward or backward,
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. ;A-$J:A-$2-5B$-=?-,-~.-:.A-i3?-<J-<J-28A/-:5S=-.$R?,,
-~.-.J-.$-3$R-/?-3)$-=-VA?-;R.-0:3-3)$-/?-3$R<-VA?-;R.-0,%R?-~R3?-?-VA?-;R.-0,S%-:K%-.VA?-;R.-0,;%-/-$?J$-+-;R.-YA.,
festival
valley
meadow
archery
C
Y
Z
D
J
U
Y
R
J
P
V
A
L
L
E
Y
G
S
N
U
D
R
R
L
A
V
I
T
S
E
F
E
M
C
U
G
D
H
J
H
T
E
T
wrestling
performance
T
H
F
T
R
W
K
R
R
E
H
I
E
E
E
O
H
D
U
J
D
G
24
Q
R
C
D
L
H
E
R
F
S
I
E
Y
A
B
V
E
R
S
D
N
L
P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E
gracefully
delighted
M
S
G
G
T
E
A
E
S
F
D
A
W
R
E
S
T
L
I
N
G
X
Unit Five: Going to the Monastery
#J-5/-s-2, .$R/-0<-:PR-2,
I Dialogue#-2h,
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
Good morning, Norbu. Its a beautiful day and Im going swimming with my
friends! Would you like to come with us?
Im afraid that I cant join you today, Drolma. Im going to the monastery to
light offering lamps and turn prayer wheels.
Werent you going to the monastery last week at this time? I think that I saw
you from the road.
Yes, I was going to the monastery last week. My family believes that a
Buddhist should go to a temple at least once a week. My sister often comes to
the monastery with me during her summer and winter holidays.
I hear that Buddhist pilgrims come from many Tibetan areas to pray at the
monastery in our village. It must be a very important place for Buddhists.
Yes, it is. And the nunnery in the next village is one of the largest in the Amdo
region--my father says that more than three hundred nuns live there. And the
stupa near the nunnery is a wonderful example of Buddhist architecture!
Do you think that becoming a monk or nun is the best way to practice
Buddhism?
I feel that a person can be a good Buddhist without living in a monastery or
nunnery. It seems to me that it is more important to be kind and to respect
others. I believe that many other religions teach similar ideas.
I think youre right. Well, Ill see you later. Im going to practice kindness and
respect with my friends at the river!
II Sentence Patternso/-2!R=-5B$
Norbu thinks that kindness and respect are important for Buddhists.
Im afraid that I wont be able to come to your party.
Drolma believes that religion can be practiced in many ways.
They feel that it is a beautiful day to swim in the river.
She says that she will invite me to dinner next week.
He tells me that he is going to return to England in June.
25
II Text: Religions of the World
aR2-5/,:63-\A%-$A-(R?-=$?,
rolma is interested in learning more about different world religions. Her father,
Nima, tells her that there are many religions in Qinghai besides Buddhism. Many of
the nearby villages are Muslim, and some of the people in their village also practice
Islam. Her mother, Tsomo, says that Islam has common roots with Christianity and Judaism.
Nima also says that Buddhism and Hinduism
share many beliefs. Tsomo says that although it
seems that the religions of the world are very
different, they are also quite similar in many ways.
She says that religions should help people live
together, but they often keep people apart.
Drolma feels that people should try to understand
each others religions instead of fight about them.
Drolma doesnt have any Jewish or Hindu
friends, but she has met some Christians at
Lhamos and Tashis school. Drolma respects
their faith, and she is quite proud of her own
religion. Tashi tells her that many Westerners practice religions other than Christianity, and
some do not follow any particular religion. Ms. Lyons says that Christmas is an important
day for both Christians and non-Christians, because in many Western countries it is a
holiday for everyone! Drolma is excited to celebrate Christmas with her foreign friends and
also to share her own traditions with her friends of different faiths.
IV Common Expressionso/-2!R=-5B$
common roots ,/-3R%-$A-:L%-#%?,
it seems that....J-2v?-5S.-GA?----,
to keep (people) apart(3A-i3?-.%-)IJ?-0,

just like +$-+$------.J-.%-:S-2,
to be interested in---=-3R-2-*J?-0,
to practice (Buddhism)(?%?-o?-GA-(R?)*3?-=J/-LJ.-0,
besides / other than3-9.,.-.%-,
to believe in / to follow..-0,eJ?-?-:V%?-2,
instead of52-+,52-=,
26
* Object Clause (I) L-;=-!R/-0:A-2-5B$
Subject + LJ.-0R+ Verb + L-5B$ + (that) +
Clause Subject / Predicate 2-5B$-$A
-$4S-5B$ / eR.-5B$
I
She
He
know
feels
says
that
that
he is my friend.
her teacher is difficult to understand.
it will rain tomorrow.
That is commonly used in written English, but it is often omitted in spoken English. ,A<
-2+%-.that/A-;A$-{.-=-:VA-/:%-,#-{.-/%-.-o/-0<-2#?-+J-3A-2eR.-.R,,
* To believe that / to believe in

- to believe that = to think that
I believe (that) she will be here soon. %?-#R-3R-3A-:I%?-0<-:.A<-aJ2?-o-<J.-~3,
- to believe in = to follow
I believe in the teachings of Judaism. %?-;$-,J:A-(R?-=-..-0-LJ.-GA/-;R.,
1. Ask and answer these questions about the text with your partner.HJ.-GA?-PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-
#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-1/-5/-=-:SA-2-.%-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a) Is Drolma interested in learning more about world religions?

b) What does Drolmas mother say about Islam?
c) What does her father tell her about Buddhism?
d) What does Ms. Lyons say about Christmas in Western countries?
e) Do you think the religions of the world are quite different or quite similar?
2. Unscramble these words from the dialogue. #-2h-=?-L%-2:A-,-~.-:.A-i3?-=J$?-1A$-LR?,
Example: asymeornt? monastery
a) kmno
b) yrpaer
c) udBhmsid
d) glmipri
e) ynunrne
27
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
I think
I feel
I believe
(that)
Im sure
It seems
Lhamo and
Drolma
noodles
Tashi
dancing
math
was running faster
science.
is more interesting
were feeling more
tired
are more delicious
is less popular
Yangzom.
singing.
than
Dawa.
bread.
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct word about religion.$>3-IA-!R%-(:A-/%-.-(R?-=$?-{R<-IA
-;%-.$-0:A-,-~.-{R%?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A Jew is a person who believes in the teachings of ______________.

A ____________ is a person who practices Buddhism.
A person who practices Islam is called a ____________.
A ____________ is a person who believes in the teachings of Christianity.
A person who believes in the teachings of Hinduism is called a ___________.
to make it true.:PA$-0<T.%-3A-:PA$-0<FUA?,$=-+J-5B$-P2-=-/R<-:($-;R.-5K-.$-2&R?-LR?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Tsomo says that Islam has common roots with Hinduism.

T
Tashi tells Drolma that some Westerners do not follow any particular religions.T
Nima says that Hinduism and Buddhism share many beliefs.
T
Drolma has some Jewish and Hindu friends.
T
Drolma feels that people should try to understand each others religions. T
F
F
F
F
F
3. Answer these questions about the dialogue.#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Does Drolma think that she saw Norbu going to the river last week?
What does Norbus family believe that a Buddhist should do?
What does Drolma hear about Buddhist pilgrims?
Does Norbus father say that thirty nuns live in the nunnery in the next village?
Does Norbu think that a person can be a good Buddhist without becoming a monk or
nun?
28
Unit Six: Giving Compliments
#J-5/-S$-0,2!R.-2}$?-LJ.-0,
I Dialogue#-2h,
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
YANGZOM:
TASHI:
Hi, Yangzom--you look really happy this afternoon. You have a big smile on
your face! Whats up?
Hello, Tashi. I feel a little embarrassed. I just won first prize in our schools
poetry contest.
Thats wonderful! Congratulations! You must be very pleased with yourself.
Well, not really. I dont think that I wrote the best poem. I think that your
sisters poem was better than mine. I was so surprised when I heard I was the
winner that I dropped my books.
Well, Im sure that the judges chose the best poem. Your poem must be the
most beautiful of all.
Well, Dawa doesnt think so. He wrote the poem that won third prize. He was
writing poetry better than ever last semester, so he is feeling rather
disappointed. He was so unhappy when he heard the result that he left the
room.
Im sorry that he feels that way. But maybe he will be the winner next time, if
the best poet doesnt enter the contest.
Oh, stop, Tashi--you flatter me!
Im only telling the truth! And when will you read me your poem?
I wont read you my poem until you stop flattering me.
Well, if you dont believe my compliments, then I will have to write a poem
for you instead!
How do you feel when you see your friends? I feel happy when I see my friends.
What makes you (feel) sad?
Losing a race makes me (feel) sad.
How does she look today?
She looks angry today.
She was so disappointed that she couldnt speak.

He sang so sweetly that we thought he was a bird.
29
III Text: The Fox and the Crow
aR2-5/,7-3R-.%-7-+,
ne day a fox was walking slowly through the forest. He was so hungry that he could
hardly move. After a while, he saw a tree with a crow in its highest branches. In the
crows mouth was a piece of cheese that she had taken from the market. The crow
looked so pleased with herself that the fox began to feel even hungrier. Suddenly, the fox
had an idea so clever that he surprised himself. He knew that if his idea succeeded, he
would have the crows delicious cheese for his supper.
The fox stopped under the tree where the crow sat and called out in his sweetest voice:
Dear friend crow, arent you looking beautiful this
morning? Your wings look like the wings of an
eagle, your tail is as wide as the tail of a peacock,
and your claws look as strong as the claws of a bear.
You are so lovely that your voice must be as lovely
as you look. If you sing for me, I will feel so joyful
that I will dance!
The crow became so happy that she flapped her
wings and shook her tail. The foxs words made her
feel so proud that she opened her mouth to sing a
beautiful song. When her mouth opened, the cheese fell out of her mouth and down to the
fox.
The fox caught the cheese in his mouth and smiled widely. He was so pleased with
himself that he danced among the trees. But before he enjoyed his delicious cheese supper,
he gave the crow this advice: The next time someone gives you a compliment, keep your
mouth shut!
LESSON: Never believe a person who flatters you!
Whats up?
HR.-2.J-3R-;A/-/3,
to be pleased with.$:-3R-*J?-0,;A.-5B3-0,
to flatter (sb) (3A-$-$J-3R-=)%R-2!R.-LJ.-0,
to call out:2R.-0,
to look like-----.%-:S-2,
to fall out3<-z%-2,
to give advice#-+-LJ.-0,
to give a compliment 2}$?-2eR.-LJ.-0,
30
So...that...
Subject
+
LJ.-0R +
She
I
He
Yangzom
Verb + so
L-5B$+ +
- - - (S$?)0? - - -
Adjective / Adverb +
o/-5B$ / L-2:A-i3-0-!R/-
that
+
Statement
$/?-=$?-2eR.-LJ.2-5B$
0:A-5B$ +
felt
was
spoke
wrote
so
embarrassed
angry
loudly
beautifully
that
she left the room.

I shouted.
no one could study.
she won the contest.
1. Fill in the blanks by changing these nouns to adjectives. 3A%-5B$-:.A-.$-o/-5B$-+-2+<-/?
-!R%-(-i3?-{R%?,
Example: Dawa was disappointed that he didnt win the poetry contest.
(disappointment)
a) When I passed my examination, I felt so ________ that I jumped for joy. (happiness)
b) Yangzom was _______ when Tashi asked her why she was smiling. (embarrassment)
c) Andrew felt _________ when his train left without him. (anger)
d) At the summer festival, I was so ____________ that I wanted to sing. (delight)
e) Tashi felt ____ when he and his family returned from their vacation in the mountains.
(sadness)
2. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A
-/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
win a contest,
When I drop my books,
I feel
get cheated,
see an old friend, so
miss my family,
excited
cry.
that I
sad
hide.
happy
shout.
want to jump.
angry
embarrassed
dance.
Make similar sentences of your own. HJ.-<%-*A.-GA?-$R%-$A-.J-.$-.%-<A$?-:S-2:A-5B$-:$:-1A$?,

3. Sing this song.\-:.A-=R%?,
Sunshine on my Shoulders
Sunshine on my shoulders makes me happy,
Sunshine in my eyes makes me cry;
Sunshine on the water looks so lovely,
Sunshine almost always makes me high.
31
VII Exercises$><-.%-,
1. Use each of these common expressions in a sentence. $>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-=-5B$-P2
-<J-29R-.$R?,
Example: to give a compliment

Tashi gave Yangzom a compliment when he told her she was the best poet in the contest.
a) to give advice
b) to flatter (sb)
c) to call out
d) to be pleased with
e) to fall out
2. Make sentences following the example. .0J-2eR.-v<-5B$-:$:-1A$?,
Example: (Yangzom, write a poem, happy, sing)
When Yangzom was writing a poem, she felt so happy that she sang.
a) (I, watch TV, tired, fall asleep)
b) (Degyi and Sonam, herd goats, hungry, eat lunch)
c) (Andrew, talk to his parents, excited, talk quickly)
d) (Norbu, go to the monastery, joyful, dance)
e) (Tashi, watch a sad movie, sad, cry)
3. Answer these questions about yourself.HJ.-<%-*A.-GA-$/?-5=-v<-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-,R2?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What makes you really happy?

How do you feel when you lose a race?
Do you feel delighted when you drop your books?
What makes you very angry?
How do you feel when you watch Tibetan dancing?
32
Unit Seven: Following Instructions
#J-5/-2./-0,$?%?-v<-12-0,
I Dialogue#-2h,
TASHI: Hi, Dawa, what are you doing?
DAWA: Im trying to bake a cake for Ryans birthday. I asked Helen to give me a recipe
last week.
TASHI: Wow, that sounds really difficult. What did she tell you to do?
DAWA: First she told me to beat four eggs in a large bowl. Then she said to put half a cup
of butter and one and a half cups of sugar into the bowl. Finally she told me to add
two cups of flour to the bowl and to pour it all into a pan.
TASHI: Hmm...it doesnt look quite right.
DAWA: I tried to follow her instructions, but I think I did something wrong. I wanted to
call and ask her a question, but she isnt at home.
TASHI: Do you want me to taste it to see if there is a problem? Maybe I can help you to
find your mistake.
DAWA: Sure, go ahead.
TASHI: Dawa, this tastes terrible! I think I know the problem. Whats the white stuff in this
jar?
DAWA: I think its sugar.
TASHI: Thats your problem. This isnt sugar--its salt!
What did Dawa try to do?
He tried to bake a cake.
What did Helen tell him to do? She told him to put it all in a pan.
What did he want to do?
He wanted to ask her a question.
Where did Tashi go?
He went to visit Dawa.
Why are they baking a cake? They are baking a cake to give to Ryan.
33
III Text : Saturday Night

aR2-5/,$9:-%J/-0:A-35/-3R,
hamo took Helen to dinner last Saturday at a Tibetan restaurant. Land of Snows is
the most popular restaurant among the students at Lhamos and Helens college. It
was Helens first time to eat Tibetan food. This is the conversation that they had in
the restaurant.
What would you like to order? said the waiter.
Id like to order the dumplings, answered Lhamo.
Would you like to have some dumplings, too, Helen?
Id prefer not to eat meat, replied Helen. Do you
have any vegetable dumplings?
Im sorry, we dont, said the waiter. Would you like
to eat tsampa instead?
Let me think about it for a minute, said Helen.
Lhamo, what is tsampa?
Tsampa is a popular food among Tibetans, answered
Lhamo. To make tsampa, you first melt butter and soften hard cheese in hot water. Then
you add some sugar if you want it to taste sweet and roasted barley flour. Its really quite
delicious!
Oh, that sounds great. Id like to try tsampa, said Helen.
Would you like to have some soup with your meal? asked the waiter.
Yes, please bring two bowls of soup. And please ask the cook to make the dumplings
spicy, added Lhamo. I like spicy dumplings the best!
After their meal, Helen asked Lhamo if she would like to come to her house for dinner
next Saturday. Helen offered to make some Western food so Lhamo would have a chance to
taste something new. Lhamo said she would love to come!
to give / follow (sbs) instructions {=-2/$?%?-v<-212-0,
go ahead3$R-lR3?-8J?-0:A-{=-5B$
to take (sb) to dinner
3A-$-$J-3R<-9?-3PR/-LJ.-0,
let me think about it %?-.J-=-2?3-]R-$+R%-,
make it (spicy)(8A3-0R)29R-2,
34
Infinitive Phrases (I) i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$-$A-5B$-.3,
Subject + LJ.-0R+ Verb Phrase + L-5B$-$A-5B$-.3 + Infinitive Phrase i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-
5B$-.3,
Yangzom
Tashi
Norbu
Lhamo
wants
asked me
went
is working
to read a book of poetry.

to wait for him.
to get a haircut.
to earn some money.
- In the first two sentences, the infinitive phrase acts as a noun, and in the second two
sentences, the infinitive phrase acts as an adverb. ;A.-:)R$-L-.$R?-0-/A-i3-0-%J?-
3J.-5B$-.3-IA?-$R%-$?=-5B$-.%-0R-$*A?-GA-/%-.-3A%-5B$-$A-52-LJ.-0-.%,5B$-eJ?-3-$*A?-GA-/%-.-L-2:Ai3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$-$A-52-L?-;R.-0-<J.,
* Expressing Preferences .$:-KR$?-!R/-0,
Id like to try the chicken. %?-L->-29:-:.R.-0-;A/,
Id prefer not to eat fish. %?-*->-29:-3A-:.R.,
Id rather eat noodles than dumplings. %?-2$-,$-=?-o-,$-29:-/-:.R.,
VI Activities$><-.%-,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Why doesnt Helen order dumplings?

What would Helen like to eat instead?
Would Lhamo and Helen like to have soup with their meal?
How would Lhamo like the cook to make the dumplings?
Why did Helen offer to make some Western food for Lhamo?
2. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences. $>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
Yes, Id like
Id prefer
not
N
to order chicken?
Would you like to eat
mutton?
to try
fish?
to eat
chicken.
to try
fish.
to order
mutton.
Now, pretend that one of you is the waiter and the other is the customer, and have a
dialogue to order dinner. 3A-$&A$-82?-8-2-.%-3A-$8/-8A$-3PR/-0R<-3?-+J-9-3-:.J3-0:A-#-2h-8A$-LR?,
35
3. Give your partner instructions to do one of these things. Then have your partner give you
instructions. HJ.-GA-<R$?-0<-9?-<A$?-:.A-i3?-=?-$&A$-$A-29R-,2?-2>.-.$R?-0-.%,.J-/?-#R?-
29R-,2?-$8/-8A$-HR.-=-2>.-.$R?,
- make tsampa
- cook mutton
- make dumplings
1. Finish these sentences with infinitive phrases.$>3-IA-!R%-(:A-/%-.-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$-$A-
5B$-.3-{R%-!J-(-5%-.-$+R%-.$R?,
Example: It is too far for them to walk. Will you tell them to take a bus? (bus)
a) She is always late for class. Please tell her _____________________. (on time)
b) Those boys are making too much noise. Could you tell them __________? (quiet)
c) Tashi was feeling sick this morning. He went ______________________. (doctor)
d) He didnt read the dialogue correctly. Could you ask him ______________? (again)
e) My hair is too long. I will go ________________________. (haircut)
2. Finish this dialogue.$>3-IA-#-2h-:.A-(-5%-.-$+R%-.$R?,
Waiter:
Customer:
Waiter:
What would you like ____________?

_____________ to order the chicken.
Im sorry, we dont have ______ chicken tonight. Would you like ________
beef _____ mutton instead?
Customer: Id _______________ eat beef than mutton. Could you please tell the cook
_______________ spicy?
Waiter:
Certainly. Would you like ______________ some soup before your meal?
Customer: Yes, ______________ that. Thank you very much.
3. Answer these questions about the dialogue.#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-,R2?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
When Tashi arrives, what is Dawa trying to do?

What did Helen tell Dawa to do first?
What did she tell him to do last?
Does Dawa want Tashi to taste the cake?
Did Dawa put sugar in the bowl? How do you know?
36
Unit Eight: Have You Seen My Dog?
#J-5/-2o.-0,HJ.-GA?-2.$-$A-HA-AJ-3,R%-,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(near Nimas home)
NIMA:
Good afternoon, Norbu. Long time, no see! What are you doing?
NORBU:
Ive lost my dog, and Im looking for it. Have you seen my dog today?
NIMA:
Im sorry, I havent seen your dog today. But I did see it yesterday near the
orchard. Have you looked for it there?
NORBU:
No, I havent. Ill see if I can find it there.
...
(in the orchard)
Hello, Norbu, how have you been?
TSOMO:
NORBU:
Ive been well lately, but Im a little sad today. I havent seen my dog for a
few days, and Im afraid that it has run away. Have you seen my dog
anywhere?
TSOMO:
Yes, I have. I saw it this morning in the fields down by the river. Have you
tried the fields?
NORBU:
No, I havent. Ill try the fields next.
...
(in the fields)
DROLMA: Hey, Norbu. I havent seen you for a long time. Whats up?
NORBU:
Hi, Drolma. Have you seen my dog? Ive looked for it everywhere, and I still
havent found it.
DROLMA: Ive just seen your dog in the barley fields. Have you checked there?
NORBU:
No, I havent. Oh, look, is that my dog? Yes, it is! Come here--Ive missed
you!
DROLMA: Im happy to see that the two of you have found each other again!
Have you eaten lunch?
Yes, Ive (already) eaten lunch.

No, I havent eaten lunch (yet).
Has Norbu seen his dog today? Yes, he has seen his dog.
No, he hasnt seen his dog.
Has he looked in the orchard? Yes, he has looked in the orchard.
Has he tried the barley fields? No, he hasnt tried the barley fields.
37
III Text: Field Trip to the Hospital
aR2-5/,(/-#%-=-.%R?-.R%-LJ.-.-?R%-2,
rade Two is taking a field trip to the hospital today. Some of the students have
studied biology in school, and now they would like to see for themselves what a
doctor does in a hospital.
Dr. Chitso has offered to show the students around the hospital. She has also agreed to let
them talk to one of the patients so they can better understand how doctors help people.
Have you caught a cold? Tashi asks the patient.
I dont think so, says the patient, but I havent felt very comfortable for a few days. I
havent slept well at night, either.
Has Dr. Chitso taken your temperature?
asks Yangzom.
Yes, she has, answers the patient. She
tells me that my temperature is normal.
Has she given you an injection? asks
Dawa.
No, she hasnt, answers the patient. But
she has given me some Tibetan medicine to
take after meals.
Have you tried Western medicine? asks Lhamo. Ive heard that Western medicine is
very useful for some illnesses.
Yes, Ive also heard that, says the patient. I think Tibetan medicine and Western
medicine are both useful for different kinds of illnesses. Ive found that Chinese medicine
can be useful, too.
Have you taken your medicine yet? asks Tashi.
Yes, I have just taken it, says the patient. The medicine tastes terrible!
It may taste terrible, but it will make you feel much better! says Dr. Chitso.
long time, no see ;/-<A%-2R<-3-,$-0,
to show (sb) around$-$J-3R-v-{R<-=-OA.-0,
How have you been? HR.-<%-2.J-3R-;A/-/3,
to catch a cold(3-0-1R$-0,
to run away
VR?-2,
to take (sbs) temperature =?-SR.-:)=-2,
field trip .%R?-.R%-,
to take medicine
38
(/-:,%-2,
Present Perfect Tense (I) L?-9A/-.-v-2,
Subject + LJ.-0R+ has / have + Past Participle (+ Object) :.?-0:A-3A%-n%-(+L-;=)
I
Tashi
have
has
written a letter.
seen a movie.
The past participle often has a different verb form than the present and past verb
forms: :.?-0:A-3A%-n%-=-L-5B$-.-v-2-.%-:.?-0:C-i3-0-$*A?-.%-3A-:S-0:A-i3-0-;R.,
Present .?-.-v-2, Past
do
see
take
.?- :.?- 0,
Past Participle :.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
did
saw
took
done
seen
taken
Sometimes the past participle verb form is the same as the present and / or past verb forms:
{2?-:$<-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-$A-i3-0-/A-L-5B$-.-v-2-.%-:.?-0-$*A?-!-.%-$&A$-3,/-;A/,
Present.-v-2,
Past:.?-2,
Past Participle:.?-0:A-3A%n%-,
lose
catch
hit
lost
caught
hit
lost
caught
hit
A list of past participles is found in Appendix V of this book. Study these hard and
memorize them! 9<- 2!R.- A%- V 0- =?- :.?- 0:A- 3A%- n%- $A- <J:- 3A$- &A$- 3,R%- ,2- 0- .%- ,.J- .$- =J$?-
0<-.%?-+J-;A.-=-:6B/-.$R?,
* Just / already / yet / still +$-+$}R/-+$-+$-=,
%?-(/-:,%-3-,$-;A/,
I have just taken my medicine.
I have already taken my medicine. %?-(/-:,%-9A/,
I havent taken my medicine yet. %?-.-.%-(/-:,%-3J.,
I still havent taken my medicine.
%?-.-.%-(/-:,%-3J.,
39
1. Pretend that you are a doctor or a nurse. Ask your patient (your partner) questions like
these to find out what is wrong with him or her. HJ.-<%-(/-0-8A$-=-2m?-+J-/.-0(HJ.-GA-aR2-
PR$?-)=-SA-2-:.A-v<-SA?-/?-#R-<%-/.-&A-8A$-$A?-29%-;R.-0-2g$-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) Have you had an injection?

f) Have you slept well?
g) Have you drunk anything today
Have you eaten anything today?

Have you caught a cold?
Has anyone taken your temperature?
Have you taken any medicine?
2. Finish the dialogue with just, yet, still, already. Then read the dialogue with your partner.
|| HJ.- GA?- just.%- yet, still, already?R$?-2!R=-+J-#-2h-:.A-(-5%-.-2+%-eJ?-<%-$A-PR$?- 0R- .%-
3*3-.-.J-[R$-.$R?,
DAWA: Hi, Lhamo, have you finished your English homework ___________?
LHAMO: No, Im _______ working on it. But Ive _________ finished my math homework.
DAWA: Youve _______________ finished? I started my math homework three hours ago,
and I __________ havent finished! Could you help me?
LHAMO: Of course I can. Have you _______________ asked your math teacher for help? I
think she knows your assignment better than I!
DAWA: No, I havent asked her ___________. Perhaps I will ask her first.
3. Write answers to these questions about the dialogue.#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?
-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What has Norbu lost?

Has Nima seen Norbus dog today?
Has Tsomo seen Norbus dog recently? When did she see it?
Has Drolma seen Norbu lately? Has she seen his dog?
Has Norbu missed his dog?
1. Finish these sentences using the past perfect tense.
L?-9A/-.-v-2-2!R=-+J-5B$-:.A-.$-(-5%-.-
$+R%-.$R?,
Example: Dawa hasnt ridden a horse this year. (not ride)
a) ______________ you _________________ breakfast yet? (eat)
b) I _____________ _________________ my homework. (not finish)
c) ________________ Yangzom __________________ a movie? (see)
d) Lhamo and Tashi ____________ ______________ to their parents this week. (not talk)
e) ____________ the doctor _____________ your temperature? (take)
40
2. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.$>3- IA- 5B$- P2- :.A- .$- =?- /R<- 2- i3?-.$- 2&R?- LJ.
-.$R?,
d) I just eaten a big bowl of noodles.

e) He still has finished his homework.
a) I will already take my medicine.

b) Helen doesnt eat tsampa before.
c) She has seen that movie yet.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Have some Grade Two students studied biology in school?

What has Dr. Chitso agreed to do for the Grade Two students?
Has Dr. Chitso given the patient an injection?
Has Lhamo heard that Chinese medicine is useful for some illnesses?
Has the patient taken his medicine yet?
41
Unit Nine: Catching the Bus
#J-5/-.$-2,_%?-:#R<-=-:.$-0<-:PR-2,
I Dialogue#-2h,
DAWA:
ANDREW:
DAWA:
ANDREW:
DAWA:
ANDREW:
DAWA:
ANDREW:
DAWA:
ANDREW:
DAWA:
Hey, Andrew--how are you doing?

Hi, Dawa--Im fine. I was wondering if you could tell me how I can get to
Kumbum Monastery.
Sure, thats easy. When you get off the bus, follow the road straight ahead and
youll see the monastery gate on the right.
Thats great, but do you know where I can catch the bus to Kumbum in
Xining?
Oh, right. You can catch the bus to Kumbum at the stadium near the West
Gate.
I see. And can you tell me which bus will take me to the stadium?
Oh, yeah, I forgot to explain that. The Number Two bus will take you to the
stadium.
Fine. And do you know what time the bus to Kumbum will leave?
I'm not sure, but I think there is a bus every hour.
Thanks so much for your help! Would you like to take a trip to Kumbum with
me?
Id love to, but I cant--you dont know how much homework I have to do!
II Sentence Patterns 5B$-$AP2-!%?,

Do you know what I should look for?
Can you tell me when the plane will
leave?
Did she say what time we should arrive?
You should look for the monastery gate.

The plane will leave at four thirty tomorrow
afternoon.
She said we should arrive around seven
oclock.
Could you tell me how much the ticket The ticket will cost about two hundred yuan.
will cost?
42
III Text: A Family Train Trip
aR2-5/,3J-:#R<-=?-:P=-28.-L?-0:A-HA3-5%-8A$
angzom and her family are taking a trip together. They are going to visit their
relatives in western Qinghai. First they will take the train from Xining to Golmud,
and from Golmud they will catch a bus to their relatives village. Yangzom is more
familiar with the train station than the rest of
her family, so she is doing her best to help them
as much as she can.
...
(in the train station)
Do you know where we can buy our train
tickets? asks Degyi, her mother.
Yes, Mom, we can buy them at the third
ticket window, says Yangzom.
Do you know how much they are going to
cost? asks Sonam, her father.
Im not sure, Dad, answers Yangzom, but we can ask the clerk over there and find
out.
Im hungry, says Norbu, who can tell me where I can get some lunch?
Relax, Norbu, answers Sonam, well have lunch together on the train.
...
(on the train)
This is beautiful! Do you know which mountain that is outside the window? asks
Degyi.
I think it must be Sun-Moon Mountain replies Yangzom. We cant see Qinghai Lake
yet, but I think we will see it soon.
Does anyone know who will meet us in Golmud? asks Sonam. Im not so familiar
with that city.
One of my friends from school is working as a tour guide in Golmud, answers
Yangzom. She will meet us at the station and take us to our guest house.
Its almost three oclock and we still havent had lunch! says Norbu. Can you tell me
when the dining car will open?
Im sure its open already, says Yangzom. Im also quite hungry. Lets go to the dining
car and see what we can eat!
I was wondering... %-<%-5S3-*A.-GA?---,
straight ahead,.-!<-3./-=,
to catch the bus / plane / train,A-,R.-_%?-:#R<-.%-,$/3-P,3J-:#R<-?R$?-=-:.$-0,

to take a trip:P=-28.-LJ.-0,
to be familiar with(-o?-;R.-0,
43
the rest ofz$-3-i3?,$8/-i3?,
as much as (sb) can$%-/?-&A-/?-GA?,

tour guide;=-{R<-$J->/,
* Object Clause (II) L-;=-!R/-0:A-2-5B$
Statement / Question +
$/?-=$?-2eR.-0 / SA-2 +
Question Word(s) +
:SA-LJ.-5B$ +
Statement
$/?-=$?-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$
Do you know
where
we can buy our tickets?
I'm not sure
how much
the movie will cost.
Could you tell us
what time
the train will leave?
Can you tell me
how long
the bus will take to get there?
- In this context, Could you tell (me)... and Can you tell (me)... have the same
meaning. $R%.-2eR.-0:A Could you tell (me)....%-Can you tell (me)...GA-.R/-$&A$-;A/,
1. Use the words in each of these columns to create your own questions. Then ask your
partner your questions and write down his or her answers.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-/%-$A-,-~.-
i3?-2!R=-+J-<%-*A.-GA-:SA-5B$-VA?-eJ?-HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R<-:SA-2-.%-#R:3-#R-3R?-2>.-0:A-=/-i3?-UA?,
how
Can you tell me
what time
Do you know
who
how much
Could you tell me where
Yes,
No,
Yes,
No,
I can.
I cant.
I do (know).
I dont (know).
the bus will leave?

we can catch a bus?
I can get to the bookstore?
will be waiting for us?
the tickets will cost?
The bus will leave at...

You can catch a bus at...
You can get to the bookstore by...
...will be waiting for you.
The tickets will cost...
44
2. Practice this chant with your classmates. Take turns saying the parts for A and B.HJ.-GA-
aR2-PR$?-5S-.%-3*3-.-5B$-$A-$.%?-:.A-.$-=-.R%-2-LJ.-.$R?-2-.%-1/-5/-<J?-3R?-GA?-A.%-B;A#$-i3?->R.,
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Do you know when were going to go?

No, I dont know--ask Joe.
Does Joe know where were going to go?
No, he doesnt know--ask Flo.
Does Flo know how were going to go?
No, she doesnt know--ask Moe.
What if Moe doesnt know?
Moe knows!
3. Write a question for each of these answers. Use the object clause in each of your
questions. SA?-=/-:.A-.$-=-SA-2-<J-:$R.-.$R?-2-.%-,SA-2-.J-.$-<J-<J<-L-;=-!R/-0:A-2-5B$-.R<-.$R?,
Example: I think the train leaves at five fifty-five.
Do you know what time the train leaves?
a) You can catch the bus to Labrang across from the train station.
b) I believe that the tickets cost fifteen yuan each.
c) The Number Nine bus will take you to the university.
d) Im not sure, but I think there is a bus every thirty minutes.
e) When you get off the train, follow the road straight ahead and youll see the
museum on the left.
1. Fill in the blanks with where, what time, who, how much, how || where.%-what time, who,
how much, how2&?-2!R=-+J-!R%-(-{R%-.$R?,
a) Do you know_____ I can get to the hospital?

b) I know_____ we can buy some vegetables.
c) Can you tell me _____ the movie will begin?
d) Im not sure _____ will meet us at the train station.
e) Do you know ______ our dinner will cost?
45
2. Read the text and write a question for each of these answers. aR2-5/-[R$-!J-SA?-=/-:.A-.$-<J
-<J<-:SA-5B$-:$R.-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Im sure its open already.

We can buy them at the third ticket window.
I think that must be Sun-Moon Mountain.
One of my friends from school will meet us there.
Im not sure, but we can ask the clerk over there and find out.
3. Use each of these common expressions in a sentence.$>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-=-5B$-P2-
<J-29R-.$R?,
Example: to be familiar with Yangzom is quite familiar with English poetry.

d) straight ahead
a) to catch a train
e) to take a trip
b) I was wondering...
c) as much as (sb) can
46
Unit Ten: I Didnt Know Who to Tell
#J-5/-2&-2,%?-?-=-2>.-o-3A->J?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
LHAMO:
Hi, Yangzom. What are you doing?
YANGZOM: Nothing much, Lhamo. What are you doing?
LHAMO:
I was just thinking about the school dance next weekend. Id like to go to the
dance with Andrew, but I dont know how to ask him.
YANGZOM: Hmm... that sounds difficult. Maybe he will ask you first.
LHAMO:
Well, Im not going to wait around for him to ask me! But what about you,
Yangzom: Who do you want to go with?
YANGZOM: Oh, I dont think I really want to go to the dance. Besides, I cant decide who I
would like to go with.
LHAMO:
How about my brother?
YANGZOM: Do you mean Tashi?
LHAMO:
Yes, I mean Tashi. I think you would have a good time together.
YANGZOM: Thats a nice idea. Of course I would like to go with Tashi. Hes very kind and
handsome, and we are good friends.
LHAMO:
Good friends? Ive noticed that you and he are always flirting with one
another. Are you really just good friends?
YANGZOM: Oh, Lhamo, I must tell you the truth. Ive had a crush on Tashi for a long time,
but I didnt know who to tell.
LHAMO:
You and I are also good friends, arent we? When youre not sure who to tell,
you can always tell me!
Did you know who(m) to tell? No, I didnt know who(m) to tell.
Do you know how to ask him? No, I dont know how to ask him.
Who(m) do you want to go with? Im not sure who(m) to go with.
What do you want to buy?
I can't decide what to buy.
47
II Text: Shopping
aR2-5/,.%R?-2R-*R-2,
ts Saturday afternoon, and Tashi and Dawa are shopping downtown. They are looking
for some new clothes to wear to the dance next weekend. Tashi wants to buy some blue
jeans, and Dawa would like to find a pair of shoes.
Dawa, do you know where to buy some good blue jeans? asks Tashi.
I dont know where to buy them, answers Dawa, but I know who to ask! Lets go to
the shoe store first. I know a clerk there, and we can ask him which store to try.
...
(at the shoe store)
Hello, Dawa, says the clerk. What can I do for you?
Good afternoon, says Dawa. This is my friend Tashi. He is looking for some blue
jeans. Which store do you recommend?
I recommend the department store at the corner of Elm Street and Second Avenue, says
the clerk. I think you can buy a great pair of blue jeans there.
Thanks for the recommendation! says Dawa. And Ive also come to look for a pair of
shoes, but Im not sure how much to spend. Do you have
any suggestions for me?
Sure, I suggest this pair. Theyre in style and theyre
not too expensive. What do you think? asks the clerk.
They look great to me--Ill take them! Come on, Tashi,
lets go to the department store.
...
(at the department store)
Wow, Dawa--there are a lot of nice blue jeans here!
says Tashi. I cant decide which kind to buy. Which pair would you choose?
Id choose this pair, answers Dawa. They look really nice, and theyre quite a bargain.
What do you say?
I still cant make a decision. Ill think it over tonight, and we can come back tomorrow,
says Tashi. What do you think, Dawa?
Sounds good!
nothing much$=-(J-2-&A-;%-3J.,
in style
*3?-w/-0,
Ill take it / them %?-.J:3-.J-5S-*R-o-;A/,
quite a bargain<A/-$R%-@-&%-.3:-2,
to think it over / to think about it.J-=8A2-:.%-o$0,
to sign up3A%-g$?-:$R.-0,
to wait around|$-0,
to have a crush on.$:-2,.%?-2,
to flirt with :.R.-0:A-9<-3A$-$A?-2v-2,

one another
1/-5/,
blue jeansLA%-$A-.R<-3-}R/-0R,
48
* Infinitive (II) i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$
Statement / Question +
$/?-=$?-2eR.-0 / SA-2 +
Relative Adjective / Adverb +
Infinitive Clause
4J=-LJ.o/-5B$-$3-L-2:A-i3-0-!R/- i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-5B$-5S$?,
0:A--5B$ +
Does she know

where
to buy a pair of shoes?
Tashi doesn't know
how
to answer the question.
He didn't know
who / whom
to ask.
In the last sentence, either who or whom can be used. Who is less formal and is
often used in spoken English, while whom is more formal and is usually used in
written English. $R%-$A-5B$-eJ?-3-.J:A- /%- .who:3whom$*A?- =?- $%- <%- 8A$- 2!R=- (R$Q
0- .%- ,who/A- &%- ;%- .$- 3A/- 0<- .LA/- )A:A- #- {.- .- 2eR.- 0- .%- ,whom /A- .J- 2?- ;%- .$- ;A/0-.%-o/-0<-.LA/-)A:A-;A$-{.-.-,R.-0-<J.,
* Making Decisions,$-$&R.-LJ.-0,
Do you have any suggestions?
HR.--=-2?3-5=-&A-;R.-.3,
I suggest the red one.%?-2v?-/-.3<-0R-.J---Which one do you recommend? HR.-GA?-2v?-/-$%-*R?-/-=J$?,
I recommend the green pair... %?-2?3-5=-;A/-/-u%-3.R$-$A-(-.J---I cant decide which one to buy. %?-$%-*R-.$R?-0-,$-$A?-3A-(R.,
I cant make a decision. %?-,$-$&R.-LJ.-3A-,2,
VI Activities$><-.%-,
1. Finish this dialogue and read it with your partner.#-2h-:.A-(-5%-.-2+%-eJ?-HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R-.%
-3*3-.-[R$?,
A: Hey, B. ___________ tell me where to sign up for classes?
B: Im________, but I think I know ______ to ask. Lets go and talk to my friend, C.
...
(in Cs dormitory)
B: Hi, C. This is A. He doesnt know _______ to sign up for classes. Do you know?
C: Yes, ___________. You can sign up at the teaching building.
A: Do you know _________________ I can sign up?
C: Im not sure, but _________ you can sign up between 9 and 12 tomorrow morning.
49
A: Hmm... I cant ___which class to take, biology or chemistry. Do you have any __?
B: Id suggest biology. Its not _____ difficult ______ chemistry.
A: I ______ cant make _________. Ill __________ and decide tomorrow morning.
2. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.$>3-
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R-.$R?,
Tashi
know
You
Lhamo and Yangzom
knows
She
Dawa
how
where
when
who(m)
what
IA- S- 3A$- <J- <J:A-
to arrive at the party,

to answer the question, dont
to do before a exam,
to buy a pair of shoes, doesnt
to ask for instructions,
I
Yes, she
they
No, he
you?
they?
she?
he?
do.
does.
dont.
doesnt.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What do Tashi and Dawa want to buy downtown?

What does Dawa want to ask the clerk at the shoe store?
Which store does the clerk recommend for blue jeans?
Is Dawa sure how much to spend on a pair of shoes?
Can Tashi decide which kind of blue jeans to buy? What will he do?
1. Fill in the blanks with to buy, to sign up, to ask, to wear, to answer. || to buy.%- to sign up,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
to ask, to wear, to answer?R$?-2!R=-+J-$>3-IA-!R%-(-i3?-{R%?,
I dont know where ______________________ a nice pair of shoes.

Yangzom knows who ____________________ about train tickets.
I cant decide what ___________________ to the dance next weekend.
Lhamo didnt know how _______________________ the question.
Do you know when ___________________________ for classes?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
With whom does Lhamo want to go to the dance? Does she know how to ask him?
Can Yangzom decide whom she wants to go to the dance with? Is she telling the truth?
With whom does Lhamo think Yangzom should go to the dance?
Why didnt Yangzom tell anyone that she has a crush on Tashi?
To whom can Yangzom tell her secrets when she doesnt know who to tell?
50
3. Match the expressions on the left with the definitions on the right. <J:-3A$-/%-$A-$;R/-KR$?
-GA-5B$-5S$?-.J-.$-$;?-KR$?-GA-:PJ=-2>.-.%-(-1A$-.$R?,
in style
to have a crush on
Ill take it
blue jeans
quite a bargain
Id like to buy it
a very good price
thick cotton pants
modern and fashionable
to like someone very much
51
Unit Eleven: At the Art Museum
#J-5/-2&-$&A$-0,+-l=-2>3?-!R/-#%-.,
I Dialogue#-2h,
ANDREW: Good morning, Dawa. Are you coming on the field trip to the Tibetan art
museum?
DAWA:
Hey, Helen and Andrew. Yes, I am coming with you. Have you been to the
museum before?
ANDREW: No I havent. This will be my first time.
HELEN: I havent been there either. Lets go!
...
(at the museum)
Do you see that picture? Its a Tibetan thangka. It is a traditional form of
DAWA:
Buddhist art. Have you ever seen a thangka in a monastery?
HELEN: Yes, I think I have seen thangka in Kumbum Monastery.
ANDREW: I have seen some, too. I saw several large thangka in Labrang Monastery.
HELEN: I have also seen thangka in Labrang. Excuse me, Dawa, what is that on the wall
over there?
DAWA:
That is an embroidery of the Potala Palace in Lhasa.
ANDREW: I have heard of the Potala Palace, but I have never seen it. Have you seen the
Potala Palace?
DAWA:
Yes, I have. I saw it when I went to Lhasa with my family two years ago. Have
you been to Lhasa?
ANDREW: No, I have never been to Lhasa, but Helen has been there--havent you, Helen?
HELEN: Yes, I have. I traveled to Lhasa last summer.
...(outside the museum)
ANDREW: What a great trip! Weve seen lots of interesting Tibetan art today, havent we?
HELEN: We certainly have. I especially enjoyed the exhibit of Tibetan carpets. Too bad
Ryan didnt come. He has missed a good opportunity.
DAWA:
Where is Ryan today?
HELEN: I dont know. Perhaps he has gone to Lhasa to see the real Potala Palace!
Have you (ever) seen the museum?
Yes, I have seen the museum.

No, I have never seen the museum.
Have you seen the museum before? Yes, I have seen the museum (before).
No, I havent seen the museum.
Has she been to Lhasa?
Has he gone to Lhasa?
Yes, she has. She went to Lhasa last summer.

Yes, he has. He went to Lhasa yesterday and will return next
week.
52
III Text: The Country Mouse and the City Mouse
aR2-5/,8A%-PR%-$A-LA-=-.%-PR%-HJ<-IA-LA-=,
he country mouse and the city mouse are old friends, but they havent seen each
other for a long time. One day, the country mouse invites the city mouse to pay a
visit to his home in the countryside. The city mouse has never seen a country home,
so he happily accepts his friends invitation.
To please his guest, the country mouse offers everything in his modest home to the city
mouse: fresh peas and barley, many kinds of nuts, and shiny red apples. The city mouse,
however, is not impressed by his friends simple life. How can you live in such a quiet and
boring place? asks the city mouse. You are wasting your time out here in the country! A
mouses life is short--have you ever felt the excitement of the city? Come with me, and I
will introduce you to city life!
The country mouse has never traveled to the city, but he agrees to join his friend. The two
mice travel to the city, and finally they reach the
beautiful apartment where the city mouse lives. When
they reach the main dining room, they climb up on the
table to find a feast that the owner of the house has left
behind. The country mouse has never seen such food
before: fine chicken and goose, sweet cakes, and grape
wine. The city mouse offers these fine foods to his guest,
who has never tasted anything so fantastic in all his life!
As soon as they finish their supper, the two mice hear
the sound of dogs barking outside the door. Suddenly,
the door opens and the dogs run into the room. The mice quickly run into a hole to hide.
What is happening? asks the country mouse. Have you ever seen these dogs before?
Oh, yes, answers the city mouse, the dogs come every night. It is just another part of
my exciting life in the city!
My life may be simple, says the country mouse but I have never eaten a meal in fear.
Im going back to the quiet and boring countryside that I love, and I will never return to the
city again!
LESSON: It is better to live a simple life in peace than an exciting life in fear.
to hear of
to be impressed
,R?-0,$R-2,
too bad @-&%-3A-29%-2,
to miss an opportunity$R-{2?->R<-2,
to pay a visit to:53?-:SA<-?R%-2,
2$-($?-28$-0,
to waste ones time.?-5S.-(.-9R?-?-$+R%-2,
to leave behindo2-.-2*<-2,
in peace / in fear8A-2.J:A-%%-,0$-$%-$A?,
to accept an invitation $./-8?-.%-=J/-LJ.-0,
53
* Present Perfect Tense (II) L?-9A/-.-v-2,
Subject +
LJ.-0R+
has / have (+ never) +
Past Participle (+ Object)

:.?-0R:C-3A%-n%- (+L-;=)
I
have
seen that movie.
Lhamo
has never
written a novel.
Remember that never can be used in the negative, but ever cannot be used in the
positive: .R-$%-L-.$R?-2-8A$-=-never/A-.$$-5B$-=-.R<-(R$-0-.%, ever/A-.R<-3A-<%-,
U
I have seen the Potala Palace.
U
I have never seen the Potala Palace.
V
I have ever seen the Potala Palace.
When asking a question, you may use either ever or before, but not both:
SA-2-:.R/-{2?ever:3 before$*A?-=?-$&A$-#R-/-2!R=-2-=?-$*A?-!-2!R=-3A-<%-,
Have you ever been to France?
Have you been to France before?
Have you ever been to France before?
U
U
V
* Has been / has gone ?R%-MR%-,2.-?R%-,

A. Has he been to England? #R-.LA/-$A-=/-=-?R%-MR%-%3,
B. Yes, he has. He went to England when he was a boy.
<J.-;,#R-?R%-MR%-,#R-LA?-0-;A/-.?
-.LA/-$A-=/-=-?R%-/A-<J.,
A. Has he gone to England? #R-.LA/-$A-=/-=-?R%2-<J.-.3,
B. Yes, he has. He left last week, and he will return next Saturday. <J.-;,#R-.J<-?R%-2-<J.,
#R-$9:-:#R<-}R/-3<-?R%-2-.%-$9:-eJ?-3:A-$9:-1<-2:A-*A/-KA<-aJ2?-o-<J.,
C. No, he hasnt. He will leave for England on Tuesday afternoon. 3-<J.,#R-3-?R%-,
#R-$9:-3A$-.3<-*A/-IA-KA-SR-.LA/-$A-=/-=-:PR-o-<J.,
1. Ask and answer these questions with your partner. HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-SA-2-:.A-.$-:SA-2
-.%-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
d) Have you flown in an airplane before?
e) Have you ever seen a thangka?
a) Have you ever ridden a tiger?

b) Have you eaten tsampa before?
c) Have you ever been to France?
54
2. Make sentences in the present perfect tense following the example.$>3-IA-.0J<-2eR.-v<-.
-v:A-.?-GA-mR$?-0:A-i3-0-,.-.J-5B$-P2-29R?,
Example: a bear--his hair Have you ever seen a bear, combing his hair?
Yes, Ive seen a bear, combing his hair.
No, Ive never seen a bear, combing his hair.
d) a deer--in fear
a) a mouse--her house
e) a yak--his back
b) a pig--a wig
c) a horse--Of course!
3. Read the dialogue and match these questions and answers.#-2h-[R$-eJ?-$>3-$?=-<J:-3A$-
/%-$A-SA-2-.%-SA?-=/-i3?-1/-5/-(-1A$?,
Has Andrew seen a thangka before?
Perhaps he has gone to Lhasa.
Where has Ryan gone?
Yes, he has been to Lhasa with his family.
Have Helen and Andrew ever been to the She has seen thangka in Kumbum
museum?
Monastery.
Where has Helen seen thangka?
Yes, he has heard of it, but he has never
seen it.
Has Dawa been to Lhasa?
Yes, she has.
Has Andrew heard of the Potala Palace?
No, they have never been to the museum.
Helen has been to Lhasa, hasnt she?
Yes, he has seen a thangka in Labrang
Monastery.
1. Fill in the blanks with ever, never, before, either, also, too. $>3-IA-!R%-(-.$-$A-/%-.-ever,
never, before, either, also, too?R$?-{R%-!J-(-5%-.-$+R%-.$R?,
A:
B:
A:
B:
Have you __________ been to Lhasa?

No, I have ___________ been to Lhasa. Have you?
No, I havent been to Lhasa ____________. But I would like to go.
Me, _______. I would _________ like to go to Labrang Monastery. Have you been to
Labrang ____________?
A: Yes, I have. I have __________ been to Kumbum Monastery. I enjoyed it very much.
Have you __________ been to Kumbum?
B: Yes, I have been to Kumbum, ________.
55
2. Make sentences in the present perfect tense following the examples. $>3-IA-5B$-P2
-:.A-.$-.0J<-2eR.-v<-.-v:A-.?-GA-mR$?-0:A-i3-0-<-2+<-.$R?,
Examples: (Tashi, never, to see, the Potala Palace.) Tashi has never seen the
Potala Palace.
(Lhamo, ever, be, a museum?) Has Lhamo ever been to a museum?
a) (you, eat, tsampa, before?)
b) (Dr. Chitso, never, write, a poem.)
c) (they, ever, hear of, the Potala Palace?)
d) (Nima, never, be, Lhasa.)
e) (Helen, see, this movie, before?)
3. Answer these questions about the text.#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Has the city mouse ever seen a country home?

Has the country mouse ever felt the excitement of the city?
Does the country mouse accept his friends invitation?
Have the dogs come to the dining room before?
Before his visit to the city, has the country mouse ever eaten a meal in fear?
56
Unit Twelve: Production and Trade
#J-5/-2&-$*A?-0,,R/-*J.-.%-5S%-=?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
R.
SUTTON:
DAWA:
MR. SUTTON:
YANGZOM:
MR. SUTTON:
TASHI:
MR. SUTTON:
YANGZOM:
MR. SUTTON:
LHAMO:
MR. SUTTON:
DAWA:
Good morning, class. Today we are going to talk about production and
trade in Qinghai and in other parts of China. Who can tell me where
barley is grown?
Barley is grown in the high plains of Qinghai. Tens of thousands of
hectares are planted every year.
Thats correct, Dawa. What about yaks and sheep? Where are they raised?
Yaks and sheep are raised by nomadic families on the Qinghai-Tibetan
Plateau. The animals are herded on tens of thousands of square kilometers
of open grassland.
Youre right, Yangzom. And what are yaks used for?
Many yaks are raised for their meat as well as for their fine wool. Yak
wool sweaters are made in factories in Xining, and they are very popular
in many places outside of Qinghai.
Good job, Tashi. And what else are produced in Qinghai?
Tibetan carpets are also produced in many Tibetan areas of Qinghai, and
some of them are exported to the West.
Very nice, Yangzom! And Lhamo, are bananas planted in Qinghai?
No, bananas are not planted in Chinas Northwest. Some bananas are
grown in the southeastern provinces of China, and many bananas are
imported from other countries.
What else are imported from other countries?
Liquor, cigarettes, and medicine are imported from other countries. So are
music and clothes!
Where is barley grown?
Where are yaks herded?
Are bananas raised in
Qinghai?
What are exported from
Qinghai?
What are embroideries
made from?
Barley is grown on the high plains of Qinghai.

Yaks are herded on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
No, they are raised in the southeastern provinces of China, and
many bananas are imported from other countries.
Tibetan carpets are exported from Qinghai.
Embroideries are made from silk and cotton.
57
III Text: The Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve

aR2-5/,L%-,%-$A-<%-L%-#R<-;$-Y%-*R2-#J-#$
ibet is famous around the world for its high plateaus, beautiful mountains, and rare
wildlife. But as the worlds human population increases, the animal populations are
more and more threatened.
In recent years, many animal populations in Tibet have decreased due to human activity.
Wild yaks are hunted for their meat, and Tibetan antelopes are killed for their precious wool.
As a result, wild animals in Tibet are more and more endangered as time goes by.
The Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve was created in 1993 to protect these endangered
animals. The reserve is located in the northwestern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It
covers an area of almost 250,000 square kilometers, which makes it the second largest
protected area in the world. The reserve is populated by
many kinds of wild animals, including wild yaks, Tibetan
antelopes, wild asses (kiang), and gazelles. Hunting is not
allowed in the reserve, and visitors are only allowed in
some parts of the reserve with special permission. The
reserve is also populated by about 3,500 nomadic families
who help protect the wildlife from hunters. In the time
since the reserve was created, the animal population has
increased slowly.
The Chang Tang Reserve has some problems, however. Wild animals are still hunted in
the reserve by people who dont respect the law. The reserve is guarded by only twenty-two
forest police, so it is difficult to keep hunters out. More money is needed to hire more forest
police and other workers in the reserve to protect the wildlife better.
The Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve was created to protect rare kinds of wildlife before they
are wiped out. By working together with local people and the government, Tibetans
everywhere can make sure that their wildlife is protected. If all goes well, wild animal
populations in Tibet will continue to grow.
(tens) of thousandsOA-$&A$!R%-U$-:$:,
as time goes by .?-GA-:PR?-.%-2!/-/?,
good jobL-2-29%-0R,
$4%-?J=,l-3J.-.-$+R%-2,
if all goes well$=-+J-;R.-5.-2.J-=J$?-;A/-5K,
in the shade PA2-3:A-/%-.,
on its own.J:A-!R2?-GA?,
on the screenwJ2?-%R?-?,
to be used for2!R=-2,,R.-0,
to keep out3,<-0R.-0,2!$-:$R$-LJ.-0,
to wipe out
in recent years*J-2:A-=R-:$:A-<A%-=,
due to.J-2?,%J?-0<-.----=-$+R$?-0,
as a result3)$-:V?,
more and more (threatened))J(:)A$?)

embroidery :5K3-S2?,
58
* Passive Voice (I): Present Tense
Object + L-;=+
Carpets
Animals
What
Silk
is / are +
are
are
is
is
L-(A$-$8/-.2%-&/-=?-.?-.-v-2:A-i3-0,
Past Participle + :.?Complement $?2-5B$
0:A-3A%-n%-+
made
hunted
grown
produced
in Qinghai.
for meat and wool.
in China's Northwest.
in eastern China
Active Voice L-5B$-<%-.2%-&/,
Passive Voice L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/,
Barley is grown (by farmers).

Farmers grow barley.
Qinghai exports carpets.
Carpets are exported (by Qinghai).
Nomads herd yaks.
Yaks are herded (by nomads).
Note that passive voice sentences always include an object, but may not include a
subject (e.g. farmers, Qinghai, nomads). .R-$%-L-.$R?-2-/A-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-IA-5B$-
=-o/-.-L-;=-;R.-G%-LJ.-0R-3J.,
* Measurements: Area
5.-:)=: o-HR/,
1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 square meters,A-=J-P-28A-31=kA.-P-28A-31000000

1 hectare = 10,000 square meters,A-(A%-1=kA.-P-28A-310000
Directions #-KR$?,
northwestern / southeastern /2-L%-$A / ><-zR:
Bananas are grown in the southeastern provinces of China. >A%-+R$-%%-=$-/A-N%-$R:C-
><-zR:A-8A%-(J/-i3?-?-:.J2?-0-<J.,
Northwest / Southeast /2-L%-,><-zR,
Yaks and goats are herded in Chinas Northwest. $;$-.%-=$-/A-N%-$R:C-/2-L%-.-:5S-
*R%-LJ.-0-<J.,
the West / the South/2-KR$?,zR-KR$?,
Tibetan carpets are exported to the West.
2R.-GA-?-$./-/A-/2-KR$?-?-KA-:SJ/-LJ.-GA-;R.,
59
1. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-/%-
$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
What
is
Where
are
Yaks
Noodles
Barley
Wool
Bananas
is
are
barley
noodles
wool
bananas
yaks
raised?
grown?
made from?
herded?
used for?
raised
grown
made from
herded
used for
in the southeast.
sweaters.
on the plateau.
wheat flour.
in the northwest.
2. Practice this chant with your classmates. Take turns saying the parts for A and B.
HJ.-GA-aR2-PR$?-5S-.%-3*3-.-5B$-$A-$.%?-:.A-.$-=-.R%-2-LJ.-.$R?-2-.%-1/-5/-<J?-3R?-GA?-A.%-B;A-
#$-i3?->R.,
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Where are sweaters made?

Theyre made in the shade. Where is cotton grown?
Its grown on its own. Where are horses seen?
Theyre seen on the screen. When is English taught?
Its taught when its hot. How are some rings made?
Theyre made from jade.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Why have Tibetan animal populations decreased in recent years?

Why was the Chang Tang Wildlife Reserve created?
By what and whom is the reserve populated?
Are wild animals still hunted in the reserve?
How can Tibetans make sure that their wildlife is protected?
60
1. Change the following sentences from active voice to passive voice. Look in Appendix V
of your book for the correct past participle. $>3-IA-L-5B$-<%-.2%-&/-IA-5B$-:.A-i3?-L-5B$-
$8/-.2%-&/-IA-5B$-+-2+<,.0J-(:A-9<-2!R.-V 0<-2v?-/?-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-3-/R<-0<-L-.$R?,
Example: Nomads herd yaks. Yaks are herded by nomads.

a) People eat meat and vegetables.
b) Hunters kill endangered animals.
c) Farmers plant wheat and barley.
d) Herdsmen raise goats and sheep.
e) America imports Tibetan carpets.
2. Fill in the blanks with northwestern, southwest, the West, northeast, southeastern.
$>3-IA-!R%-(:A-/%-.northwestern.%southwest, the West, northeast, southeastern?R$?- {R%- !J-
(-5%-.-$+R%-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Rice is grown in the _________________ provinces of China.

Much embroidery exported from Asia to ______________.
More than thirty nationalities live in Yunnan Province in Chinas _____________.
Barley is raised in the _______________ provinces of China.
There is a famous ice festival in the city of Harbin in Chinas _____________.
to make it true.:PA$- 0<-(T) .%- 3A- :PA$- 0<- (F):VA- .$R?,$=- +J- /R<- 2- ;R.- /- .$- 2&R?-
LJ.-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Hunters are protected from animals in the Chang Tang Reserve.

Noodles are grown from wheat flour.
Music and clothes are imported by China from the West.
Antelopes are killed for their fine wool.
Silk is produced in Chinas northwest.
61
()
()
()
()
()
Unit Thirteen: Where Can I Find Something to Eat?
#J-5/-2&-$?3-0,%?-?-(-$%-/?-9-3-29:-,2,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(at the corner of Second Street and East Road)
YANGZOM: Hi, Drolma--long time, no see! Welcome to Xining!
DROLMA: Thanks, Yangzom. Its nice to see you. Ive come to the city to do some
errands.
YANGZOM: Great! What do you want to buy?
DROLMA: First, Id like to get my mother something to wear. She hasnt bought anything
to wear in a long time. Do you have any suggestions?
YANGZOM: I suggest the department store on Middle Road. Follow Second Street for one
block and take a left. The department store will be the second building on the
right. What else are you looking for?
DROLMA: Id also like to find something to read for my father. Do you know where I can
buy some magazines?
YANGZOM: Yes, I do. Theres a bookstore at the intersection of First Street and East Road.
Its on the northwest corner of the intersection. You cant miss it.
DROLMA: Super! And finally, Id like to buy something for my little cousins to play with.
Is there a toy store nearby?
YANGZOM: I believe that theres one near the post office. I think its on West Road
between First Street and Second Street. Is there anything else you want to
find?
DROLMA: Yes, theres one more thing. Can you tell me where I can find something to eat?
Im so hungry that I could eat a horse!
YANGZOM: I know a great Muslim restaurant not far from here. Im hungry, too--lets go
together!
What do you want to buy?
Would you like something to eat?
What will you buy your cousins?
I want to buy something to wear.

No, Id like something to drink.
Ill buy them something to play with.
Can you find something to buy for your

mothers birthday?
Have you found someone to ask for a
recommendation?
No, I cant find anything to buy for my

mothers birthday.
No, I havent found anyone to ask for a
recommendation.
62
III Text: Lost!
aR2-5/,3$R-:,R3?-0,
(Finish this story by looking at the map
and filling in the blanks.)
Norbu has just arrived in Xining, and
he is lost. He is at the train station, and
he wants to spend the night at the
Friendship Hotel. He cant find anyone
to ask directions. The weather is cold
and rainy, and Norbu is tired and
hungry. Finally, he finds someone to
talk to.
Do you know where I can find the Friendship Hotel? he asks.
Thats easy, the man answers. Go straight ahead for two blocks and take a left
on Third Street. The Friendship Hotel will be the first building on the left.
Norbu thanks the man and follows his directions. When he reaches Third Street,
however, he sees the _________, but he doesnt see the Friendship Hotel. He looks
for someone else to ask, and soon a woman stops to help him.
Im looking for the Friendship Hotel, says Norbu. Can you tell me where to
find it?
Sure, answers the woman. Follow Third Street and take the second left. You
will see the Friendship Hotel just ahead on the right.
Norbu follows the womans directions, but when he arrives, he sees the
_____________, and he still cant see the Friendship Hotel anywhere.
Can you tell me how to find the Friendship Hotel? Norbu asks a policeman.
No problem, says the policeman. Go to the intersection of First Street and West
Road. The Friendship Hotel will be on the northeast corner of the intersection.
Do you have something to write with? asks Norbu. I dont want to make a
mistake.
The policeman writes down the directions and gives them to Norbu. But when he
follows the directions, he sees the _________________ but not the Friendship
Hotel.
Finally, Norbu sees a child on the street.
Are you looking for somewhere to spend the night? asks the child.
Yes, I am, answers Norbu. I cant seem to find anywhere to stay. Can you help
me?
Go straight on First Street for 500 meters, says the child. The Friendship Hotel
will be at the end of the street on the right.
Norbu follows the childs directions, and when he reaches the end of the street, he
is very surprised to find that he is once again in front of the ___________________!
Can you give Norbu directions to somewhere to spend the night?
63
M
W
THIRD
E
1
STREET E
D
3
SECOND E
STREET
FIRST
10 A
STREET D
D
1 - hospital
2 - bank
3 - Muslim
restaurant
11
6 - toy store
4 - Friendship
7 - department
Hotel
store
5 - Tibetan
8 - post office
restaurant
]-------------------------------------------[
9 - Peace Hotel
10 - bookstore
11 - train station
500 meters
N
W E
S
to do errands L-2-4$-4B$-12-0,
thats easy.J-a-3R-<J.,
HJ.-<%-=3-/R<-3A-YA.,
Super!@-&%-29%-,
to spend the night35/-$%-2R<-2#.-0,
to make a mistake/R<-:O=-29R?-2,
you cant miss it
to write (sth) down:VA-2,
once again a<-;%-,;%-2*<,
64
* Infinitive (III) i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$
Statement / Question + somewhere / anything / etc. +
$/?-=$?-2eR.-0 / SA-2 somewhere / anything / =?R$? +
Infinitive Clause
i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-2-5B$
Positive Sentences:
%J?-0:A-5B$-P2,
I'm looking for
Can you recommend
Negative Sentences:
something
somewhere
to read.
to spend the night?
somewhere
anyone
to spend the night.

to ask directions.
.$$-0:A-5B$-P2,
I can't find
I haven't found
* Asking and giving directions. #-KR$?-:SA-2-.%-!R/-0,
go straight ahead / follow First Street
,.-!<-3./-.-:PR-2/ Y%-=3-A%-.%-0R-.J.-/?-:PR-2,
for three blocks / for 200 meters Y%-2<-$?3-IA-5.-= / kA.-200;A-5.-=,
turn left / take a right / take the second left $;R/-.-.GR$-0 / $;?-?-.GR$-0 / $;R/-IA-.GR$$*A?-0<-2o.-0,
the fourth building on the right $;?-GA-,R$-#%-A%-28A-2,
on the southwest corner zR-/2-353?-GA-P-9<-.,
at the intersection of Second Street and Middle RoadY%-=3-A%-$*A?-0-.%-=3-2<-3-$*A?
-GA-2$R=-353?-?,
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
somewhere to spend the night?
the hospital?
somewhere to eat dinner?
the train station?
Could you tell me where I can find somewhere to buy a pair of shoes?
Can you tell me
Do you know
where to find
how to get to
65
Go straight
for 2 blocks
take a
left.
and turn
Follow First Street for 500 meters
take the third right.
The department store
The train station
the second building
on the right.
on the left.
The restaurant
will be at the intersection of Third Street

and East Road.
The hospital
on the northeast corner of First Street
and West Road.
The Friendship Hotel
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What does Drolma want to get her mother?

Does Yangzom know where to buy something to read?
Does Drolma want to get her cousins something to write with?
Where does Yangzom think the toy store is?
Does Drolma want to find something to drink?
3. Fill in the blanks with something, somewhere, someone, anything, anywhere, anyone.
$>3-IA-!R%-(:A-/%-.- something.%- somewhere, someone, anything, anywhere, anyone2&?-
{R%?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
I cant find ____________ to spend the night. Can you recommend a hotel?
Im looking for _______________ to read. Which magazine would you suggest?
I havent found ________ who can tell me where to buy train tickets. Can you help me?
I know____________ who can recommend a good Muslim restaurant. Lets go and talk
to my friend at the bank.
e) I havent seen _______________ in the store that I would like to buy for my mother.
Lets try a different store.
f) Do you have a suggestion for ______________ to buy some blue jeans?
1. Finish this dialogue and read it with your partner.#- 2h- :.A- (- 5%- .- 2+%- eJ?- <%- $A- PR$?- 0R- .%-
3*3-.-[R$-.$R?,
(at the train station3J-:#R<-:22-5$?-?,)
A: Excuse me, Im looking for______to spend the night. Which ____ do you
recommend?
B: I _________ the Peace Hotel. Its at the__________ of First Street and Middle Road.
A: Which __________ of the intersection is it on?
B: Its on the northeast corner. You cant ________________.
66
A: Thanks so much. And do you know where I can find_____________ to eat and drink?
B: Thatseasy. Theres a great Tibetan______nearby. _________ East Road for one
block and take a left. The restaurant will be the second______________on the right.
A: Excuse me, do you have something ____________? I dont want to make a mistake.
B: Sure. Heres a pen. You can use it to _____________ ___________ the directions.
A: Thank you for giving me ____________!
B: No problem. I hope you can follow them!
2. Write directions to get from and to the following places.$>3-IA-?-(-.J-.$-=-:PR-2:3-;R%-
2:A-#-KR$?-UA?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
from the Friendship Hotel to the post office

from the train station to the department store
from the bookstore to the toy store
from the hospital to the Tibetan restaurant
from the post office to the bank
<J-29R-.$R?,
a) to write (sth) down

b) to make a mistake
c) to spend the night

d) to do errands
67
e) once again
Unit Fourteen: How Many Stars Are in the Sky?
#J-5/-2&-28A-2,/3-3#:-<-{<-3-$-5S.-;R.-.3,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(on a hilltop at night35/-3R:C-.?-?-<A-|%-8A$-/?,)
YANGZOM: She looked toward the sea and said...

TASHI:
Is that you, Yangzom? What are you doing here? And whats that you are
reading?
YANGZOM: Ive come to this hilltop for many years to read my poetry. I have just written
a new poem, and I am trying it out. What are you doing here?
TASHI:
Ive come to look at the stars. Ive climbed this hill since I was ten years old to
look at the night sky. When I was younger I thought I could count all of the
stars, but now I know that there are hundreds of millions of stars, perhaps even
billions. Now I know that looking for stories in the stars is more interesting
than counting them.
YANGZOM: I didnt know you were so interested in the night sky. I have always wanted to
learn more about the moon, stars, and planets.
TASHI:
I can tell you more about the stars, and I would also like to ask you some
questions about poetry. How long have you written your own poetry?
YANGZOM: Ive written poetry since I was a young girl, and Ive always dreamed of being
a famous poet. You can ask me questions about poetry anytime you want.
TASHI:
Well, theres something else Id like to ask you. Will you go to the dance with
me next Saturday?
YANGZOM: Id love to go to the dance with you, Tashi! I thought you would never ask!
TASHI:
Ive wanted to ask you to a dance since our first class together, but I didnt
know how to do it. Im very pleased that you have accepted my invitation!
And Im sorry to interrupt you--please continue reading your new poem!
YANGZOM: ...I havent felt this happy in years!
How long has Yangzom written poetry?
How long has Tashi looked at the night
sky?
When was the last time you saw a new
movie?
How long have you wanted to visit Japan?
She has written poetry for a long time.

He has looked at the night sky since he
was a young boy.
I havent seen a new movie in years!
I have wanted to visit Japan all my life.
68
III Text: The Population Explosion?
aR2-5/,3A-P%?-3IR$?-:1J=-IA-$?-$+R<-(J/-0R,
hat is an explosion? Have you ever seen an explosion on television or in a film?

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, our planet is experiencing a new
kind of explosion that is not caused by bombs. This time, the explosion is a
population explosion.
How many people live on the Earth? The population of our planet has grown slowly for
thousands of years. Two thousand years ago, there were 250 million people on Earth. Four
hundred years ago, the population was still only 500 million. But since the beginning of the
twentieth century, the population has grown very quickly. In the year 1900, the population
was around 1,700 million, and by 1970 the population had grown to 3,600 million. This
means that the population has doubled in just 70 years. The United Nations says that the
population of the Earth was about six billion at the end of the twentieth century. Some
people think that the population will reach seven billion by the year 2010. This means the
Earths population will soon double again.
Nowadays, the population is increasing faster than ever. At the end of each new day,
250,000 new babies have been born, and each baby must have food to eat and a place to
live. But in recent years, the amount of available farmland has decreased because many
farms have been covered with new roads and buildings. Meanwhile, the consumption of
resources has increased rapidly. People use more water, wood, gas, and electricity than ever
before. If the population continues to grow so rapidly, people will not have the food, land,
and resources that they need to live.
What can we do to keep the Earths population
under control? There are many things that can be
done to help solve this problem. First, we must have
smaller families with fewer children. Second, we
must find ways to grow more food to feed the planet.
Third, more-developed countries and less-developed
countries must work together to consume fewer
resources. We must solve this problem before its too
late, or our planet will soon be covered with people.
Then there wont be enough space left for anyone to solve the population problem.
to try (sth) out5S.-2v-LJ.-0,
to keep (sth) under control5S.-:6B/,.2%-.-2#-2,

more- / less-developed country !R2?-w/-o=-#2,eJ?-=?-GA-o=-#2,
to consume resources ,R/-#%?-2J.-,R.-LJ.-0,

before its too late;/-<A%-3-:$R<-2:A-}R/-.(%-5S?-%J?-0<-.),
69
* Present Perfect Tense (III) LJ.-9A/-.-v-2,
Subject +
LJ.-0R +
The population
The population
The population
The population
has / have +
has
has
has
has
Past Participle +
:.?-0:A-3A%-n%+
grown slowly
increased quickly
doubled
reached 6 billion
Time Clause
.?-!R/-0:A-5B$-5S$?,
for thousands of years.
since the year 1900.
in 70 years.
during the 20th century.
-Use in and ago in time clauses with the past tense: ||in.%- ago /A-.?-:.?-0:A-i3-0-=
-.<-2:A-5B$-5S$?-GA-/%-.-2!R=-.$R?,
I met Kevin in 1999. %-<%-1999=R<-#J.-2/-.%-%R-:U.-0-;A/,
I met Kevin one year ago. %-<%-=R-$&A$-$A-}R/-=-#J.-2/-.%-%R-:U.-0-;A/,
- Use since and for in time clauses with the present perfect tense: || since .%-for/A-L?-
9A/-.-v-2<-.<-2:A-5B$-5S$?-GA-/%-.-2!R=-.$R?,
I have known Kevin since 1998.%?-1998=R-/?-29%-#J.-2/-%R->J?-0-;A/,
%?-#J.-2/-%R->J?-/?-=R-$&A$-:$R<-9A/,
* Numbers above One Hundred 2o-;/-(.-GA-P%?-!
I have known Kevin for one year.
100
one hundred
1000
one thousand
10,000
ten thousand
100,000
one hundred thousand
1,000,000
one million
1,000,000,000
one billion
8,888,888,888
eight billion,
eight hundred and eighty-eight million,
eight hundred and eighty-eight thousand,
eight hundred and eighty-eight
70
1. Match each phrase on the left with a phrase on the right to make a complete sentence.
S-3A$-$;R/-IA-5B$-.3-<J-.%-$;?-GA-5B$-.3-<J-(-21A$?-+J-5B$-P2-(-5%-8A$-29R-.$R?,
in just five days.
They have studied English
) The population has reached six billion

I havent felt so excited
since he was ten years old.

for more than three years.
at the end of the twentieth century.
) The price of sugar has doubled
in years!
Tashi has watched the stars

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Has the Earths population grown quickly in the twentieth century?

At the end of each day, how many new babies have been born?
Has the consumption of resources increased in the twentieth century?
In how many years has the Earths population doubled?
In how many years will the Earths population double again?

I Will
Who knows how long Ive loved you?
You know I love you still,
Shall I wait a lonely lifetime?
If you want me to, I will.
Ive loved you for an hour,
And for a million years,
Oh, Ive loved you since the start of time,
And through a billion tears.
1. Fill in the blanks with for, since, in, during, ago. $>3-IA-!R%-(:A-/%-.-for.%-since, in,
during, ago2&?{R%?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The Earths population has doubled _________ 70 years.

Yangzom has written poetry ____________ she was a young girl.
I started to study English one and a half years ___________.
People have watched the stars __________ thousands of years.
The population of the planet may double again____________ the twenty-first century.
71
2. Write out each of these numbers in English. P%?-!-:.A-.$-<J-<J-.LA/-;A$-$A?-UA?,
Example: 582 five hundred and eighty-two

a) 1,596
b) 23,783
c) 542,694
d) 3,873,527
e) 5,727,642,934
3. Write answers to these questions about the dialogue.#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?
-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
How long has Yangzom come to the hilltop to read her poetry?
How long has Tashi climbed the hill to look at the night sky?
How long has Yangzom dreamed of being a poet?
How long has Tashi wanted to ask Yangzom to a dance?
Has Yangzom felt this happy recently?
72
Unit Fifteen: Inventions and Discoveries
#J-5/-2&R-s-2,$?<-$+R.-.%-fJ.-0,
I Dialogue#-2h,
MS. LYONS: Good afternoon, class. Today we are going to talk about important inventions
and discoveries from around the world. Who can tell me where gunpowder
was invented?
DAWA:
Gunpowder was invented in China. Paper was also invented by the Chinese.
MS. LYONS: Thank you, Dawa. Was the first newspaper printed in China, then?
YANGZOM: No, the first newspaper was printed in Germany. The printing press was also
invented by the Germans.
MS. LYONS: Very good, Yangzom. And what about discoveries in medicine? When was the
cure for smallpox discovered?
TASHI:
The cure for smallpox was discovered in the twentieth century. This disease
now lives only in the laboratory.
MS. LYONS: Thats quite interesting, Tashi. And Lhamo, how about inventions to explore
space? Were the first spaceships built in the United States?
LHAMO:
No, the first spaceships were built in the Soviet Union. The artificial satellite
was invented by the Russians.
MS. LYONS: Did the Russians also invent the personal computer?
TASHI:
No, the personal computer was invented in the United States. It is one of the
most useful inventions of the twentieth century.
DAWA:
I can think of an invention that would be even more useful than the personal
computer.
MS. LYONS: Whats that?
DAWA:
I think someone should invent a machine that will do my homework for me!
MS. LYONS: Thats a nice idea, Dawa, maybe you should invent it yourself!
Where was the printing press
invented?
By whom were the first spaceships
built?
When was the cure for smallpox
discovered?
Were computers invented in China?
The printing press was invented in Germany.

The first spaceships were built by the Russians.
The cure for smallpox was discovered in the
twentieth century.
No, they were invented in America.
73
III Text: The Three Little Pigs
aR2-5/,1$-U$-$?3,
nce upon a time, there were three little pigs who lived in a dark forest. The pigs
lived in fear because they were always threatened by a big bad wolf who also lived
in the forest. The pigs decided that they would each
build a house to protect themselves from the wolf.
The first pigs house was made of straw. It was easy to
build and warm in the winter. The second pigs house was
made of sticks. It was stronger than the first pigs house, and
it was not difficult to build with materials from the forest.
The third pigs house was made of bricks. It was more
difficult to build than the first pigs and second pigs houses, but it was the strongest house
of all.
One day, the wolf was creeping through the forest and looking for something to eat. Soon
he saw the houses that were built by the three little pigs. What a lucky wolf I am! said the
wolf. I shall have fresh pig meat for my supper!
The wolf went to the first pigs house and said, Open the door and let me in!
The first pig answered, Not by the hair of my little pig chin!
Then Ill huff and Ill puff, and Ill blow your house down! said the wolf. So he took a
big breath, and the house that was made of straw was quickly destroyed. The first pig ran
into the second pigs house for protection.
Then the wolf went to the second pigs house and said, Open the door and let me in!
The second pig answered, Not by the hair of my little pig chin!
Then Ill huff and Ill puff, and Ill blow your house down! said the wolf. So he took a
big breath, and the house that was made of sticks was destroyed as quickly as the house that
was made of straw. The first and second pigs ran into the third pigs house for protection.
Finally, the wolf went to the third pigs house and said, Open the door and let me in!
The third pig answered, Not by the hair of my little pig chin! Then Ill huff and Ill
puff, and Ill blow your house down! said the wolf. So he huffed and he puffed, but he
couldnt blow down the house that was made of bricks. Finally, the wolf went away
disappointed, and the three little pigs were saved.
LESSON: Do things right the first time--its worth the effort!
by mistake/R<-2,:($-0,
to let (sb) in
3A-$-$J-3R-/%-=-;R%-.-:)$-0,
to huff and puff @<-,$-$A?,
to blow (sth) down1-2+2-/?-hA2-+-:)$-0,
to take a breath .2$?-d2-0,
to be worth the effort%=-2-:V?-;R.,
74
* Passive Voice (II): Past Tense L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-=?-.?-:.?-0,
Subject +
LJ.-0R+
Spaceships
The cure
The house
Stones
was / were + Past Participle +

:.?-0:A-3A%-n%- +
were
was
was
were
built
discovered
made
used
Complement
$?2-5B$
by the Russians.
in the twentieth century.
of straw.
for writing before paper was invented.
* Compound Words eJ?-P2-GA-3A%,

- Many English words are created by putting two small words together to make a bigger
word. .LA/-;A$-$A-3A%-3%-0R-8A$-/A-3A%-,%-2-$*A?-3*3-.-.<-+J-3A%-$8/-29R?-0-=?-L%-0-;A/,
Look at these examples..0J<-2eR.-:.A-.$-=-vR?,
space + ship = spaceship
news + paper = newspaper
small + pox = smallpox
gun + powder = gunpowder
Can you think of other examples?
S-3A$-$;R/-IA-5B$-.3-<J-.%-$;?-GA-5B$-.3-<J-(-21A$?-+J-5B$-P2-(-5%-8A$-29R-.$R?,
Candles were used for light
Farmers use tractors
A refrigerator is used
Music is played between classes
Our classroom is heated
through a loudspeaker outside.

for keeping food cold and fresh.
in the winter by a radiator.
before the flashlight was invented.
to plow their fields.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Was gunpowder invented in Russia?

Where was the first newspaper printed?
By whom were the first spaceships built?
When was the cure for smallpox discovered?
Was the personal computer invented by the Chinese?
75
3. Make compound words by combining words on the left and the right. Then use each
word in a sentence. Use your dictionary to help you! <J:- 3A$- /%- $A- $;?- $;R/- IA- 3A%- .J- i3?-
3*3-.-.<-+J-eJ?-P2-GA-3A%-29R-.$R?-2-.%-,.J-/?-eJ?-P2-GA-3A%-.J-i3?-2!R=-/?-5B$-<J-1A$?,
small
flash
wrist
home
loud
gun
book
shelf
work
light
powder
pox
speaker
watch
1. Change these sentences to the passive voice, past tense.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-.?-:.?-
2-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-.-2+<-.$R?,
Example: Horses carried letters in the nineteenth century Letters were carried by horses
in the nineteenth century.
a) The Chinese invented gunpowder.
b) Americans built the first personal computers.
c) Doctors discovered the cure for smallpox.
d) Russians made the first spaceships.
e) Germans invented the printing press.
a) By whom were the pigs threatened?
b) Of what was the first pigs house made?
c) Was the third pigs house made of sticks?
d) Was the second pigs house blown down by
the wolf?
e) Was the house that was made of bricks blown
down?
76
3. Find each of these words in the puzzle. The words may be written forward or backward, horizontally,
vertically, or diagonally.
;A-$J:A-$2-5B$-.J-=?-,-~.-:.A-i3?-<J-<J-28A/-:5S=-.$R?,,-~.-.J-.$-3$R-/?-3)$-=-VA?-;R.-0:33)$-/?-3$R<-VA?-;R.-0,%R?-~R3?-?-VA?-;R.-0,S%-:K%-.-VA?-;R.-0,;%-/-$?J$-+-;R.-YA.,
computer
refrigerator
gunpowder
tractor
T
C
O
television
wristwatch
V I
Y R S
D F
H O E
C B
H D A E
radiator
telephone
O N Y
V X
Q
L
H O N E
D A D R G
K T
C A R T
R D D S
G A D A E
M N T
I
R O T
R E
W H C T
R
B E
V D Z
D W O P
N U G
A W T
R I
R E
77
U R J
S
R W E
R A T
Unit Sixteen: Is There Life Out There?
#J-5/-2&-S$-0,?:A-$R-=:A-KA-<R=-.-YR$-($?-;R.-.3,
I Dialogue#-2h,
RYAN: Hey, Dawa, what are you doing?
DAWA: Oh, hi, Ryan. Im reading a book about outer space. The universe is so large and
there are so many stars and planets! It makes me wonder if there is life on other
planets.
RYAN: Do you think there is life on other planets?
DAWA: Im not sure if there is life out there--I have only read about it, but I have never
seen it. What do you think?
RYAN: I dont know whether there is life on other planets, but I have seen bright lights
with my telescope, and I have heard strange sounds on my radio. I dont think
those lights and sounds were made by people on Earth, so I think there must be
some kind of life out there.
DAWA: Wow! Do you really think so?
RYAN: Yes, I do. And besides that, I have also seen a man in the moon.
DAWA: Are you sure that there is a man in the moon?
RYAN: Of course Im sure! Your name is Dawa, isnt it?
DAWA: Yes, it is. So what?
RYAN: What does Dawa mean in English?
DAWA: Dawa means moon in English.
RYAN: So I think the man in the moon must be you!
Do you think (that) there is life on other
planets?
Do you know if / whether there is life out
there?
Yes, I think so.

No, I dont think so.
Yes, I know (that) there is life out there.
No, I dont know if / whether there is life
out there.
Are you sure (that) there is a man in the Yes, Im sure (that) there is a man in the
moon?
moon.
No, Im not sure (that) there is a man in
the moon.
What do you think?
I think (that) there is a man in the moon.
I dont think (that) there is a man in the
moon.
78
III Text: The Space Race
aR2-5/,!R%-2:A-.LA%?-<A3-IA-:P/-2#<,
t is October 1959, and scientists in the Soviet

Union are preparing to send the first artificial
satellite into space. The scientists dont know
whether they will be successful. Soon, the small
satellite, called Sputnik, is launched. When Sputnik
revolves around the Earth successfully, the
scientists are sure that they can do it again. In
November 1959, they send a larger satellite, called
Sputnik II, into space. This time there is a
passenger on board--a small dog. Again, the
scientists are successful. It is a victory for science.
Now it is July 1969. Scientists in the United States have seen the success of spaceships in
the Soviet Union, and they think they can do the same thing. Only this time, they dont
want to put a dog on board--they want the passengers to be people. And they dont only
want to revolve around the Earth--they want to go to the moon.
Soon, the American scientists launch a spaceship called Apollo 11. They arent sure that
Apollo 11 will reach the moon, but they think that it is possible. Three men, called
astronauts, are on board the spaceship, and Apollo 11 reaches the moon successfully. On
July 20, 1969, two of the astronauts walk on the moon. The first astronaut, named Neil
Armstrong, says, That was a small step for man and a great leap for mankind.
Now it is the beginning of the twenty-first century. Where will the next spaceship go? Do
you wonder whether it is possible to travel beyond the moon? Who do you think will be the
first people to walk on other planets?
outer space
KA-<R=-IA-:)A$-gJ/,
8$?-0:A,/%-.-;R.-0:A,
out there(?:A-$R-=:A-)KA-<R=-+,
to revolve around (sth) wA%-{R<-o$-0,
some kind of<A$?->A$-+-$+R$?-0,

so what
&A-<J.,.J-;A/-/-&A-<J.,
besides that
.J-=?-$8/,.J-3-9.,
on board(P-.%-3J-:#R<-$/3-P?R$?-GA-/%-)
79
* Object Clause (III) L-5B$-!R/-0:A-2-5B$
That is used with Do you think / Are you sure... questions: ||
That/A-:SA-5B$Do you think ... .%- Are you sure... $*A?-=-.R<-.$R?,
Question(SA-5B$) +
Don't you think
Are you sure
(that) +
Statement $/?-=$?-2eR.-0,
that
that
the satellite will be successful?

he is coming today?
If / whether are used with Do you know / Do you wonder... questions:

If NE whether$*A?-/A-:SA-5B$-Do you know / Do you wonder... =-.R<-.$R?,
Question (:SA-5B$) +
Do you know
Do you wonder
if / whether +
Statement $/?-=$?-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$
whether
if
the spaceship will reach the moon?

people will walk on other planets?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Does Dawa wonder if there is life on other planets?

Does Ryan know whether there is life on other planets?
What has Ryan seen with his telescope and heard from his radio?
Why does Ryan think that there is life out there?
Is Ryan sure that there is a man in the moon? Why or why not?
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
Do
Does
Is
Are
you
she
Dawa
they
I
Yes, he
she
No, they
it
know
think
sure
am (not)
do(nt)
are(nt)
does(nt)
is(nt)
it will rain tomorrow?

he will cook supper tonight?
she will come to class on time?
we will have an exam this week?
if
(that)
whether
know
think
sure
if
(that)
whether
80
it will rain tomorrow.

he will cook supper tonight.
she will come to class on time.
we will have an exam.
...
3. Ask and answer these questions with your partner.HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-SA-2-:.A-.$-1/
-5/-=-:SA-2-.%-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a) Do you think that there is life on other planets? Why or why not?
b) Do you know if scientists in China have launched any artificial satellites? Why or
why not?
c) Are you sure that people have walked on the moon? Why or why not?
d) Do you wonder whether people could live on the moon? Why or why not?
e) Would you like to be the first person to walk on another planet? Why or why not?
Why or why not?
1. Unscramble these words from the text.aR2-5/-=?-L%-2:A-,-~.-:.A-.$-=J$?-1A$-LR?,

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
psphasice
iratiaclfi
epnrgseas
eovelrv
aleseltit
2. Fill in the blanks with if, that, whether. More than one answer is possible for some
questions. || if .%-that , whether 2&?-GA?-!R%-(-{R%?,SA-2-=-=<-=/-:.J2?-5=-3%-0R-;R.-YA.,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
I dont know ___________ I will finish my homework on time.

Dont you think _________ the weather is beautiful today?
I wonder__________ I could borrow Dawas wristwatch.
Are you sure _________ scientists have found a cure for smallpox?
Does Lhamo think ___________ she will win the race tomorrow?

a) Do the scientists in the Soviet Union know if they will be successful when they launch
Sputnik?
b) When are the Soviet scientists sure that they can do it again?
c) Do scientists in the United States think that they can do the same thing as the Soviet
scientists?
d) Are the American scientists sure that Apollo 11 will reach the moon?
e) What does Neil Armstrong mean when he says, That was a small step for man and a
great leap for mankind?"
81
Unit Seventeen: I Didnt Know If You Had Heard the News
#J-5/-2&-2./-0,%?-HJ.-GA?-$/?-5=-:.A-$R-;R.-3J.-3A->J?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
YANGZOM: Hello, Tashi.

Hi, Yangzom--are you all right?
TASHI:
YANGZOM: Yes, Im all right, but Im a little sad. I didnt know if you had heard the
news. Im going to Lhasa to study poetry next semester, and Im leaving
Xining on Friday. I will be leaving early to move my things, and I will
spend the Tibetan New Year with my relatives in Lhasa.
Wow, thats great! I mean, Im very happy for you. I had heard that you
TASHI:
were leaving, but I didnt know if it was true.
YANGZOM: Yes, what youve heard is true. Our Tibetan literature teacher has
wanted to help me study in Lhasa for a long time. She had talked about
it last year, but I wasnt ready to go then. Now Im ready. Ive heard that
there are fantastic teachers of Tibetan poetry in Lhasa, and the university
has offered me a full scholarship. I had almost decided to stay in Xining,
but now I see that I cant turn down this opportunity.
Of course not. Youd better go to Lhasa if you are going to be a famous
TASHI:
poet someday. Our classmates are all very proud of you.
YANGZOM: Thank you, Tashi--youre very kind. I had always dreamed of studying
in Lhasa when I was a girl, and now my dream is coming true. But Im
really sorry that we cant go to the dance together on Saturday.
Thats all right. But theres one thing I want to tell you. If I had known
TASHI:
you would leave Xining so soon, I would have asked you to a dance
much earlier. I hope that we will see each other again soon. Will you
write me letters from Lhasa?
YANGZOM: Of course I will, Tashi. I hadnt realized it would be so difficult to say
good-bye to you.
Good luck, Yangzom. Ill miss you very much.
TASHI:
YANGZOM: Good-bye, Tashi. Ill miss you, too.
Tashi had heard that Yangzom would go to Lhasa, but he didnt know if it was true.
Yangzoms teacher had talked about helping her study in Lhasa last year.
If Tashi had known Yangzom was leaving, he would have asked her much earlier.
Yangzom hadnt realized it would be so hard to say good-bye to Tashi.
82
III Text: If Only They Had Listened
aR2-5/,$=-+J-#R-5S?-$8/-IA-#-]%?-;R.-/,
n the year 2525, the first visitors from outer space visited the Green Planet. They had
heard many stories about the planets great beauty, so when they arrived on the planet,
they were very surprised. Everything on the Green Planet was very quiet, and nothing
was very green. They looked for some birds in the trees, but all of the trees had been cut
down. They looked for some people to ask about what had happened, but it seemed that all
of the people had died.
The visitors didnt understand. In recent centuries, the people of the Green Planet had
become very intelligent, and they had grown very rich. They had created many useful
inventions, and they had made many important discoveries. So why had they all died? Just
then, the visitors heard the sound of a small worm crawling on the ground in front of them.
Please tell us, said the visitors to the worm, what has happened to this planet!
The worm looked up at them and began to tell the story.
Until they all died, said the worm, the
people of the Green Planet had been clever,
but they had not been wise. They had caught
all of the fish in the sea for their meals. They
had polluted all of the lakes and streams with
their factories. And they had cut down all of
the trees to build their houses. Finally, they
ran out of food and water and wood. They had
been so busy making money, that they had
forgotten what they needed to survive. The
worm finished his story and crawled away
slowly. Then everything was quiet.
The visitors remembered the words that an American Indian chief from the planet Earth
had said to his people in the late nineteenth century: After the last fish has been caught,
after the last river has been polluted, after the last tree has been cut down...only then will
people realize that they cant eat money.
It seemed that the people of the Green Planet hadnt listened.
all right
29%-$A
if only... $=-+J---;R.-/,
to be happy for (sb)3R-2,
just then
.J-3<,.J:A-5K,
to cut down$&R.-0,
to run out2!R=-9.-.-$+R%-2,
to make money|R<-3R-24=-2,
to be proud of (sb)%R2?-0-*J.-0,
a full scholarship aR2-;R/-(-5%-,
to turn down )J-.3:-<-$+R%-2,
to come true 3%R/-:I<,
83
* Past Perfect Tense (I) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-mR$?-0,
Subject +
LJ.-0R +
had +
Pas Participle +
:.?-0:A-3A%-n%- +
Complement
$?2-5B$
I
had
left
the building by five o'clock.
You
had
already finished
your homework.
She
had
always
dreamed of studying in Lhasa.
Note that in the past perfect tense, the word had is used with each person, and it does
not change for the third person. ;A.- :)R$- L- .$R?- 2- 8A$- =-:.?- 0:A- .?- GA- mR$?- 0-=- .<- 0:A- 5B$- -
$A-/%-.- had/A-$%-9$-$%-<%-=-.<-(R$-0-.%-,$%-9$-$?3-0:A-{2?-?:%-3A-:I<-<R,
1. Match each phrase on the left with a phrase on the right to make a complete sentence.S-3A$
-$;R/-IA-5B$-.3-<J-.%-$;?-GA-5B$-.3-<J-(-21A$?-+J-5B$-P2-(-5%-8A$-29R-.$R?,
When I arrived in the cafeteria,
Tashi had tried to count all the stars
I had never seen a thangka
Yangzom didnt know whether
I had just started my examination
when he was a young boy.

Tashi had heard the news.
Lhamo had already eaten lunch.
when Dawa finished his exam.
before I went to Rebgong.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What had happened to all of the trees on the Green Planet?

What had the people of the Green Planet achieved?
Had the people of the Green Planet been clever? Had they been wise?
Why had the people of the Green Planet forgotten what they needed to survive?
Had the people of the Green Planet listened to the words of the American Indian chief?
3. Practice this chant with your classmates. Take turns saying the parts for A and B.HJ.-GA
-PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-$>3-IA-5B$-$.%?-:.A-.$-.R%-.$R?-0-.%-1/-5/-<J?-3R?-GA?-A.%-B;A-#$-i3?->R.,
A: It was the hardest thing he had ever done,
B: It was the biggest prize she had ever won;
A: It was the strangest thing she had ever said,
B: It was the longest book he had ever read;
A: It was the sweetest song they had ever sung,
B: It was the loudest bell that had ever rung;
A: It was the kindest letter she had ever sent,
B: It was the saddest time he had ever spent.
84

a) Had Tashi heard that Yangzom was leaving Xining?
b) When had Yangzoms Tibetan literature teacher talked about helping her study in
Lhasa?
c) Had Yangzom dreamed of studying in London when she was a girl?
d) What would Tashi have done if he had known Yangzom would leave Xining so soon?
e) Had Yangzom realized that it would be so difficult to say good-bye to Tashi?
2. Fill in the blanks with already, just, always, never. More than one answer is possible for
some questions. || already.%- just, always, neveri3?-2!R=-+J-!R%-(-{R%?, :SA-5B$-#->?-=-
=/-:.J2?-5=-3%-0R-;R.,
a) When Ms. Lyons walked into the classroom, Tashi had _______ finished his
homework.
b) Dawa had ____seen the man in the moon before he looked through Ryans telescope.
c) Yangzom had _________ dreamed of studying poetry in Lhasa.
d) Andrew had ______ gone to Kumbum Monastery before he went there last weekend.
e) I had _________ fallen asleep when I heard a loud noise.
3. Change these sentences to the past perfect tense.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-:.?-0:A-.?-GA-mR$?
-0:A-i3-0-<-2+<-.$R?,
Example: When she left the cafeteria, I had just arrived (arrive).
a) The people of the Green Planet _______ __________ (pollute) all of the rivers.
b) They ______ _______ ________ (cut down) all of the trees to build their houses.
c) By the time that the visitors from outer space arrived, all the people on the Green
Planet ________ ________ (die).
d) The people of the Green Planet_______ ______ (grow) rich, but they ______ not
______ (become) wise.
e) It seemed that the people of the Green Planet _______ ___________ (listen) to the
words of the American Indian chief.
85
Unit Eighteen: The Lost Herd
#J-5/-2&R-2o.-0,2R<-?R%-2:A-K$?-H,
I Dialogue#-2h,
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
Hey, Norbu--whats the matter? You look worried, and its almost
sundown--youre returning home so late! And where is your herd?
Hi, Drolma--Im happy to see you. I am a little worried. I was going to come
home earlier, but I ran into some trouble in the meadow.
What happened in the meadow?
Well, I was going to move my herd to the pen on the other side of the
mountain, but then I decided to take a short nap.
Whats the problem with that? You often take a nap when youre herding,
dont you?
Yes, I do, but today the situation was a bit different. I was only going to sleep
for a few minutes, but when I woke up, three hours had passed, and I couldnt
see my herd anywhere. Now Ive looked for my livestock everywhere, but I
still havent found them.
Thats terrible! What are you going to do now?
I have no choice--Im going to keep looking for them until I find them. I was
going to go into town this evening to see a movie with my friends, but now I
have to spend the evening looking for my herd!
What were you going to do?
I was going to move my herd to the pen by the

river.
How long were you going to sleep? I was only going to sleep for a few minutes.
When were you going to come I was going to come home earlier.
home?
Who were you going to see?
I was going to see my friends in town.
86
III Text: The Peasant Girl and Her Pail
aR2-5/,8A%-PR%-$A-2.-3J.-.J-.%-3R:C-9R-2,
ne beautiful day in early spring, an old traveler was walking along a country road.
Soon he came upon a young peasant girl
with a half-empty milk pail on top of her
head crying by the side of the road. The old man
wondered how anyone could be so unhappy on
such a lovely day. Whats the matter, Miss?
asked the traveler. Is there anything I can do to
help you feel better?
No, there isnt, answered the peasant girl.
This is the worst day of my life. I was on my
way to the market this morning to sell my milk,
but I have spilled the milk from my pail. Now, everything is terrible. And she began to cry
again.
Well, now, said the traveler, its only a pail of milk. The goats will fill your pail again
tomorrow. What are you worried about?
But I was going to buy some hens with the money from selling the milk, cried the
peasant girl, and I was going to sell their eggs every day to the monks at the monastery.
Well, Im sure that the monks can buy their eggs from somebody else, said the traveler.
Must you keep crying?
You dont understand, replied the peasant girl. I was going to use the money from the
eggs to buy some fine silk. And from that silk, I was going to sew a beautiful new dress to
wear to the festival.
And what were you going to do at the festival in your new dress? asked the traveler.
I was going to show off my dress to all of the young men there, said the peasant girl,
and if any of them became too bold, I was going to toss my head at him like this. And as
she tossed her head, the milk pail fell from her head just as it had fallen earlier, spilling the
rest of the milk in the pail. Again, the peasant girl began to cry as if she would never stop.
Im sorry to hear about your troubles, said the traveler. When I left my home to travel,
I wasnt expecting to find anything in particular. Because I have no expectations, I am
perfectly happy. And the traveler began to whistle a joyful song as he walked off down the
road.
LESSON: If you have great expectations, you will surely be disappointed.
Whats the matter?.R/-.$-&A-8A$-<J.,
to show off
!R/-0,
to toss (sbs) head3$R-$;$-0,
as if ;A/-0-v<,/%-28A/,
in particular z$-0<-.,H.-0<-.,
to walk off 1<-:PR-2,
to take a nap
$*A.-,/-8A$-2o2-0,
to run into trouble.!:-#$-=-,$-0,
to have no choice&A-L-$+R=-3J.,
to come upon U.-0,,$-0,
87
* Future-in-the-Past Tense (I) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-3-:R%?-0,
Subject +
LJ.-0R +
was / were
+
going to +
Verb +
L-5B$ +
Complement
$?2-5B$
Norbu
was
going to
sleep
for a few days.
The hens were
going to
lay eggs
everyday.
The girl
was
going to
buy
some silk with the money.
The man wasn't
going to
do
anything in particular.
This form of the future-in-past tense describes activities that are planned but not carried
out. :.?-0:A-.?-GA-3-:R%?-2:A-i3-0-:.A?-L-2-$%-8A$-12-lA?-;R.-0-.J-!R/-0-=?-L?-9A/-0-3A-!R/,
Using only and just || only.%- just ;A-.R<-2-2>.-0,
I was only going to sleep for a few minutes. %- <%- (- 5S.- {<- 3- :$:- +$- +$-=- $*A.- P2?- L?-
0-;A/,
I was just about to leave the room when she came in. #R-3R-/%-=-aJ2?-.?-%-+$-+$-KA<-:PR-
P2?-LJ.-GA-;R.,
1. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.$>3-IA-S-3A$
-<J-<J:A-/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
What time
With whom was
Where
were
How long
What
Drolma
they
we
Norbu going to
you
They
was
He
going to
I
were
We
She
do this evening?
go to the football match?
buy some vegetables?
take a nap?
meet your classmates?
meetmy classmates
for a few minutes.
buy some vegetables
with my sister.
go to the football match this evening.
take a nap
watch a movie
88
in the dormitory.
at the market.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Was Norbu going to come home earlier? Why did he come home late?
Where was Norbu going to move his herd?
How long was Norbu going to sleep?
What was Norbu going to do this evening?
What is Norbu going to do this evening?
3. Fill in the blanks with am, are, is, was, were.$>3-IA-!R%-(:A-/%-.-am.%-are, is, was, were
2&?-:.J3?-+J-{R%?,
a) I _______ going to meet my friends at the disco last night, but I caught a cold.
b) My sister______ going to come over for dinner tonight. I will be very excited to see
her!
c) ______ you going to go to the movie tonight? We can go together if you like.
d) My parents ___ going to come and visit us in the city, but then they changed their plans.
e) Next weekend, I _____ going to visit Rebgong for the first time. It will be interesting to
see the thangka in the monastery there.
1. Change these sentences to the future-in-the-past tense, using was / were going to.
$>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-=-was / were.%- going to$*A?-2!R=-+J-:.?-0:A-.?-GA-3-:R%?-0:A-i3-0-<-2+<,

Example: What did you do yesterday? What were you going to do yesterday?
a) What are you going to do this evening?
b) Who did you see this morning?
c) How long are you going to sleep?
d) Which movie did you watch last night?
e) Why did you turn down the scholarship?
2. Use each of these common expressions in a sentence.$>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-=-5B$
-P2-<J-29R-.$R?,
d) to spend time
e) to run into trouble
a) to show off
b) to have no choice
c) to cut down

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What was the peasant girl going to buy with the money from selling the milk?
For what was she going to use the money from the eggs?
What was the peasant girl going to do with the fine silk?
What was she going to do at the festival?
Do you think the peasant girl is still going to go to the festival?
89
Unit Nineteen: The Floods Must Be Stopped!
#J-5/-2&-.$-2,(-=R$-:$R$-.$R?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
RYAN: Hey, Dawa--whats up? Why are you holding that sign, and what is written on it?
DAWA: Oh, hello, Ryan. My classmates and I are collecting money to help flood victims in
eastern China. My sign says, The floods must be stopped. Repairs must be
started.
RYAN: Thats really great! What must be done to help the flood victims?
DAWA: Well, first, money must be raised. Over one hundred million US dollars are needed
to solve the problems caused by the floods. Students around the country are asking
people to give their small change to the campaign. If millions of people give a few
yuan, hundreds of thousands of yuan may be collected.
RYAN: What can the money be used for?
DAWA: The money can be used to provide food and water for the flood victims, or it can
be used to buy medicine and repair hospitals in flooded areas. It may also be used
to build temporary schools and clinics.
RYAN: When should the repairs be completed?
DAWA: The flood waters should be controlled by the middle of October, and the repairs
should be completed by the beginning of November.
LHAMO: They may be finished earlier if our campaign is successful!
RYAN: Hi, Lhamo--what is written on your sign?
LHAMO: My sign says, Your small change can be used to make great change!
What must be done?
How much money may be collected?
When should repairs be completed?
What can it be used for?
The floods must be stopped.

Hundreds of thousands of dollars may be
collected.
Repairs should be completed by the end of
the month.
It can be used to provide food and water.
90
III Text: What Caused the Floods?
aR2-5/,(-=R$-L%-2:A-o-nJ/-&A-8A$-;A/,
n the summer of 1998, many parts of China were damaged by heavy floods. Hundreds
of people were killed, and hundreds of thousands of people lost their homes. Much
money was spent to repair the damage, and much farmland was destroyed in flooded
areas. So what caused the floods? Was there too much rain? Were the houses built too close
to the rivers?
The floods were not caused by these problems. The floods were caused because too many
trees have been cut down in the higher parts of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. These are
the two largest rivers in China, and they carry water to hundreds of millions of people in the
eastern part of the country. Heavy logging in Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces has caused
serious soil erosion in the higher parts of these rivers. This means that much soil has flowed
into the rivers because there are not enough trees to hold the soil. Each year, more than one
million metric tons of soil flows into the Yangtze River from only one prefecture in Sichuan
Province. Because of soil erosion, the capacity of these rivers has decreased by millions of
cubic meters, and floods have become more common because the rivers cannot hold as
much water as they did before.
What can be done to prevent floods in the future? First, more trees must be planted in the
higher parts of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.
According to a government minister, the forest
areas of Qinghai Province should be increased by
45 per cent in the next 30 years. Logging in these
areas must also be stopped. Chinas government has
already addressed this problem by declaring a ban
on all logging in the higher parts of the Yangtze
River. Finally, people should be educated on the
causes of floods. If the right steps are taken, major
floods can be prevented in the future.
small change =$-.%=,
soil erosion ?-<=-2,
according to v<-/,$8A<-29%-/,
(ten) percent 2o-(:A(2&),
to take steps $R3-0-%R-2,
to declare a ban
2!$-:$R$-L-o-21$?-0,
91
* Passive Voice (III) hL-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/,(3)

Subject LJ.-0R
Modal Verb + i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-
5B$
Trees
People
Floods
be
Past Participle :.?-0:A-3A%-
n%-,
must
should
can
be
painted.
educated.
prevented.
* Measurements: Volume
5.-:)=,: >R%-5.,
1 liter = 1000 milliliters ZJ%-1 = @:R-ZJ%-1000
1 cubic meter = 1000 liters kA.-z3-0-1=ZJ%-1000
1 metric ton = 1 million grams,A-+/-1=#J-?-;-1
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
Trees
Flood waters
Steps
Money
People
must be
can be
may be
should be
taken
used
controlled
educated
planted
to repair homes.
by the middle of October.
to prevent soil erosion.
to prevent floods in the future.
on the causes of floods.
2. Explain these common expressions to your partner in English. HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R<-o/-2!R=-
5B$-:.A-.$-.LA/-{.-GA?-$?=-2>.-LR?,
Example: (ten) per cent ten in every hundred

a) small change
c) to take steps
b) soil erosion
d) to declare a ban
e) to complete repairs

a)
b)
c)
d)
By what were the floods of 1998 caused?

Has the capacity of the Yangtze River increased due to soil erosion?
By what percent should forests be increased in Qinghai Province in the next 30 years?
Do you think logging should be continued in the higher parts of the Yellow and Yangtze
Rivers?
e) What can be done to prevent floods in the future?
92
1. Change these sentences to the passive voice.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-.-
2+<-.$R?,
Example: People must plant trees Trees must be planted (by people).
a) People must take steps to prevent floods.
b) The government must stop logging in these areas.
c) People can use money to buy medicine and repair hospitals.
d) Teachers should educate students on the causes of floods.
e) Workers should finish the repairs by the beginning of November.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What must be done first to help the flood victims?

How much money is needed to solve the problems caused by the floods?
For what things can the money be used?
When should the flood waters be controlled?
When should the repairs be completed?
3. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.5B$-P2-:.A-.$-=?-/R<-2-i3?-.$-2&R?-LR?,

a) Soil erosion is caused when too many trees are planted.
b) The capacity of rivers has increased because of soil erosion.
c) Chinas government has declared a ban on planting trees in the higher parts of the
Yangtze River.
d) The number of trees in Qinghai Province should be decreased by 45 percent in the next
30 years.
e) Floods have become less common in China in the twentieth century.
93
Unit Twenty: I Knew That YouCould Do It!
#J-5/-*A->-2,HJ.-GA?-.J-212-/?-0-%?->J?-;R.,
I Dialogue#-2h,
MR. SUTTON:
LHAMO:
MR. SUTTON:
DAWA:
MR. SUTTON:
TASHI:
MR. SUTTON:
ALL:
OK, everyone--here are the results of your final examinations. I am very

pleased with your marks!
Thank you, Mr. Sutton. I cant believe that examinations are already
finished. I didnt know that the semester could pass so quickly!
In English we say, Time flies when youre having fun. I hope you have
enjoyed attending my class this term as much as I have enjoyed teaching
it.
Ive enjoyed your class very much--thanks for making learning English
easier and more fun! At first I wasnt sure whether I would pass my
examinations--I felt so nervous, but now I feel very satisfied!
I knew that you could do it because you tried very hard. You dont have to
be the best student in the class to learn many new things.
Youre right, Mr. Sutton. Im certainly not the best student, but I have
learned a lot in your class. I didnt think I would enjoy studying English
so much!
And I didnt know that your class would improve so quickly! Thank you
all for your hard work this semester--enjoy your winter holiday!
Thank you, Mr. Sutton--we hope you enjoy your winter holiday, too!
Dawa wasnt sure whether he would pass his examinations.
Lhamo didnt know that the semester could pass so quickly!
Tashi didnt think he would enjoy studying English so much!
Mr. Sutton knew that his students could do it.
94
III Text: Androcles and the Lion
aR2-5/,A/-:SA-<R2-#=-.%-?J%-$J,
ong ago in Rome, there was a slave named Androcles. Androcles was not treated
kindly by his master, so he decided to take a chance and escape to the forest. While
he was running through the forest, he saw a
large lion just ahead of him. Androcles was very
afraid, and he didnt know where he could hide. But
then he saw that the lion was crying because it had a
large thorn in one of its paws. Androcles wasnt sure
what would happen, but he wanted to try to help the
lion. He walked up to the lion and quickly pulled the
thorn out of its paw.
The lion was so grateful to Androcles that he licked
his hand as if he were a dog. From that day on, Androcles and the lion were best friends.
Every time the lion hunted in the forest, he brought back some fresh meat for Androcles to
eat. They lived together happily in the forest for a long time.
But one day when Androcles and the lion were walking together, they were captured by
Androcles cruel master. They were separated, and both were taken to the city to perform in
the circus. They didnt know if they would ever see each other again, and both felt very sad.
A few days later, the circus began. Androcles prepared to fight with a lion to entertain the
emperor. The lion who Androcles would fight had not eaten for several days, and it was
very hungry. Soon, the gates opened, and Androcles and the lion faced each other in the
middle of the stadium. Androcles didnt know how he could escape this time.
Then Androcles and the lion recognized each other as his old friend. Instead of fighting,
the two embraced one another. The emperor was very surprised to see this, and he asked
Androcles to explain. After Androcles told his story, the emperor didnt know how he could
keep the two in the circus. He set the lion free in the forest, and he made Androcles his
most important minister.
LESSON: True friends will be friends forever.
to have fun
.$:-3R,
Time flies when youre having fun.*A.-0R:C-*A-3-,%-,
HR.-GA?-.J-212-,2-0-%?->J?-;R.,
to take a chance$R-{2?-.3-:6B/-LJ.-0,
from that day on *A/-.J-/?-29%-,
instead of52-=,
as if )A-28A/,;A/-0-v<,
to set (sth) free24S/-PR=-$+R%-2,
I knew that you could do it.
95
* Future-in-the-Past Tense (II) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-3-:R%?-0,
Sentence
(Past) +
3-5B$(:.?-0)+
Dawa didn't
know
They thought
I knew
if / that Subject + LJ.-0R Verb (Conditional) Complement

+
+
$?2-5B$
+
L-5B$+
if
he
would pass
the exam.
that
that
the class
she
would be
could do
less fun.
it.
* would / could / should ,2-0,:R?-0,

He didnt know what he should do.#R?-<%-*A.-GA?-&A-8A$-L-.$R?-2-3->J?,
They didnt know if they would see each other again. #R-5S?-1/-5/-a<-;%-3)=-,2-3A/-3->J?,
He didnt know how he could escape this time. #R?-.-,J%?-<%-*A.-)A-v<-:VR-.$R?-2-3->J?,

1. Ask and answer these questions about the dialogue with your partner.HJ.-GA-<R$?-0-.%-3*3-.-
#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-:SA-2-.%-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Did Lhamo know that the semester could pass so quickly?

Was Dawa sure that he would pass his examinations?
Did Mr. Sutton know that Dawa could do it? Why or why not?
Did Tashi think that studying English could be so much fun?
Did Mr. Sutton know that his students would improve so quickly?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Dawa run to the classroom because he was late for class.

Lhamo was choose as the student leader of our English class.
Tashi had ever seen a movie that was so exciting.
Yangzom have always dreamed of studying poetry in Lhasa.
I dont sure if I could pass the history examination.
3. Ask and answer these questions with your partner.HJ.-GA-<R$?-0-.%-3*3-.-SA-2-:.A-.$-1/-
5/-=-:SA-2-.%-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Did you think that learning English would be so difficult?

Were you ever given an examination when you werent prepared?
What were you studying in English class last semester?
Had you studied any foreign language before you began to study English?
What did you want to study in school when you were young?
96
1. Fill in the blanks with would, could, should.|| would.%-could, should2&?-2!R=-+J-!R%-(-
{R%?,
a) When I saw the bank robbery, I didnt know what I ______do to help find the thief.
b) When Andrew came to study in Xining, he didnt know if he ___ understand the dialect.
c) When Yangzom went to study in Lhasa, Tashi didnt know if he ____ ever see her
again.
d) Because Ryan didnt have enough money, he didnt think that he ________ return to the
United States for Christmas.
e) Because I had spent all of my money on movies, I didnt think I ________ ask my
parents for more.
a) When Androcles saw the lion, did he know where he could hide?
b) When Androcles went to help the lion, did he know what would happen?
c) When Androcles and the lion were captured, did they know if they would ever see each
other again?
d) When Androcles faced the lion in the stadium, did he know how he could escape?
e) After Androcles told the emperor his story, did the emperor think he could keep them in
the circus?
<J-29R-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
to take a chance
instead of
to have fun
from that day on
to set (sth) free
97
Unit Twenty-One: A Letter from Lhasa
#J-5/-*J<-$&A$-0,z-?-/?-2{<-;R%-2:A-:UA/-;A$-&A$
I Yangzoms Letter to Tashi$;%-:6S3?-GA?-2N->A?-=-2{<-2:A-:UA/-;A$
Dear Tashi,
March 5, ---I was really happy to receive your letter this week. I didnt know if you
would remember to write me, and Im so glad that you did! Its great to
hear news about you and our classmates. Im happy to hear that everyone is
well. As you know, I think of our school often, and I miss all of you very
much.
Things are going well for me in Lhasa. At first, I was very nervous.
I didnt think I would understand the dialect, but I am learning it
quickly. The people in Lhasa are really friendly and they have welcomed
me very warmly. And I heard that Lhasa would be beautiful, but I
didnt know it would be this beautiful!
I started classes last week, and they are great so far. I wasnt sure that my
teachers would have time to help me with my work, but they are all quite
generous. And my new classmates are especially nice -- I thought it would
be difficult to make friends, but the students are very outgoing. This weekend,
we plan to go to see the Potala Palace together. I never knew that my life
could be this exciting!
But I didnt think it would be this difficult to be so far away from my
family and old friends. You, in particular, are often on my mind, and I
look forward to the time that we will see each other again. I wish you luck in
your studies, and I hope that you find happiness every day. Please write
again soon!
Your friend,
Yangzom
98
I didnt know if you would remember to write me.
I didnt think I would understand the dialect.
I wasnt sure if my teachers would have time to help me with my work.
I thought it would be difficult to make new friends.
99
III Text: Heroes
aR2-5/,.0:-cR.-5S,
hat makes someone a hero? Is it a person who is different than other people? Is it
someone who can do something that no one else can do? Sometimes a hero is a
person who does something ordinary that everyone else is afraid to do. In 1955,
in the southern United States, a woman named Rosa Parks did something very ordinary, and
that made her a hero.
Rosa Parks was a forty-three-year-old black woman who worked in a department store in
Montgomery, Alabama. She was riding the bus home from work one evening in December
1955. At that time, blacks were only allowed to sit in the back of the bus. There werent any
empty seats in the back of the bus, so Mrs. Parks took a seat in the middle of the bus. The
bus driver became angry and he told her to give up her seat. But Mrs. Parks felt that she had
a right to sit down, and she had decided that she would hold her ground. She knew that she
was breaking the law, and she knew she would be arrested. But she was not afraid to do
what she thought was right, and she was not alone in her struggle.
During the next weekend, another American hero appeared. A young pastor named Martin
Luther King was chosen by the blacks of Montgomery to lead
them in a boycott of the citys public buses. Dr. King had never
led a boycott before, but he believed that things could change
only through peace and not through violence. The blacks
refused to ride the bus until the laws were changed. They
didnt know if they would be successful, but for more than a
year they stood firm. Finally, on December 21, 1956, the
blacks returned to buses on which they were allowed to sit
anywhere, declaring victory for blacks in every part of America.
Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King were heroes because they demanded something to
which everyone has a right. They were heroes because they worked for their goals using
peace and not violence. And they were heroes because their victory has made the United
States a more equal place for everyone.
to go well2.J-=J$?-;A/-0,
to give up2*<-2,
so far.-v:A-2<-.,
to have a right to (do sth)L-2-$%-8A$-LJ.-
to make friends PR$?-1A$-0,
to hold (sbs) ground :.$-!J$?-29%-2,
on (sbs) mind ?J3?-#R%?-/-$/?-2,
to break the lawOA3?-=-:$=-2,
to have time #R3-=R%-;R.-0,
(R$-0:A-.R/,
to look forward to (sth)<J-|$-LJ.-0,
to stand firm 2g/-0R<-:PJ%-2,
victory
o= #:A -d-1-1R$-0,
to wish (sb) luck 2N->A?-2.J-=J$?-8-2, to declare
to take a seat 28$?-0,

100
* Review of Past Tenses .?-:.?-0:A-2*<-.R%-,

Past Simple Tense
Yangzom went to study poetry in Lhasa.
Past Continuous Tense
She was preparing to leave before the end of the semester.
Past Perfect Tense
She had dreamed of studying in Lhasa since she was a girl.
Passive Voice, Past Tense
She was given a full scholarship.
Future-in-the-Past Tense
She didnt know if she would feel at home in Lhasa.
Adverbial Use of This
LJ.-5=-!R/-0:A-1This;A-.R<-!%?,
I didnt know Lhasa would be this beautiful! %?-z-?-:.A-:S-36K?-0-3->J?,
I didnt think it would be this difficult to be so far away. %?-?-3,:-:PA3?-/-:.A-:S:A-.!:
-#$-(J-2-3-:.R.,
I never knew that my life could be this exciting! %?- <%- *A.- GA- :5S- 2<- :.A- :S:A- 3R- $%- w/- YA.-
0-3->J?,
VI Activities.%-$8A,
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
I
know if
Yangzom didnt
wasnt sure that
They
werent think whether
Tashi
We
what
you
Tashi
we
she
it
would remember.
should do.
would have time.
could understand.
would be so difficult.
2. Ask and answer these questions with your partner.HJ.-GA-<R$?-0-.%-3*3-.-SA-2-:.A-.$-1/-
5/-=-:SA-2-.%-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
If you were Mrs. Parks, would you give up your seat?

If you were Dr. King, would you be afraid to organize a boycott?
Do you think victory can be declared with peace and not violence?
Did you ever try to do something even though you didnt know if it would be
successful?
e) What do you think a hero is? Who are your heroes?
101
3. Practice this chant with your classmates.HJ.-GA-aR2-PR$?-.%-3*3-.-5B$-$A-$.%?-:.A-.$-=-.R%-
2-LR?,
A: He didnt know if he could / He didnt think that he should / He wasnt sure if he would,
go on missing.
B: She thought that she could / She knew that she should / She hoped that she would,keep
on wishing.
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb tense.$>3-IA-:UJ.-,A$-!J%-.-;%-.$-0:A-L-5B$-{R%?,

Example: By the end of her first week in Lhasa, Yangzom had already made (make) several
friends.
a) Dr. King never (organize) a boycott before.
b) Mrs. Parks _________ (know) that she _______ _________ (break) the law.
c) The blacks________ ________ (not know) if they ________ ___(be) successful.
d) Mrs. Parks already (decide) that she would hold her ground.
e) Their victory _________ (make) the United States a more equal place for everyone.
2. Answer these questions about Yangzoms letter to Tashi.$;%-:6S3?-GA?-2N->A?-=-2{<-
2:A-:UA/-;A$-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Did Yangzom know whether Tashi would remember to write to her?

When Yangzom reached Lhasa, did she think she would understand the dialect?
Was Yangzom sure that her teachers would have time to help her with her work?
Did Yangzom think that it would be difficult to make friends?
Did Yangzom think that it would be this difficult to be so far away from her family and
old friends?
3. Look at the text and find a sentence in each of these tenses. Write down the sentence
from the text, and then write a sentence of your own in the same tense.
aR2-5/-=-2v?-+J-L-5B$-$A-.?-:.A-.$-<J-<J<-.<-2:A-5B$-<J-24=-.$R?-0-.%-,aR2-5/-/%-$A-5B$-.J-.$2>-:VA-L?-eJ?-HR.-<%-*A.-GA?-L-5B$-$A-.?-.J-.$-.%-:S-2:A-5B$-<J-1A$?,
Examples: past perfect tense

Mrs. Parks had already decided to keep her seat. (from the text)
I had already finished my examination. (your own sentence)
a) past continuous tense
b) future-in-past tense
c) past simple tense
d) past perfect tense
e) passive voice, past tense
102
Unit Twenty-Two: American andBritish English
#J-5/-*J<-$*A?-0,A-<:A-.LA/-{.-.%-.LA/-)A:A-.LA/-{.,
I Dialogue#-2h,
LHAMO:
Ms. Lyons, why do some foreigners speak English so differently from one
another? I can understand some English speakers perfectly, but others are
difficult for me to understand.
MS. LYONS: Thats because English has many different dialects, just like Tibetan. The
English dialects are not as different from each other as Tibetan dialects, but
each dialect has a unique vocabulary and accent, and sometimes unique
spellings. English is somewhat different in America, England, Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand. Thats why I dont sound the same as Mr.
Sutton and our schools foreign students when I speak English.
LHAMO:
Ive noticed that. When Ryan talks about fuel for cars, he calls it gasoline,
but you call it petrol. And my American teacher last year talked about the
beautiful weather in the fall, but you always use the word autumn
instead.
MS. LYONS:Thats right. We sometimes use different words to talk about the same thing.
And sometimes when we use the same word, we pronounce it differently.
For instance, American English puts a hard r at the end of some words,
while the pronunciation is softer in British English. So the word d-e-a-r is
pronounced [di@r] in American English and [di@] in British English.
You will find many examples of this as you continue to study English.
LHAMO:
Thats really interesting! And sometimes in books, I see the word
c-o-l-o-r--it has the same meaning as c-o-l-o-u-r, doesnt it?
MS. LYONS: Yes, their meanings are exactly the same. But the spellings of some English
words have changed in different countries over time.
LHAMO:
I have one more question: which English dialect is the best?
MS. LYONS: None of them is the best, of course--theyre just different! You seem very
interested in this topic--why dont you write your report this week on
different English dialects?
LHAMO:
Thats a great idea--I think I will!
I can understand their English perfectly.
I have noticed that.
You seem interested in this topic.
I think I will (write a report)!
Lhamo says she can understand their

English perfectly.
Lhamo says she has noticed that.
Ms. Lyons says Lhamo seems interested in
this topic.
Lhamo says she thinks she will (write a
report).
103
III Text: Lhamos Report on English Dialects
aR2-5/,z-3R?-.LA/-{.-GA-;=-{.-?R-?R:C-{R<-=-VA?-0:A-MR%-5S<,
any people around the world

think that all Westerners speak
English and that all English
speakers use the same dialect. I have
learned that this is not true. There are
several dialects of English in different
English-speaking countries which have
many differences between them. In this
report, I will compare American and
British English, two of the most
widely-spoken English dialects.
Why are American and British
English different? Historians tell us
that the first English speakers in North America came from England about 400 years
ago, and that the two dialects have changed over time. Ms. Lyons says that she and
Mr. Sutton dont sound the same when they speak English for this reason. In some
cases, American English has changed while British English has stayed the same, and
in other cases it is the opposite. This is why the word n-e-w-s is pronounced
[nu:z] in American English and [nju:z] in British English, and why Americans
write c-e-n-t-e-r, while the British write c-e-n-t-r-e.
Ms. Lyons says that speakers of different English dialects may use different words
to talk about the same thing. Linguists tell us that this is because each English
dialect has borrowed different words from other foreign languages. For example,
British speakers generally use the Old French word aubergine to name a common
vegetable, while Americans usually use the Old Norse word eggplant to name the
same thing.
Ms. Lyons says that English dialects are not as different from each other as Tibetan
dialects. Most English speakers can understand one another even if they speak
different dialects. For this reason, I think English can be quite useful as an
international language. Perhaps one day people in every part of the world will be
able to use English to understand each other better.
over time.J:A-<A%-=,
in some cases...in other cases
$/?-5=-#->?-GA-!J%-/?,
to stay the same
3A-:I<-2,
international languageo=-,A:A-{.,
104
* Direct and Indirect Speech (I): Present Tense ,.- S%?- 5B$- .%- 2o.- S%?- 5B$- =?- ,A<- 2+%- .-
v-2:A-i3-0,
-In these examples, DS means direct speech and IS means indirect
speech:.0J<-2eR.-:.A-.$-$A-/%-.-DS;A?-,.-S%?-5B$-!R/-0-.%-IS;A?-2o.-S%?-5B$-!R/-;R.-0-<J.,
DS: English dialects are not as different from each other as Tibetan dialects.
IS: Ms. Lyons says that English dialects are not as different from each other as Tibetan
dialects.
DS: We use different words to talk about the same thing.
IS: Ms. Lyons says that speakers of different English dialects use different words to talk
about the same thing.
DS: Mr. Sutton and I dont sound the same when we speak English.
IS: Ms. Lyons says that she and Mr. Sutton dont sound the same when they speak English.
* Fields and Jobs (J.-=?-.%-L-2,
A person who works in the field of mathematics is a mathematician. lA?-<A$-$A-(J.-=?-$*J<-
2:A-3A-.J-/A-lA?-<A$-0-8A$-;A/,
history historian=R-o?<A$-0,=R-o?-<A$-0-2,
chemistry chemist
m?-:)<-<A$-0,m?-:I<-<A$-0-2,
linguistics linguist {.-2h-<A$-0,{.-2h-<A$-0-2,
biology biologist*J-.%R?-<A$-0,*J-.%R?-<A$-0-2,
engineering engineer29R-20/-<A$-0,29R-2!R.-0,
VI Activities.%-$8A,

a) Why are American and British English different?
b) Does Ms. Lyons say that she and Mr. Sutton sound the same when they speak English?
c) How is the word news pronounced in British English? Is it pronounced the same way
in American English?
d) Why do speakers of different English dialects use different words to talk about the same
thing?
e) Are English dialects as different from each other as Tibetan dialects? Why or why not?
105
2. Use the words in each of these columns to create sentences of indirect speech and then
match them to the following sentences of direct speech. S-3A$-<J-<J:A-/%-$A-3A%-.J-.$-$A?-2o.-
S%?-5B$-:$:-21A$?-+J-$>3-IA-,.-S%?-5B$-i3?-.%-(-1A$?,
Lhamo
Blacks in
Montgomery
Ms. Lyons
says (that)
say (that)
Dr. King
You
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
he thinks things will change through peace and not

violence.
you are going to the mountains this weekend.
she thinks she is going to write a report on English
dialects.
they refuse to ride the bus until the laws are changed.
she will give us an examination next week.
I will give you an examination next week.

I think things will change through peace and not violence.
I am going to the mountains this weekend.
We refuse to ride the bus until the laws are changed.
I think I will write a report on English dialects.
3. Match the expressions on the left with the definitions on the right.$;R/-KR$?-GA-3A%-5B$
-:.A-.$-$;R/-IA-3(/-:PJ=-.%-(-1A$?,
so far
over time
tostand firm
international language
on my mind
to continue doing what you believe is right

something that people in many countries can speak and
understand
something that I have been thinking about
until now
after many years have passed
1. Change these sentences from direct speech to indirect speech.$>3-IA-,.-S%?-5B$-:.A-.$-
2o.-S%?-5B$-+-+<,
Example: LHAMO: I would love to have noodles for lunch.
Lhamo says (that) she would love to have noodles for lunch.
a) TASHI: I cant believe how much I miss Yangzom.
b) MS. LYONS: This semester we will take a field trip to a farm.
c) HELEN: I cant wait for my holiday in Great Britain.
d) DAWA: I think I will enter the speech contest this semester.
e) MR. SUTTON: This semester we will talk about famous people.
106
2. Answer these questions about the dialogue using indirect speech.,.-S%?-5B$-2!R=-+J-#-
2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-,R2?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What does Lhamo first ask Ms. Lyons about English speakers?
What does Ms. Lyons say about different English dialects?
According to Ms. Lyons, why do colour and color have two different spellings?
Which English dialect does Ms. Lyons say is the best one?
What does Lhamo think she will write her report about?
3. Use the words in each of these columns to create sentences about each of these jobs.
S-3A$-:.A-.$-/%-$A-3A%-i3?-GA?-L-2-:.A-<J-<J<-:VJ=-2-;R.-0:A-i5B$-:$:-1A$?,
chemist
is an expert in
engineer
biologist
works in the field of
...
An mathematician
is someone who studies
historian
A
107
Unit Twenty-Three: Guess Who Are Coming to Dinner?
#J-5/-*J<-$?3-0,.R-/2-?-5S-.$R%-)-:,%-2<-;R%-o<-5S.-.0$-LR?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(Nima runs into the house, out of breath)
NIMA: Guess who are coming to dinner tonight?
TSOMO: What do you mean? No one is coming to dinner tonight!
NIMA:
Let me explain. I was talking to Degyi at the post office, and she tells me that the
county government wants to build some new schools in our township. So some
of the county leaders are coming to our home tonight to discuss plans for a
school in our village. They have chosen our family to help to organize the
project!
DROLMA:Oh, thats so exciting! What are we having for dinner?
TSOMO: Now, just hold on for a minute--no one has discussed this with me! What time
are the leaders arriving?
NIMA:
They are arriving around six or seven. Im going to town soon to buy some meat
and liquor.
TSOMO: That sounds great. Im milking the cows this morning, and Drolma is picking
vegetables this afternoon. That will give us time to wash up and put on our
formal clothes. What are you wearing this evening, Drolma?
DROLMA:Im wearing my new silk dress. I want to look my best!
(Tsomo points at Drolmas T-shirt and sandals)
TSOMO: Well, you sure arent wearing that tonight--and where do you think youre going
now?
DROLMA:Im going swimming with my friends, of course.
TSOMO: No, youre not--youre staying home to help prepare the meal!
Who are coming to dinner tonight?
When are they arriving?
What is Tsomo doing this morning?
What is Drolma wearing this evening?
The county leaders are coming to dinner tonight.

They are arriving at six or seven.
Shes milking the cows this morning.
Shes wearing her new silk dress this evening.
108
III Text: Holiday in Great Britain
aR2-5/,+-0-=J/-+J/-=-%=-$?R-<-?R%-2,
elen is leaving today for her holiday in Great Britain. First she is visiting her
cousins in England, and then she is traveling to Scotland and Wales. As Helen
packs her bags, Lhamo asks her many questions.
When are you leaving for Great Britain? asks Lhamo.
Im leaving as soon as I finish packing my bags, replies Helen.
How are you getting there? asks Lhamo.
First, I am taking a train to the capital. Then, I am catching a plane to England, answers
Helen. I am arriving in London the day after tomorrow.
Are your relatives meeting you at the airport? asks Lhamo.
Yes, they are coming to pick me up and take me to their home in the city. Then we are
spending a few days together in the country, says Helen.
Are you bringing presents for your relatives? asks Lhamo.
Of course! answers Helen. Im bringing a thangka for my aunt and uncle, and Im
bringing yak wool sweaters for my cousins.
What are you doing in Scotland and Wales? asks Lhamo.
Im climbing mountains in Scotland and riding my bicycle in Wales, says Helen.
How long are you staying in each country? asks Lhamo.
Im only going to one country, answers Helen. England,
Scotland and Wales are different regions of the island of
Great Britain in the country called the United Kingdom.
Oh, thats very complicated--so how long are you staying
in each region? asks Lhamo.
Im staying in England for a week, and Im spending three
days each in Scotland and Wales, answers Helen. And it
takes two and a half days to travel from Xining to London.
Well, I must be going--my train is leaving in an hour! Good-bye, Lhamo--see you soon!
If today is the 15th of March, on what day is Helen returning to school?

IV Common Expressions
out of breath .2$?-:5%-2,
to hold on (for a minute) ({<-3-$%-,)|$-0,
to go to townPR%-h=-=-:PR-2,PR%-HJ<-=-:PR-2,
to look (sbs) best$92-:(R<-=J$?-0<-3?-2,
to pack (sbs) bags:2R$-1A=-2,
to pick (sb) up$J-=J/-LJ.-0,
I must be going
%-:PR-</-:.$
109
V Grammar Points
* Present Continuous Tense: Future Use LJ.-28A/-.-v-2-=?-3-:R%?-2-!R/-0:A-i3-0,
Subject +
LJ.-0R +
am / is / Verb-ing +
are +
L-5B$ +
Complement +
$?2-5B$
Time Clause
.?- 5S.- !R/- 0:A- 5B$5S$?,
I
am
leaving
for Australia
tomorrow.
Who
is
coming
to dinner
tonight?
They
are
returning
to Qinghai
inthree weeks.
Sentences that use the present continuous tense for future use have the same meaning
as sentence that use the future tense: LJ.- 28A/- .- v- 2:A- i3- 0- &/- IA- 5B$- $A- .R/- /A- .?- 3- :R%?-
0<-.<-2:A-5B$-$A-.R/-.%-:S-2-<J.,
I am leaving. = I will leave.Who is coming? = Who will come? They are returning. =
They will return.
* Time Expressions: Future .?-!R/-0:A-5B$-5S$?,: 3-:R%?-0,
in an hour / one hour from now (-5S.-$&A$-:$R<-eJ?,.-/?-29%-!J-(-5S.-$&A$-:$R<-eJ?,
(-5S.-$&A$-$A-<A%-=,
in three days *A/-$?3-IA-/%-,
for three days*A/-$?3-IA-<A%-=,
for an hour
* Place Names 3%:-<A?-(J-(%-$A-3A%-,
o=-#2,
province 8A%-(J/,
regionuR%?,
prefecture#=,
county mR%-,
country
townshipPR%-h=,
village #J-2,
110
Is a country the same as a county?||country .%county$*A?-.R/-$&A$-;A/-/3,

1. Use the words in each of these columns to create your own questions and answers.$>3-
IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-SA-2-.%-SA?-=/-$*A?-!-1A$?,
When
you
am Helen
What
How long is they
are I
Where
Tashi
How
doing
staying
going
getting
leaving
You
going to see a movie
She am staying in Great Britain
They is leaving for the capital
are getting to the station
I
He
picking up my sister
to the station?
this evening?
in Great Britain?
tomorrow afternoon?
for the capital?
for almost two weeks.
tomorrow afternoon.
this evening.
in an hour.
by taxi.

a) Who are coming for dinner at Nima and Tsomos home this evening?
b) What time are their dinner guests arriving?
c) Is Tsomo picking vegetables this morning? Who is going to town to buy meat and
liquor?
d) Is Drolma wearing a wool dress this evening?
e) What does Drolma think she is doing now? Does her mother agree?
3. Plan a holiday to Great Britain with your partner. Use the present continuous tense,
future use in making your plans.LJ.-28A/-.-v-2:3-3-:R%?-2:A-5B$-$A-i3-0-2!R=-+J-HJ.-<%-%=-
$?R:C-$R-{2?-8A$-.%-2!/-/?-PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-+-0-=J/-+J/-=-:PR-o:A-:(<-$8A-29R?,
- Choose at least three places you are visiting.

- Choose at least two things you are doing in each place.
- Explain how and when you are going to each place.
- Tell when you are returning from your holiday.
1. Fill in the blanks with for, in. || for.%-in$*A?-2!R=-+J-$>3-IA-!R%-(-i3?-{R%?,
Example: The president of Russia is arriving in France in two weeks.
a) Helen is staying in Scotland and Wales _________ three days each.
b) Andrew is going to leave for Labrang _______ twenty minutes.
c) She has decided that she is not eating meat ______ one month.
111
d) I am catching a plane to the capital ________ an hour.

e) Dawa is studying English in Xining ________ three years.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Is Helen visiting her cousins in Scotland and Wales?

How is she getting to Great Britain?
What kind of presents is she bringing for her relatives?
How long is she staying in England? How long is she staying in Great Britain?
When is her train leaving?
3. Change these sentences from future tense to present continuous tense, future use..?-3
-:R%?-0-!R/-LJ.-GA-5B$-U.-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-LJ.-28A/-.-v-2:A-i3-0-<-+<,
Example: Helen will leave for Great Britain today. Helen is leaving for Great Britain
today.
Where will Ms. Lyons go for her holiday? Where is Ms. Lyons going for her
holiday?
a) Lhamo will cook dinner for her friends tonight.
b) On what day will Andrew leave for Labrang?
c) Ryan will go to the United States this summer.
d) Tashi will teach an astronomy class in a few weeks.
e) When will Yangzom return from Lhasa?
112
Unit Twenty-Four: Did She Leave a Telephone Number?
#J-5/-*J<-28A-2,#R-3R?-#-0<-A%-P%?-8A$-28$-;R.-.3,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(on the telephone#-0<-$+R%-.?,)
DAWA:
YANGZOM:
DAWA:
YANGZOM:
DAWA:
Hello?
Hello. Who is this?
This is Dawa. Is that you, Yangzom?
Yes, its me. Its so nice to hear a familiar voice! Whats new?
Nothing much. Things are the same as always here. How are things with
you?
YANGZOM: Everything is still going well. My professor says that I will be a fine
poet if I continue my studies in Lhasa, but I really miss my familys
home cooking!
I bet you do! Our class can send you a package of things from home. It
DAWA:
will keep you from feeling too homesick.
YANGZOM: Thanks, Dawa--youre the best! And is Tashi around? Id really like to
speak to him.
Sorry, he isnt in. He just went out to buy some vegetables. Can I give
DAWA:
him a message for you?
YANGZOM: No, thats all right. Ill try again tomorrow just before dinner. Its nice
talking with you, Dawa.
You, too, Yangzom. Take care--talk to you soon.
DAWA:
...
TASHI:
DAWA:
TASHI:
DAWA:
TASHI:
DAWA:
TASHI:
DAWA:
TASHI:
Hey Dawa, whats going on?

You just missed a call from Yangzom. She asked if you were around and
I told her that you had just gone out.
Youre kidding! What else did she say?
She said that everything was going well, but she said that she missed her
familys home cooking.
Wow, what can we do to make things easier for her?
I told her we could send her a package--or should we send you to Lhasa
instead?
Thats very funny. Did she leave a phone number where I can call her?
No, she didnt, but she said she would try again tomorrow. She told me
she would call just before dinner. She really wants to talk to you.
Well, I guess Ill stay at home tomorrow afternoon. I dont want to miss
her call again!
113
I miss my familys cooking.
We can send you a care package.
Is Norbu around?
He just went out to buy
vegetables.
Ill call back tomorrow evening.
She said she missed her familys cooking.

I told her that we could send her a care
package.
She asked if you were around.
some I told her that you had just gone out to
buy some vegetables.
She told me she would call back tomorrow
evening.
114
III Text: Dont Forget!
aR2-5/,3-2eJ.,
n a cold day in January, a mother asked her young son to help her do some
shopping.
Please buy me a loaf of bread, a bottle of milk, and a block of butter, said the
mother. Make sure that the bread is fresh, and please get a big bottle of milk and a small
block of butter. Dont forget these things! And one more thing--dont forget to take some
money!
The boy put on his warmest clothes and went out the door. On his way to the store, the
boy ran into several people he knew. First, he saw his uncle. He told his uncle he was going
to buy a fresh loaf of bread for his mother. Next, he saw his best friend. He told his friend
that he was going to buy a big bottle of milk. Then, he saw his teacher. He told his teacher
that he was going to buy a small block of butter.
Finally, the boy reached the store. He went around the store to look for a loaf of bread, a
bottle of milk, and a block of butter. He was careful to follow his mothers instructions, and
he didnt forget any of the things she had asked him to buy. When he was finished, he
brought them to the front of the store and put
them on the counter.
That will be nine yuan and five jiao, said the
shopkeeper.
The boy reached into his pocket and pulled out
his empty hand. My mother asked me to buy her
a loaf of bread, a bottle of milk, and a block of
butter, said the boy. She told me to make sure
that the bread was fresh, and she told me to get a
big bottle of milk and a small block of butter. I
didnt forget any of things she told me to buy,
said the boy, but I forgot to bring any money!
Whats new? $/?-5=-$?<-2-&A-8A$-;R.,
home cooking1-;=-IA-9?,
Whats going on?&A-:S-<J.,
take care2.$-*R%-LJ.,
nothing much3A-29%-o-3J.-0,
Youre kidding!
the same as always.?-o/-.%-:S-2,
HJ.-GA?-m/-3-2>.,
to make sure 2h<->-$&R.-0,
I bet!,$-(R.-;A/-0,
to run into (sb) (3A-$-$J-3R<)\R-2<-.-:U.-0,
HR.-%R-3-29%-$A,
to keep (studying)3-3,.-.(aR2-.R%-)LJ.-0,
to pull out#-V=-2,
Youre the best!
115
* Direct and Indirect Speech (II): Past Tense,.-S%?-5B$-.%-2o.-S%?-5B$-=?-.?-:.?-0:A-i3-0,

- When the past tense is used to report indirect speech (e.g., told, said, asked), the past
tense is also used for the main verb of the sentence: .?-:.?-0-.J-2o.-S%?-5B$-!R/-0<-.R<-.$R?
-5K,(.0J</, told, said, asked).?-:.?-0-/A-5B$-.J:A-/%-$A-L-5B$-$4S-2R-=:%-.R<-.$R?,

Present Tense.-v-2:A-i3-0,
DS: My home is very far from Lhasa.
IS: She told me that her home was very far from Lhasa.
Future Tense3-:R%?-0:A-i3-0,
DS: I will meet you after class.
IS: She said that she would meet me after class.
Past Tense:.?-2:A-i3-0,
DS: I saw that movie last month.
IS: She said that she had seen that movie last month.
Present Continuous Tense LJ.-28A/-.-v-2:A-i3-0,
DS: I am going to take a holiday in Germany next month.
IS: She said she was going to take a holiday in Germany next month.
* Orders and Requests: Indirect Speech {=-5B$-.%-<J-:./,:2o.-S%?-5B$
When orders and requests are reported in indirect speech, the main verb is changed to the
infinitive. Sentences that use dont in direct speech use told in indirect speech, sentences
with please use asked, and all other sentences use said or told: 2o.- S%?- 5B$-$A?- {=- 2-
LJ.-0:3-<J-:./-8-2:A-.R/-!R/-{2?,5B$-.J:A-/%-$A-L-5B$-$4S-2R-.J-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$-+-2+<-.$R?,
,.- S%?- 5B$- +- dont.<- ;R.- /- 2o.- S%?- 5B$- +told.R<- .$R?,,.- S%?- 5B$- +- please.<- ;R.- /2o.-S%?-5B$-+-asked.R<-.$R?-0-.%-5B$-$8/-i3?-=-2o.-S%?-5B$-+-said:3 told.R<-.$R?-0$>3-$?=-v<,
DS: Dont leave your books in the dormitory.
IS: She told me not to leave my books in the dormitory.
DS: Please save a seat for me.
IS: She asked me to save a seat for her.
DS: Remember to bring your football.
IS: He said (to me) to remember to bring my football.
116
1. Read the text and correct the mistakes in these sentences.aR2-5/-[R$-!J-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-$A-
/R<-2-i3?-.$-2&R?-LR?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The boys mother ask him to help her with some shopping.
He told his uncle he is going to buy a fresh loaf of bread.
He told his friend that he went to buy a big bottle of milk.
She tells me to make sure that the bread was fresh.
I forgot any of the things she told me to buy.
2. Answer these questions about the dialogue using indirect speech.#-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-
=-2o.-S%?-5B$-2!R=-+J-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Did Yangzom say that everything was going badly in Lhasa?

What did Yangzom say she missed about her home?
What did Dawa say that his class could send to Lhasa for Yangzom?
Did Yangzom say when she would call again?
Do you think Tashi will go out tomorrow afternoon? Why or why not?
3. Change these orders and requests from direct speech to indirect speech.{=-5B$-.%-<J-:./
-8-2:A-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-,.-S%?-5B$-/?-2o.-S%?-5B$-+-+<,
Example: Dont drink the water, (he / us). He told us not to drink the water.
a) Please remember to close the door. (the woman / the man)
b) Dont forget your notebooks. (she / them)
c) Bring your history reports to class on Tuesday. (our teacher / us)
d) Answer the question again, please. (he / me)
e) Dont be late for the train! (our classmates / us)
117
1. Change these sentences from direct speech to indirect speech in the past tense, following
the example.$>3- IA- .0J<- 2eR.- v<-:.?- 2:A- i3- 0- 2!R=- +J- 5B$- P2- :.A- .$- ,.- S%?- 5B$- /?- 2o.-
S%?-5B$-+-+<,
Examples: I like reading Russian poetry very much. (she / tell / me)
She told me she liked reading Russian poetry very much.
Is chemistry your favorite subject? (Mr. Sutton / ask / Ryan)
Mr. Sutton asked Ryan if chemistry was his favorite subject.
a) Is Ms. Lyons your English teacher this year? (Andrew / ask / Dawa)
b) I think American English is more difficult to understand than British English. (she /
tell / her teacher)
c) Animachen is the most beautiful mountain in Qinghai. (Tashi / tell / me)
d) Are mutton and noodles your favorite foods? (he / ask / her)
e) My heroes are Rosa Parks and Michael Jordan. (Drolma / say / her brother)
2. Answer these questions about the text using indirect speech.2o.-S%?-5B$-2!R=-+J-aR2-5/-
{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-,R2?,
a) What did the boys mother ask him to buy at the store?
b) Did she tell him to make sure that the bread was old?
c) What size of bottle of milk did she ask him to buy? Did she ask him to buy the same
size of block of butter ?
d) Did the boy remember everything his mother asked him to buy?
e) Did the boy remember everything he needed to bring to the store?
3. Change these orders and requests from indirect speech to direct speech.{=-2-.%-<J-:./-
8-2:A-5B$-:.A-.$-2o.-S%?-5B$-/?-,.-S%?-5B$-+-+<,
Example: She told me not to forget to close the door Dont forget to close the door.
a) Dawa told Tashi not to come home too late.
b) She asked him to turn on the light.
c) My parents told me not to spend too much money.
d) Ms. Lyons told Lhamo to write a report on English dialects.
e) He asked me to lend him some money.
118
Unit Twenty-Five: A Healthy Diet
#J-5/-*J<-s,2.J-,%-=-1/-0:A-29:-2+%-,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(in the school cafeteria)
RYAN:
Hey, Andrew and Dawa--whats new?
DAWA:
Not much. Would you like to join us for lunch?
RYAN:
Why not? What are you eating?
ANDREW: Im having steamed vegetables and hes having baked potatoes. We also
ordered boiled dumplings instead of dumplings that are cooked in oil. Were
both trying to eat food that is healthy, so we ordered food which is low in fat.
DAWA:
Were also trying to eat food that is high in vitamins and fiber, so we ordered
some vegetable dishes and not only meat dishes.
RYAN:
Thats a good idea. I have some friends that have become healthier by
changing their diets. Ive read that eating a balanced diet is the fastest way to
good health.
ANDREW: Ive also heard that people who exercise several times a week are often
healthier than people who dont exercise at all. Exercise makes studying easier,
too, because it gives me energy and it makes me feel relaxed.
RYAN:
Thats a good point. I havent been exercising much these days. I think I will
start eating healthier food right now and start exercising regularly this
afternoon. So what do you think of your new diet?
DAWA:
There are only two problems with eating a healthy diet.
RYAN:
What are those?
ANDREW: Food which is healthy doesnt always taste good...
DAWA:
...and food which tastes good isnt always healthy!
Andrew and Dawa are trying to eat food which is low in fat and high in vitamins.
Ryan has some friends that have become healthier by changing their diets.
Andrew has heard that people who exercise are healthier than people who dont exercise.
Dawa thinks that food which tastes good isnt always healthy.
119
III Text: Soil is Life
aR2-5/,8A%-?-/A-5K-YR$-;A/,
griculture is important to people everywhere

in the world. And successful agriculture
depends upon healthy soil. Without healthy
soil, agriculture would not be possible. But farming
methods have changed greatly over the years, and
farming methods sometimes have negative effects on
the health of the Earths soil.
Fields which are planted with the same crop every
year can make a farmer rich but can often make the
soil poor or the plants unhealthy. In Ireland in the
1850s, a disease wiped out the potato crop because the plants were not strong enough to
fight it off. As a result, tens of thousands of people died.
Soil which does not get the food that it needs often turns into sand. In South America,
many forests are cut down every year to plant crops, but the soil is so poor that it can only
grow crops for a few years. After that, more forests must be cut down, because the soil
cannot stay healthy without the dead tree leaves it needs for food.
In recent years, chemical fertilizers have been used in many parts of the world to produce
more crops. Fruits and vegetables which are grown with chemical fertilizers are often larger
and nicer-looking than those that are grown with natural fertilizers. But they arent always
healthy for the people and animals that eat them. So what can be done to grow healthy food
in rich soil?
Many things can be done to improve the health of the soil. Fields that are healthy are
often planted with a different crop each year, and each year some fields are not planted at
all. This method is called crop rotation, and it keeps the soil healthy. Soil which has been
broken down can also be built up by planting trees nearby. The dead leaves of the trees can
make the soil richer, and the roots of the trees can help prevent erosion. And crops that are
grown with natural fertilizers are often healthier for the soil which grows them than crops
that are grown with chemical fertilizers.
Soil is one of our worlds most important resources. Keeping the Earth healthy means
keeping the Earths soil healthy. Soil is a resource that we must protect as if it were our own
life.
low in (fat) / high in (vitamins) (5B=-)*%-2,

a balanced diet9?-$%-:UR.,9?-:53-0R,
to exercise regularly
o/-.-=?-l=-.R%-2,
over the years .-v:A-2<-.,

to fight (sth) off
3,<-3R.-0,
120
natural / chemical fertilizers <%-L%-$A-=.,m?-=.,

rich / poor soil ?-$>A/-0R,?-IR%-2R,
to turn into2+<-2,
to break down$+R<-2_$-$+R%-2,
to build up$?<-29R-L-2,
crop rotation =R-+R$-:#R<-*R.-:.J2?-:6$?-GA-YR=,

* Attributive Clause ;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$

- Use that, who, or whom if the subject is a person. Use that or which if
the subject is a thing.$=-+J-LJ.-0-0R-/A-3A-;A/-5K-that, .%-who, ;%-/- whom 2!R=-
.$R?-0-.%-$4S-5B$-/A-L-.%R?-$%-<%-8A$-;A/-5K-that .%- which.R<-.$R?,
Food
that
is healthy
is grown in healthy soil.
People
who
exercise regularly
are often healthy.
When an attributive clause is removed from a sentence, the sentence should
still be complete, although the meaning may change. .R-$%-L-.$R?-2-/A-;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-
2-5B$-.J-3-5B$-.%-:V=-{2?,3-5B$-$A-.R/-:I<-G%-.-<%-5B$-.-P2,
Food (that is healthy) is grown in healthy soil.

People (who exercise regularly) are often healthy.
* Expressing Purpose .3A$?-;=-!R/-0,

An infinitive clause is often used to explain the reason for doing a particular action: i3-0-
%J?-3J.-GA-5B$-5S$?-/A-=?-H.-0<-&/-8A$-12-0:A-o-35/-/3-.$R?-2-!R/-LJ.-.-.R<-2-;R.,
Chemical fertilizers are used to make crops grow faster.
Forests are cut down to plant crops.
Trees are planted to prevent erosion.
121

a) Do farmers who plant the same crop on the same field every year make the soil rich?
b) What happens to soil which doesnt get the food that it needs?
c) Are crops which are grown with chemical fertilizers healthier than crops which are
grown with natural fertilizers?
d) How can we build up soil which has been broken down?
e) Do you think soil is an important natural resource? Why or why not?
2. Combine each pair of sentences to make one sentence, using attributive clauses with who,
which, that.
Examples: I dont like fish. It is fried. I dont like fish that / which is fried.
The woman sells fruit. She is our neighbor. The woman who / that sells fruit
is our neighbor.
a) I prefer the yogurt. It comes from my familys goats.
b) She likes noodles. They are high in vitamins.
c) The girl is my sister. She is sitting in the first row.
d) The meat is low in fat. We prepared it.
e) The man is my biology teacher. He is standing next to Dawa.
I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly
I know an old lady who swallowed a fly,
I dont know why she swallowed the fly,
Perhaps shell die.
I know an old lady who swallowed a spider,
That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her.
She swallowed the spider to catch the fly,
I dont know why she swallowed the fly,
Perhaps shell die.
1. Use each of these common expressions in a sentence.$>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-=-5B$-
P2-<J-29R-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a healthy diet
to break down
chemical fertilizers
to turn into
to exercise regularly
122
2. Make sentences using attributive clauses following the example.$>3-IA-.0J<-2eR.-v<-;R/-
+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$-:.A-.$-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
Example: fruit / grown / chemical fertilizers / not always healthy Fruit which is grown
with chemical fertilizers is not always healthy.
a) people / eat / a balanced diet / often live longer / people / dont eat well
b) fields / healthy / are often planted / a different crop / every year
c) people / exercise regularly / often healthier / people / dont exercise / at all
d) crops / grown / natural fertilizers / dont damage / soil
e) soil / broken down / can be / built up / planting trees nearby
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What kind of food are Dawa and Andrew trying to eat?

Are they trying to eat food that is high in fat and low in vitamins?
Does Ryan have any friends that have become healthier by changing their diets?
What has Andrew heard about people who exercise regularly?
What does Dawa think about food that tastes good?
123
Unit Twenty-Six: School Life
#J-5/-*J<-S$-0,aR2-9:A-:5S-2,
I Tashis Diary2N->A?-GA-*A/-,R,
Saturday April 9, ---I am trying to write in my diary every day, but lately I am busy with so many things that
its difficult for me to keep up. I hope that I will have more time to write in the months
ahead.
I am studying hard in school. My English is slowly getting better, but I still like studying
astronomy best. Im teaching an astronomy class in a few weeks to primary school students,
and I am looking forward to that. I am also enjoying my Tibetan history class very much.
There is so much to learn about our culture! I am taking a cooking course this semester, too,
so I am busy in the afternoon, and I am not getting enough sleep at night. And every
morning I am up early preparing lessons for the day ahead.
I am enjoying my school life outside the classroom, too. Im playing football this
afternoon in the schools tournament. Our team is playing quite well these days, so Im sure
we will win. I am also cooking dinner for my friends this evening. Ryan is bringing fresh
bread, and Andrew is making vegetable curry. Lhamo is coming too, of course, and she is
bringing spicy steamed dumplings. Im happy that I am going to school with my sister.
Having her near makes it easier to be far from home.
In a few weeks, I am traveling to Lhasa. Since we have a holiday in May and we have our
schools sports festival the week after that, I am only missing a few classes to make the trip.
Im thinking of Yangzom all the time, and I dont know when she is coming back to
Qinghai. Instead of wondering when she will return, I am going to Lhasa to see her instead.
Do you think I am doing the right thing?
Im going to bed now, because Im falling asleep in my chair! Ill write more tomorrow if
I have the time.
I am enjoying my school life outside the classroom, too.
Im teaching a class in a few weeks, and Im looking forward to that.
I am playing football this afternoon in the schools tournament.
Im going to bed now, because Im falling asleep in my chair!
124
III Text: Little Red Riding Hood
aR2-5/,3$R-<?-.3<-0R-.NA?-0:A-:P=-28.-0-(%-2-8A$
ne day Little Red Riding Hood was walking through the forest with a basket of food
to bring to her grandmother. Along the way, she met a woodsman who was carrying
a bundle of wood and a large axe.
Hello, said the woodsman, why are you walking
through this dark wood all by yourself? Its dangerous for a
young girl to walk alone on this road.
I am visiting my grandmother who lives on the other
side of the forest, said Little Red Riding Hood. I am
staying the night with her and I am returning tomorrow.
Be careful, said the woodsman, there are many wolves
that live in this wood.
A wolf who was hiding behind a tree heard Little Red Riding Hood and the woodsman
talking. I have a great idea, thought the wolf. If my idea works, Im having a young girl
for supper tonight!
The wolf ran quickly ahead and took a shortcut through the woods. When he reached
Little Red Riding Hoods grandmothers house, the wolf locked the old woman in the closet,
dressed up in her clothes, and got into her bed.
Soon Little Red Riding Hood reached her grandmothers house and went inside. Hello,
Grandma, she said. I hope you are hungry--I am making you a fine supper tonight!
Wonderful! said the wolf, I am looking forward to my supper!
You look different today, Grandma, said Little Red Riding Hood. Are you feeling
well?
Im feeling just fine, said the wolf. Why do you ask?
But your eyes are so large, Grandma, said Little Red Riding Hood.
So I can see you better, my dear, said the wolf.
And your ears are so large, Grandma, said Little Red Riding Hood.
So I can hear you better, my dear, said the wolf.
And your teeth are so large, Grandma, said Little Red Riding Hood.
So I can eat you better, my dear! said the wolf.
The wolf jumped out of the bed and grabbed Little Red Riding Hood. The woodsman was
walking past the house when he heard Little Red Riding Hood scream. He broke down the
door and killed the wolf with his axe. Then Little Red Riding Hood and the woodsman
heard her grandmother struggling in the closet and they set her free.
After that, everyone lived happily ever after, except for the wolf!
to keep busy VJ=-:52-(J-2,
to dress up$92-:(R<-=J$?-0<-3?-2,
to keep upo/-:HR%?-LJ.-0,eJ?-?-~J$?-0,
my dear ~A%-$A-PR$?-0R,
happily ever after .$:-2.J:A-%%-,
to make the trip
:P=-28.-LJ.-0,
to take a shortcut b%-=3-2o.-0,
125
* Present Continuous Tense: Present and Future Use LJ.-28A/-.-v-2-=?-,A<-2+%-.-v-2-.%-.?-
3-:R%?-0-!R/-0:A-.-v-2,
Present .-v-2,: I am studying Tibetan history this semester.
Future 3-:R%?-0,: Next semester, I am studying Tibetan medicine.
Present .-v-2,: We are playing football in PE class these days.
Future 3-:R%?-0,: I am playing football with my classmates this afternoon.
- The present continuous tense doesnt change its form in present and future use. Look for
time phrases like those that are used in the sentences above to tell the difference between
present and future use. LJ.- 28A/- 0:A- .- v- 2:A- .?- GA?- .- v- 2- ,A<- 2+%- 2- .%- 3- :R%?- 0- !R/- 0:A- 5K- .J:A- i3-
0-3A-:I<,$R%-$A-5B$-i3?-=-.<-2:A-.?-!R/-0:A-5B$-5S$?-.J-.$-.%-:S-2:A-5B$-5S$?-:$:-24=-+J-.?-.v-2-,A<-2+%-2-.%-3-:R%?-2:A-2eR.-!%?-GA-H.-0<->R.,
Activities.R%-2h<,
1. Read Tashis diary and look for sentences in the present continuous tense. Find five
sentences in the present use, and five sentences in the future use. Write down each sentence
and its use, following these examples.
Examples: Im studying hard in school. (present)
Im teaching an astronomy class in a few weeks. (future)
2. Mark these sentences true (T) or false (F) If a sentence is false, change the sentence to
make it true.:PA$-0<-g$?-(T).%-3A-:PA$-0<-g$?-(F):VA-.$R?,$=-+J-/R<-:($-;R.-/-
;%-.$-2&R?-LJ.-.$R?,
a) Little Red Riding Hood was bringing a basket of food to the woodsman. T F
b) Little Red Riding Hood was staying the night with her grandmother. T F
TF
c) Little Red Riding Hood took a shortcut to her grandmothers house.
d) Little Red Riding Hoods grandmother dressed up in the wolfs clothes.
TF
e) Little Red Riding Hood and the woodsman set her grandmother free.
TF
3. Ask and answer these questions with your partner.HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-SA-2-:.A-.$-:SA-
2-.%-SA?-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a) What are you doing right now? What are you doing after class today? What are you
doing this weekend?
b) What are you studying this semester? What are you studying next semester?
c) Are you going to your home during the summer holiday? If yes, what are you
doing there? If no, where are you going during the summer holiday?
126
1. Read the text and find three sentences for each of these tenses: present continuous,
present use; present continuous, future use; and past continuous. Write down each
sentence and its tense, following the example.aR2- 5/- [R$- !J- LJ.- 28A/- .- v- 2:A- ,A<- 2+%- .- v-
2-.%- 3- :R%?- 2- !R/- 0:A- .- v-2- .%- :.?- 0:A- .?- GA- LJ.- 28A/- 0:A- 5B$- P2- $?3- :5S=- .$R?- 2- .%- $>3IA-.0J<-2eR.-v<-.-5B$-P2-<J-<J:A-.?-GA-i3-0-.%-2&?-:VA-.$R?,
Example: A wolf who was hiding behind a tree heard Little Red Riding Hood and the
woodsman talking. (past continuous)
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective or adverb in parentheses. $$-g$?-
/%-$A-o/-5B$-$3-L-2:A-i3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$-;%-.$-0-.J-i3?-GA?-!R%-(-{R%?,
Example: My English is getting better (well), but I still like astronomy best (well).
a) I get up ____________ (early) on Monday than I get up on Saturday.
b) Our football team is playing ________ (well), but the other is team is playing even
___________ (well).
c) This is the ___________ (busy) semester I have ever had!
d) I am studying _________ (hard) this semester, and next semester I am going to study
even _____________ (hard).
e) Spending time with friends makes it ___________ (easy) to be far from home.
3. Write in your own diary or notebook about what you are doing today and what you are
doing this weekend. Use the present continuous tense with both present and future uses.
Use Tashis diary as an example.2N->A?-GA-*A/-,R-=-.0J-LJ.-.J-HJ.-<%-*A.-GA?-.J-<A%-&A-8A$-
|2-28A/-0-.%-$9:-:#R<-:.A:A-3)$-+-&A-8A$-12-28A/-0:A-{R<-IA-*A/-,R-8A$-$3-9A/-VA?->A$UA?,.J-:VA-{2?-3-:R%?-2-.%-,A<-2+%-.-v-2-$*A?-!-!R/-0:A-LJ.-28A/-.-v-2:A-i3-0-2!R=-.$R?,
127
Unit Twenty-Seven: Development
#J-5/-*J<-2./-0,:1J=-o?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
DAWA: Hey, Lhamo--you look really excited. Whats going on?

LHAMO: Hi, Dawa. I am excited. A new joint venture company will be established to
produce yak wool sweaters in our province. Theyre looking for a local
business manager for the summer. I just picked up an application for the job.
DAWA: Wow, that sounds great. Tell me more about this company!
LHAMO: Well, by the end of this month, an agreement will be signed between an
Italian wool company and the provincial government to start a joint venture.
The wool factory will be completed by the middle of June, and the company
will be open for business by the beginning of July.
DAWA: That sounds like a great leap in the development of our province. Will many
jobs be created?
LHAMO: Yes, over two hundred workers will be hired to work in the factory in the
city. Of course, agreements will be made with many local herdsmen to buy
their yaks wool, so many nomadic families will also be paid by the
company. And customers everywhere will be delighted to wear a warm wool
sweater from the roof of the world!
DAWA: So all sides will be satisfied--that is development as it should be! Im sure
you will be pleased to work for a company like this. I wish you luck in your
new job!
LHAMO: Well, dont wish me luck yet. I still havent interviewed for the job, and
only one candidate will be accepted!
When will the company be The company will be established by the end
of the month.
established?
Will many jobs be created?
Yes, many jobs will be created.
From whom will the wool be The wool will be bought from local herdsmen.
bought?
How many candidates will be Only one candidate will be accepted.
accepted?
128
III Text: Fast Food
aR2-5/,!2?-2.J:A-9-3,
n the United States in the 1950s, a man

had a brand new idea. I will create a
different kind of restaurant, he said to his
friend. My restaurants will be found on every
major road and highway in America. The food
will be called fast food, because little time
will be spent preparing and serving the food,
and the menu will be filled with food that is
easy to eat. The food will be served in paper
cups and plates so that when the customer is
finished eating, they can be thrown away. Wont that be convenient! And the
workers will not be paid high wages, because little skill will be needed to prepare
the food. Millions of customers will be served, and billions of dollars will be earned.
What do you think of my idea?
Its an interesting idea, said the mans friend, but I think that some problems may be
caused by fast food restaurants. Many health problems will be created if the fast food is
high in fat. Much garbage will be produced if many paper cups and plates are thrown away.
And many small family restaurants will be forced to close because customers will be drawn
to the fast food restaurants instead. Perhaps you should think about the people whose lives
may be changed by your idea.
Oh, thats not necessary, said the man. I dont think any serious problems will
be created by fast food. The important thing is that much money will be made. And I
would like you to be my partner in this venture--wont you accept my offer?
The mans friend walked away and returned to work at his small family restaurant.
He wondered if he would be forced to close his own restaurant and work for low
wages in a fast food restaurant someday.
joint venture 3-l-3*3-28$-L?-0:A-#J-=?,
the roof of the world:63-\A%-$A-;%-lJ,

as it should be 3A%-.R/-35%?-2,
brand new$?<-2,
fast food!2?-2.J:A-9-3,
to be drawn to;A.-?J3?-KR$?-0,
129
* Passive Voice: Future Tense L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-=?-.?-3-:R%?-0,

Subject +
LJ.-0R
will be +
Thousands of jobs
A new factory
Nomadic families
Past Participle +
:.?-0:A-3A%-n%will be
will be
will be
created
built
paid
(Complement)
($?2-5B$)
soon.
in June.
by the company.
* Countable and Uncountable Adjectives 2P%-L<-<%-2-.%-2P%-L<-3A-<%-2:A-o/-5B$,
Many and few are used to describe countable nouns, and much and little are
used to describe uncountable nouns. many.%- few$*A?- /A- 2P%- L<- <%- 2:A- 3A%- !R/-
0<-.R<-2-.%-,
much.%-little$*A?-/A-2P%-L<-3A-<%-2:A-3A%-!R/-0<-.R<-2-;A/,
Countable: Many customers will be served.

Uncountable: Much money will be made.
Countable: Few people will share the money.
Uncountable: Little time will be spent preparing the food.
R 2h<,
VI Activities.%-
1. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own sentences.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-/%-
$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
When
the yak wool
established?
From whom
the factory
bought?
will
be
To whom
the wool sweaters
paid?
How much
the joint venture
built?
the workers
sold?
Where
The workers
The yak wool
The joint venture will be
The factory
The wool sweaters
sold
paid
bought
established
built
130
US $100 every month.

in the provincial capital.
at the beginning of July.
to people around the world.
from local herdsmen.

a) Why will this new kind of restaurant be called a fast food restaurant?
b) How will food be served in the fast food restaurant? What kind of problems will be
created by this method of serving?
c) Will many customers be served with fast food? How many dollars will be earned?
d) Will many workers be hired by the fast food restaurants? Do you think many workers
will be fired from small family restaurants?
e) How will your province be developed in the next five years? In what ways can
development be helpful? In what ways can it be harmful?
3. Practice this chant with your classmates. Take turns saying the parts for A and B.
HJ.-GA-aR2-PR$?-5S- .%- 3*3- .-5B$- $A- $.%?- :.A- .$- .R%- .$R?- 0- .%- 1/- 5/- <J?- 3R?- GA?- A.%- B;A- #$-
i3?->R.,
A: Millions of dollars will be made,
B: Low-wage workers will be paid,
A: Fatty foods will be eaten,
B: Healthy diets will be beaten,
A: Lots of garbage will be tossed,
B: Family restaurants will be lost.
1. Fill in the blanks with many, much, few, little. || many.%- much, few, little2&?-2!R=-
/?-!R%-(-i3?-{R%?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Dawa thinks that there are _________ foods which are both healthy and tasty.
_________ people in China lost their homes during the floods of 1998.
Low wages will be paid to the workers, because _______ skill is required to do the job.
_________ garbage is created every day by foods that are convenient.
Food which has _________ fat is less healthy than food which has __________ fat.

a) What kind of joint venture company will be established in the province?
b) When will the company be opened for business?
c) Will many jobs be created by the new company?
d) Will yak wool be bought from the factory workers?
e) How many candidates for the job will be accepted?
131
3. Change these sentences to passive voice, future tense.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-.?-3-:R%?-
0-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-.-+<,
Example: The provincial government will build a new factory.
A new factory will be built (by the provincial government).
a) Drivers will find fast food restaurants on every major highway.
b) The company will accept only one candidate for the position.
c) Fast food restaurants will force many small family restaurants to close.
d) The joint venture will create many new jobs for local people.
e) The president of the company will make billions of dollars.
132
Unit Twenty-Eight: A New Primary School
#J-5/-*J<-2o.-0,$?<-.-24$?-0:A-aR2-(%-8A$
I Dialogue#-2h,
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
DROLMA:
NORBU:
Hey, Drolma. How is the construction of the new primary school

going?
Hi, Norbu--things are going well, but slowly. There are still a few places
where we are running into problems.
For example?
Well, first of all, the county leaders who we had dinner with last month
have been too busy to write up an agreement for the project. Well
probably have to wait a few more weeks before the construction gets
started.
Thats disappointing. Are you having any other problems?
Yes, we are. The building materials that we have ordered will not arrive
for six more weeks. And the bank account where the project money will
be deposited is still empty.
Im sorry to hear that. But were all very thankful for the effort that your
family is making for this project.
Its our pleasure. On the other hand, there are some parts of the project
which we feel very excited about.
Like what?
Well, the volunteers that we have asked to help with the project are
eager to begin work on the school. Although were starting late, we can
still finish on schedule. And if all goes well, the new primary school that
we have been waiting for since I was a girl should be constructed by
early autumn!
Thats great! I think that despite the problems it will be worth the wait!
The officials who we had dinner with last month are very busy.
The building materials that we have ordered will not arrive for six weeks.
The bank account where the money will be deposited is still empty.
The school that we have been waiting for should be completed soon.
133
III Text: The World Cup
aR2-5/,:63-\A%-23-0-g$?-&/-IA-L-.$:,
very four years, the world becomes a

stage for the sport of football. Many
hundreds of thousands of football fans
travel to the country in which the matches
are being played, and more than one billion
football fans around the world watch the
matches on television. If football is the
worlds most popular sport, then the World
Cup is certainly the worlds most popular
sports competition.
How is the winner of the World Cup
decided? First, a series of matches is played in which countries from the same region
of the world compete for thirty-two places in the World Cup competition. When this
group is decided, a series of matches is played in which eight groups of four teams
compete for a place in the final group of sixteen teams. At last, a final series of
matches is played in which the team without any losses are declared the World Cup
champions.
The 1998 World Cup was the first competition in 32 years in which the host
countrys team became the World Cup champions. France defeated Brazil 3-0 in an
exciting final match, and Croatia defeated Holland in the match to decide third
place.
From which country will the next World Cup champions come? No one can say.
The European teams have been strong in recent years, but the South American teams
are always tough competitors. The only way to find out who the next champions will
be is to wait for the next World Cup.
Above all, the World Cup is a time during which football fans from every part of
the world can share the thrill of victory and the agony of defeat.
IV Common Expressionso/-2!R=-5B$
to run into problems .!:-%=-=-:U.-0,
worth the wait<J-|$-LJ.-0<-.R/-~A%-w/-0,
to make an effort /?-0-$%-;R.-IA?,
b%-lJ.-%R-=R<-.$:-2:A-3A,
host country $4S-$*J<-o=-#2,
above all 3.R<-/,
the thrill of victoryo=-#:A-3R-$%-,
the agony of defeat13-#:A-*R-$%-,
football fan
its (sbs) pleasure2!:-SA/-8-3A-.$R?,
on the other hand KR$?-$8/-8A$-/?,

on schedule
.?-,R$-+,
if all goes well:$=-nJ/-3-L%-5K,

134
Subject +
LJ.-0R +
The movies
The people
The team
Relative
Pronoun +
4J=-LJ.-52-5B$
in which
to whom
that
* Spoken English vs. Written English
Clause Subject /
Predicate +2-5B$-$AA-$4S-
Sentence Predicate
3-5B$-$A-eR.-LJ.-5B$
5B$-.%-eR.-LJ.-5B$ +
I have seen that actress
I was talking last night
I like the best
are my favorites.
are my old classmates.
are the Italians.
.LA/-)A:A-#-{.-.%-;A$-{.-2#<-2,
Attributive clauses are sometimes used differently in spoken and written English. In these
examples, S means spoken English and W means written English:
S: The account where the money will be deposited is still empty.
W: The account in which the money will be deposited is still empty.
S: The woman who(m) we have been waiting for has finally arrived.
W: The woman for whom we have been waiting has finally arrived.
S: There are some parts of the project which we are really excited about.
W: There are some parts of the project about which we are really excited.
1. Change these sentences from spoken to written English.#-{.-GA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-;A$-{.-.-2+<,
Example: This is something which we feel very happy about. This is something about
which we feel very happy.
a) The musician whom we were talking about is coming here to perform.
b) The man who you should speak to is standing over there.
c) The factory where she works is in the provincial capital.
d) The prize which the teams are competing for is the World Cup.
e) The woman whom you were looking for has just left the room.
a)
b)
c)
d)
To where do football fans travel during the World Cup?

Why was the 1998 World Cup unique?
From which country will the next World Cup champions come?
What is the World Cup, above all?
3. Use each of these common expressions in a dialogue.$>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-=-#-2h:A-
R
/%-2!R=-.$?,
a) if all goes well

b) to run into problems
c) worth the wait
d) to take part in
e) on the other hand
135
1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct word from the pair of words given. 3)$-$A-,-
~.-$*A?-=?-;%-.$-;/-A 0-:.3J ?-+J-!R%-(-i3?-{R%?,

Example: The person to whom I am writing is an old friend. (who / whom)
a) The country ____________ has won the most World Cups is Brazil. (who / which)
b) The man ___________ she is talking to is a famous football star. (which / who)
c) The competition __________ will decide the best football team in the world is called
the World Cup. (that / who)
d) The country in ________ the World Cup is held is called the host country. (that / which)
e) The woman for _________ you are looking will arrive soon. (who / whom)
2. Match each expression on the left with its definition on the right.$;R/-KR$?-GA-5B$-.R<-.J
-.$-$;?-KR$?-GA-:PJ=-2-.%-;%-.$-0<-(-21A$?,
to compete
on schedule
champion
volunteer
certainly
the winner of a competition

someone who works for free
definitely
to fight for a prize
at the planned time

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What is the first place in which the construction project is running into problems?
Will the building materials that Drolmas family have ordered arrive on schedule?
Is there anything in the bank account where the project money will be deposited?
Which parts of the project does Drolmas family feel excited about?
Does Norbu think that the construction of the new school will be worth the wait?
136
Unit Twenty-Nine: Interview with theLocal Paper
#J-5/-*J<-.$-2,?-$/?-$?<-:I<-#%-$A-3A-$-.%-3)=-:U.-$/%-2,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(Dawa has won the English speech contest in Xining, so he will take part in a larger
contest in Beijing. He has just returned from an interview with the local newspaper
in which he was asked questions about the contests.)
Hey, Dawa, how did the interview go?
TASHI:
ANDREW: Yeah, tell us about it!
Hey guys. The interview went just fine. What do you want to know?
DAWA:
Well, what did the reporter ask you?
TASHI:
She asked me if I had ever been to the capital, and then she asked me
DAWA:
whether I wanted to move to the big city to make use of my English
skills.
ANDREW: And what did you tell her?
I told her that I preferred the country, but I also told her that I was
DAWA:
excited to see what the city had to offer.
Did she ask you if you were willing to write an article about the contest
TASHI:
for the local paper?
No, she didnt ask me if I would do that, but she did ask me if I wanted
DAWA:
to use my English skills to go abroad someday.
ANDREW: You told her that you were interested in going abroad, didnt you?
I did tell her I was interested in seeing other countries. But I also told
DAWA:
her that I planned to return to Qinghai afterward to work on
development projects in my hometown.
I want to help the people in my own community, too. As they say in the
TASHI:
American movies, Theres no place like home!
Did she ask you if you had ever been to the capital?
I told her that I preferred the country to the city.
Did she ask you whether you were interested in traveling abroad?
I told her that I planned to return to Qinghai afterward.
137
III Text: The Three Wishes
aR2-5/,<J-:./-$?3,
ne day, an old farmer was coming home after a

long day in the field. Just before he reached his
home, he saw his neighbor, a woodsman, by the
side of the road with his head in his hands.
Whats the matter, neighbor? asked the farmer. Is
there anything I can do to make you feel better?
Sit down, friend, said the woodsman, and listen to
my sad story. This afternoon, I was cooking in the
kitchen with my wife. I was about to put some wood in the stove, when suddenly a spirit
appeared in front of us. Please dont put this wood in the fire, he said. I am the spirit of
the tree that gave you this wood. If you dont burn this wood, I will give you three wishes.
Just ask me for anything in the whole world, and you will have it!
What an opportunity! said the farmer. Did you ask the spirit if he could make you a
wealthy man?
Well, I didnt take the time to think about it carefully, said the woodsman. I was very
hungry after a long day of work, so I asked him if he could give us a fat sausage for our
supper. And as soon as I asked for it, the sausage appeared on the table.
Wow! Only three precious wishes and you asked for a sausage. What did your wife
say? asked the farmer.
My wife became very angry, answered the woodsman. She said that I was a fool for
wasting one of our three wishes. Then she asked the spirit if he would put the sausage on
the end of my nose, and suddenly, there it was. I pulled at it with all my strength, but I still
couldnt remove it.
You had already used up two of your three wishes, said the farmer. What did you ask
the spirit for after that?
I had no choice, said the woodsman. I asked him if he could take the sausage from the
end of my nose, using up our third wish. Then, the spirit disappeared as suddenly as he had
appeared. We had three precious wishes. We could have asked for gold and silver. Now we
have nothing.
You have each other, smiled the farmer. Now go back inside and tell your wife that
you love her. Love isnt something that you can wish for, but it is surely the most precious
thing of all.
the big cityPR%-HJ<-(J/-0R,
to make use of2!R=-2,
to be willing:,.-0,:.R.-0,
to go abroad KA-o=-=-:PR-2,
development project
:1J=-o?-GA-:(<-$8A:A-i3-P%?,
138
<%-;=-$.-0-;A/-<%-*A.,
his head in his hands 3$R-=$-0?-*R2-0,
to make (sb) feel better?J3?-$?R-LJ.-0,
to take the time.?-5S.-$+R%-2,
to use up2!R=-9.-$+R%-2,
* Direct and Indirect Speech (III),.-S%?-5B$-.%-2o.-S%?-5B$
Theres no place like home
Subject +
asked +
LJ.-0R +
He
She
Direct Object +
if / whether+
,.-S%?-5B$-$A-;=5B$+
asked
asked
Statement
$/?-=$?-2eR.-0:A-5B$
me
him
if
whether
I was surprised.
he wanted to go
abroad.
Because asked is in the past tense, the main verb in the statement following if /
whether is also in the past tense. .R- $%- L- .$R?- 0- 8A$- =- 3- 5B$- $A- L- 5B$- asked /A- .?- :.?-
0<-.<-;R.-0?,2-5B$-.J:A- if.%- whether;A-3)$-$A-L-5B$-$4S-2R-.J-=:%-.?-:.?-2-.R<-.$R?,

1. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own questions.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-
/%-$-A ,-~.-i3?-2!=R +-SJ A 2-:./-R .$?R ,

she
you
you
Did
Drolma
him
ask
they
if
he
them
they
her
he
Norbu
you
whether
going to town?
was
were
she
buy some eggs?

coming tonight?
sell his yaks?
would
leaving today?
Now, ask your partner these questions and write down his or her answers..-v-HJ.-GA-PR$?-
0R<-:SA-5B$-:.A-.$-SA?-+J-#R-.%-#R-3R:C-2>.-0:A-=/-i3?-:VA-.$R?,
139
2. Change these sentences from indirect speech in the present tense to indirect speech in the
past tense..?-.-v-2:A-i3-0:A-,.-S%?-5B$-:.A-.$-.?-:.?-0-!R/-0:A-2o.-S%?-5B$-=-2+<-<R$?,
Example: She asks me whether I want to go abroad someday. She asked me whether I
wanted to go abroad someday.
a) My friend tells me that fast food restaurants will change our community.
b) Tashi asks Andrew if he is planning a trip to Lhasa.
c) I ask my sister whether she will come for dinner this weekend.
d) Lhamo tells Dawa that she will apply for a job in the new joint venture.
e) Drolma asks Norbu if he is afraid of wild animals.
a)
b)
c)
d)
What did the reporter ask Dawa first?

Did the reporter ask Dawa whether he wanted to move to the big city?
Did Dawa tell the reporter that he preferred the city to the country?
Did the reporter ask Dawa if he was willing to write an article about the contest for
the local paper?
e) Did Dawa tell the reporter that he was interested in going abroad?

a) What did the farmer ask the woodsman when he saw him by the side of the road?
b) Did the woodsman ask the spirit if he could make him a wealthy man?
c) What did the woodsmans wife ask for when she became angry?
d) For what did the woodsman ask on his third wish?
e) Do you think love is something that a person can wish for?
2. Change these sentences from indirect speech to direct speech.5B$-P2-:.A-.$-2o.-S%?-5B$-
/?-,.-S%?-5B$-+-2+<-.$R?,
Example: She asked me if I had ever been to the capital. Have you ever been to the
capital?
a) Ms. Lyons asked Mr. Sutton if he could teach one of her classes.
b) Lhamo asked her father if he had received the letter she had sent.
c) The reporter asked Dawa if he wanted to see other countries.
d) Tashi asked Yangzom if she was enjoying herself in Lhasa.
e) Norbu asked Drolma if the construction was going well.
140
3. Answer these questions about yourself.HJ.- <%- *A.- GA- $/?- 5=- =- $8A$?- +J- SA- 2- :.A- .$- =/- :.J2?
-.$?R ,
a) Did your teacher ask you whether you prefer studying written or spoken English?
b) Have you asked your brothers and sisters if you could send them something from the
big city?
c) Did your parents ask you if you missed your home lately?
d) Have you asked your teacher whether the exams will be difficult this semester?
e) Did your friends ask you if you wanted to go dancing last week?
141
Unit Thirty: The Night Sky
#J-5/-?3-&-2,35/-3R:C-3#:-.LA%?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(on the hilltop at night)

TASHI:
OK, everyone, please come over here and look into the telescope. The
group of bright stars above us is called the Big Dipper.
TEACHER: Thanks so much for teaching this class, Tashi. Astronomy is no longer
being taught in our school, because there isnt enough money for
telescopes and other equipment.
Its my pleasure. For me, its a labor of love!
TASHI:
TEACHER: Its nice to see that the natural world is still being studied by direct
experience. Reading books about nature is fine, but seeing nature for
yourself is even better!
...
Do any of you have questions about the stars that you see?
TASHI:
STUDENT 1: Are stars still being used by sailors to find their way around the world?
No, stars are no longer being used by sailors, but they are still being
TASHI:
studied by astronomers who want to learn more about our universe.
STUDENT 2: Did ancient people make up any stories about the stars?
Yes, they did, and the stories that they made up are still being told. For
TASHI:
example, there is the story of Orion, the hunter, who was killed by
Scorpio, the scorpion. The night sky is still being roamed by Orion and
Scorpio, but Orion is always in the western sky and Scorpio is always in
the eastern sky.
STUDENT 3: I have heard that people used to wish upon a star when they missed
someone who was very far away and wanted him or her to return. Are
stars still being wished upon today?
I dont know whether or not stars are still being wished upon, but if they
TASHI:
are, perhaps I should try it!
Astronomy is no longer being taught in our school.
Stars are no longer being used for navigation, but they are still being studied by
astronomers.
The stories that ancient people made up about stars are still being told.
Stars are still being wished upon by poets and dreamers.
142
III Text: Pictographs of the Naxi Nationality
a2R 5/, /-8A?-3A-<A$?-G-:SA $9$?-;-A $J

____________________________________________________________________
icture languages have been used for communication by many different cultures in the
past. Over the years, most of these picture languages, called pictographs, have been
replaced by written languages which use letters or characters instead of pictures. But
there is at least one culture in the world in which pictographs are still being used.
In one remote part of Chinas Yunnan Province, pictographs have not been wiped out by
written languages. For the Naxi people of Lijiang County, pictographs are still being used
to pass on their nationalitys history, religion, and culture to future generations.
The Naxi pictograph language was created by priests who used the language to record
ancient customs and ceremonies. But over time, more and more Naxi people began to use
Chinese as their first language, and the priests became the only people who could
understand the Naxi pictographs.
As the twenty-first century begins, the Naxi
culture is greatly influenced by the modern world.
Naxi religious ceremonies are being held less often
than before. And young Naxi priests are no longer
being trained to read the pictographs, so the picture
language is in danger of being forgotten as the older
priests die. But efforts are being made to preserve
these pictographs and the cultural traditions that
they contain.
At a research institute in Lijiang, much research is
being done on Naxi religious texts, or scriptures. First, the scriptures are being interpreted
by three Naxi priests who are working together with the researchers. Next, each line of the
scripture is being written in the International Phonetic Alphabet and translated into Chinese.
The result of this research is being published in a series of 100 volumes that will soon be
found in libraries around the world. The priests and researchers are hoping that the
translations will play a part in preserving the traditions of the Naxi culture for future
generations.

a labor of love12-:.R.-0:A-L-2,
to pass ono.-:6B/-LJ.-0,
direct experience .%R?-,R2-GA-*3?-MR%-,
future generations3A-<2?-eJ?-3,
the modern world.J%-<2?-&/-IA-:63-\A%-,
to see (sth) for yourself 3%R/-?3-.-3,R%-2,

to make up (a story) (1%-$+3-)gR$-29R-LJ.-0,
in danger*J/-#:A-$/?-?-;R.-0,
to wish upon (a star) ({<-3<)<J-(R/-8-2,
to play a part in (sth)
to be replaced by 52-LJ.-0,
143
1/-/?-;R.-0,
* Present Continuous Tense: Passive VoiceLJ.-28A/-.-v-2-=?-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/,

Object +
is / are being +
LJ.-0R +
Past Participle +
:.?-0:A-3A%-n%- +
(Complement)
($?2-5B$)
Naxi scriptures
are being
interpreted
by priests.
The natural world
is still being
used
for navigation.
Pictographs
are not being
used anymore
by most cultures.
(Sth) is no longer being used has the same meaning as (Sth) is not being used
anymore. $R%-
.- 2eR.- 0:A-(Sth) is no longer being used;A- .R/- / (Sth) is not being used
anymore.35%?,
1. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-.$-=?-/R<-2-i3?-.$-2&R?-LR?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Stars are still be studied by scientists who want to know more about the universe.
Naxi priests are being trained anymore to read the pictographs.
Joint ventures are being establish every day between local and foreign companies.
Stars are longer being used by sailors to help them find their way.
Many development projects is being started in poor areas.
2. Answer these questions about the textaR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Are picture languages still being used anywhere in the world?

For what are Naxi pictographs being used?
Why are Naxi pictographs in danger of being forgotten?
How are Naxi pictographs being preserved?
Do you think it is important to preserve ancient languages and cultures? Why or why
not?

Star Light, Star Bright
Star light, star bright,
First star I see tonight,
I wish I may, I wish I might,
Have this wish I wish tonight.
144
1. Fill in the blanks with still, no longer, anymore.|| still.%- no longer, anymore2&?-2!R=-
+J-!R%-(-i3?-{R%?,
a) Pictographs are _________ being used in many cultures, but they are _________ being
used by the Naxi people of Yunnan.
b) Medicine is not being used _____________ to cure smallpox.
c) Stars are not being used _____________ to help sailors find their way.
d) Blacks are ________________ being forced to sit in the backs of buses in America.
e) Stars are __________ being wished upon by poets and dreamers.
2. Change these sentences to present continuous tense, passive voice.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-
LJ.-28A/-.-v-2:A-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-.-2+<-.$R?,
Example: Old priests are no longer training young priests to read pictographs.
Young priests are no longer being trained (by old priests) to read pictographs.
a) Three Naxi priests are interpreting the scriptures.
b) Researchers are publishing the results of their work in 100 volumes.
c) The modern world is influencing traditional Naxi culture.
d) The Naxi people are still using pictographs to pass on their history, religion, and
culture.
e) Researchers are translating the scriptures into Chinese.
a) Is astronomy still being taught in the primary school? Why or why not?
b) Is the natural world still being studied by direct experience? How and where is it being
studied?
c) Are stars still being used by sailors to help them find their way? Are stars still being
studied by scientists? Why?
d) Are the stories about stars that were made up by ancient people still being told?
e) Are stars still being wished upon? Have you ever wished upon a star?
145
Unit Thirty-One: A Field Trip
#-J 5/-?-R $&$A 0,.%?R .%-R ,%?J >$A

I Dialogue#-2h,
(Grade Two has just returned from a field trip to a nearby farm)
MS. LYONS: Hello, everyone. Did you enjoy the field trip?
TASHI:
Yes, we did! It was very interesting and we learned a lot.
MS. LYONS: Well, what did the farmers tell you?
First, they told us that the quality of the soil should be improved before crops
LHAMO:
are planted. They said that soil which is unhealthy will produce crops that are
unhealthy.
MS. LYONS: And what should be done to improve the quality of the soil?
DAWA:
They told us how the soil should be plowed to improve its quality. The soil
should be plowed more deeply in autumn and less deeply in the spring.
MS. LYONS: Interesting! Did they tell you when the seeds should be sown?
TASHI:
Yes, they told us when the seeds should be sown. They said it should be done
when there is enough moisture in the soil so that the young plants can grow
healthier and stronger.
MS. LYONS: Did they tell you that each field should be planted with only one crop?
LHAMO:
No, they told us why different crops should be grown together in the same
field. When different plants are grown side by side, they can help each other to
grow larger and stronger.
MS. LYONS: Did they say that each field should be planted with the same crop every year?
No, they told us where each of the crops should be planted from one year to
DAWA:
the next. They said that crops should be moved from field to field to keep the
soil of each field healthy.
MS. LYONS: Youve learned a lot. Im quite impressed! You didnt just take a field
trip--you took a trip to a field!
They told us how the quality of the soil can be improved.
They told us why different crops should be grown together in one field.
They told us when the seeds should be sown.
They told us where each of the crops should be planted from year to year.
146
III Text: Keeping the Balance of Nature
aR2-5/,*J-#3?-#R<-;$-~R3?-1A$-LJ.-o<-o/-:HR%?-LJ.-0,
erdsmen on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

have been grazing their livestock on the
open grassland for centuries. But in
recent years, some herdsmen have left their
nomadic ways behind by building fences on the
grassland and living in one place. The choice to
settle down has improved herdsmens quality
of life in many ways. For instance, they may
have better access to animal health programs
and education for their children. But settling
down may also have a negative impact on the
environment of the grassland because it threatens the delicate balance of nature.
These are the ideas which Dr. Wu Ning, a researcher from a biological institute in
Sichuan Province, presented at a grassland conference held in September 1998. Dr. Wu told
conference participants why it is important to move livestock between different areas from
season to season. By moving the herds from low to high pastures, he said, no single area
receives too much impact.
Dr. Wu told the audience where settling down has had the greatest impact on the
environment. He said that many nomads in western Sichuan have built their homes near a
few major roads, which has increased environmental damage in those areas. Dr. Wu also
explained how sheep and yaks can help preserve plants on the grassland by grazing together
in the same pasture. He said that because sheep and yaks have different diets, they dont
cause too much impact on one kind of plant.
To keep the balance of nature, said Dr. Wu, the number of animals raised should be based
on the amount of land and food available, so that the grassland will not be overgrazed. He
also said that more roads should be built in nomadic areas, so that there is not a great
impact around a few roads. Finally, he said, local governments and herdsmen should work
together to plan long-term methods to protect the grassland in order to keep it healthy for
future generations.
Do you agree with Dr. Wus ideas? What do you think are the best ways to keep the
balance of nature on the grassland?
side by side
positive / negative impact >$?-nJ/-29%-2R/
3*3-$>A2-+,
the balance of nature *J-.%R?-$/?-=$?-.R-.3,
%/-0,
based on2gJ/-/?,
to leave (sth) behind
o2-+-2*<-2,
to settle down$8A-2&:-2,
to have access to .J<----2PR.-=3-;R.-0,
in order to(J.-.,KA<-.,
147
* Direct and Indirect Speech (IV)
Statement +
,.-S%?-5B$-.%-2o.-S%?-5B$(4)
Relative Adverb +
$/?-=$?-eR.-LJ.-3- 4J=-LJ.-L-2:A-i3-0-!R/-0:A5B$+
5B$+
They told us
Why
She told them
Where
He told her
When
Statement
$/?-=$?-eR.-LJ.-2-5B$
they wouldn't take part in the

competition.
they should take their TV to be
repaired.
the train would be leaving.
1. Use the words in each of these columns to make your own questions.$>3-IA-S-3A$-<J-<J:A-
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
him when You can buy bus tickets to Lhasa?

how
should leave to catch the train?
Did they tell you why
She can talk to about soil quality?
where
should wear warm clothes?
her who
He can learn English more quickly?
Now, ask your partner these questions and write down his or her answers.
.-/A-HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R<-SA-2-:.A-.$-SA?-+J-#R:3-#R-3R:C-2>.-0:A-=/-i3?-:VA-.$R?,
2. Finish this dialogue with the correct adjective or adverb.;%-.$-0:A-o/-5B$-$3-L-2:A-
i3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$-2!R=-+J-#-2h-:.A-(-5%-.-$+R%-.$R?,
MS. LYONS: Did the farmers tell you what should be done to improve the quality of the
soil?
DAWA:
Yes, they told us how the soil should be plowed to improve its quality. The
soil should be plowed __________ (deep) in the autumn and __________
(deep) in the spring.
MS. LYONS: Did they tell you when the seeds should be sown?
TASHI:
They said that the seeds should be sown when there is enough moisture in the
soil so that the young plants can grow ___________ (healthy) and
______________ (strong).
MS. LYONS: Did they tell you that each field should be planted with only one crop?
LHAMO:
No, they told us that when different plants are grown side by side, they can
help each other to grow ___________ (large) and ___________ (strong).
148

a) Have herdsmens choices to settle down had some positive effects on the quality of
their lives? Have they had positive effects on the environment of the grassland?
b) According to Dr. Wu Ning, why is it important to move livestock between different
areas?
c) Where has settling down had the greatest impact on the environment, according to Dr.
Wu?
d) What are Dr. Wus suggestions for keeping the balance of nature?
e) Do you agree with Dr. Wus ideas? What do you think are the best ways to keep the
balance of nature on the grassland?
1. Use each of these common expressions in a sentence.$>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-<J-<J-28A/
-5B$-$A-/%-.-,.-R .$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
based on
to settle down
to leave behind
the balance of nature
to have access to

a) According to Lhamo, what did the farmers tell the class first?
b) What should be done to improve the quality of the soil?
c) Did the farmers tell the class that the seeds should be sown when the soil is dry?
d) Why did the farmers say that each field should be planted with more than one crop?
e) Did they say that each field should be planted with the same crops every year?
3. Fill in the blanks with how, why, when, in which, for whom. Each word should be used
only once. || how.%- why, when, in which, for whom2&?-2!R=-/?-!R%-(-i3?-{R%-.$R?-2-
3-9.-,-~.-<J-<J-,J%?-$&A$-=-3-$+R$?-2!R=-3A-<%-,
a) The students didnt ask Tashi ________ the stars are no longer being used by sailors.
b) The researchers showed us _____ Naxi pictographs are being interpreted and translated.
c) Tashi didnt tell the students _________ he would like to wish upon a star.
d) Tashi told the students ___________ the Big Dipper can be seen in the night sky.
e) There is at least one county in China ___________ pictographs are still being used.
149
Unit Thirty-Two: Traditional Music
#J-5/-?R-$*A?-0,YR=-o/-<R=-3R,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(The students of Grade Two are asking Dawa questions about Tibetan music to help him
prepare for the speech contest in the capital.)
DAWA: Tibetan traditional music has been performed for many centuries. It has been used
in religious ceremonies in monasteries, and it has been heard at Tibetan summer
festivals. In recent years, Tibetan music has been studied by Western scholars, and
many recordings have been made by Tibetan performers.
TASHI: Can you tell us something about Tibetan instruments?
DAWA: Tibetan instruments have traditionally been made by hand with materials that are
found in nature. Tibetan stringed instruments are somewhat different than the
Western six-string guitar. For example, the piwang gyudsum has only three strings,
and the piwang gyudmang has many strings. Tibetan musicians have played many
kinds of horns, including the long dungchen and the shorter gyaling. Tibetan music
has also used drums and cymbals to create its unique sound.
LHAMO: What about Tibetan singing and dancing?
DAWA: Audiences around the world have been delighted by Tibetan singing and dancing.
Tibetan dancers have long been admired for their beautiful costumes and graceful
movements. And Tibetan opera has also caught the attention of international music
fans. It has been performed both on remote grasslands and in shining concert halls.
TASHI: What do you think about the future of Tibetan music?
DAWA: Since young people have become interested in rock music, the future of Tibetan
traditional music has been questioned. But many young people have continued to
learn to play Tibetan traditional music. I hope that Tibetan traditional music will be
enjoyed by future generations, just as it has been enjoyed by many generations in
the past.
MR. SUTTON: Thank you, Dawa. You have reported on the history of Tibetan music very
well. Have you ever thought of becoming a reporter?
DAWA: No, Ive never thought of becoming a reporter, but after the speech contest, I hope
I will have a positive report!
Tibetan music has been performed for many centuries.
Tibetan instruments have traditionally been made by hand.
Audiences around the world have been delighted by Tibetan dancing.
The future of Tibetan traditional music has been questioned.
150
III Text: American Jazz Music
aR2-5/,A-3J-<-!:A-u.-9J-<R=-3R,
Jazz is a form of music that was created by
American blacks and has been shared with the
whole world. Jazz music has been performed by
musicians of many nationalities, and it has also
been used by blues and rock musicians to create
new musical styles. Jazz has long been
considered a unique form of American music.
Jazz has been played by American black
musicians since the early twentieth century, but
the roots of jazz are much older. Jazz has been
influenced by the work songs of African slaves
who were brought to America in the early
seventeenth century. Jazz has also been influenced by the music that developed in black
Christian churches in the late eighteenth century.
Although the roots of jazz were planted in the southern American city of New Orleans, it
has also become very popular in northern American cities like Chicago and New York, and
in European cities like Paris and Berlin. Many famous musicians have made a living by
performing in jazz clubs in these cities. Today, New Orleans is still a center for jazz music,
and tourists have come from around the world to hear New Orleans jazz bands.
Jazz is a form of music in which all of the rules have been broken. In jazz music, the
performer is also the composer. This means that the performer plays freely what he or she
feels at the moment. For this reason, jazz is a very creative form of music. Although its
traditional African rhythms have been preserved, jazz music has also developed a unique
American sound.
Jazz is one of the most popular forms of music created in the twentieth century, and its
popularity continues into the twenty-first century. The music that was created by the earliest
generations of American blacks will surely be enjoyed by many future generations.
(made) by hand
=$-29R-LJ.-0,
to catch (sbs) attention;A.-.2%-:UR$-0,
concert hall <R=-3R-#%-,
jazz clubu.-9J-<R=-3R:C-3R-*A.-#%,
to make a living :5S-,2?-LJ.-0,
to break the rules=$?-YR=-.%-:$=-2,
at the moment.J-.?,
151
* Present Perfect Tense: Passive Voice L?-9A/-.-v-2-=?-L-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/,
Subject +
LJ.-0R+
Stories
Jazz music
Many books
has / have been

+
have been
has been
have been
Past Participle +
:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-
made up
enjoyed
written
Complement
$?2-5B$
about the stars.
by audiences everywhere.
on Tibetan medicine.
1. Find a word in the dialogue or text that matches each of these definitions.$R%-$A-#-2h:3-
aR2-5/-=?-:PJ=-2-:.A-.$-=-.R/-.%-3,/-0:A-3A%-<J-:5S=-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a person who composes (writes) music

a group of people who listen to a performance
a thing that is used to make music
a person who performs (plays) music
a place where jazz music is heard

a)
b)
c)
d)
Was jazz created by Europeans? Has jazz been shared with the world?
How long have American black musicians been playing jazz?
By what other kinds of music has jazz been influenced?
Have ancient African rhythms been preserved in jazz music? Has jazz also been given a
new sound?
e) Have you ever been entertained by jazz music? Has jazz ever been performed in your
hometown?
3. Read this poem.~/-%$-:.A-[R$-.$R?,
We Real Cool
Gwendolyn Brooks
We real cool. We
Left school. We
Lurk late. We
Strike straight. We
Sing sin. We
Thin gin. We
Jazz June. We
Die soon.
152

a) For what reasons has Tibetan music been played?
b) Have Tibetan instruments traditionally been made in factories? What kind of
instruments have been used in Tibetan music?
c) Who have been delighted by Tibetan singing and dancing?
d) Has Tibetan opera been performed in jazz clubs?
e) Has the future of Tibetan music been questioned in recent years? Do you think that
Tibetan music will be enjoyed by future generations?
2. Change these sentences from active voice to passive voice. $>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$-L-5B$-
<%-.2%-&/-/?-$8/-.2%-&/-.-2+<-.$R?,
Example: Black musicians have traditionally played jazz.

Jazz has traditionally been played by black musicians.
a) Jazz music has entertained audiences around the world.
b) American blacks have shared jazz with the world.
c) Jazz has preserved ancient African rhythms.
d) Jazz is a form of music which has broken all the rules.
e) The work songs of African slaves have influenced jazz.
153
3. Find each of these words in the puzzle. The words may be written forward or
backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.
;A-$J:A-$2-5B$-.J-=?-,-~.-:.A-i3?-<J-<J-28A/-:5S=-.$R?,,-~.-.J-.$-3$R-/?-3)$-=-VA?-;R.-0:33)$-/?-3$R<-VA?-;R.-0,%R?-~R3?-?-VA?-;R.-0,S%-:K%-.-VA?-;R.-0,;%-/-$?J$-+-;R.-YA.,
instrument
musician
audience
composer
concert
drums
horn
guitar
rhythm
jazz
rock
opera
cymbal
H
N C E
R T
A F
R B
M M R
A T
U G
N I
Q C
N T
M S
V X M O Y
M G
C H
O C K
M S
D R
M S
B I
R I
D U
A O
R U M E
154
Unit Thirty-Three: Good Deeds
#J-5/-?R-$?3-0,.R/-29%-,
I Dialogue#-2h,
MR. SUTTON:
DAWA:
MR. SUTTON:
LHAMO:
MR. SUTTON:
TASHI:
MR. SUTTON:
TASHI:
Good morning, class. Today were going to talk about some famous
people whose actions have made the world better. Who are your heroes?
Which are the people whose actions you most admire?
Mother Teresa is the person whose actions I most admire. She is a person
whose generosity helped countless poor people in India to have a better life.
This kind woman, whose death in 1997 saddened the world, set an example
for the rest of us to follow.
Thank you, Dawa. And Lhamo, in your opinion, who is the person whose
good deeds have contributed the most to the world?
I think it is Mahatma Gandhi whose good deeds have had the most
positive impact. He is the man whose courage helped Indians to gain their
rights during British rule. And it was he whose peaceful methods showed
the world that great changes are possible without violence.
Those are great ideas, Lhamo. And what about you, Tashi? Who is the
person whose ideas have had the greatest influence for you?
For me, it is Amelia Earhart whose ideas have had the greatest influence.
Earhart, whose skill as a pilot made her famous, was more than just a
woman who flew airplanes. This young woman, whose husband was a
successful publisher, chose to follow her own career. She inspired many
American women of that time to march to their own drum.
Very nice, Tashi. Do you think your admiration for Amelia Earhart is
because she is the one whose work brings her closer to the stars?
I dont know whether that is the reason, but she is definitely the person
whose position I most envy!
Which are the people whose actions you most admire?
I think it is Gandhi whose deeds have had the most positive impact.
Mother Teresa, whose death in 1997 saddened the world, set an example for the
rest of us to follow.
Amelia Earhart, whose skill as a pilot made her famous, was more than just a
woman who flew airplanes.
155
III Text: The Boy Who Cried Wolf
,%-!A-:2R.-0:A-2-(%-,
nce upon a time there was a young shepherd boy

who grazed his sheep in a pasture far from the
nearest village. It was a lonely place, and the boy
was often looking for ways to entertain himself.
One day he thought of a trick he could play on the
people of the nearby village. He ran down from the
pasture crying Wolf! Wolf! even though there was no
wolf near his flock of sheep. The villagers ran to the
pasture with sticks and stones, but when they got there,
they saw his sheep grazing peacefully. The shepherd boy,
whose trick had been very successful, was lying on the ground and laughing! He played this
trick on the villagers several times, and each time they became more angry with the boy
whose trick they fell for again and again.
One afternoon, the shepherd boy was taking a nap in the pasture. When he woke up, he
saw a wolf in front of him whose teeth were sharp and whose eyes were on his flock. The
boy was very afraid, and he ran quickly down from the pasture. Wolf! Wolf! he cried to
the villagers. This time he really meant it!
Dont worry, said one of the villagers. The boy whose voice you hear is always
playing tricks on us. Im sure that theres no wolf at all. The boy, whose cries had always
caught the attention of the villagers, was surprised when no one came to his rescue. He
returned to the pasture and watched helplessly as the wolf killed his sheep, one by one.
A few days later, the shepherd boy was walking sadly through the village, looking for a
new job. Two villagers saw the boy walking past.
Hey, said one of the villagers, isnt that the foolish shepherd boy whose flock has been
eaten by a wolf?
Yes, I think youre right, said the other. Thats the boy whose trick was used one time
too many!
good deeds ,R.-29%-,.R/-29%-,
to set an example .0J-!R/-0,
in (sbs) opinion (3A-$-$J-3R:C)v-5=-=,2?3-5=-=,
march to (sbs) own drum <%-5$?-LJ.-,2-0,
to play a trick on (sb) 3$R-$;R$?-0,
to fall for (a trick)$;R-:R$-.-5.-0,
even though.J-:S-;A/-/:%-,
to really mean (sth)(.R/)%R-3<-2eR.-0,.%R?-$/?,

156
to come to (sbs) rescue*R2-0,*R2-0<-:PR-2,
one time too many=/-$&A$-m/-+-5?-0-.J?,,2.J/-0<-5?-G%-.R$?-0-*J?,,

V Grammar Points
* Attributive Clause (III): whose;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$ (3)
Notice that attributive clauses with whose can occur in the middle or at the end of a
sentence, and may or may not be separated by commas:;A.-:)R$-L-.$R?-0-8A$-=whose.%-.<-2:A-;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$-/A-5B$-$&A$-$A-.GA=-=3-3)$-+-.R<-(R$-0-.%-,(R-:VA%-
$A?-.LJ-(R$-3A/-$*A?-!--;R.,
The person whose good deeds have influenced me the most is Rosa Parks.
It was Mahatma Gandhi whose actions have had the most positive impact.
Mother Teresa, whose family lived in Europe, helped poor people in India.
I will write a report Amelia Earhart, whose story I have just told you.
* Expressing Opinions2?3-5=-2eR.-0,
In my opinion, Tibetan music will always be popular. %?-
2?3- 5=- =- 2R.- GA- <R=- 3R-
/A-/3-;%-.<-YR=-(J-o-<J.,
For me, jazz is the most entertaining form of music. %- =- 35S/- /- u.- 9J- <R=- 3R- /A- (J?- 3R-
$%-w/-0:A-<R=-3R:A-i3-0-8A$-<J.,
I feel that dancing is more delightful than singing. %?- \- .L%?- =J/- 0- =?-VR- :O2- /- 3R-
$%-(J-~3,
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
the boy
the woman
Do you know the child
whose
the girl
the man
Arm is broken?
car wont start?
voice you hear?
Hair is short?
...
The boy
hair is short
The woman
arm is broken
Yes, I do. The child
whose car wont start
The girl
voice you hear
The man
...
157
is my sister.
lives upstairs.
is my classmate.
is my uncle.
...

a) What questions does Mr. Sutton first ask the students in his class?
b) Who is the person whose actions Dawa most admires? Why?
c) In Lhamos opinion, who is the person whose good deeds have had the most positive
impact? Why?
d) For Tashi, who is the person whose ideas have had the greatest influence? Why?
e) Who is the person whose good deeds you most admire? Why?
3. With your partner, make sentences using attributive clauses with whose to describe
different kinds of people.HR.- GA- <R$?- 0- .%- 3*3- .- whose.%- .<- 0:A- 2- 5B$- $A?- 5B$- :$:-
29R?-+J-3A%-3A-:S-2-{R<-8A$-8A2-:VA-LR?,
A: I know a woman whose voice is as sweet as a bird. Do you know a woman whose voice
is as sweet as a bird?
B: No, I dont know a woman whose voice is as sweet as a bird, but I know a man whose
hand is as strong as an ox. Do you know a man whose hand is as strong as an ox?
A: No, I dont...
1. Answer these questions about the text. Use attributive clauses with whose in your
answers.|| whose.<-+J-aR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a) How did the villagers feel about the boy whose tricks they fell for again and again?
b) What did the one of the villagers say when the boy cried Wolf! and really meant it?
c) Was the boy surprised when no one came to his rescue? Why?
d) What did the villagers say when they saw the shepherd boy walking sadly through the
village?
e) What is the lesson of this story? Would you believe the shepherd boys words?
158
2. Join these sentences with an attributive clause using whose. || whose.%-.<-2:A-2-5B$-&A$-
$A?-5B$-:.A-i3?-4J=-.$R?,
Example: The student will not be in class today. Her arm was broken. The student
whose arm was broken will not be in class today.
a) He is the football player. His skills are the best in the world.
b) The man is my father. His hair is cut very short.
c) I know the poet. His poems are more unique than any other poets.
d) She is the student. Her tricks are the cleverest of all.
e) The teacher is Ms. Lyons. I like her class the best.
3. Match each expression on the left with its definition on the right. $;R/-KR$?-GA-5B$-.R<-.J
-.$-<J-<J-28A/-$;?-GA-:PJ=-2-.%-(-1A$?,
to really mean (sth)
to come to (sbs) rescue
to play a trick on (sb)
in (sbs) opinion
good deeds
to help someone who is in trouble

according to (sbs) feelings
things that are done to help other people
to tell the truth
to do (sth) to fool (sb)
159
Unit Thirty-Four: A Letter to Lhasa
#J-5/-?R-28A-2,z-?<-2{<-2:A-;A-$J,
I Tashis Letter to Yangzom
Dear Yangzom,
May 30, ---Im so sorry that I couldnt make the trip to Lhasa. To see you would have
been the happiest time of the spring for me! But I couldnt get permission from
my teachers to miss my classes, and I couldnt afford the train and bus tickets.
Perhaps it was foolish of me to plan the trip without looking at the cost, but to pay
a visit to you would be worth any price.
To spend the summer in Lhasa will be a good opportunity for you. I hope you
will have more time to work with your professors and to write beautiful poetry. To
think of you doing your work in the center of Tibetan culture makes me smile. I
hope you will find many positive influences for your poetry in your new home. I
really enjoyed the poems you sent me earlier. Could you send some more when you
have the chance?
I wont be able to come and visit you this summer, because my family needs me
to stay at home and work in the fields. Every day, I will be very busy plowing,
building fences, and, when the time comes, harvesting. Of course, I will also be
thinking of you and when we might see each other again. At the moment, I
dont know when that will be. To think of not seeing you for another year makes
me very sad.
But I wont end this letter unhappily -- to live is to dream! And to run into
you again on a hilltop under the stars would make my dreams come true!
Yours,
Tashi
To see you would have been the happiest time of the spring for me.
To spend the summer in Lhasa will be a good opportunity for you.
To think of not seeing you for another year makes me very sad.
To run into you again on a hilltop would make my dreams come true!
160
III Advertisements
.0=-:LR<-:UA/-$?<,
* The new YAK TRACKER--to drive is to believe!
If you are not happy to stay in the city, you need a car that will help you go where you
want to go. The Yak Tracker will help you climb hills, cross rivers and explore the wide
plateau. Driving the Yak Tracker will make you feel as wild as a gazelle. To drive the Yak
Tracker is to find freedom!
* To wear ACE SHOES is to join the pros!
Just put on a pair of Ace Shoes and you will feel like Michael Jordan on the basketball
court or Ronaldo on the football field. Ace Shoes will make you run faster, jump higher,
and kick farther. Made from high-quality Australian leather and pure India rubber, Ace
Shoes will help you shoot, score and win! To wear Ace Shoes is to reach for the stars!
* To look like a movie star is easy with STAR SHAMPOO!
If you wash your hair with Star Shampoo, people will think they have seen you in the
movies. Star Shampoo will make your hair strong, shiny, and healthy, and it will surely
make your new fans come running to meet you. To use Star Shampoo is to make people
notice you!
* To carry a PHONE PAL is to be in touch with the
world!
In todays busy world, you cant afford to be far from
a telephone. So why not carry a Phone Pal and have a
phone always at your fingertips? You will never miss an
important phone call again. To carry a Phone Pal is like
having your best friend in your pocket!
* Drinking ZIP COLA is your ticket to feeling great!
Do you ever feel tired at the end of a long day? Just drink a bottle of Zip Cola and you
will soon feel like climbing the highest mountain or swimming across the widest ocean. Zip
Cola will give you the energy to do whatever you want to do. Drinking Zip Cola is your
ticket to pure delight!
* To visit LOTUSLAND is to become a child again!
When was the last time you took an exciting vacation? This year, dont stay at home and
watch TV. Go to Lotusland instead, and have some fun! At Lotusland, you can take a
thrilling train ride, play entertaining games, or go boating on a peaceful lake. To go to
Lotusland will make you feel young again!
to get permission (R$-3(/-,R2-0,
to be worth any price <A/-,%-w/-0,
161
when the time comes .?-?-aJ2?-/,
to have the chance$R-{2?-:L%2,
to make (sbs) dreams come true1$?-:./-3%R/-:I<-LJ.-0,
to reach for the stars
/3-3#:A-{<-3<-=$-~R2-LJ.-0,
to come running3IR$?-0R<-;R%-2,
to be in touch with:VJ=-$+$?-LJ.-0,
to not be able to afford3A-/?-0,
at your fingertips HR.-GA-=$-0:A-?R<-lJ-<,
* Infinitive-as-Subject (I) LJ.-0R-!R/-0:A-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$

Infinitive +
Object +
Main Verb +
i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$ + L-;=-!R/-0:A-5B$+ L-5B$-$4S-2R- +
Complement
$?2-5B$
To wear
Ace Shoes
is
to join the pros!
To go
to Lotusland
will make
you feel young again!
To carry
a Phone Pal
is
to carry your best friend!
In these sentences, the infinitive to drive has the same meaning as the gerund
driving. So to drive is to believe has the same meaning as driving is believing. ;A.-
- :)R$- L- o- /A- 5B$- :.A- .$- $A- /%- .- i3- 0- %J?- 3J.- GA- L- 5B$- to drive;A- .R/- /A- L- 5B$- 3A%- n%driving.%- 35%?,.J- 2?to drive is to believe;A- .R/- /A- driving is believing.%35%?,
$;R/-KR$?-GA-5B$-.3-<J-<J-$;?-GA-5B$-.3-.$-.%-(-1A$-!J-5B$-P2-(-5%-8A$-29R-.$R?,
To wish upon a star
To protect the grassland
is Dawas goal for the future.

is to be delighted by an ancient form of art.
To watch Tibetan dancing

would make Lhamos dream come true.
To work with development projects is to be a poet and a dreamer.
in his hometown
To work for a joint venture
is to keep the balance of nature.
162

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What would have been the happiest time of Tashis spring?

What thought makes Tashi smile?
What does Tashi think will be a good opportunity for Yangzom?
What thought makes Tashi very sad?
What would make Tashis dreams come true?
3. Write your own advertisement with your classmates, and share it with the rest of the class.
Use the advertisements above as examples.
1. Unscramble these words from the advertisements..0=-:LR<-:UA/-$?<-=?-L%-2:A-,-~.
-:.A-.$-;%-.$-0<-1A$
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
anosdluLt
cAe osheS
artS ohmoSap
kYa erkTrca
ehoPn lPa
2. Change the gerunds to infinitives in these sentences, following the example.$>3-IA
-.0J<-2eR.-v<-5B$-:.A-.$-$A-L-5B$-3A%-n%-.J-i3?-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-5B$-+-+<,
Example: Driving a Yak Tracker is finding the open road!
To drive a Yak Tracker is to find the open road!
a) Seeing lions in Africa would make my dreams come true.
b) Preserving the balance of nature on the grassland is protecting it for future generations.
c) Meeting my favorite jazz musicians would be an exciting moment for me.
d) Having the chance to visit other planets is my greatest dream.
e) Stopping logging in the higher parts of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers is protecting the
country against major floods.
3. Answer these question about the advertisements. Use the infinitive-as-subject in your
answers.LJ.- 0R- !R/- 0:A- i3- 0- %J?- 3J.- GA- L- 5B$- 2!R=- +J- .0=- :LR<- :UA/- $?<- {R<- IA- SA- 2- :.A- .$- =-
=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
To use Star Shampoo is to do what?

What is your ticket to pure delight?
To do what is to reach for the stars?
To carry a Phone Pal is like what?
What will make you feel young again?
163
Unit Thirty-Five: At the Construction Site
#J-5/-?R-s-2,29R-20/-=?-$/?-?,
I Dialogue#-2h,
DROLMA: Hi, Norbu. Thanks for coming over to see the construction site!
Its my pleasure, Drolma. I cant believe that construction has already
NORBU:
begun!
DROLMA: Dont you mean construction has finally begun? Were a little behind
schedule, and the foundation must be finished before the rainy season
begins. And we have to look for more contributions. We still dont have
enough money to finish the project. But Im feeling excited about the
project, and I am happy with the progress so far.
When must the construction be completed?
NORBU:
DROLMA: Well, the school building must be ready when the students return to
school for the autumn semester, so construction must be completed by
the end of August. But we hope that everything will be finished a few
weeks earlier.
To organize a project like this must be difficult--raising money, ordering
NORBU:
materials, writing reports--there is so much to do! And it must be hard to
find volunteers who are willing to help without getting paid.
DROLMA: Yes, there is a lot to keep track of in this kind of project. To keep the
volunteers happy is a difficult job, but I think everyone will be satisfied
in the end. And of course we mustnt forget to thank our contributors for
their help and support. We certainly couldnt pull it off without them.
It must be very satisfying to see things coming together. All of the
NORBU:
villagers are very proud of the project organizers and all that you are
doing.
DROLMA: Well, its nothing, really. Its a labor of love for us and our community!
Thanks again for coming to see the construction site, Norbu.
I wouldnt miss it!
NORBU:
The foundation must be finished before the rainy season begins.
The school building must be ready when the students return to school.
To organize a project like this must be difficult.
We mustnt forget to thank our contributors for their help and support.
164
III Text: The King and His Shirt
aR2-5/,o=-2R-.%-#R:C-5B-=J/,
nce there was a king who had a serious illness. His doctors tried everything, but
they could not cure his disease. One day, the king said, I will give all of my money
to the man who can make me healthy again.
We must find a way to cure my father! said the kings son. Because no one knew a way
to make the king well again, the kings ministers had a meeting to come up with some ideas.
At the meeting, one minister had an idea to cure the king.
We must find a man who is truly happy, said the minister. Then we must buy the
mans shirt and give it to the king. When the king puts on the shirt, he will be healthy
again.
Everyone agreed with this idea, so they all set out in different directions to look for a
happy man. I must find a rich man, thought one
minister. If a man is rich, he must be happy. But all of
the rich men were very tired, and none of them was
happy. I must find a famous man, thought another
minister. If a man is famous, he must be happy. But
all of the famous men were very lonely, and none of
them was happy.
Finally, one night, the kings son was passing by a
small hut in the forest. Inside the hut, he heard a man
cry out in joy. I have finished my work, and I have
eaten my food, said the man. I have nothing left to do,
and now I can go to sleep. I must be the happiest man in the world!
The kings son was very pleased to hear this. I must have that mans shirt! he said. It is
worth any price! He told the kings ministers to go into the hut and buy the mans shirt for
any amount of money that he asked. So the ministers went into the hut to buy the mans
shirt. But the happy man was so poor that he had no shirt.
to keep track of
o?-=R/-LJ.-0,
in the end3)$-+,
to pull it off=J$?-0<-:P2-0,
I wouldnt miss it! %?-.-J ><R .-:)$-3-A Y.A ,
to come together
$8A-$&A$-+-:6S3?-0,
to come up with (sth) (2?3-:(<-?R$?-)2#-=J/-LJ.-0,
to set out=?-:$R-lR3-0,
to cry out:2R.-0,
165
* Modal Verbs (I): must / mustnt
i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$ must / mustnt
- In these sentences, must is used as a modal verb:

You must return the book soon. (You have to return the book soon).
We mustnt forget to eat food which is healthy.
- In these sentences, must is not used as a modal verb:
He must be ill. (He is certainly ill).
He must not be feeling well today.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
When must the new schools foundation be finished?

What must the project organizers look for in order to finish the project?
When must the construction be completed?
What mustnt the project organizers forget to do?
Do you think it must be difficult to organize a project like this? Do you think it must be
satisfying to do work in your own community?
2. Change these sentences from positive to negative (or from negative to positive),
following the example. Dont change the meaning of the sentences!.0J-2eR.-v<-5B$-:.A-
i3?-%J?-0<-P2-0:A-5B$-/?-.$$-1:A-5B$-$3-.$$-5B$-/?-%J?-0<-P2-0:A-5B$-+-2+<-.$R?,
Example: You must remember to finish your homework. You mustnt forget to finish
your homework.
a) A rich man mustnt be sad.
b) You must stay awake during class.
c) A happy man must be healthy.
d) A basketball player mustnt be short.
e) You mustnt speak loudly in the library.
PR$?-0R-.%-3*3-.-3A-$-A.%-BL?-+J-1/-5/-<J?-3R?-GA-5=-.-5B$-$A-$.%?-:.A-.$-=-.R%-.$R?,
A: Oh, hello--you must be Joe!

B: No, Im not Joe--my name is Moe.
A: Then he must be Joe--mustnt he?
B: No, hes not Joe--his name is Lee.
A: I see--so Joe must be that man,
B: No, thats not Joe--his name is Dan.
A: Ill call him Joe--I must, I will!
B: Im sorry, sir--his name is Bill.
A: Where to go, I just dont know, I only know I must find Joe!
166
1. Use each of these common expressions in a sentence.$>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-<J-<J<-
5B$-P2-<J-29R-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
to come up with (sth)

to keep track of
to set out
to come together
to pull it off

a) What did the kings son say to the kings ministers?
b) What idea did one of the kings ministers have to cure the king?
c) What did one of the kings ministers think he must do to find a happy man? Did another
minister think he must find a handsome man?
d) Did the man living in the small hut think there must be happier men in the world than
he?
e) Do you think that people who are rich and famous are always happy? What is the lesson
of this story?
3. Fill in the blanks with all, most, some, none.|| All.%- most, some, none2&?-2!R=-+J-!R%-(-
i3?-{R%?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
____________ of the students in our class are Tibetan.

____________ of my classmates speak Amdo dialect.
____________ of the students in our class live on the grassland.
____________ of my classmates speak Kham dialect.
____________ of the students in our class is from Germany.
167
Unit Thirty-Six: A Happy Childhood
#-J 5/-?-R S$-0,3-R *.-A w/-0:A-LA?-.?,

I Dialogue#-2h,
TASHI: Im glad we could have lunch together today, Lhamo. I havent seen you for
weeks!
LHAMO: I know, Tashi--Im sorry that its been so long. Ive been very busy preparing for
my job interview. Im really nervous about it, and I dont know how to relax.
TASHI: Well, you could try not to take it so seriously. If you start to feel nervous in your
interview, just think about the times when we played together as kids. For instance,
do you remember the place where we used to race leaves on the river?
LHAMO: Yes, I remember that place. We pretended that each leaf was a small boat. That was
a time when my only wish was to make my leaf float down the river faster than
yours. Life was really simple then!
TASHI: Yes, it was. And that also makes me think of the times when we used to play
school at home. You were always the teacher and Drolma and I were always the
students. Even though she is older than you, you taught her to read. Of course, you
taught me to read, too. You werent nervous about school marks and job interviews
then!
LHAMO: Wow, I had forgotten about that. Our school was a place where I felt really
confident. I guess at that time I was more interested in giving than receiving, and I
was more interested in teaching than learning.
TASHI: Thats right. I learned more from you than I have learned from any teacher.
LHAMO: Thanks, Tashi. Im glad youre around during the times when I take things too
seriously. I may or may not get this job, but I will always have my wonderful
family!
Think about the times when we played together as kids.
Do you remember the place where we used to race leaves in the river?
Our school was a place where I felt really confident.
Im glad youre around during the times when I take things too seriously.
168
III Text: Snow Disaster
aR2-5/,#-2:A-$/R.-:5K,
now is one of the joys of nature. Snow gives

us water for crops, creates beauty in the winter,
and provides fun for both children and adults.
But snow is not always a wonderful thing. On the
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau where many nomadic
families live, too much snow can cause a serious
disaster.
In the winter of 1997-1998, many areas of the
plateau were hit with major snowstorms. In some
areas, 10 centimeters of snow fell in one day and
temperatures fell to 40 degrees below zero centigrade. In the areas where the most snow fell,
many grazing animals died because they couldnt reach the grass under the snow. In places
where there was little wind, the snow piled up even deeper.
At the time when the livestock died, the nomadic families could find very little dung to
use for fuel, so it was difficult for the families to keep warm. Many families were forced to
move their herds long distances to lower areas where there was less snow and more
available grazing land.
A relief fund was established during the winter of 1997-1998 to provide food, clothing,
and fuel to the places where the most damage was done. Both regional and provincial
governments contributed to this fund, and some international relief organizations also
helped to provide money and carry goods. At the time when the snow finally melted, few
people had lost their lives, but the cost of losing livestock was great.
Do you think that snow disasters can be prevented in the future? If you think that they can
be prevented, how can they be prevented?
to take (sth) seriously//-+/-LJ.-0,
to play school aR2-9<-:VJ=-;R.-GA-lJ.-3R,

to be hit with,J2?-0,
to pile up%%-2,
to keep warmSR.-:6B/-0,
relief fund.2=-*R2-,J2?-l-5S$?-0,
relief organization.2=-*R2-5S$?-0:3-l-:6$?,
to do damage$/R.-*R/-$+R%-2,
169
* Attributive Clause (IV): where / when
Subject +
LJ.-0R +
Predicate +
eR.-5B$ +
;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$(4) : where / when

where / when
+
2-5B$-$A-$4S-5B$-.%-eR.-LJ.5B$
often think about the where

place
will always remember the when
times
ClauseSubject /
Predicate
* Many / few and much / little || many / few
I was born.
my family
together.
traveled
NE much / little- || Many and few
are used with countable nouns, and much and little are used with uncountable
nouns || many .%- few$*A?-/A-2P%-L<-<%-2:A-3A%-=-.R<-.$R?-2-.%-,much.%-
little/A-2P%-L<-3A-<%-2:A-3A%-=-.R<-.$R?,
Many people have applied to work in the company, but few will be hired.
If the grasslands have much snow, the livestock will find little food to eat.
/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-2!R=-+J-5B$-P2-29R?,
The place
The night
Tashi and Lhamo were young

where I used to study
The forest when

The school
The time
is quite beautiful.
has many trees.
she played as a girl

was very joyful.
Yangzom lives in Lhasa
was clear and cool.
Tashi saw Yangzom on the hilltop has been rebuilt.

a)
b)
c)
d)
Where did many grazing animals die during the snow disaster of 1997-1998?
Did the snow pile up the deepest in places where there was much wind?
When could the nomadic families find very little dung to use for fuel?
Where did the nomadic families move their herds when they had used up all of their
fuel?
e) Have you ever experienced a snow disaster? Do you think snow disasters can be
prevented? How?
170
3. Fill in the blanks with few, little.|| few.%-little$*A?-GA-!R%-(-i3?-{R%-.$R?,

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
We brought _________ supplies for our camping trip.

There is _________ grass on the driest parts of the plateau.
When there is _________ fuel, it is difficult to keep warm.
_________ people have traveled to outer space.
If there is _________ wind, the snow will pile up deeper.
1. Join these sentences with an attributive clause using where or when.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-:.A-.$
-=-;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$-where .%-;%-/-when2!R=-+J-1/-5/-4J=-.$R?,
Example: This is the place. I was born here. This is the place where I was born.
a) Do you know the date? The Potala Palace was built then.
b) Germany is the country. The printing press was invented there.
c) That is the forest. My family often goes camping there in the summer.
d) I remember the time. We played together in the river then.
e) The Soviet Union is the country. The first artificial satellites were launched there.
2. Fill in the blanks with much, many. || much.%- many$*A?-2!R=-+J-$>3-IA-!R%-(-i3?-{R%-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
___________ yaks and sheep couldnt find enough food to eat during the snow disaster.
The winter of 1997-1998 was a time when ___________ snow fell in Tibetan areas.
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is a place where ____________ nomadic families live.
___________ livestock died in areas where the snow was deep.
Local governments contributed ___________ money to a relief fund.

a) What does Tashi tell Lhamo to do if she starts to feel nervous in her interview?
b) Does Lhamo remember the place where she and Tashi used to race leaves on the river?
c) Was Lhamos only wish to become a businesswoman when she and Tashi played
together as kids?
d) What is a place where Lhamo really felt confident?
e) During what times is Lhamo glad that Tashi is around?
171
Unit Thirty-Seven: Womens Equality
#J-5/-?R-2./-0,2.-3J.-GA-:S-3*3-,R2-,%-,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(at Lhamos job interview)
LHAMO: Good morning. Its very nice to meet all of you.
MAN 1: The same to you. Please sit down and tell us something about yourself.
LHAMO: Well, to be a businesswoman has always been my dream. Since I was a young girl,
I have wanted to help customers buy high-quality goods that would make their
lives better. To work for your company would let me achieve this goal while
helping your company sell its products.
MAN 2: Why do you want to work with a joint venture company and not a local company?
LHAMO: To work with a joint venture would give me useful experience in international
trade. I would like to use my English skills to help customers around the world buy
goods that will also improve the lives of local people in our province. I feel that I
could do this job very well and make everyone satisfied.
MAN 3: Im sure that you could do some job very well.
LHAMO: What do you mean?
MAN 3: Its just that, well, we hadnt expected to interview a woman for this job. We had
always planned to hire a man. To hire a woman is not something we had
considered.
LHAMO: I dont believe this! To hire a woman would make your company stronger! You
could use a womans opinions to help sell your products to female customers.
Women work just as hard as men, and in many cases, women work even better!
MAN 1: Yes, yes, weve heard all of that before. Thank you for taking the time to talk with
us. And dont call us; well call you!
To be a businesswoman has always been my dream.
To work for your company would let me achieve this goal.
To work with a joint venture would give me useful experience.
To hire a woman would make your company stronger!
172
III Text: Womens Equality Around the World
aR2-5/,:63-\A%-$A-2.-3J.-GA-:S-3*3-,R2-,%-,
re men and women equal? Governments around the world boast that men and
women have equal rights. In many cases, this is simply not true. To be truly equal is
for men and women to share work, money, and power equally. In many parts of the
world, these goals have not yet been achieved. The United States is a clear example of this
fact.
To be a woman working in the United States is still to be a woman working in a mans
world. American women gained equal employment opportunities through the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, but even today there are few women in the highest positions of the major US
companies. And men are still given higher salaries, on average, than women in similar
positions. In 1997, American women earned only 74 cents for every dollar earned by
American men.
To gain equal voting rights has also been a struggle for American women. Women in
America have been voting for only about eighty years, while white men in America have
been voting for more than two hundred years. And the United States has not yet elected a
female president, even though several other countries, including the United Kingdom, India,
and Israel, have shown the world that a woman can govern a country just as well as a man.
While education for boys and girls has
become nearly equal in the America of the
present, this was not the case in the past. To
attend school was not an opportunity that every
young girl had, and many were forced to stay at
home to sew and cook. Although this situation
has changed greatly, girls still do not score as
well as boys, on average, in math and science
examinations.
To gain true equality with men is a goal for
women in the United States and around the
world. Perhaps during our lifetimes, this goal
will be achieved at last.
HR.-G%-.J-:S-;A/-0<-(R/,
to achieve a goal.3A$?-;=-3%R/-:I<-LJ.-0,
equal rights :S-3*3-,R2-,%-,
a mans world *J?-0:A-.2%-:R$,
civil rights ,A-:2%?-GA-,R2-,%-,
on average,A<-2+%-.,
the same to you
173
* Infinitive-as-Subject (II)LJ.-0R-!R/-0:A-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$
- Note that infinitive clauses used as a subject can be as long as necessary to express an
idea.;A.- :)R$- L- .$R?- 0- 8A$- =-LJ.- 0R- !R/- 0:A- i3- 0- %J?- 3J.- GA- L- 5B$- $A- <A%- ,%- /A- 2eR.- L:A- .R/- IA- .$R?-
3#R-v<-<A%-(R$
To be a woman working in the United States is still not easy.

To gain true equality with men is a goal for women everywhere.
To achieve the goal of equal rights may be difficult in a mans world.
1. Match each expression on the left with its definition on the right.$;?-GA-5B$-.R<-.J-.$-
$;R/-KR$?-GA-:PJ=-2-.%-(-1A$
on average
salary
to govern
employment
equal rights
the situation of having a job

all people are given the same opportunities
in most cases
the money a person is paid for working
to be the leader of a country or province
2. Answer these questions about the dialogue. Use the infinitive-as-subject in your answers.
a) What has always been Lhamos dream?
b) What would let Lhamo achieve her goal to help customers buy high-quality goods?
c) What could Lhamo gain by working with a joint venture company instead of a local
company?
d) Had the joint venture company considered hiring a woman?
e) What does Lhamo think would make the company stronger?
3. Discuss these questions with your classmates.HR.-GA-aR2-PR$?-5S-.%-3*3-.-SA-2-:.A-i3?-=-
PR?-2#<-LR?,
a) Do women and men in your home area have equal rights in education? Do all girls in
your home area go to school?
b) In your home area, is work shared equally by women and men? Who does more
housework? Who does more work outside the home? Do you think this is fair?
c) How do you feel about beauty competitions for women? Have you ever seen men take
part in this kind of competition? Why or why not?
d) Are there many women in your local or provincial government? Why or why not?
e) Do women and men in your home area have equal rights in employment? Is it easy for
women to find jobs? What kind of jobs do they do?
174
1. Fill in the blanks with there is, there are, there isnt, there arent, there is no longer. Use
each group of words only once. || there is.%-there are, there isnt, there arent, there is no
longer2&?-2!R=-/?-!R%-(-i3?-{R%-.$R?-0-.%-.J-.$-<J-<J-,J%?-$&A$-=-3-$+R$?-:VA-3A-(R$
a) ___________ many women who take part in our provincial government.
b) Women and men will be equal when __________ a difference in the money and power
that they share.
c) The United States is a place where _________ still differences in opportunities for men
and women.
d) We are still waiting for a time when ________ true equality between women and men.
e) __________ equality in education for girls and boys in many parts of the world.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
To gain equality with women is a goal for men in the United States.
To be a famous poet is always my dream.
To gain equal voting rights has been easy for American women.
To go to the Big Dipper was the goal of Apollo 11.
To hire a female worker would make your company more good.
3. Answer these questions about the text using the infinitive-as-subject in your answers.
LJ.-0R-!R/-0:A-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$-2!R=-+J-aR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
What must women and men share in order to be truly equal?

What does it mean to be a woman working in the United States?
Was it easy for American women to gain voting rights?
Did every young girl in America have an opportunity to attend school in the past?
What is a goal for women in the United States and around the world? Do you think
that this goal will be achieved during your lifetime? Why or why not?
175
Unit Thirty-Eight: Stereotypes
#J-5/-?R-2o.-0,2?3-5=,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(Ryan knocks on the door of Tashis dormitory room)
RYAN: Hi, Tashi and Lhamo. Im happy to see you. I think weve become good friends by
now. Do you mind if I ask you some general questions about Tibetan people?
TASHI: Not at all. Please come in! Whats on your mind?
RYAN: Well, I think that Westerners have some stereotypes about Tibetans that may not be
correct. For example, some Westerners think that all Buddhists are vegetarians. But
many Tibetans who are Buddhists eat meat, so this cant be true. Can you explain
why some Tibetan Buddhists eat meat?
LHAMO: Although Buddhists in other parts of the world may not eat meat, it is very difficult
for Tibetans to be vegetarians because of the climate where we live. But some
Tibetans may choose to eat larger animals instead of smaller animals. This way a
few lives can be taken to satisfy many people, instead of taking many lives to
satisfy a few people.
RYAN: Thats quite interesting. I may choose to eat less fish and more mutton now. But
Ive got another question. Ive also heard that all Tibetan people are nonviolent. Is
this correct?
TASHI: Buddhism may teach us to live peacefully, but Tibetans are only human. Tibetans
may be gentle people in general, but we can still get angry or frustrated, like
everyone else. Unfortunately, anger can sometimes lead to violence. For this
reason, I couldnt say that all Tibetans are nonviolent.
RYAN: I see. And theres one more thing. Many Westerners think that Tibetans live in a
kind of paradise, a joyful land of snows without any problems. Do you agree
with this idea?
LHAMO: No, I disagree with that. Tibetans may have one of the lowest standards of living of
any people on Earth. Tibetans work very hard to survive in a difficult climate, and
many Tibetans do not have easy access to schools, hospitals, and high-quality
goods. But we Tibetans are very proud of our long history. We are working very
hard to preserve our traditions and develop our communities.
RYAN: Thank you both for the information. Now my friends at home might have a better
understanding of real Tibetan life.
Westerners have some ideas about Tibetan people that may not be correct.
Tibetans can get angry or frustrated, and anger can lead to violence.
Tibetans may have one of the lowest standards of living on Earth.
Now my friends might have a better understanding of real Tibetan life.
176
III Text: Songtsen Gampo
aR2-5/,eJ-YR%-24/-|3-0R,
ongtsen Gampo may be the most

influential king in the early history of
Tibet. Not only was he a wise ruler, but he
also made many important contributions to
Tibetan culture. Songtsen Gampo was born in
central Tibet in 617 AD. He became the king of
Tibet when he was only thirteen years old.
During the time Songtsen Gampo ruled Tibet, he
achieved many important things.
When Songtsen Gampo became king, the
Tibetan people had no written language. So he asked one of his ministers, Thonmi
Sambhota, to develop a Tibetan alphabet. Sambhota went to India and studied many
different Indian languages. Finally, he created a Tibetan alphabet based on the Sanskrit
alphabet and brought it back to Tibet. If not for Thonmi Sambhotas work, Tibetans may
not have a written language which Tibetan speakers of all dialects can read and understand.
Songtsen Gampo later went into seclusion for more than three years. During this time, he
wrote many religious and political texts for the benefit of the Tibetan people. Afterward,
Songtsen Gampo created many laws and organized local governments in different parts of
Tibet. He also encouraged the translation of many Buddhist scriptures from Sanskrit into
Tibetan. Tibetans might not have such a great number of Buddhist scriptures if not for
Songtsen Gampos strong encouragement.
One of Songtsen Gampos most famous accomplishments was the construction of the
Potala Palace. The Potala Palace is one of the most impressive examples of Tibetan
architecture anywhere. It is well known for its beauty by people around the world. This
magnificent palace could not have been built without Songtsen Gampos support.
Songtsen Gampo is still remembered today for his many good deeds. Many historians
have written stories about his life, and he is the subject of many Tibetan songs and folk
tales. Tibetan life today might not be the same without Songtsen Gampos many great
contributions.
standard of living:5S-2:A-(-5.,
not at all *R/-3A-:.$

to take (sbs / sths) lifeYR$-$&R.-0,
if not for$=-YA.------3J.-/,
in general,A<-2+%-.,
to go into seclusion.2J/-0:A-$/?-?-:PR-2,
only human3A-#R-/-;A/-0,
for the benefit of #J-1/-IA-(J.-.,
to lead to (sth)(o-nJ/-)aR%-2,
177
* Modal Verbs (II): may / might / can / could i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$may / might / can / could
- These modal verbs express an event that is possible but is not certain.
*3?-:I<-!R/-0:A-
L-5B$-:.A-.$-$A?-1=-(J<-YA.-0:A-.R/-!R/-3R.,:R/-G%-%J?-2-3J.-.R,,
We may not take a trip to Lhasa this summer; we may go to Labrang instead.
They might not study English next semester; they might study Japanese.
Eating food that is high in fat can cause health problems.
Her train could be late because the weather is not so good.

a) Why does Ryan ask Tashi and Lhamo questions about Tibetans?
b) Is it true that some Buddhists are vegetarians? Is this true of most Tibetans?
c) Does Tashi say that Tibetans can get angry or frustrated? Does he think that anger can
lead to violence?
d) Does Lhamo agree with the idea that Tibetans live in a kind of paradise?
e) Do you think Ryans questions might give his friends a better understanding of real
Tibetan life?
I May Not Pass This Way Again
Im on my way to find a friend,
And I may not pass this way again,
So lets go smell the flowers, mister,
Lets go climb the mountains, sister,
Come along stranger, come along friend,
I may not pass this way again.
3. Discuss these questions about stereotypes with your classmates.HJ.-GA-aR2-PR$?-.%-3*3-.
-..-3R?-LJ.-YR=-GA-:SA-5B$-:.A-.$-$A-{R<-=-\J%-3R=-LJ.-<R$?,
a) Do you think Westerners have some ideas about Tibetans that may not be correct? What
are some Western stereotypes about Tibetans?
b) Do you think that all Westerners have a lot of money? Why or why not?
c) Are all Western people beautiful and wealthy? Can you name any famous Westerners
who are not?
d) Do you think that America is a dangerous place to live? Explain your opinion.
e) In what ways do you think Westerners can learn from Tibetans? What things do you
think Tibetans can learn from Westerners?
178
to make it true.:PA$-0<-g$?-(T).%-3A-:PA$-0<-g$?-(F):VA-.$R?,$=-+J-/R<-:($-;R.-/-.$
-2&R?-LJ.--.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Tibetans live in a kind of paradise.

Every Westerner is rich.
All Tibetans are Buddhists.
Every Tibetan is nonviolent.
All Buddhists are vegetarians.
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
F

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Who may be the most influential king in the early history of Tibet?
What might Tibetans not have if not for Thonmi Sambhotas work?
Could the Potala Palace have been built without Songtsen Gampos support?
What might Tibetans not have if not for Songtsen Gampos strong encouragement?
Do you think Tibetan life today might be different without Songtsen Gampos many
contributions?
3. Use each of these common expressions in a sentence.$>3-IA-o/-2!R=-5B$-:.A-.$-=-5B$-
P2-<J-29R-.$R?,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
standard of living
to take (sbs / sths) life
for the benefit of
in general
only human
179
Unit Thirty-Nine: In the Computer Lab
#J-5/-?R-.$-2,lA?-:#R<-#%-.,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(in the school computer lab)
DAWA: Hey, Helen and Andrew. What are you doing?
HELEN: Long time, no see, Dawa! Were both checking our e-mail.
DAWA: Whats e-mail? Is that the same as air mail?
ANDREW: No, e-mail is short for electronic mail. Its a kind of message that you can send
and receive with a computer.
DAWA: What things do you need to send and receive e-mail?
HELEN: You need a computer, a telephone line, and an e-mail account. Anyone who has
access to these things can send and receive e-mail. Ive got a school e-mail account,
so I can access my e-mail here at the computer lab.
DAWA: Why would you want to send a letter through a computer instead of writing it by
hand?
ANDREW: Well, sending e-mail is faster than sending a letter and cheaper than making an
international phone call, which can be very expensive! E-mail can also be used to
send a message to many people at once. Any of my friends in New Zealand who
has given me his e-mail address will receive a group letter from me at the end of
each month.
DAWA: E-mail must make living abroad easier for both of you.
HELEN: Yes, it certainly does. My parents, who always worry about me, have just gotten
their own e-mail account in Australia. Now they feel that I am closer to them than I
was during university when I was only a few hundred kilometers away.
DAWA: Wow, e-mail sounds very useful. I would like to have my own e-mail account if I
ever go abroad!
Anyone who has access to these things can send and receive e-mail.
E-mail is cheaper than making an international phone call, which can be very
expensive!
Any of my friends in New Zealand who has given me his e-mail address will
receive a group letter from me.
My parents, who always worry about me, have just gotten their own e-mail
account in Australia.
180
III Text: The Internet
aR2-5/,S-2-2$R=-3,
e often hear about the importance of developing science and technology. What
are some of the results that have come from this development? One clear result is
the invention of the Internet, which seems to be a hot topic of conversation
everywhere these days. What is the Internet, and what is it used for?
The Internet, which was created in the 1960s by the US Government for military
communications, is now used for much more than government work. Not only can it be
used to send and receive e-mail, it can also be used to do research, listen to music, find
travel information, buy products, or read the news. The Internet can also be used for
communication between people who are from different countries, which may lead to greater
understanding between people of different cultures. The Internet could also be used to
create cooperation between the more-developed and
less-developed countries of the world.
The Internet, which was accessed by 63 million
users around the world in 1998, may have 116 million
users by the year 2002. Of these users, about 21
million could be children. This would make children
the fastest-growing group of Internet users. By the
end of June 1998, China had 1.2 million Internet users,
and that number had increased to about 5 million in
the year 2000. As more and more users access the
Internet, it will continue to change and grow.
The Internet may change the world in many ways. We dont yet know what these changes
may be. For example, people in the future may choose to shop at home from their
computers instead of going to stores to buy things. And the Internet may soon be commonly
used in education to give students a direct experience of technology while teaching them
more about faraway places. In any case, the Internet will make the Earth feel like a smaller
planet, which will surely increase our understanding of the world around us.
electronic mail / e-mail\R$-:UA/,
3#:-:UA/,
e-mail account\R$-:UA/-lA?-,R,
e-mail address\R$-:UA/-#-L%-,
group letter 3*3-$+R%-:UA/-;A$
hot topic!/-IA-.R-$%-LJ.-;=-.-I<-0:A-\J%-KR$?,
in any case$/?-5=-$%-<%-$A-:R$-+,
air mail
181
*Attributive Clause (V): Restrictive and Non-Restrictive;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$-=?-$8/-.2%-
&/-.%-<%-.2%-&/,
- Restrictive attributive clauses cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the
sentence; non-restrictive attributive clauses can be removed without changing the meaning
of the sentence: ;R/- +/- 2eR.- 0:A- 2- 5B$- $8/- .2%- &/- /A- 3- 5B$- $A- .R/- 3- 2+<- 0<- .R<- 3A- <%- 2- .%- ,.J-
=?-wR$-0:A-<%-.2%-&/-/A-3-5B$-$A-.R/-3-2+<-0<-.R<-(R$-0-<J.,
TRUE: Anyone who has a computer can access the Internet.
FALSE: Anyone can access the Internet.
Non-restrictive Clauses
TRUE: The project, which lasted five years, cost two million dollars.
TRUE: The project cost two million dollars.
1. Use the words in each of these columns to make five sentences about these
English-speaking countries. If you dont know the answers, look at a map or ask your
teacher for help. S-3A$-<J-<J:A-/%-$A-,-~.-i3?-GA?-.LA/-{.-2eR.-0:A-o=-#2-:.A-i3?-=-:VJ=-
2-;R.-0:A-5B$-s-21A$?,$=-+J-SA?-=/-3A->J?-/-?-O<-2v-2:3-.$J-c/-=-:SA-.$R?,
The US,
New Zealand,
Canada,
The UK,
Australia,
whose people speak French and

English,
where the 2000 Olympic Games were
held,
which has more sheep than people,
where jazz was first played,
where football was invented,
is east of Australia.
is south of Canada.
is north of France.
is west of New Zealand.
is north of the US
2. Answer these questions about the text.aR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,

a) What seems to be a hot topic of everyones conversations these days?
b) Why was the Internet created? For what can it be used now?
c) By whom can the Internet be used?
d) By how many people was the Internet accessed in 1998? How many users may it have
by 2002?
e) Do you think the Internet could change the world? In what ways might the world be
changed by the Internet?
182
3. Write a story about things you have done this semester using restrictive and
non-restrictive attributive clauses.;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-.%-<%-.2%-&/-$*A?-
2!R=-+J-HJ.-GA?-aR2-{2?-:.A<-12-0:A-L-2-8A$-$A-{R<-IA-1%-$+3-8A$-:VA-.$R?,
Examples: The class in which I have learned the most is chemistry.

Our English class, which begins at eight-thirty, has been very challenging.
The park, where we often go on the weekend, has been beautiful this spring.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Who can send and receive e-mail?

Why would someone want to send a letter through a computer?
Who will receive a group letter from Andrew at the end of each month?
How does e-mail make living abroad easier for Helen?
Do you think e-mail can be useful? For what can e-mail be used?
2. Join these sentences using non-restrictive attributive clauses with who, whose, which, for
whom. ;R/-+/-2eR.-0:A-2-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-who.%-whose, which, for whom2&?-2!R=-+J-5B$-
P2-:.A-.$-4J=-.$R?,
Example: The project cost two million dollars. It lasted five years.
The project, which lasted five years, cost two million dollars.
a) The president of the company is very generous. I was working for him.
b) Peter suggested that we stop at the next town. His car was making strange sounds.
c) The biologist found a cure for a serious illness. She had spent ten years doing research.
d) The building has been empty for many years. It cost six million dollars to build.
e) The palace was destroyed by a flood. It was built in the eleventh century AD.
183
3. Find nine words from the text and dialogue in the puzzle. The words may be written
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.;A-$J:A-$2-5B$-.J-=?-,-~.-:.A-i3?-<J-<J-28A/-:5S=-
-.$R?,,-~.-.J-.$-3$R-/?-3)$-=-VA?-;R.-0:3-3)$-/?-3$R<-VA?-;R.-0,%R?-~R3?-?-VA?-;R.-0,
S%-:K%-.-VA?-;R.-0,;%-/-$?J$-+-;R.-YA.,
E
R O N I
D E
C V F
R E
V F
N O
H I
N N
G N M N F
O T
X S
X C H M F
U E
Y V
N R E
R C
D I
R L
O K S
R T
M M Y F
F
P
V U
R R
C I
C
V T
G H X A
A I
C U I
K N H E
C T
B O
A C
O U N T
B E
X N
Y G
O N H C E
184
Unit Forty: I Cant Believe Youre Here!
#J-5/-28A-2&-2,%?-HJ.-<%-:.A-/-;R.-0-3-:.R.,
I Dialogue#-2h,
(The Grade Two students are taking their final examination. Ms. Lyons is standing in
the doorway of the classroom.)
MS. LYONS: Tashi, can you come here for a moment?
Cant it wait until after the examination?
TASHI:
MS. LYONS: No, it cant! Theres someone here to see you. Your visitor is waiting
just outside the classroom.
(Tashi leaves the classroom and finds Yangzom waiting outside.)
TASHI:
Oh, my gosh! Yangzom! I cant believe youre here!
YANGZOM: Im sorry to interrupt you, Tashi. I didnt know you were still taking
your examination. But I just arrived in town, and I wanted to find you
right away! Im very happy to see you!
Im very happy to see you, too! This cant be true! I thought you were
TASHI:
planning to spend the summer in Lhasa. What are you doing in Xining?
YANGZOM: I will spend the summer in Lhasa, but I wouldnt do that without taking
a short holiday first. We finished our examinations last week, and I
decided to catch a bus to Xining. I couldnt wait another year to see you.
There cant be a person in the world who is happier than I! Let me finish
TASHI:
my examination, and then we can go out and get something to eat
together. I cant wait to hear all about your adventures in Lhasa!
Cant it wait until after the examination?

I cant believe youre here!
I wouldnt spend the summer in Lhasa without taking a holiday
first.
I couldnt wait another year to see you.
There cant be a person in the world who is happier than I!
185
III Text: War or Peace
aR2-5/,8A-2.J-.%-.3$-:O$
s the twenty-first century begins,

the world has become more
developed than ever before. We
have solved many difficult problems, but
we still cant seem to find a way to
eliminate war and create peace.
For many years, the United States and
the Soviet Union couldnt resolve their
disagreements, so both countries spent
much money to build powerful weapons.
The people of Israel and Palestine cant
seem to find an agreement that will keep both sides at peace with each other. And
India and Pakistan cant agree on their borders, so both countries continue to
threaten one another with violence. Why cant the people of the world live in peace?
In the modern world, we cant use violence to solve our disagreements. Our
weapons have become too dangerous. People now have enough weapons to
eliminate all life on our planet. If we decide to use these weapons, we wont solve
anything. Cant we make the world a more peaceful place?
There are many things we can do to create peace. First, we can make an effort to
understand other cultures in our own countries and in other countries around the
world. Second, we can look for nonviolent solutions to our large and small
disagreements. Third, we can educate our friends and families on the things we learn
about creating peace, so that anger and frustration will not continue. We cant wait
for these problems to solve themselves. We must make a strong effort to create
peace and eliminate war.
John Lennon, who was a famous rock musician from England, asked the world to
Give Peace a Chance in a popular song. Lennon was shot and killed near his New
York apartment building in 1980. Is this giving peace a chance? We mustnt let our
differences get in the way of our similarities. If the people of the world choose peace
now, war wont have a chance.
:R,$/3-c/-3,
to give (sth) a chance$R-{2?-!J<-2,
to get in the way :$=-nJ/-29R-2,
oh, my gosh
to have a chance
$R-{2?-;R.-0,
186
* Modal Verbs (III): cant / couldnt / wont / wouldnt
i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$(3): cant / couldnt / wont / wouldnt

- These modal verbs are used to talk about a situation that is impossible. i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-
5B$-:.A-i3?-/A-3A-YA.-0:A-.R/-8A$-!R/-0<-.R<-.$?R ,
I cant come to the Tibetan music performance next week.

I couldnt solve all of the problems on the examinations.
I wont be able to answer all of your questions.
I wouldnt go to the party without asking her to come with me.
* Inflections 3A%-$A-%R-2R-:I<-2-=?-L%-2:A-3A%-,
Adjective to Noun Inflections
different - difference
similar - similarity
Noun to Adjective Inflections
peace - peaceful
danger - dangerous
Verb to Noun Inflections
educate - education
agree - agreement
- Can you find other inflections in the text War or Peace?HR.-GA?:,2-:O$-.%-8A-2.J8J?-
0:A-aR2-5/-=?-3A%-$A-%R-2R-:I<-2-=?-L%-2:A-3A%-$8/-:$:-fJ.-.3,
aR2-PR$?-5S-.%-3*3-.-5B$-$A-$.%?-:.A-.$-.R%-.$R?-2-.%-1/-5/-<J?-3R?-GA?-A.%-B;A-#$-i3?>R.,
A: Cant you stay?
B: Ive gotta go, the downtown bus is much too slow.
A: Couldnt you just take the train?
B: Id rather wait here in the rain.
A: Mightnt you just ride your bike?
B: Ill take a tractor if you like.
A: Cant you stay?
B: Ive gotta go, the downtown bus is much too slow.
187
2. Match each of these words with its opposite. Then use each pair of words in a sentence.
3A%-:.A-<J-<J-<%-*A.-.%-.R/-wR$-0:A-3A%-.%-(-21A$?-eJ?-(-&/-IA-3A%-.J-i3?-GA?-5B$-<J-29R-.$R?,
similarity
violence
peace
hate
agreement
war
love
difference
disagreement
nonviolence

a) Why did the United States and the Soviet Union build many weapons?
b) Why do India and Pakistan continue to threaten each other?
c) Why cant we use violence to solve disagreements in the twenty-first century?
d) What things can we do to make the world a more peaceful place?
e) Do you think that the people of the world can live in peace? Explain your answer.
1. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.$>3-IA-5B$-P2-.$-=?-/R<-2-i3?-29R-2&R?-LJ.-.$R?,

a) What can we do to make the world a more peace place?
b) When countries cant agree, they often use violent.

c) We cant solve our disagree with weapons.
d) How can we find nonviolence solutions to our disagreements?
e) We mustnt let our differences get in the way of our similar.
2. Answer these questions about the dialogue using these modal verbs: cant, couldnt, wont,
wouldnt.i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-cant.%-couldnt, wont, wouldnt2&?-2!R=-/?-#-2h:A {R<-IA-
SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,
a) Can Tashis visitor wait until after the examination is over?

b) Is Tashi surprised to see Yangzom? How do you know?
c) Why did Yangzom decide to take a trip to Xining?
d) Can there be a happier person in the world than Tashi?
e) Is Tashi excited to hear about Yangzoms adventures in Lhasa?
188
3. Finish this dialogue using these modal verbs: must, may, can, could, would, cant,
couldnt, wont, wouldnt. Use each modal verb only once!i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-must.%may, can, could, would, cant, couldnt, wont, wouldnt2&?-2!R=-+J-$>3-IA-#-2h-:.A-.$-(-
5%-.-$+R%-.$R?,;A.-:)R$-L-.$R?-0-/A-i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-.J-.$-<J-<J-,J%?-$&A$-=-3-$+R$?2!R=-3A-(R$
A: Hi, B, are you going to see the movie tonight?
B: Im sorry, A. I cant go to the movie. I ________ study for my examination tonight,
and I _________ have time if I go to the movie.
A: But you _____ study for your examination before and after the movie, _______ you?
B: Well, I guess I could go to the movie and still have time to study. But _______ we
study together? It _________ be easier if we studied
together, _____________ it?
A: Of course we may study together! Now we both ________ go to the movie. Ill come
over to your dormitory on my way to the cinema.
B: That sounds great! I _________ wait to see the movie!
189
2+<-;A$-$A-{R<,
#J-5/-.%-0R,aR2-9<-=R$-0,
#-2h,
$;%-:6S3?,
2N->A?,
6-;J,2N->A?,HJ.-.%-a<-3)=-L%-2-@-&%-29%-,HJ.-GA-.L<-$/%-$A-:5S-2-&A-:S-<J.,
7- ;J,$;%- :6S3?,%- ;%- HJ.- .%- :U.- 0?- .$:- 0R- L%-,%:A- .L<- $/%- $A- :5S- 2- @- &%*A.-0R-<J.,%-<%-1-3-$*A?-.%-3*3-.-$9:-:#R<-$?3-IA-<A%-<A-[%-!/-=-v-{R<-.-?R%2-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, $9:-:#R<-$?3,.J-/A-.?-;/-<A%-2R-8A$-<J.,HJ.-GA?-*A/-:.A-:$:A-<A%-=-&A-8A$-L?-0-;A/,
2N->A?,
*A/-3R:C-.?-?,%-5S-g<-8R/-0-.%-(<-2*=-2-;A/,<A-[%-!/-+-*A-3:A-:R.-9J<-<2-+
-:UR?->A%-(<-2-:22-o-*%-2?-.J-/A-3R-*A.-w/-0:A-.L<-$/%-$A-.?->A$-<J.,
$;%-:6S3?, HJ.- GA?- 2>.- 0- v<- /- .J- /A- @- &%- *A.- 0R- <J.,%- <%- g<- 8R/- o- =?- /$?- $?J2- 2o./?-:(3-:(3-=-:PR-o<-.$:-3R.,.J-=?-.$:-2-8A$-/A-$=-+J-%-=-$R-{2?-w/-/-P-=2#.-.J-$4%-2R<-2c=-o-.J-;A/,HJ.-GA?-.J-=?-$8/-&A-8A$-12-0-;A/,
2N->A?,
.$R%-3R:C-.?-?,%-5S?-3J-1%-&<-+J-.J:A-!J%-/?-/2-5-$;R?->A%-<R-2&.-w/-0:A-9-3-9R?2-.%-?%?-$4%-$A-(-:,%-2-;A/,/2-5-:,%-eJ?-%-5S?-3*3-.-\-.L%?-]%?-2-.%-.J/?- .$:- 3R:A- %%- {<- 5S$?- GA- :R$- /?- $*A.-.- ;<- 2- ;A/,%- 5S- <A- [%- .%- IJ?-{2?-
%:A-?J3?-0-z$-0<-*R-L%-,2.$-$A-?J3?-=-<A-[%-/A-aR2-9-=?-z$-0<-*A.,
$;%-:6S3?, HJ.-GA?-.R/-.J-{-82?-?-OA/-=-3-2>.-/-29%-,
$;%-:6S3?, {-82?-?-OA/-9J<-2-?-<J.,
$;%-:6S3?, #R-/A-KA-\A%-2:A-.$J-c/-$?<-2-8A$-<J.,#R-<%-+$-+$-HJ.-GA-o2-KR$?-/-=%?-/?-2#.-:.$
2N->A?, GJ,{-82?-?-OA/,HJ.-.%-:U.-0-%R-3-29%-,
{-82?-?-OA/, 6-;J,2N->A?,=R-:.A<-HJ.-<%-%-5S:C-aR2-OA.-=-.$:-2<-(R/,
2N->A?, %- .$:- #R- ,$- ;A/,{- 82?-?- OA/,%?-.LA/- ;A$- /A- 2a2- L- $8/- .$- =?- :)$- 3R- 28A$-;A/-0-gR$?-L%-,
190
.LA/-)A-2-.%-2R.-3A:A-<?-3A%-,
8R$?-0<-29%-,aR2-PR$?-5S,%:A-3A%-=-{-82?-?-OA/-9J<,%-<%-aR2-{2?-:.A:A-HJ.-&$-$A-.LA/-;A$
-.$J-c/-;A/,HJ.-5S<-2.$-=-SA-2-:.R/-o-;R.-.3,
;R.,{-82?-?-OA/,%-=-SA-2-8A$-;R.,?-OA/-9J<-2-.J:A-.R/-&A-;A/,
HJ.- GA?- SA- 2- 2+R/- 0<- 2!:- SA/- (J,z- 3R,'?- O/A '9<-J 2- /-A %:-A 3A%- $A- e?J 3- ;/-A =- H3A I-A <?- G%- ;A/,
3A%- :.A- %:A- ;2- .%-A- 3J?- ?$?R =- ;%- $&A$- 35%?- ?- ,R.- 28A/- ;R.,%?- 2?3- /-'?- OA/-' =- H.- 0<- &/- IA/%-.R/-&A-;%-3J.,.J-/-A .LA/-)A-2-3%->R?-GA-HA3-o.-GA-3A%-;A/-0-#R-,$-<J.,%:A-,R$-3:A-3A%-%3-2+$?-0:A3A%-/A-'&.-#-';A/-0-.%-2<-3:A-3A%-/A-'=J-';A/,3A%-:.A-.$-/A-%-<%-*J?-.?-?-1-3?-%-=-2)=-2-;A/,
/2-KR$?-0-;R.-5.-=-3A%-$?3-;R.-.3,
SA- 2- ;$- 0R- 8A$- <J.,2N- >A?,/2- KR$?- 0- 3%- (J- >R?- =- 3A%- $?3- ;R.- .J,:R/- G%- o/- .- .%R?- $8A3- ;A/- 0:A- 3A%- $*A?- 3- $+R$?- ,R.- GA/-3J.,%- =- o/- .-'&.-#- ?- OA/-' /3- ;%- /- '{- 82?-?- OA/-' 8J?- :2R.0- .%- %:A- %/- PR$?- 5%- 3?- %- =-'&.- #- '8J?- :2R.- 0- ;A/,.- v- %- HR.-=- :SA- o- 8A$- ;R.,^- 2,.LA/- )A- 2- .%2R.-3A:A-<?-3A%-$A-H.-0<-&A,
2R.- 0- 3%- >R?- =- 3A%- $&A$- 3- $+R$?- 3J.- 0- .%- .J- /A- ;A$- :V- $?3- 33- 28A- ;A?- P2- 0- ;A/,.0J<- /,
1R=- 3- *A.,;%- /,2N- >A?- .R/- :P2,2R.- 3A:A- o/- .- HA3- o.- GA- 3A%- ,R.-GA/- 3J.,2R.- 3A%- #- >?- /A- 1R- 3R$*A?-!<-,R.-0-;A/,.0J-28$-/,5K-<A%-o=-/A-1R-;A-3A%-;A/-0-.%-5K-<A%-35S-/A-3R-;A-3A%-;A/,.LA/-)A-2:A-3A%=-35S/-/-;%-:.A-:S-;A/-/3,
.J- <J.,.J- :S- <J.,.LA/- )A- 2:A- 3A%- =- %/- :.R$?- 3%- 2R- ;R.- 0- .%- .J- /A- 1R- 3R- $*A?- !<- ,R.- 0- ;A/,.0J28$- /,'1.- OA- <J- # ' /A- 2- ;A- 3A%- ;A/- =,'1- O- <J- Z' /A- 2.- 3J.- GA- 3A%- ;A/,:R/- G%- .J- $*A?- !<-' 1.- OA' 8J?
-:2R.-0-3A:-,%-$A-.R/-;A/,
.J-/A-%R-3-$?R/-*3?-w/-0-8A$-<J.,{-82?-?-OA/,HJ.-GA?-%-5S<-.LA/-)A:A-3A%-8A$-2)=-/-(R$-$3,
%?-.J-2)=-/-=R?-(R$.L%?-:6S3?,%?-HJ.-=-'1.-?A-OJ-'8J?-:2R.,
191
#J-5/-$*A?-0,HJ.-<%-&A-8A$-LJ.-/-:.R.,
#-2h,
$9:-z$-0:A-*A/-IA-aR2-OA.-GA-}R/-=,
{-82?-=A-=R%-,8R$?-0<-29%-,z-3R,.J-<A%-HR.-aR2-#%-.-aJ2?-0-&%-}-3R-:.$,
z- 3R, 6- ;J,t3- 3R- =A- :R%- ,HJ.- .%- :U.- 0- @- &%- 29%-,/3- o/- .- %- <%- aR2- PR$?- $8/i3?-=?-aR2- OA.- =- ;R%-2- }-2?,aR2- OA.- :$R- 3- 2l3- $R%- .- aR2- 5/- .$- =- 2*<- .R%LJ.-,2,
{-82?-=A-:R%-, HJ.-GA?-aR2-5/-=-}R/-.R%-LJ.-0-&%-:KA?-?R%-%3,
z- 3R, :R,3A/,%?- #- ?%- KA- SR<- aR2- 5/- ,- .$-=- }R/- .R%- L?- 9A/,:R/- G%- .- v- %?- ;%- 2*<
-,J%?-$&A$-v-28A/-;R.-0?-}<-=?-)J-=J$?-?-:PR-,2,
{-82?-=A-:R%-, 29%- $A.J- /A- %R- 3- 3A- ?J3?- :$=- 2:A- .R/- 8A$- <J.,HJ.- /A- :6B/- 9:A- /%- $A- aR2- PR$?- $8/
-.$-=?-2lR/-:P?-(J-2?,aR2-3,<-KA/-eJ?-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-LJ.-lA?-;R.,
z-3R,
{2?- <J<- %?- 2?3- 0<- %- <%- (/-0-8A$-LJ.-/-:.R.,,A<-%-<%-<R=-3R- =?- lA?-<A$- =- 3R-(J/:%- =/- <J<-%?- 2?3- 0<- +- l=- /A- 5/- <A$- =?- :)$- 3R- 2?- %- <%- +- l=- 0- 8A$- LJ./-:.R.-;R.,.J-=?-G%-@-&%-.$:-2-/A-<R=-3R-;A/,:R/-G%-%:A-kA-=3-IA-OR.-/-%-/A-2.-3J.5S%-2-8A$-LJ.-/-:.R.,:.A-/-:.J3-L-3%-0R-8A$-;R.-0?-.J-,$-$A-$&R.-o-@-&%-#$-0R-<J.,
{-82?-=A-:R%-, HJ.-/A-aR2-3-]R-<A$-&/-8A$-;A/-=-*J?-!R2?-GA->J?-<2-:6S3?-0?,$=-+J-HJ.-GA?-3-3,.
-.-:2.-2lR/-LJ.-/-2?3-.R/-,3?-&.-;A.-28A/-.-:P2-,2,
<?-&=-.%-<A-2R%-,
$/:- }- 3R- 8A$- =,%- o=- &/- IA- <A- 2R%- 8A$- .%- #J%?-*%- w/- 0:A- <?- &=- $*A?- /$?- 5=- 8A$- +3*3- .- :5S- #R.- L?- ;R.,<A- 2R%- $A?- <%- *A.-o$?-/- _%- =?-G%-3IR$?- 0?- <?- &=- IA- /<- :PR?- =- 2v?/?-#R- =- !- <J- lJ.- 2- ;A/,<?- &=-IA?- <A- 2R%- $A?- <%- 2!R.- L?- 0<- ;A.- 3$- /?,*A/- 8A$- #R?- <A- 2R%-o$?l=-:P/-2#<-8A$-=-$./-:SJ/-8?,
"@- - - @- - - @,:.A- /A- !- <J-3- <J.- .3,HR.- GA?- >J?- $?=- v<,/$?- 5=- :.A:A- /%- .- %- =?- o$?- /- 3IR$?0:A-YR$-($?-$8/-3J.-0?-%?-HR.-=-13-#-!J<-%J?-;A/,"8J?-<A-2R%-$A?-=2,
192
<?-&=-IA?-"%R-3-29%-$A%-5S?-o$?-l=-:P/-.?,?-8A$-3IR$?-0-3,R%-,2,"&J?-2>.,
/$?- $?J2- GA- YR$- ($?- ;R.- 5.- o$?- :$R- 2l3- ?<- aJ2?- +J- <?- &=- $&A$- 0- .=-2- .=- 2:A- %%- b%=3- .J.-/?- :PR- .?,#R- 5S?- <A- 2R%- 3IR$?- M<- |R?- /$?- $?J2- =- o$?- 0<- 2v?,2v?- 5S.- =- <A- 2R%-/A- <?&=-=?-M<-.-o$?-=3-IA-$J-3R<-,R/-#R-,$-<J.,
<A- 2R%- o$?- 0- @- &%- 3IR$?- 0?- ,%- (.-.J- o$?- 353?- 28$- eJ?,<?- &=- eJ?- (R.- 0<- |$- o- L?,#R<%- C- :)3- IA- /%- .- *=- 2?- $*A.- #$- L%- ,"%?- $*A.- ,/- 8A$- 2o2- .J- .- $9R.- o$?- l=- :P/- 2#<- .J:A3,<-$+$?-/:%-,%-<%-}<-28A/-}-3R-/?-o=-,2,"&J?-<A-2R%-$A?-#J<-=2-2o2,
<A- 2R%- $*A.- =- 8$?- 0:A- {2?- .J<,<?- &=- IA?->-1A3- /?- #J<- n%- |R?- 3- 3,.- .-$R$- /<- L?,3,<- #R<%- <A- 2R%- =?- 2c=-+J- o$?- =3- IA- $J- ,A$- +- ,R/,3)$- 3,<,<A- 2R%- $*A.- =?- ?.- .J- ;%- 2*<- o$?- :$R2l3?- L%- ,:R/- G%- #R?- <?- &=- IA- eJ?- 2~J$- 0<- o$?- :$R- lR3- o- :KA- S$?- ?R%- ,<?- &=-o$?- =3IA-$J- ,A$- $A- *J- ?<- aJ2?- .?- YR$- ($?- $8/-i3?-GA?- #R- =- 2}$?- 2eR.-GA-3J-+R$- $+R<,{2?- .J<- <A-2R%- #R5S-;R.-?<-;R%-o<-%R-$/R%?-2?-5-2-&A-;%-3J.-0<-/$?-$?J2-+-$R$-/?-2.-?R%-,
2a2-L, 3./-*R.-GA-$R3-:PR?-.=-;%-,,
2lR/-:P?-GA-$R-(-2g/-0R?,,
o=-#-;A-.<-(-21J%?-?R%-,,
#J-5/-$?3-0,#-?%-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-12-0-;A/,
#-2h,
2N->A?,
7-;J,$;%-:6S3?,#-?%-.LA/-;A$-$A-aR2-OA.-{2?-?-%?-HR.-3,R%-3-L%-,aR2-OA.-{2?=-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-12-0-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, :RR,%-<%-aR2-OA.-:5S$?-:$R-lR3-.?-(/-#%-=-?R%-2-;A/,
2N->A?, (/-#%-,HJ.-<%-/-2-;A/-/3,
$;%- :6S3?, 3A/,%- <%- (/- #%- .- ;R.- 0:A- %:A- A- #- =- 2v- <- ?R%- 2- ;A/,#R- 2R<- #- ?%- KA- SR<- $>J$?-
2&R?-L?-0-;A/,
2N->A?, :R,.J-52?-(J/-<J.-.3,
193
$;%-:6S3?, 3- <J.,.J-@- &%- 52?- (J/-3- <J.,.J- /A- ,A<- 2+%- $A- $>J$?- 2&R?- >A$- <J.,#R?- $>J$?- 2&R?=-|$-.?-%:A-1-3-$*A?-!-.%-%-5S?-#R-=-:.$-<R$?-L?-0-;A/,
2N->A?, %?-HJ.-GA-A-#-M<-.-2.J-,%-;R%-2<-(R/-=3-:.J2?,
$;%-:6S3?, 2!:- SA/- >A/- +- (J,%?- HR.- GA- (R/- 5B$- #R- 2R<- 2>.- %J?- ;A/,2N- >A?,HJ.- GA?- aR2- OA.{2?-?-%-=-?J3?-#<-L?-0-;A/-/3,
2N->A?,
%- <%- HJ.- GA- .R/- =- ?J3?-#<- &%- 43- L?- 0- ;A/,.- v- 5%- 3- 2.J- =J$?- ?- 3(A?- 0?- %- <%- @&%-.$:,
$;%-:6S3?, 2N->A?,HJ.- /A-%R- 3- PR$?- 0R-29%-2R-8A$-<J.,HJ.-GA?-%:A-KR$?-=-?J3?-#<-L?-0<-2!:SA/-(J,
.%=-#%-=-:UR$-2&R3-L?-0,
3.%- .$R%- ,3-A 8A$- $A?- o- =3- (J-2-.%-Y%-=3-.%-0R-$*A?-GA-P-9<-/-;R.-0:A-ABC.%=-#%-=-:UR$2&R3- L?,.J- <A%- ,*J/- gR$- 0- 5%- 3?-.%=- #%- 2&R3- 3#/- .J:A- $9$?-.LA2?- =- 5S.- .0$- LJ.- 28A/- $.:,
HJ.-GA?-#R-5S<-<R$?-L?-+J-b/-3-.J-:6B/-,2-23,
{-82?-&R-/-/A-.%=-#%-.J:A-=?-$4S-;A/-0-.%-#R?-3.%-.$R%-.%=-#%-.-=?-$*J<-LJ.-28A/-;R.,\R$$9A3- .?- #R?- |R<- 3R- 5%- 3- *J/- :$R$- |3- $&A$- /?- $8/- 0- 8A$- =- *J=- 28A/-;R.,*J/- :$R$- |3- .J:A- wJ3A$-;R.-3#/-/A-#R-$&A$-0-<J.,
t3- 3R- &- <R/- IA?- .%=- #%- $A- *J- :P3- /- ;R.- 0:A- !2?- 2.J- 5S%- #%- .J:A- /%- /- =?- $*J<- LJ.- 28A/- ;R.,
3.%- .$R%- ,.%=- #%- =?- 1- (J/- 0R- 8A$- P$?- 0:A- {2?- .J<- #R- 3R?- |R<- 3R-2 lA- 28A/-0:A- |%- <J.,3R- 5S%#%-.%-#-:V=-.?-3A-8A$-$A?-#$-3-(J/-0R-8A$-29%-/?-.%=-#%-$A-3./-|R-/-o$-28A/-:.$Y?-3R-&-<R/$A?-$*J/-gR$-0<-#-0<-2+%-!J-#R-3R?-3,R%-,R?-?-I<-2-i3?-$?=-2>.-L?,
{- 82?-?- 3.- $9- /A- .%=- #%- $A- =?- 3A- 8A$- <J.,#R?- ;%- 3.%- .$R%- $8%- =?- #%- /?- L- 2212?- !J- :KA- :.$\R$- $9A3- eJ?- #R?- =?- 353?- 28$- &A%- o2- KR$?- /?- 1- 8A$- ,R?- .?- #R?- ;%- =- 8A$24=-28A/-;R.,.J:A-eJ?-/?-&A-8A$-L%-2-#R:C-;A.-=-S/-IA/-3A-:.$
*J/- gR$- 3A- $- ,R/- .?,{- 82?-&R- /- ;A?- {- 82?- ?- 3.- $9- =- <R$?- L?- +J- (/- <?- 8A$- #R:C- 3$R- =- .NA28A/- :.${- 82?- &R-/-;A?- 2>.- o<,%?- b/- 3?- {-82?- ?-3.-$9-;A-3$R-=-h%-2-,R?-:U=-#R-2R:C-$8%194
=?- #%- =- o$?- /?- ?R%- 2- ;A/,#R?- .- .%- 2>.- o<,b/- 3?- |R<- 3:A- #$- 3- 29%- /?- .%=- #%- $A- v$- |R/-:PR-.?-#R?-*J/-gR$-0<-#-0<-$+R%-lA?-L?-0-;A/-9J<,
.-v-A-3J-<-#:A-|R<-3R-250,000.%=-#%-/?-2R<-?R%-,HJ.-GA?-?-8A$-$A?-S%-3R<-3-2>.-0->J?-?3,
HJ.-GA?-2?3-/-.%=-#%-=-:UR$-2&R3?-LJ.-3#/-.J-?-<J.,
#J-5/-28A-2,=?-l=-0:A-o$-l=-:P/-2#<,
^-2, 8R$?- 0<- 29%- ,2N- >A?,$9:- %J/- 0:A- *A/- IA- o$-l=- :P/- 2#<- !J%- %?- HR.- 3,R%- 2-3- ;A//3,
2N->A?, <J.- ;,%?- 2?3- /- HJ.- GA?- %- 3,R%- L%- ,%?- :6B/- 9:A- 52-L?- /?- :P/- 2#<-=- 8$?- {2?HJ.-GA?-3A-5S$?-GA-OR.-/?-=$-$;$?-LJ.-28A/-0-%?-3,R%-L%-,
^-2,
<J.- ;,%?- HJ.- =- =$- $;$?- L?- 0- ;A/,HJ.-<%-kA.- 28A-2o:A->$?- 3,.-:P/-2#<-=-8$?0-3-;A/-/3,
2N->A?, 3A/,%-<%-kA.-(A$-!R%-S$-2o:A->$?-3,.-:P/-2#<-=-8$?-0-;A/,
^-2, .-{2?-%?-?J3?-=-S/-L%-,%?-3,R%-.?-HJ.-<%-o$-l=-0-$8/-.$-=?-3IR$?-0R-:.$:R/G%-</-HJ.-GA-eJ?-(R.-?R%-2-3-;A/-/3,
2N->A?, <J., #R-%:A-eJ?-(R.-?R%-, *A/-3R-.J<-</-IA-?J3?-=-#R-/A-%-=?-!R2?-(J-2<-~3-:.$ o$-l=-
3)$-mR$?-.?-o=-#-,R2-3#/-/A-#R-5S:C-<-#$-<J.,
^-2, <J.- ;,%?- #R-2R:C- <- #$- /A- (J?- !R2?- >$?- w/- 0- ;A/- 0<- 2?3- L%- ,:R/- G%- *A/- 3R- .J<- HJ.- GA?t$?-|R<-G%-:1%-2-3A/-/3,HJ.-GA?-3A-$8/-0-=?-,$-<A%-2R<-:1J/-3-,2-23,
2N->A?, ,2-L%-,%?-,2-L%-,:R/-G%-*A/-3R-.J<,A/-:SA-<R-/A-t$?-|R<-:1%?-/-@-&%-29%-,.J-2?-%<%-13-0<-.R$?-/?-0$-L%-,
^-2, HJ.- GA?- 2>.- 5=- =- 2v?- /- .J<- L- 2- 3%- 0R- 8A$-;R.-0?- o$?- l=- :P/- 2#<- 3)$- mR$?- .?HJ.-=-%=-.2-29R?-2-3A/-/3,
2N->A?, <J.-;,%?-=?-!R2?-*3?->A%->$?-9.-9A/,
195
.L<-#:A-.?-!R/-.J-S/-/3,
^-92:A-5K?-28*A/-=,
L3?-2lJ-(J-2:A-PR$?-.L%?-:6S3?-=$?,
2R.-^-S$-0:A-/%-%-5S?-3$R-=R$-/?-<R=-2:A-.L<-#:A-.?-!R/-.J-%:A-;A.-=-S/-+J-353?-:)R$-3A-,2,
{2?-.J:A-C-,%-/A-3J-+R$-$-5S$?-GA?-2o/-0?-)A-:S:A-36K?->A%-v-/-#$-=-3A-5%-3-3R-$%-$A?-#J%?-:.$
%?-=%-#$-.J-<-;R.-0:A-$/?-$8A-%J?-3J.-GA-HA3-5%-.J-5S?-<?-$<-12- &A%-3J-2?-+J-=$->-24S-28A/3(A?- 0:A- i3- 0- .J- ;A.- =- S/- L%- ,C- ,%- .- *J?- 0- i3?- GA?-&J- $:A- l=- :P/- 8A%-1R- 3R- 5%- 3- 3.:- l=- :P/2#<-=-8$?-+J-l=-:P/-3A-$-;R%?-GA?-o=-#-=R/-0<-<%-<%-$A-/?-2-$%-=J$?-:.R/-28A/-;R.,
3A- 3%- >R?- GA?- g- o$?- :P/- 2#<- =- P- 1A$- LJ.- 28A/- ;R.- 0- .%-,#R- 5S:C- g- /A- }R/- (.- =?- o$?- /3IR$?,o$?- l=- :P/- 2#<- :$R- 2l3?- 0?- g- i3?- .0%- 2- 3*3- $>A2- GA?- o$- L%- ,o$- =3- 5<- =*J-8A%-/R<-2:A-g-/A-*A-3:A-g-#R:C-eJ?-(R.-<$-2<-.-(J?-%<-&/-3A/-/3,
.?- !R/- =?- %- <%- (J?- .$:- 2- /A- 82?- VR:A- :O2- !R/- =- 2v- o- .J- ;A/,:O2- !R/- 0- i3?- GA?- =?- =#- .R$- $- 5S$?- GA?- 2o/- 0:A- $R?- H- IR/- >A%- #R- 5S- 5%- 3- 82?- VR- :O2- /- @- &%- 36K?- *3?- w/,%:A- ?J3?- 0<2-+-3R-8A%-:O2-!R/-0-i3?-/3-;%-353?-:)R$-o-3J.-0<-<J-2-2&%?,%-:U=-$%-*J?-2-3A/-/-#R-5S-5%3?-3A/-IA-$.J%?-!-<-82?-VR-:O2-0-GA/-:.$
%:A- <J- 2- ;A/- /- %- kA- =3- =- 8$?- 0- 3A/- 0<- 3HJ/,.J?- /- ?%- =R:C- .L<- #:A- .?- !R/- =- %- <%- a<- ;%8$?-,2,{2?-.J<-HJ.-<%-%-.%-a<-;%-:VJ=-:SA?-,J%?-$&A$-LJ.-<R$?,
HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R,
1R=-3-/?,
#J-5/-s-2,.$R/-0<-:PR-2,
1R=-3, 8R$?- 0<- 29%- ,/R<- 2,.J-<A%-/A-/3- ^- ;$- 0:A- *A/- 3R- 8A$- ;A/- 0?- %- PR$?- 0R- 5S- .%- 3*3- .- (n=-.-:PR-o-;A/,HJ.-<%-%-5S<-:PR$?-/?-:PR-:.R.-.3,
/R<-2, 1R=- 3,%- HJ.- 5S- .%- 3*3- .- :PR- ,2-o- 3- <J.,%- <%- .$R/- 0<- ?R%- !J- 3(R.- 3J- 1R/- /?- 3- EA- :#R<=R-2{R<-o-;A/,
196
1R=-3,
HJ.- <%-$9:- :#R<- }R/- 3:A-.?- {2?- :.A- =- .$R/- 0<- ?R%- 2- 3A/- /3,%?- 2?3- /- %?- =3- 2</?-HJ.-<%-3,R%-L%-,
/R<-2, <J.- ;,%- <%- $9:- :#R<- }R/- 3<- .$R/- 0<- ?R%- 2- ;A/,%:A- HA3- IA?- ?%?- o?- (R?- =$?- 08A$-;A/-/-*%-3,<-;%-$9:-:#R<-$&A$-=-.$R/-0<-,J%?-$&A$-:PR-.$R?-2<-;A.-(J?-L?-;R.,
%:A-YA%-3R-o/-.-.L<-$/%-.%-.$/-$/%-$A-{2?-?-%-.%-3*3-.-.$R/-0<-?R%-2-;A/,
1R=-3, %?-$R-,R?-=-?%?-o?-(R?-=$?-=-..-0-LJ.-3#/-$%-3%-8A$-2R.-GA-;=-P-3%-2R-/?-%-5S:A-#J2<- ($?- 0:A- .$R/- 0- :.A- =- $?R=- 2- :.J2?- 0<- ;R%- ;R.,.J- /A- ?%?- o?- (R?- =$?- GA- $./- ?$=-(J/-8A$-;A/-0-#R-,$-<J.,
/R<-2, <J.,.J- <J.,#J- 2- 8R=- 3- /- ;R.- 0:A- )R- 3R- .$R/- 0- .J- /A- A- 3.R- ?- #=- .- (J?- (J- 2:A- )R- 3R- .$R/- 0- ;A/,
%:A- A- 1?- 2>.- 0- v<- /,?- .J- <- )R- 3R- ?3- 2o- z$- ;R.- &A%- ,)R- 3R- .$R/- 0:A- *J- ?<- ;R.- 0:A- 3(R.gJ/-.J-/A-?%?-o?-(R?-=$?-GA-H.-.-:1$?-0:A-29R-20/-IA-i3-0-8A$-<J.-9J<,
1R=-3, HJ.- GA?- 2?3- /- 9- 2- .%- )R- 3R- LJ.- o- /A- ?%?- o?- (R?- =$?- *3?- =J/- LJ.- 0:A- (J?- H.- .- :1$?0:A-,2?-=3-<J.-.3,
/R<-2, %?- 2?3- 0<- 3A- 8A$-;A/- 5K,24/-0-.%-24/- 3:A- .$R/-0- $*A?- !- $%- /- ;%- $/?-$8A- 2&R?-3J.G%- ?%?- o?- (R?- =$?- 0- i3- .$- 8A$- LJ.- (R$%- =- 35S/- /- L3?- ~A%- eJ- .%- 3A- $8/- 0<- 2lA2!<- LJ.- o- /A- z$- 0<- $=- (J,%- <%- (R?- =$?- $8/- 0- 5%- 3?- G%- v- 2- :.A- :S- 2eR.- 0<- %=-;A.-(J?-;R.,
1R=-3, %?- 2v?- /- HJ.- GA?- 2>.- 0- .J- 2.J/- $A29%- $A$8$- /?-3)=,%?- (- #- /?- PR$?- 0R- 5S- .%3*3-.-L3?-~A%-eJ-.%-2lA-2!<-IA-,.-=-*3?-=J/-L-o-;A/,
aR2-5/,:63-\A%-$A-(R?-=$?,
1R=-3-/A-:63-\A%-!J%-$A-(R?-=$?-<A$?-3A-3,/-0-3%-0R:C-KR$?-=->J?-gR$?-LJ.-o<-.$:-0R-;R.-0-<J.,
3R:C- A- 1- *A- 3?- #R- 3R<- 35S- }R/- .- ?%?- o?- (R?- =$?- 3- 9.- .- .%- (R?- =$?-$8/-0-3%-0R- ;R.-9J<,*J- :#R<IA-#J-2-3%->R?-/A-#-(J-2-;A/-0-.%-#R-5S:C-#J-2:A-3A-#->?-GA?-G%-.LA-?A-=/-(R?-=$?-=-..-0-LJ.-GA-;R.,#R3R:C- A- 3- 35S- 3R?,.LA- ?A- =/- (R?- =$?- =- ;J- >J?- (R?- =$?- .%- ;$- ,.- (R?- =$?- $*A?- GA- ,/- 3R%- $A- l- 2:AH.- (R?-.J- w/- 9J<,*A- 3?- .- .%- 2>.- o<,2R.- 2o.- /%- 2!/- (R?- =$?- .%- @A/- h:A- (R?- =$?- $*A?- GA- v197
2<-:S-?-3%-0R-;R.,1R=-3?,:63-\A%- $A-(R?-=$?-5%-3-,-..-;A/-0-:S-;%-v-2-$%-3%-8A$-$A-=3-/?#R-5S-@-&%-3,/-0-;A/,(R?-=$?-GA?-*J?-:PR-!/-3*3-.-:5S-2<-<R$?-<3-LJ.-.$R?-3R.,.J-.$-$A?-o/-.3A- i3?-KR$?- #$- +- 2&<- ;R.-9J<-8A%-,#R- 3?-o/- 0<- 3A- i3?- GA?- 1/- 5/- IA- (R?- =$?- =- o?- =R/- L?+J-:#R/-:6B%-i3?-8A-:)$?-?-$+R%-.$R?-2?3-28A/-:.$
1R=- 3<- ;$- ,.- 0- .%- @A/- h- 0:A- PR$?- 0R- $&A$- G%- 3J.,:R/- G%- ,#R- 3R- 2N- >A?- .%- z- 3R- $*A?- GA- aR2- 9/?- ;J- >J?- 0- :$:- >?- =- ,$- MR%- ,1R=- 3?- #R- 5S:A- (R?- =$?- =- 2lA- 2!<- .%- <%- $A- (R?- =$?- =- 3,R%- (J/LJ.-GA-;R.,2N->A?-GA?-1R=-3<,/2-KR$?-0-3%->R?-/A-;J->J?-(R?-=$?-=?-(R?-=$?-$8/-0<-..-0-LJ.3#/- ;A/- 0- .%- #- >?- /A- (R?- =$?- $%- $A- eJ?-G%-:V%?-3J.,t3-3R- =A-:R%-GA?-;J- >J?-:O%?-{<-/A-;J->J?(R?- =$?- 0- ;A/- 3A/- $*A?- !<- @- &%- $=- (J- 2:A- *A/- 3R- 8A$- <J.- 9J<- L%- ,o- 35/- /A- /2- KR$?- GA- o=- #2- 3%>R?- ?- .J- /A- 3A- i3?- =- 35S/- /- .?- (J/-IA- *A/- 3R- 8A$- ;A/,1R=- 3- #R- 3R:C- PR$?- 0R- 5S- .%- 3*3- .- ;J>J?- :O%?-{<- =- gJ/- :VJ=- 8- o- .%-,..- 3R?- LJ.- ;=- 3A- :S- 2:A- #R:C- PR$?- 0R- 5S<- YR=- o/- IA- <A$- $/?--{R<IA-$+3-\J%-L-2<-?J3?-0-VJ=-28A/-:.$
#J-5/-S$-0,>A?-5B$-:2=-2,
#-2h,
2N->A?,
7- ;J,$;%- :6S3?,2v?- 5S.- =- .J- <A%- KA- SR- HJ.- @- &%- .$:- :.$HJ.- GA- $.R%- =- :63- GA?#J%?-2-&A-8A$-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, 6- ;J,2N- >A?,%- &%- 43- %R- $/R%-$A%?- +$-+$- %- 5S:C- aR2- 9:A- ~/- lR3- :P/- 2#<- IAOR.-.-L-.$:-A%-.%-0R-]%?-2-;A/,
2N->A?, .J-/A-%R-3-29%-$AgJ/-:VJ=-8,HJ.-<%-.$:-3R-(J/-0R-*J?-;R.-#R-,$-<J.,
$;%-:6S3?, :R,.J- :S- 8A$- 3- <J.,%?- (J?- 29%- 2:A- ~/- lR3- :VA- ,2-0<- 3- :.R.,%:A- ?J3?- 0<- HJ.- GAYA%- 3R?- VA?- 0:A-~/- lR3- /A- %:A- .J-=?- 29%- ~3,%- =- o=- #- ,R2- ?R%- 8J?- ,R?- :U=- %- <%- @=?-+J-.0J-(-;%-,%-=-z%-?R%-,
2N->A?, <J.- ;,.J.- 2eR.- 3#/- 5S?-(J?-29%-2:A-~/-lR3-:.J3?-;R.-0-#R-,$-;A/,HJ.-GA-~/-lR3%J?-0<-.-!/-=?-H.-.-:1$?-0-$.R/-3A-9,
198
$;%-:6S3?, <J.- ;,^- 2?- .J- :S- 2?3- IA/- 3J.,#R?- VA?- 0:A- ~/- lR3- =- L- .$:- A%- $?3- 0- ,R2,#R?VA?-0:A-~/-lR3-/A-aR2-{2?-}R/-3-=?-29%-3R.-L-.$:-A%-.%-0R-3-,R2-0?-<J-,$-(.-&A%3)$-:V?-,R?-:U=-@-&%-3A-.$:-2<-I<-+J-|R<-KA<-2.-?R%-,
2N->A?,
#R:A- ?J3?- =- .J- :S- :.R.- 0?- %- <%- .R$?- 3A- 2.J,:R/- G%- ,$=-+J- (J?- 1=-.-L%- 2:A-~/-%$0- .J- :P/- 5S$?- =- 3- 8$?- 5K,1=- (J<- ,J%?- eJ?- 3<- #R- <%- =- L- .$:- A%- .%- 0R- ,R2%J?-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, :R,2N->A?,HR.-GA?-%-=-2!R.-0-3-LJ.,
2N->A?, %?-2>.-0-S%-2.J/-;A/-=,HJ.-GA?-~/-%$-.J-.?-/3-8A$-=-%-=-:.R/-o-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, %?-HJ.-GA?-%-=-2!R.-0-LJ.-353?-:)R$-<$-2<-.-~/-%$-:.R/-o-3A/,
2N->A?, 29%-$A$=-+J-HJ.-<%-%?-2>.-0<-;A.-3-(J?-5K,%?-HR.-=-2!R.-0:A-~/-5B$-&A$-:VA-%J?,

aR2-5/,7-3R-.%-7-+,
*A/- 8A$- 7- 3R- 8A$- .=- 2:A- %%- /$?- $?J2- 2o.- .J- :PR- 28A/- ;R.,#R- <%-@- &%- vR$?- S$?- 0?- :$=- ;%
-.!:-2<-I<,;.-43-:$R<-eJ?,#R?-#R%-2R-8A$-$A-;=-$:A-lJ-3R-<-7-+-8A$-;R.-0-3,R%-L%-,7-+:A-#-/%-.5S%-<-/?-:HJ<-;R%-2:A-K<-2-=J2-3R-8A$-;R.,7-3R?-.J-3,R%-:U=-}<-=?-2NJ?-vR$?-GA?-3/<-2<-7-+-3R2- *J?,7- 3R?-\R- 2<- .- ]R- =?- :$R%?- 2:A- ,2?->A$- fJ.- 0<- <%- *A.- G%- ;- 35/- *J?,#R?- $=- +J- ,2?>J?-:.A-=J$?-:P2-L%-/-7-+:A-8A3-3%<-&/-IA-K<-2-.J-<%-*A.-GA-.$R%-9?-LJ.-,2-0->J?,
7- 3R- .J- 7- +- 2#.- ;R.- 0:A- #R%- 2R- .J:A- :R$- /?- :PR- 353?- 28$- !J- %$- :)3- 0:A- %%-"~A%- $A- PR$?- 0R=$?,.J-<A%-8R$?-0<-HJ.-<%-@-&%-36K?-0-3A/-/3,HJ.-GA-$>R$-1R-/A-L-\$-$A-1R-.%-35%?,HJ.-GA-3)$1R- /A- k- L:A- 3)$- 1R- v<- 8J%- (J,HJ.- GA- #J<- 3R- /A- .R3- IA- #J<- 3R- v<- >$?- GA?- #J%?- ;R.,HJ.- <%- :.A- :S:A- |J$*3?- w/- 0?-%$-$A- :I<- 2- ;%-KA- =?-GA-36K?-*3?-v<-~/-0-#R-,$-;A/,$=-+J-HJ.-GA?-%-=-\-8A$-]%?5K-%-<%-3R-$%-$A?-MR?-+J-VR-:O2-%J?-;A/,"8J?-2>.,
7- +- .J- .$:- 3R?- #J%?- +J- $>R$- 1R- 2hJ2?- &A%- 3)$- 3- $;$7- 3R?- 2>.- 0:A- 5B$- .J?- #R- <%- %- o=- *J?>A%-#-$.%-!J-~/-:)J2?-GA-\-]%?-L%-,#R-3R?-#-$.%-3-,$-K<-2-.J-#-/%-/?->R<-+J-7-3R-;R.-?<-z%-,
7- 3R?- K<- 2- .J- <%- $A- #- /%- .- 29%-!J- :63-IA?- #J%?->A%- 3R- 2- :23- IA- MR?- +J- #R%- $?J2- /?- VR- :O2- 0199
<J.,:R/-G%-#R?-8A3-3%<-&/-IA-K<-2-.J-.$R%-9?-?-3-,.-$R%-7-+<-2?3-5=-:.A-:S-8A$-2+R/-0-!J-,J%?eJ?-3<-?-8A$-$A?-HJ.-=-2!R.-2}$?-LJ.-G%-#-.3-0R<-#R3-9J<-L%-,
2a2-L,%R-2!R.-$+3-=-;A.-!R/-V=,
#J-5/-2./-0,$?%?-28A/-12-0,
#-2h,
2N->A?, 6-;J,^-2,HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
^-2, %:A-</-IA-*J?-{<-=-|R-%:A-$-=J2-?R2-?R2- 8A$-:HJ<-lA?- ;R.-0?-$9:-:#R<-}R/-3<[email protected]=A/-=8-2-L?-+J-9?-,R-8A$-:HJ<-/?-;R%-.-2&$-0-;A/,
2N->A?, :R,.J-%R-3-.!:-3R-<J.,#R-3R?-HJ.-=-&A-8A$-2>.-?R%-,
^-2, #R-3R?-,R$-3<-.!<-;R=-(J/-0R-8A$-$A-/%-.-|R-%-28A-2gR=-.$R?-2-.%-.J-/?-3<-23-0:A-KJ.-!43,!- <- 23- 0- $&A$- .%-KJ.-!- 2&?- .!<- ;R=- /%- .- :1J/- .$R?,3)$- 3,<- 3R?- %- =-PR- KJ23-0-28A-.!<-;R=-/%-.-2$/-eJ?-5%-3-a-%:A-/%-.-w$-.$R?-9J<,
2N->A?, @A/,.J-@-&%-:PA$-3A/-3A->J?,
^-2, %?- #R- 3R?- 2>.- 0- v<- .- 12- 0- ;A/,:R/- G%- %?-/R<- :O=- :$:-29R?-;R.-~3,%?- #R- 3R<- #0<-2+%-!J-SA-2-8A$-2+R/-/-:.R.,;A/-;%-#R-3R-;=-/-3J.,
2N->A?, HR.- GA?- %- =- 9?- .J:A- SR- 2- M%?- ?- 2&$- !J- $/.- .R/- ;R.- 3J.- 2v- <- 2&$- /- :.R.- .3,1=- (J<%?-HJ.-=-<R$?-LJ.-.J-/R<-:O=-24=-,2-~3,
^-2, =R?-(R$.-.J-LR?,
2N->A?, ^-2,:.A:A-VR-2-@-&%-24S$%?-/R<-:O=-.J-fJ.-L%-,$R.-:.A:A-/%-$A-oR%-m?-.!<-0R-.J-&A-;A/,
^-2,
%?-2?3-/-.J-!-<-<J.,
2N->A?, .J-/A-HJ.-GA-/R<-:O=-<J.,:.A-!-<-3-<J.,D-<J.,
200
aR2-5/,$9:-%J/-0:A-35/-3R,
$9:-:#R<-}R/- 3:A-$9:- %J/- 0:A-*A/- z- 3R?- @.- =A/- OA.-.J-2R.-GA- 9- #%- 8A$- /?- .$R%-9?-=-<R=- 2- <J.,
$%?- uR%?- 9- #%- /A- @.- =A/- .%- z- 3R- $*A?- ;R.- ?:A- aR2- 9- (J/- 3R-.J:A- aR2- 3-i3?- GA?- .$:- 2?- :,R2- 0:A- 9#%-;A/,.J-/[email protected]=A/-IA?-,R$-.%-0R<-2R.-GA-9-3-29:-2:A-*AA/-;A/,:.A-/A-#R-5S?-9-#%-/?-2>.-0:A-#-2h:A{R<-<J.,
"HJ.-GA-&A-8A$-9-:.R.-;R.,"&J?-82?-8-0?-SA?,
z-3R?-"%?-2$-,$-:,%-/-:.R.,@.-=A/,HJ.-GA?-G%-2$-,$-:,%-:.R.-.3,"8J?-2>.,
"%?->-9-:.R.-3J.,HJ.-5S<-}R-5=-IA?-29R?-0:A-2$-,$-;R.-.3,"[email protected]=A/-IA?-=/-2+2,
".$R%?-0-3-5S3,%-5S<-.J:A-<A$?-3J.,HJ.-GA?-.J:A-52-=-l3-0-9-:.R.-.3,"8J?-82?-8-2:A-2>.,
"%?-.J<-:.%-&%-43-8A$-o$-.%-,z-3R,l3-0-/A-&A-8A$-;A/,"[email protected]=A/-IA?-2>.,
z- 3R?- "l3- 0- /A- 2R.- ;=- /- .<- (J- 2:A- 9?- <A$?->A$- ;A/- =,l3- 0-=?- 2<- ,R$- 3<- 3<- .%- K<- 2- $*A?(-#R=-/%-.-&%->A%-.J-/?-.J:A-/%-.-l3-KJ-2$/-.$R?,$=-+J-HJ.-<%-VR-2-3%<-3R-=-.$:-2-;R.-/-/%-.-!<-;%-$R/-.$R?,.J-/A-%R-3-@-&%-8A3-3%<-w/,"8J?-2>.,
":R,.J-$R-5=-IA-%R-3-29%-,%?-l3-0-29:-:.R.,"&[email protected]=A/-IA?-2>.,
"HJ.-GA?-9-3-.%-3*3-.-#-2:A-<A$?-:,%-:.R.-.3,"8J?-82?-8-0?-SA?,
'':,%- :.R.- ;R.,#- 2- .!<- ;R=- .R- :HJ<- ;R%- <R$?,.- .%- VR- (/- 2+2- ;R.- 0:A- 2$- ,$- =?- .$R?,%- <%(J?-.$:-2-VR-(/-2+2-;R.-0:A-2$-,$-;A/,''8J?-z-3R?-2>.,
#R-5S?-9-3-29?-eJ?,@.-=A/-IA?-z-3R-$9:-:#R<-eJ?-3:A-$9:-%J/-0<-3R:A-#R.->$-+-.$R%-9?-=-<R=2<-;R%-,2-3A/-SA?,$=-+J-,[email protected]=A/-IA?-/2-KR$?-GA-9-3-:$:-z-3R<-9-<-:)$-o-;A/-0?,z-3R<-9?<A$?-$?<-2:A-VR-2-MR%-2:A-$R-{2?-G%-;R.-%J?,z-3R?-;R%-:.R.-;R.-&J?-2>.,
#J-5/-2o.-0,HJ.-GA?-%:A-HA-3,R%-L%-%3,
#-2h,
(*A-3:A-HA3-.%-2<-,$-*J-2,)
*A-3, KA-SR<-2.J-=J$?,/R<-2,.?-;/-<A%-2R<-,$-:U.-3-L%-2?-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
201
/R<-2, %?-<%-$A-HA-2R<-?R%-2?-.J-:5S=-28A/-;R.,HJ.-GA?-.J-<A%-%:A-HA-.J-3,R%-L%-%3,
*A-3, .$R%?-0-3-5S3,.J-<A%-%?-HJ.-GA-HA-.J-3-3,R%-,:R/-G%-#-?%-%?-.J->A%-+R$-w3-G:A-*J-:P3-/?3,R%-2-;A/,HJ.-GA?-.J<-24=-MR%-%3,
/R<-2, 3A/,%?-.J<-3-24=,%?-.J-/-;R.-3J.-=-2v,
(>A%-P+R$-w3-G:A-/%-.,)
35S-3R, 6-;J,/R<-2,HJ.-<%-&A-:S-<J.,
/R<- 2, *J- =3- %- <%- @- &%- 29%- ,:R/- G%- .J- <A%- %:A- ?J3?- &%- 43- #$%?- *A/- :$<- <%- $A- HA- .J- 3- 3,R%2?-%-<%-.J-VR?-:PR-2<-0$-28A/-;R.,HJ.-GA?-$-?-$%-.-%?-HA-.J-3,R%-L%-%3,
35S-3R, ;A/,%?-.J-3,R%-L%-,.J-<A%-8R$?-0<-%?-.J-8A%-:R$-$A-(-:P3-/?-3,R%-L%-,HJ.-GA?-8A%-#<-AJ24=,
/R<-2, 3-24=,%?-.<-J 3-24=,.-%-8A%-#<-24=-.-:PR,
(8A%-#-<,)
1R=-3, 7-;J,/R<-2,%?-HJ.-<%-3-3,R%-2<-.?-;/-<A%-2R<-:$R<-?R%-2?-2.-J 3R-;A/-/3,

/R<-2, 6-;J,1R=-3,HJ.-GA?-%?-HA-.J-3,R%-L%-%3,%?-.J-$%-?-!/-=-24=-G%-.-.%-fJ.-o-3A-:.$
1R=-3, %?-}R/-+$-+$-:.A-=-HJ.-GA-HA-.J->A%-+R$-w3-G:A-8A%-#-/?-3,R%-L%-HJ.-GA?-.J-<-24=-2-;A/-/3,
/R<-2, 3A/,%?-.J<-3-24=,:R,vR?-.%-,.J-%:A-HA-<J.-.3,<J.,.J-<J.,>R$:.A<->R$%?-HR.-S/-L%-,
1R=-3, HJ.-<%-$*A?-!?-1/-5/-24=-/?-fJ.-0<-%-<%-@-&%-.$:-0R-L%-,
aR2-5/,(/-#%-/?-.%R?-.R%-L?-0,
=R- <A3- $*A?- 0?- .J- <A%- (/- #%- /- .%R?- .R%- LJ.-28A/- :.$aR2- 3- #- >?- GA?- aR2- 9- /?- *J?- .%R?- <A$0-.%?-;R.-0?-.-v-#R-5S?-(/-#%-/?-(/-0-8A$-LJ.-/-L-2-&A-8A$-12-.$R?-0:A-,.-=-o?-=R/-LJ.-:.R.-;R.0-<J.,
Y?- 3R- (R?- 35S- =$?- GA?- aR2- 3- 5S<- (/-#%-$A-3- =$- ;R.-5.-353?- .R<-L?,aR2-3-5S?-/.-0-8A$-.%\J%-3R=-LJ.-o<-#R-3R-:,.-0-L%->A%-.J-v<-L?-/-#R-5S?-(/-0?-3A-i3?-=-&A-v<-<R$?-<3-LJ.-0:A-,.-o?=R/-92-3R-LJ.-,2,
2N->A?-GA?-"HJ.-=-(3-0-1R$-0-;A/-/3,"&J?-/.-0<-SA?,
202
''%?- 2?3- /- .J- :S- 8A$- 3- <J.,:R/-G%-*A/-:$<-%:A-=?-GA-:L%-$8A-3A-2.J-8A%-35/-3R:C-.?-?-$*A.29%-2R-8A$-G%-3-#$?,'8J?-/.-0?-2>.,

"(/-0-(R?-35S?-HJ.-GA-SR.-P%?-:)=-AJ-L%-,"8J?-$;%-:6S3?-GA?-SA?,
/.-0?-";A/,3R?-SR.-5.-:)=-L%-,#R-3R?-%-=-%:A-=?-GA-SR.-P%?-/A-o/-w/-<J.-9J<,"&J?-2>.,
"3R?-HJ.-=-(/-#2-8A$-AJ-2o2,"&J?-^-2:A-SA?,
/.- 0?-"3A/,#R- 3R?- %- =- (/- #2- 3- 2o2,:R/- G%- #R- 3R?- 2.$- =- 9- 3- 9?- eJ?- :,%- o:A- 2R.(/-:$:-LA/-0-;A/,"8J?-2>.,
"HJ.- GA?- KA- =$?- GA- (/- :,%- !J- 5S.- v- L?- ?3,%:A- $R- ,R?- =- KA- =$?- GA- (/- /A- /.- <A$?- #- >?- =- @&%-1/-9J<,"8J?-z-3R?-SA?-L%-,
/.- 0?- "<J.- ;,%?- .J- $R- MR%- ,%?- 2?3- /- KA- =$?- GA- (/- .%- 2R.- (/- $*A?- !- /.- <A$?- 3A- $&A$- 0$?R-2<-1/,.-.%-%?-o-(/-=:%-1/-/?-;R.-0-gR$?-L%-,"8J?-2>.,
"HJ.-GA?-.-v-(/-:,%-%3,"8J?-2N->A?-GA?-SA?,
/.-0?-":,%-9A/,%?-(/-:,%-3-,$-;A/,(/-IA-VR-2-/A-@-&%-#-2R-:.$"8J?-2>.,
"(/-IA-VR-2-#-;%-,.J?-HJ.-<%-}<-=?-)J-29%-.-$+R%-%J?,"8J?-(/-0-(R?-35S?-2>.-L%-,
#J-5/-.$-2,_%?-:#R<-=-:.$-0<-:PR-2,
#-2h,
^-2, 7-;J,A/-:SA-<R,HJ.-2.J-3R-;A/-/3,
A/-:SA-<R, 6-;J,^-2,%-2.J-3R-;A/,HJ.-GA?-2.$-=-{-:23-.-&A-v<-:PR-.$R?-0<-2>.-o<-%?-<J-|$LJ.-;R.,
^-2, =R?- ,2,.J- /A- =?- a- 3R- 8A$- <J.,HJ.- <%- _%?- :#R<- =?- 22?- eJ?- o- =3- .J.- /?- 3./KR$?-?-S%-3R<-?R%-5K-$;?-KR$?-?-.$R/-0:A-|R-(J/-;R.-0-.J-3,R%-,2,
A/-:SA-<R, .J-29%-0R-:.$:R/-G%-%-<%-9A-=A%-$A-?-$%-/?-{-:23-=-:PR-2:A-_%?-:#R<-<-:.$-,2-0HJ.-GA?->J?-?3,
^-2, :R,<J.- ;,HJ.- <%-/2- |R- (J/- 3R:C- *J- :P3- IA- =?-l=- G- 2- /?- {- :23- .- :PR- 2:A- _%?- :#R<203
=-:.$-,2,
A/-:SA-<R, %?->J?-?R%-,HR.-GA?-%-<%-=?-l=-G-2<-,A-,R.-_%?-:#R<-$%-=-2#.-.J-:PR-.$R?-2-2>./-AJ-(R$
^-2, :R,<J.-;,%?-.J-$?=-2>.-LJ.-o-2eJ.-9A/,,A-,R.-_%?-:#R<-$*A?-0<-2#.-.J-?R%-/-(R$
A/-:SA-<R, 29%-$AHJ.-GA?-.?-/3-8A$-=-_%?-:#R<-.J-{-:23-.-:PR-2->J?-?3,
^-2, %?- .J- ,$- $A?- 3A- (R.,:R/- G%- %?- 2?3- /- .?- 5S.- $&A$- <J:A- /%- .-{- :23- =- :PR- 2:A_%?-:#R<-<J-;R.-~3,
A/- :SA- <R, HJ.- GA?- <R$?- <3- $/%- 2<- 2!:- SA/- >A/- +- (J,HJ.- <%- %- .%- 3*3- .- {- :23- =- $/?{R<-.-:PR-:.R.-.3,
^-2, %- .J- =- :PR- :.R.- ;R.- 3R.,:R/- G%- %- :PR- 3A- ,2,2.$- $A?- =?- L- &A-43- 8A$-:VA- .$R?- 0- HJ.GA?-3A->J?,
aR2-5/,3J-:#R<-=?-:P=-28.-L?-0:A-HA3-5%-8A$
$;%- :6S3?- .%- 3R:C- HA3- 3A- 5%- 3- 3*3- .-:P=- 28.- L?- 0- <J.,#R- 5S- 35S- /2- /- ;R.- 0:A- #R- 5S:C- *J- 3A=-2v-<- :PR- 2- ;A/,,R$- 3<- #R-5S- 9A- =A%-/?-3J-:#R<-<-2#.-.J-$R<-3R-=-:PR-lA?-;R.-0-.%-.J-/?-_%?-:#R<8A$-+-2#.-.J- *J-3A-;R.-?:A-#J-2-<-:PR-:.R.-0-<J.,$;%-:6S3?-/A-HA3-3A-5S:C-P?-/?-3J-:#R<-:22-5$?-GAL-2<-(-o?-(J?-;R.-0-;A/-0?,#R-3R?-/?-0-$%-;R.-GA?-#R-5S<-<R$?-<3-L?,
(3J-:#R<-:22-5$?-?,)
"%-5S?-3J-:#R<-%-?J-.J-$%-/?-*R-,2-0-HR.-GA?->J?-?3,"8J?-#R-3R:C-A-3-2.J-*A.-GA?-SA?-L%-,
".J- %- =- $?=,A- 3,%- 5S?- .J- .$- %- ?J- 24S%- ?:A- |J:- #%- $?3-0- /?- *R- ,2,"&J?- $;%- :6S3?- GA?2>.,
"HJ.-GA?-.J-.$-=-|R<-3R-&A-43-.$R?-0->J?-?3,"8J?-#R-3R:C-A-1-2?R.-/3?-GA?-SA?,
"A- 1- =$?,%?- .J- $?=- 2R- 3A- >J?,:R/- G%- %- 5S?- .J- 1- $A- /- ;R.- 0:A- 82?- 8- 0<- SA?- 5K- >J?- ,2,"&J?$;%-:6S3?-GA?-=/-2+2,
/R<-2?-"%-<%-vR$?-:.$?-8A$-$A?-2.$-=-SR?-)-:,%-?:A-$/?-.J-2>.-,2-23,"8J?-2>.,
"/R<- 2,HJ.- GA?- %=- $?R?- .%- ,%- 5S?- 3*3- .-3J- :#R<- /%- /?- SR?- )- :,%- ,"8J?- 2?R.- /3?- GA?- =/204
2+2,
---
(3J-:#R<-/%-.,)
"$/?-:.A-/A-&A-:S:A-36K?-0-=,HJ.-GA?-S-3:A-KA-<R=-IA-<A-:.A:A-3A%-AJ->J?,"8J?-2.J-*A.-GA?-SA?,
"%?- 2?3- /- .J- /A- <A- 2R- *A- ^- ;A/- =- %- 5S?- .- .%- 35S- }R/- 0R- 3,R%- 3A- ,2- 3R.- &%- 3- :$R<- 2<- .J- =- 2v- ,2%J?-;A/,"8J?-$;%-:6S3?-GA?-=/-2+2,
"$R<- 3R- /?- %- 5S- 3A- ?- 8A$- .%- 3)=- %J?- 0- HJ.- 5S- ?-;A?- >J?,%- <%- PR%- HJ<- .J<- .J- :S:A- (- o?- 3J.,"&J?2?R.-/3?-GA?-SA?,
"aR2- 9- /?- %R- >J?- 0:A- %:A- PR$?- 0R- 8A$- $A?- $R<- 3R:C- $J- >/- =?- #%?- 8A$- +- L- 2- 12- 28A/- ;R.,#R3R-:22-5$?-?-%-5S-.%-3)=-,2-=-3PR/-#%-.-OA.-%J?-;A/,"8J?-$;%-:6S3?-GA?-2>.,
".- v- KA- SR:A- .?- 5S.- $?3- ;A/- =,%- 5S?- .- .%- SR?- )- :,%- 3J.,HJ.- GA?- %- =- 3J- :#R<- /%- $A- 9- 329:-?:A-:#R<-#%-.J:A-|R-/3-8A$-=-:LJ.-o-;A/-0-2>.-,2-23-"8J?-/R<-2?-2>.,
"%?-2?3-/-.J:A-|R-KJ-;R.,%-;%-@-&%-vR$?-:.$-0?,%-5S-9-3-29:-?:A-:#R<-#%-.J-<-9-o-&A-8A$-;R.0<-2v-<-:PR"8J?-$;%-:6S3?-GA?-2>.,
#J-5/-2&-2,%?-?-=-2>.-o-3A->J?,
_________________________________________________________________________
#-2h,
z-3R, 6-;J,$;%-:6S3?,HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-12-28A/-;R.,
$;%-:6S3?, %?-&A-;%-12-GA/-3J.,z-3R,HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-12-28A/-;R.,
z-3R,
%?-$9:-:#R<-eJ?-3:A-$9:-3)$-$A-aR2-9:A-82?-VR:A-{R<-=-2?3-]R-$+R%-28A/-;R.,
%- <%- A/- :SA- <R- .%- 3*3- .- VR- :O2- 0<- :PR- :..,:
R R/- G%- %?- #R-=- .R/- .J- &A- v<- 2>.o-3A->J?,
$;%-:6S3?, :/,HJ.- GA- {.- (<- */- /- .J- .!:- 3R- :.$1=- (J<-#R?- HJ.- =-.R/- .J- ,R$- 3<- 2>.%J?-;A/,
z-3R, %- <%- #R?-%- =- 2>.- 0<- |$- o- 3A/,:R- /- HJ.-<%- &A- :S- ;A/,HJ.- <%- 3A- ?- .%205
$;%-:6S3?,
z-3R,
$;%-:6S3?,
z-3R,
$;%-:6S3?,
z-3R,
$;%-:6S3?,
z-3R,
3*3-.-:PR-:.R.,
2.$-VR-:O2-0<-:PR-:.R.-(J/-0R-3J.,;%-&A$-2>.-/-%?-<%-*A.-3A-?-8A$-.%-3*3-.VR-:O2-+-:PR-:.R.-0-,$-$A?-3A-(R.,
%:A-%/-&A-:S-<J.,
HJ.-GA?-2N->A?-9J<-2-;A/-/3,
;A/,%?-2N->A?-9J<-2-;A/,%?-2?3-/-HJ.-5S<-$R-{2?-.$:-8A$-;R.-%J?,
.J- /A- ,2?- 3(R$- 8A$- <J.,%- <%- 2N- >A?- .%- 3*3- .- :PR- :.R.- =R?- ;R.,#R- <%L3?-?J3?-(J-=-1R-|R-;$-0-3-9.-%J.-$*A?-PR$?-0R-29%-2R-;A/,
PR$?- 0R,HR.- $*A?- GA?- .?- o/-.-1/-5/-=-3A$-2h-!R/-28A/-0-%?-}-3R-5S<-;R.,HR.$*A?-GA-:VJ=-2-.%R?-$/?-PR$?-0R-#R-/:A-:VJ=-2-;A/-/3,
:R,z- 3R,%?- HJ.- =- .R/- IA- l- 2- .J- 2>.- .$R?,%- <%- 2N- >A?- =- .$:- !J- .?- ;/- <A%2R-:$R<-?R%-,:R/-G%-%?-.R/-.J-?-=-2>.-.$R?-0-3A->J?,
HJ.- .%- %J.- $*A?-G%- PR$?- 0R- 29%- 2R- 3A/- /3,$=- +J- HJ.- GA?- .R/- $%- 8A$- ?- =- 2>.o-,$-$A?-3A-(R.-0:A-5K-o/-.-%-=-2>.-(R$
aR2-5/,5S%-o$-0,
.J- /A- $9:- %J/- 0:A- KA- SR- ;A/- =,2N- >A?- .%- ^- 2- $*A?- GA?- PR%- HJ<- IA- 5S%-G-<- 5S%- o$- 28A/- ;R.,#R-5S?$9:-:#R<-eJ?-3:A-$9:-3)$-+-VR-:O2-0<-IR/-o:A-$R/-0-$?<-2-:$:-24=-8A%-2N->A?-GA?-LA%-$A-.R<3-}R/-0R-8A$-*R-:.R.-0-.%-^-2?-z3-(-$&A$-24=-:.R.-0-<J.,
"^-2,HJ.-GA?-LA%-$A-.R<-3-}R/-0R-=J$?->R?->A$-$%-/?-*R-,2-0->J?-?3,"8J?-2N->A?-GA?-SA?,
"%?- .J- .$- $%- /?- *R- .$R?- 0- 3A- >J?,:R/- G%- %?- .J- ?- =- :SA- .$R?- 0- >J?,,R$- 3<- %- 5Sz3-:5S%-?<-:PR-.%-%?-.J:A-82?-8-2-8A$-%R->J?,%-5S?-#R-=-$%-/?-*R-.$R?-0-:SA-(R$"&J?-^-2?-2>.,
---
(z3-:5S%-#%-.,)
82?-8-0?-"6-;J,^-2,%?-HJ.-=-<R$?-<3-&A-8A$-L-.$R?-"8J?-2>.,
2N- >A?- GA?- "KA- SR<- 2.J- =J$?,:.A- /A- %:A- PR$?- 0R- 2N- >A?- ;A/,#R?- LA%- $A- .R<- 3- }R/- 0R- :$:- 24=28A/-;R.-0?-HJ.-GA?-5S%-#%-$%-8A$-%R-3R.-LJ.-,2-"&J?-^-2?-2>.,
206
"%?- HJ.- =- ;R- :2R$- Y%- =3- .%- OR3- =3- (J/-$*A?- 0- $*A?- GA- P- 9<- /- ;R.-0:A- 5S%- $*J<- #%- .J- %R- 3R.- L,
%?-2?3-/-HJ.-GA?-.J-/?-LA%-$A-.R<-3-}R/-0R-29%-2R-(-$&A$-*R-,2-"&J?-82?-8-0?-2>.,
"HJ.-GA?-%R-3R.-L?-0<-2!:-SA/-(J,%?-.-.%-z3-(-$&A$-G%-*R-.$R?-3R.,|R<-&A-43-2!R=-.$R?-2-3A->J?-2?,HJ.-=-2?3-5=-:$:-;R.-.3-"8J?-^-2?-2>.,
"=R?- ;R.,%?- 2?3- 5=- ;A/- /- (- :.A- 29%- ,:.A- .$- *3?- &/- ;A/- =- <A/- $R%- ;%- 3,R- o- 3J.,HJ.- GA?2?3-/-&A-:S-<J.-"&J?-82?-8-0?-SA?,
"z3- .J- 5S- %- =- @- &%- </,%?- .J- .$- :HJ<- %J?- ;A/,:.A- >R$- .%-,2N- >A?,%- 5S- :5S%- $*J<#%-.J<-:PR"8J?-^-2?-2>.,
(:5S%-$*J<-#%-.,)
":R,^-2,:.A-/-LA%-$A-.R<-3-}R/-0R-%?-=J$?-&/-3%-0R-;R.,%?-<A$?-$%-8A$-*R-o-,$-$A?-3A-(R.,HJ.GA?-(-$%-8A$-:.J3-o-;A/-"8J?-2N->A?-GA?-2>.,
^- 2?-"%?- (- :.A- :.J3- :.R.- 0- ;A/,.J- 5S- vR?- /- @- &%- %?- =J$?- ;A/- 8A%- <A/- $R%- @- &%- .3:,HJ.- GA?2>.-/-&A-:S-<J.-"&J?-=/-2+2,
"%?- .- .%- ,$- $A?- 3A- (R.,%?- .R- .$R%- .J<- 8A2- :.%- 8A$- 2o2- +J- ?%- *A/- %- 5S- KA<- *R- <- ;R%- /- &A- :S- <J.,
^-2,-"8J?-2N->A?-GA?-2>.,
".J-(R$-$A"
#J-5/-2&-$&A$-0,+-l=-2>3?-!R/-#%-.,
#-2h,
A/-:SA-<R:, 8R$?-0<-29%-,^-2,HJ.-<%-+-l=-2>3?-!R/-#%-.-.%R?-.R%-=-;R%-2-;A/-/3,
^-2, 7- ;J,@.- =A/- .%- A/- :SA- <R:- $*A?- !;A/- ;,%- ;%- HJ.- 5S-.%- 3*3- .- ;R%- 2- ;A/,HJ.-5S- }R/(.-+-l=-2>3?-!R/-#%-=-?%-R MR%-%3,
A/-:SA-<R:, %-<%-?R%-3-MR%-,:.A-/A-,J%?-.%-0R-;A/,
@.-=A/, %-;%-.J<-,J%?-$&A$-G%-?R%-3-MR%-,%J.-&$-:PR
---
(+-l=-2>3?-!R/-#%-.,)
207
^-2,
HJ.- GA?- <A- 3R- .J- 3,R%- MR%- %3,.J-/A-2R.-GA-,%-!-;A/- =- ?%?- o?- (R?- =$?-,.-GA-YR=- o/-<A$$/?->A$-G%-<J.,HJ.-GA?-.$R/-0-/?-,%-!<-3)=-AJ-MR%-,
@.-=A/, <J.-;,%?-2?3-/-{-:23-/?-,%-!<-3)=-2-;A/,
A/-:SA-<R:, %?-;%-,%-!-#->?-=-3)=-MR%-,%?-]-V%-/?-,%-!-(J/-0R-#->?-=-3)=-MR%-,
@.-=A/, %?- G%- ]- V%- /?- ,%- !<- 3)=- MR%- ,.$R%?- .$-8,^- 2,1- $A:A- wJ2?- %R?-?-;R.- 0- .J- .$- &A8A$-<J.,
^-2, .J-/A-z-?-<-;R.-0:A-1R-V%-0R-+-=:A-2lJ$?-P2-,%-!-8A$-<J.,
A/-:SA-<R:, %?-1R-V%-0R-+-=-9J<-2-$R-MR%-;%-.J-$+/-/?-3,R%-3-MR%-,HJ.-GA?-1R-V%-0R-+-=-3,R%-MR%-%3,
^-2, ;A/,%?- .J- 3,R%- MR%- ,%- <%- =R- $*A?- GA- }R/- .- HA3- 3A- $%- 2R- .%- 3*3- .- z- ?<- :PR- .?- .J<3)=-2-;A/,HJ.-<%-z-?<-?R%-AJ-MR%-,
A/-:SA-<R:, ?R%-3-MR%-,%-<%-z-?<-$+/-/?-?R%-3-MR%-,:R/-G%[email protected]=A/-HJ.-<%-.J<-?R%-2-3A/-/3,
@.-=A/,
;A/-;,%-<%-.J<-?R%-MR%-,%-<%-/-/A%-.L<-#<-z-?<-:P=-28.-L?-0-;A/,
------
(+-l=-2>3?-!R/-#%-$A-KA-<R=-.,)
A/-:SA-<R:, &A- :S:A-$?R/- *3?- w/- 0:A- :P.- 28.- ,J%?- >A$- <J. :%- ,.J- <A%- %- 5S?- 2R.- 3A- <A$?- GA- $?R/*3?-w/-0:A-+-l=-IA-{R<-3%-0R-8A$-3,R%-2-3-;A/-/3,
@.-=A/, =R?- ;A/,%- <%- .J- =?- .$:- 2- /A-:PJ3- !R/- L?- ;R.- 0:A- 2R.- GA- ?- $./- .J- .$- ;A/,.J- <A%<-;/-:.A<-3-;R%-2-@-&%-3A-29%-,#R?-$R-{2?-29%-2R-8A$->R<-?R%-,
^-2, <-;/-.J-<A%-$%-/-;R.,
@.-=A/, %?-3A->J?,1=-(J<-#R-<%-z-?-<-1R-V%-0R-+-=-%R-3<-3)=-.-?R%-2-;A/-0-:S,
aR2-5/,PR%-$?J2-GA-LA-=-.%-PR%-HJ<-IA-LA-=,
PR%- $?J2- GA- LA- =- .%- PR%- HJ<- IA- LA- =- $*A?- /A- PR$?- 0R- 29%- 2R- ;A/,:R/- G%- #R- 5S- 1/- 5/- 3- 3)=2<- ;/-<A%- :$R<- ?R%- ,*A/- 8A$-PR%- $?J2- GA-LA-=?-PR%- HJ<-IA-LA-=-.J- ;=-3,:-:#R2-.-$/?-0:A- #R?-HA3-=$./- :SJ/- 8?,PR%- HJ<- IA- LA- =?- PR%- $?J2- GA- - HA3- $8A- /A- $- :S- 8A$- ;A/- 0- $+/- /?- 3,R%- 3- MR%- 0?- PR$?0R:C-#R-<%-$./-:SJ/-8?-0-.$:-3R:A-%%-#?-=J/-L?,
PR%- $?J2- GA- LA- =?- <%- $A- 3PR/- 0- ;R%-2<-@- &%- 22- ($?-;A/-0:A- <%- HA3- IA- ;R.- 5.- .J,/?- .%- Y/208
3:A- ~J- 3- $?<- 2,{R$?- 3OJ$?- >A%- +R$- <A$?- $- 5S$?- .%- .3<- 3.%?- :5K<- 2:A- !- >- ?R$?-GA?- 9?- 3PR/L?,$%- v<-PR%- HJ<- IA- LA- =-.J- <%- $A- PR$?- 0R:C- 22- ($?- GA- :5S- 2- =- .$:- 0R- 3J.- 0-<J.,#R?- "HJ.<%-:.A- :S:A-.2J/-8A%- 3R-$%- 3J.-0:A-$/?-:.A<-&A-v<-:5S-2-;A/,HJ.-GA?-PR%-$?J2-+-<%-$A-3A-5K-!R%-9.-.$+R%- 2- <J.,,A<-LA- =:A- 5K- ,$- ,%- 2?- HJ.- GA?- PR%- HJ<- IA- :5S- 2- .J- S/- AJ- MR%- ,%-.%-3*3-.->R$-.%-%?-HJ.=-PR%-HJ<-IA-:5S-2-%R-3R.-LJ.,"8J?-PR%-$?J2-GA-LA-=<-2>.,
PR%-$?J2-GA-LA-=-/A-PR%-HJ<-=-$+/-/?-?R%-3-MR%-,:R/-G%-#R-<%-PR$?-0R:C-$+3-=-:,.-0-L%-!J-LA=-:.AA-$*A?-KA<PR%-HJ<-=-?R%-,3)$-3,<-#R-$*A?-36K?-#$-.0=-IA?-$+3?-0:A-PR%-HJ<-IA-LA-=-#R.-?:C$/?- .J-<-:LR<,#R-5S-$?R=- 5B$?-#%- (J-2-.J-<-,R/-eJ?-&R$-4K-!J%-.-:$R?-+J-#%-2.$-$A?-2*<-2:A-9?-:UR24=,PR%- $?J2- GA- LA- =:A- :.A- :S:A- 9- 3- 8A$- $+/- /?- 3,R%- 3- MR%- !J,.J- <- L- >- .%- %%- 0:A- >,8A3- 3%<- &/IA-|R-%:A-2$-=J2-?R2-?R2,c/-:V3-IA-(%-?R$?-;R.-=-PR%-HJ<-IA-LA-=?-.J-.$-:.A-:S:A-8A3-3%<-&/-IA-9?<A$?-GA-VR-2-$+/-/?-MR%-3J.-0:A-<%-$A-3PR/-0R-=-S%?,
;.-43-:$R<-eJ?-#R-5S?-$?R=-5B$?-mR$?->A%-,LA-=-:.A-$*A?-GA?-|R:A-KA-<R=-.-HA-{.-1R$-28A/-;R.R L%- ,\R- 2<- .,|R-KJ- !J- HA- .J- #%- 2:A- /%- .- o$?- :R%-,LA- =- .J-$*A?- M<- .- #%- 2- 8A$- $A- /%- .- o$?0- ,?+J-;A2?,
A L%-?R%-,H.-J GA?-HA-:.A-.$-}R/-(.-3,R%-MR%-%3,"8J?-PR%-$?J2-GA-LA-=?-SA?-L%-,
"&A-8$ ":R,3,R%- MR%- ,HA- :.A- .$- o/-.- 35/- 3R:C- .?- ?- ;R%- 2- .%- .J- /-%:A
A - PR%- HJ<- IA-:5S- 2:A- /%- $A- %:A- 0$$%-8A$-<J.,"&J?-PR%-HJ<-IA-LA-=?-=/-2+2,
"%:A- :5S- 2- /A- !2?- 2.J- ;A/- /:%-0$- $%-$A-OR.- /?- 9- 3- 29?- 2- $+/- /?-3J.,%- <%- <%- *A.- .$:- 2:A$/?- +J- .2J/- 8A%- 3R- $%- 3J.- 0:A- $/?- .J- <- :PR- o- ;A/- 0- .%- eJ?- KR$?- PR%- HJ<- =- $+/- /?- 3A- ;R%- ,"&J?- PR%$?J2-G-A L-A =?-2>.,
2a2-L,2.J-:)$?-OR.-GA-22-($?-GA-:5S-2-/A-0$-$%-OR.-GA-.$:-*A.-GA-:5S-2-=?-z$
#J-5/-2&-$*A?-0,,R/-*J.-.%-5S%-=?,
#-2h,
{-82?-?-OA/, 8R$?- 0<- 29%- ,aR2- PR$?- 5S,.J- <A%- %- 5S?-35S-}R/- .%- N%-$R:C-?-#=- $8/- .$- $A-,R/-*J.
209
-.%-5S%-=?-GA-{R<-=-\J%-3R=-L,/?-?-(-$%-.-*J?-0-HJ.-5S-?-8A$-$A?->J?-?3,
^-2, /?-/A-35S-}R/-IA-?-22?-3,R-2:A-$>R%-?-<-*J?->A%-=R-<J<-28A/-?-8A%-,A-3:-!R%U$-:$:A-?<-:.J2?-28A/-;R.,
{-82?-?-OA/, .J- 2.J/- 0<- :.$^- 2,/R<- =$- $*A?- GA- {R<-&A- :S- <J.,.J- 5S- ?- (- $%- .- :5S- *R%- LJ.- 0<J.,
$;%-:6S3?, /R<-=$- $*A?- !- /A- 35S-2R.-3,R-|%-$A-:VR$-HA3-5S?-:5S-*R%-LJ.-0-<J.,K$?-9R$-.J-.$-?
-,A-=J-P-28A-3-!R%-U$-:$:A-9A/-0:A-3,:-;?-0:A-C-,%-.-:5S-*R%-L?,
{-82?-?-OA/, HR.-GA?-2>.-0-2.J/,$;%-:6S3?,/R<-/$-$A?-.$R?-3#R-&A-8A$-{R%-,2,
2N->A?,
/R<- /$- 3%- (J- 2- /A- .J- 5S:C->-.%-#=-;AA-(J.- .-:5S-*R%-L?-0-<J.,/R<-#=-IA-29R?-0:A-!R.H- /A- 9A- =A%- $A- 2 9R- 9-#- >?- /?- ,R/- *J.- L?- 0- .%- .J- .$- %- 5S:A- 8A%- (J/- =?- $8/- ?- #=$8/-.$-+:%-.<-H2-(J,
{-82?-?-OA/, .J- /A- L- 2- ;$- 0R- 8A$- <J.,2N- >A?,.- .%- 35S- }R/- /?-<A$?- $8/- 0- &A- 8A$- ,R/- *J.- LJ.
-28A/-;R.,
$;%-:6S3?, 2R.-GA-?-$./-/A-35S-}R/- IA-2R.-#=-(J- >R?- #$- /?- ,R/- *J.-L?-0-.%-,R/-m?-#->?- /2KR$?-GA-o=-#2-#$-=-KA<-24S%-L?-0-<J.,
{-82?-?-OA/, @-&%-29%-,$;%-:6S3?,:R,z-3R,35S-}R/-/?-%%-=$-:.J2?-0-;A/-/3,
z-3R, 3A/,N%- $R:C- /2- L%- ?- #=- /?- %%- =$- 3A- :.J2?- >A%- .J- .$- /A- N%- $R:A-><- zR- <- ;R.- 0:A8A%-(J/-.$-/?-:.J2?-0-3R.-3%-2R-KA:A-o=-#2-/?-/%-:SJ/-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
{-82?-?-OA/, o=-#2-$8/-.$-/?-5S%-m?-$8/-0-&A-8A$-/%-:SJ/-L?-0-<J.,
^-2, ,-3$-.%-A-<$(/-?R$?-o=-#2-$8/-0-/?-/%-:SJ/-LJ.-GA/-;R.-=,.J-28A/-H-2-.%
-<R=-3R-?R$?-G%-/%-:SJ/-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
aR2-5/,L%-,%-$A-<%-L%-#R<-;$-Y%-*R2-#J-#$
2R.-uR%?-?- @- &%- .!R/- 0:A- <A- *J?- YR$- ($?- .%- ,36K?- >A%- v- /- #$- 0:A- <A- 5S$?,3,R-8A%- ;%?- 2:A-?|%- 2&?- ;R.- 0?- :63- \A%- $A- ;=- P- !/- =- 3A%- .- P$?- ;R.,:R/- G%- :63- \A%- $A-3A- P%?- :1<- $R/- L%- 2:A{2?-.%-2!/-/?-YR$-($?-GA-#-P%?-,.-=-.$$-nJ/-(J/-0R-,J2?-.%-,J2?-28A/-;R.,
210
*J- 2:A- =R- :$:A- <A%- =,3A:A- <A$?- GA?- <%- L%- #R<- ;$- =- $/R.- *R/- 29R- 2:A- L- :$=- %J=- 2- /?- 29%- 2R.#=- .- ;R.- 0:A- <A- *J?- YR$- ($?- GA- #- P%?- .J-)J- *%- .- :PR- 28A/- ;R.,#R- 5S?- >- 9- 2:A- (J.- .- :VR%- i3?- 2?.0- .%- 2R.- GA- $4S.- i3?- G%- .J- .$- $A- l- (J- 2:A-#-=- =J/- 0:A- (J.- .-2?.-0-<J.,.J:A- nJ/- IA?-2R.-GA- ?- (<- ;R.0:A-<A-*J?-YR$-($?-i3?-=-.?-GA-:PR?-.%-2!/-/?-*J/-#:A-<A$?-)J-3%-/?-)J-3%-.-:PR-28A/-3(A?,
1993=R<- L%- ,%- .- <%- L%-#R<- ;$- Y%- *R2- #J- #$- 24$?- +J- *J/- #:A- $/?- ?- z%- 2:A- <A- *J?-YR$- ($?i3?-=-Y%-*R2-L?,#J-#$-.J-/A-2R.-<%-*R%-uR%?-GA-zR-/2-?-#=-.-$/?->A%-.J:A-?-(:A-o-HR/-,A-=J-P-28A-3250z$- 29%- ;R.- 0?-:63- \A%- $A- Y%- *R2-?-#=- A%- $*A?- 0<- I<- :.$Y%- *R2- #J- #$- .J- <- <A- *J?- YR$($?-<A$?-3%-0R-;R.-0-.%-,.J:A-/%-:VR%-.%-$4S.,n%-,cR=-2-2&?-:.,Y%-*R2-?-#=-.-<A-?$?-dR/-3A(R$-=-v-{R<-2-5%-3-;%-Y%-*R2-#J-#$-$A?-.3A$?-2?=-IA-(R$-3(/-,R2-eJ?-.-$9R.-?-#=-#->?-?-:PR(R$Y%- *R2- #J- #$- .J-<- .- .%- <A- ?$?- dR/- 0<- }R/- :$R$- LJ.- 3#/- IA- :VR$- 0:A- ..- HA3- 3500z$- :5S- #R.L?-;R.,Y%-*R2-#J-#$-.J-24$?-0-/?-29%-!J-<A-*J?-YR$-($?-GA-#-P%?-.J-<A3-28A/-)J-3%-.-I<,
$%- v<- L%- ,%- $A- #R<- ;$- Y%- *R2-#J- #$- =- .!:- #$- :$:-;R.- .J,OA3?- =$?-=-.R- $%- 3A- LJ.-0:A-3A- #>?- GA?- .- .%- <A- ?$?- dR/- 28A/- ;R.,<%- L%- #R<- ;$- Y%- *R2- #J- #$- .J- <- /$?- =?- *J/- gR$- 0- *J<- $*A?- 3$+R$?- 3J.- 0?- dR/- 0- i3?-2!$- :$R$- L- o-.J- .!:- #$- $A- $/?- ?- z%- ;R.,.J- 2?- <A- *J?- YR$- ($?- .%- lA>A%- $A- <A$?- GA- $/?- 22- .J- }<- =?- )J- 29%- .- $+R%- 2<- /$?- =?- *J/- gR$- 0- .%- L- 2- 12- 3#/- 3%- 0R8A$-.$R?-0?-|R<-3R-3%-0R-3#R-:.$
L%-,%-$A-<%-L%-#R<-;$-Y%-*R2-#J-#$-/A-3,R%-.!R/-0:A-<A-*J?-YR$-($?-.%-lA->A%-$A-<A$?-.J-.$-3J.2_$- +-:PR-2<- Y%- *R2-LJ.- 0<-24$?-0-;A/,#R-5S?-?-$/?-GA-3A-.%-YA.-$8%-=-3*3-:VJ=-|R?-L-2-1228A/-;R.-0-.%-2R.-GA-?-#=-;R%?-GA-<A-*J?-YR$-($?-.%-lA->A%-=-Y%-*R2-,J2?-;R.,$=-+J-:$=-nJ/-&A-;%3-L%-5K,2R.-GA-?-(<-;R.-0:A-YR$-($?-GA-#-P%?-.J-3-3,.-.-)J-3%-=-:PR-%J?-<J.,
#J-5/-2&-$?3-0,%?-?-(-$%-/?-9-3-29:-,2,
#-2h,
(Y%-=3-A%-$*A?-0-.%-/2-=3-$*A?-GA-P-9<-.,)
$;%-:6S3?, 6-;J,1R=-3,.?-;/-<A%-2R<-HJ.-.%-3-:U.-0?-9A-=A%-=-aJ2?-0<-.$:-2?-8,
211
1R=-3, 2!:- SA/- (J,1R=- 3,HJ.- .%- 3)=- 2- .%R?- $/?- 29%- ,%- <%- PR%- HJ<- =-L- 2- :$:212-+-;R%-2-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, @-&%-29%-,HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-*R-:.R.-0-;A/,
1R=-3, ,R$- 3<,%?- <%- $A- A- 3<-IR/- 0- 8A$- *R- :.R.- 0- ;A/,#R- 3R?- .?- ;/- <A%- 2R<- IR/- 0-$?<2-$&A$-G%-3-*R?,HJ.-=-IR/-$R?-$?<-2-*R-2<-2?3-5=-:$:-;R.-.3,
$;%-:6S3?, %?-2?3-/-o-=3-2<-3-/-;R.-0:A-5S%-$*J<-#%-.J-29%-,HJ.-<%-Y%-=3-$*A?-2-.J.-.J#%-2!<-$&A$-$A-1-<R=-.-,R/-eJ?-$;R/-KR$?-?-?R%-/-5S%-$*J<-#%-.J-/A-$;?-KR$?-?
-;R.-0:A-#%-2lJ$?-A%-$*A?-0-.J-;A/,.-.%-HJ.-=-$8/-0-&A-8A$-24=-o-;R.,
1R=-3, %?- .- .%- A- 1<- [R$- .J2- :$:- *R?- /- :.R.,HJ.- GA?-?- $%- /?- .?- .J2- GA- {R<- *R- ,2- 0>J?-?3,
$;%-:6S3?, ;A/- ;,%?- .J- >J?,Y%- =3- .%- 0R- .%- /2- =3- $*A?- GA- 2$R=- 353?-GA- /2- L%- $A- P9<-.-.0J-:5S%-#%-8A$-;R.,HJ.-<%-=3-/R<-3A-YA.,
1R=-3, :PA$- ?R%- ,3)$- 3,<- %?- <%- $A- %/- 3(J.- =- lJ.-(?- 8A$- *R?-/- :.R.,?- :.A:A- *J- :P3/-lJ.-(?-:5S%-?-8A$-AJ-;R.,
$;%-:6S3?, %?- 4$?- #%- $A- *J- ?- <- lJ.- (?- :5S%- ?- 8A$- ;R.- 0<-:.R.,%?- 2?3- /- .J- /A- Y%- =3- .%0R-.%-$*A?-0-$*A?-2<-IA-/2-=3-.-$/?,HR.-=-*R-o-$8/-0-AJ-;R.,
1R=-3, ;R.,.- .%- $&A$- ;R.,HJ.- GA?- 2.$- =- 9- 3- 29:- ?- 8A$- 2>.- /- (R$- $3,%- <%- @- &%vR$?-:.$-0?-%?-g->-ZA=-2R-$&A$-G%-9-,2,
$;%-:6S3?, %?- :.A- .%- ,$- 3A- <A%- 2:A- ?<- .LA- ?A- =/- IA- 9- #%- 8A$- ;R.- 0- >J?,%- ;%- vR$?- :.$0?-:-&$-3*3-.-:PR,
aR2-5/,3$R-:,R3?-0,
(?-O<-2vR?-/?-$+3-o.-:.A-(-5%-.-$+R%-.$R?,)
/R<- 2- 9A- =A%- =- ,R/- 3- ,$- 3$R- :,R3?- 0- <J.,#R- <%- .- v- 3J- :#R<- :22- 5$?- ?- ;R.- =-.R- .$R%- 36:- 2lJ3PR/- #%-/?- 8$- #R.- LJ.- lA?- ;R.,#R?- =3- KR$?- :SA- ?:A- 3A- $&A$- G%- 3- fJ.,{2?- .J<- /3- ^- :H$?->A%(<-2-:22-&A%-/R<-2-;%-,%-(.-.J-2NJ?-vR$?-GA?-3/<-:.$3)$-3,<,#R?-]R-:SA-?-8A$-fJ.-L%-,
212
#R?-"HJ.-GA?-36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-.J-$%-/-;R.-0->J?-?3-"8J?-SA?,
*J?- 0- .J?- ".J- /A- =?- a- 3R- 8A$- <J.,HJ.- <%- 3./- KR$?- ?-#%- 2!<- $*A?- GA- ?<- ?R%- eJ?- $;R/- KR$?- GAY%-=3-$?3-0<-8$?-5K-36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-/A-$;R/-P=-IA-#%-2lJ$?-.%-0R-.J-;A/-"8J?-=/-2+2,
/R<-2?-*J?-0-.J-=-2!:-SA/-8?-eJ?-#R?-2!/-0:A-=3-KR$?-.J.-/?-?R%-,
$%-v<-#R-<%-Y%-=3-$?3-0<-,R/-.?-#R?-_________3,R%- ,:R/- G%- #R?- 36:- 2lJ- 3PR/- #%- 3,R%-3- ,2,
#R?- 3A- $8/- 8A$- 24=- +J-:SA- :.R.- 0-;A/- 3R.- 3A- :I%?- 2<- *J?- 3- 8A$- $A?- :PR- 353?- 28$- !J- #R- 2R<- <R$?<3-LJ.-L%-,
/R<-2?-"%?-36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-:5S=-28A/-;R.-0?-HJ.-GA?-%-=-.J-$%-.-;R.-0-2>.-AJ-,2-"&J?-2>.,
"=R?- ,2,HJ.- <%- Y%- =3- $?3-0-.J.-.J-.GR$?-353?-$*A?-0-/?-$;R/-KR$?-?-?R%-5K-+$-+$-3./KR$?-GA-$;?-P=-.-36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-;R.-0-3,R%-,2-"&J?-*J?-3-.J?-2>.,
/R<- 2?-*J?- 3-.J?- 2>.- 0:A- =3- KR$?- .J.- /?- ?R%- 2- <J.,:R/- G%- #R- .J- <- :LR<- eJ?- #R?- ________
3,R%-2-.%-}<-28A/-$-?-$%-=-2v?-G%-36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-3-3,R%-2-<J.,
"HJ.-GA?-2.$-=-36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-.J-&A-v<-24=-.$R?-0-2>.-,2-23-"8J?-/R<-2?-*J/-gR$-0-8A$-=SA?,
*J/- gR$- 0?- ".J<- *R/- 3A- :.$HJ.- <%- Y%- =3- .%- 0R- .%- /2- =3- $*A?- GA- 2$R=- 353?- ?- ?R%- 5K,36:2lJ-3PR/-#%-/A-.J:A-/2-L%-$A-P-9<-+-;R.-"&J?-2>.,
"HJ.-=-.J:A-{R<-IA-=3-;A$-&A$-:VA-o-;R.-.3,%?-/R<-:($-29R-3A-:.R.-"&J?-/R<-2?-2>.,
*J/-gR$-0-.J?-#-KR$?-i3?-VA?-eJ?-.J-/R<-2-=-3., :R/-G%-#R?-#-KR$?-.J.-.J-?R%-.?- __________
3,R%-;%-36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-fJ.-3-,2,
3)$-3,<,/R<-2?-Y%-=3-/?-LA?-0-8A$-3,R%-,
LA?-0?-"HJ.-GA?-8$-#R.-LJ.-?-8A$-:5S=-28A/-0-;A/-/3-"8J?-SA?,
";A/- ;,%?- .J- 24=- 28A/- ;R.,%?- $%- ?- $%- =- 24=-;%- 8$- #R.- LJ.- ?- 8A$- fJ.- 3A- ,2,HJ.- GA?-2.$-=J /<-R 2?-=/-2+2,
<R$?-L.-J ,2-23-"8? "Y%- =3- .%- 0R- .J.- /?- ,.- !<- 3./- KR$?- ?- kA.- s- 2o- ?R%- 5K- 36:- 2lJ- 3PR/- #%- /A- Y%- =3- .J:A- $J- 3R:C$;?-P=-.-;R.-"&J?-LA?-0-.J?-2>.,
/R<- 2?- LA?- 0?- 2>.- 0:A- =3- KR$?- .J.-/?- Y%- =3- .J:A- $J- 3R- <- :LR<- .?-#R- <%- a<- ;%213
__________3./-.-;R.-0<-;-35/-*J?,
HJ.-GA?-/R<-2-=-8$-#R.-LJ.-?<-:PR-2:A-#-KR$?-2>.-,2-23,
M
W
E
1 S
THIRD
STREET
4
SECOND
STREET
FIRST
10 A
STREET
11
1 - (/-#%-,
5 - $%?-uR%?-9-#%-,
9 - 8A-2.J-3PR/-#%-,
3 - .LA-?A-=/-9-#%-,
7 - 5S%-$*J<-#%-,
11 - 3J-:#R<-:22-5$?,
2 - .%=-#%-,
4 - 36:-2lJ-3PR/-#%-,
6 - lJ.-(?-5S%-#%-,
8 - 4$?-#%-,
]-------------------------------------------[
500 (kA.,)
L%-,
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214
10 - .0J-#%-,
#J-5/-2&-28A-2,/3-3#:-<-{<-3-$-5S.-;R.-.3,
$&A$#-2h,(35/-3R<-<A:A-lJ-/?)
$;%-:6S3?, 3R?-35S-%R?-GA-KR$?-?-2v?-+J-2>.-0---2N->A?, HRR.- ;A/- /3,$;%- :6S3?,HJ.- GA?- :.A- /- &A-8A$- LJ.- 28A/- ;R.,:R,HJ.- GA?- [R$- 28A/- 0:A
-.0J-(-.J-&A-8A$-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?,%-<%-=R- 3%- 0R- 8A$- =- <A- lJ- :.A<- ;R%- /?- <%- $A- ~/- %$- [R$-0-;A/,%?-.-?R-3-~/-%$-&A$-VA?0-.J-:.R/-lA?-LJ.-28A/-;R.,HJ.-GA?-:.A-/-&A-8A$-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
2N->A?, %-<%-{<-3<-2v-<-;R%-2-;A/,2.$-=R-2&:A-!J%-/?-29%-<A-3$R-:.A<-;R%-/?-35/-3R:C-/33#<- 2v?- 2- ;A/,=R-/- (%- %:A- .?- ?-%?- {<- 3- ;R.- 5.- 2lA- ,2- 0<- ~3- 3R.,.- {2?- %?{<-3-2P%-=?-:.?-0-;R.-0->K?-2-3-9.,{<-5S$?-GA-OR.-/?-$+3-o.-24=-o-/A-{<-32P%-o-=?-3R-$%-w/-0-8A$-;A/-0-;%->J?-;R.,
$;%-:6S3?,%?-HJ.-<%-35/-3R:C-/3-3#<-:.A-:S:A-3R-$%-;R.-0-3->J?,%-=-;%-o/-.-^-2-.%-{<-5S$?,
o-{<-2&?-GA->J?-L-.R%-:.R.-GA-:./-0-;R.,
2N->A?, %?- HJ.- =- {<- 3:A- {R<-IA- >J?- L- 3%- 0R- 2>.- (R$- 0- .%- HJ.- =- ;%- ~/- %$- {R<- IA- SA2-:$:-:SA-:.R.,HJ.-GA?-.?-;/-&A-43-=-~/-%$-VA?-0-;A/,
$;%- :6S3?,%?- (%- .?- /?- 29%- ~/- %$- VA?- 0- ;A/- =,,- /- %?- <%- *A.- /-A 3A%- P$?- (J- 2:A- ~/- %$- 08A$-;A/-0:A-kA-=3-;%-o/-.-kA?-MR%-,$=-+J-HJ.-=-:./-0-;R.-5-K %-=-~/-%$-{R<-IA-SA-2-$%<%-.-:SA-(R$
2N->A?, :R,%?- .- .%- HJ.- =- .R/- .$- $8/- 8A$- :SA- o- ;R.,$9:- :#R<- eJ?- 3:A- $9:- %J/- 0:A- *A/- HJ.<%-%-.%-3*3-.-VR-:O2-0<-:PR-o-AJ-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?,2N->A?,%?-HR.-GA?-.J-/3-;%-:SA-3A-YA.-~3,%-<%-HJ.-.%-3*3-.-VR-:O2-0<-:PR-:.R.-;R.,
2N->A?, %?- %- 5S:C- aR2- ,/- .%- 0R- /?- 29%- HJ.- =- VR- :O2- 0<- :PR- 8J?- 2>.- :.R.- ;R.- 3R.,:R/- G%%?- )A- v<- 2>.- o- 3- >J?,HJ.- GA?- %?- <J- 2- .%- =J/- L?- 0<- %- <%- .$:,:R,%?- HR.- =- 2<(.-29R?-0<-.$R%?-0-3-5S3,HJ.-GA?-~/-%$-:.R/-o-o/-:HR%?-LR?,
$;%-:6S3?, %-<%-=R-.-3<-:.A-:S-8A$-.$:-3-MR%-,
215
3A-P%?-3IR$?-:1J=-IA-$?-$+R.-(J/-0R,
$%- :S- 8A$- =- $?- $+R.- 9J<,HJ.- GA?- 2f/- :UA/- .%- \R$- 2f/- =?- 3A- P%?- $?- $+R.- L%- 28A/- 0- 3,R%- AJMR%-,.?-<2?-*J<-$&A$-0:A-.?-:$R<,<%-<J:A-$R-=-:.A:A-!J%-.-:$?-m?-GA?-3-29R?-0:A-$?-$+R.-<A$?-$?<2-8A$-L%-28A/-;R.-0-/A-3A-P%?-3IR$?-:1J=-IA-$?-$+R.-(J/-0R-<J.,
?:A- $R- =:A- !J%-.- 3A- $- 5S.- :5S- #R.- LJ.- ;R.,<%- <J:A- $R- =:A- !J%- $A- 3A- P%?- =R- %R- !R%- U$- .- 3:A- <A%- .=- 2:A%%-:1J=-o?-L%-2-<J.,=R-%R-*A?-!R%-$A-;<-}R/-.-?:A-$R-=:A-!J%-3A-?-;250;R.-0-.%-,=R-28A-2o:A-;<-}R/-.-?:A-
$R-=:A-!J%-$A-3A-P%?- .- .%- ?- ;500z$- ;R.- 3R.,.?- <2?- *A- >- 2:A- .?- :$R- /?- 29%- 3A- P%?- :1<- 5.- )J3IR$?- ?- ?R%- !J-1900=R<- 3A- P%?- ?- ;1700z$- =- :1J=- 2- .%-1970=R<-3A- P%?- ?- ;3600=-aJ2?,$R%-$A-:.A=?- =R-%R- 2./- &:A- /%- 3A- P%?- w2- :I<- IA?- :1<- $R/- L%-2- >J?- ,2,3*3- :VJ=- o=- 5S$?- GA?- 2>.- 0- v</- .?- <2?- *A- >- 2:A- .?- 3)$- +- ?:A- $R- =:A-3A-P%?-@-=3-.%-K<-S$- &-;A/-=,3A-#->?-GA?-,A-=R2010=R<-?:A$R- =:A- 3A- P%?-.%- K<- 2./- &-=-aJ2?- ,2- 2?3- 28A/- ;R.- 0?- ?:A- $R- =:C- 3A- P%?- ;%- 2*<- w2- :I<- IA?- :1<$R/-:L%-%J?-<J.,
.-{2?-?:A-$R-=:A-!J%-$A-3A-P%?-:1<-$R/-IA-5.-}<-=?-z$-+-)J-3IR$?-?-:PR-28A/-;R.,=R-<J:A-/%-LA?-0250000*J?- 28A/- ;R.- 0?- .J- .$- =- 9- 3- .%- #R.-$/?-%J?-&/-8A$-.$R?- 3R.,*J-2:A-=R- :$:A-<A%-$8%-=3-.%-#%2lJ$?- 3A- *%- 2- 8A$- 8A%- ,%- .- =?- 2- .%- 2!/- /?- ?- 8A%- $A- :2R<- P%?- G%- <A3- IA?- )J- *%- .- ?R%- ,.J:A- <A%- =- ,R/#%?-:6.-PR/-3IR$?-M<-%%-)J-(J<-KA/-;R.-.J-(-2!R=-2:A-5.-.%-,:2.->A%-2!R=-2:A-5.,hR-$3-2!R=-2:A-5.,
\R$-2!R=-2:A-5.-2&?-}<-=?-(J:R,$=-+J-?:A-$R-=:A-3A-P%?-3-3,.-.-3IR$?-M<-%%-:1<-$R/-L%-/-3A-i3?=-?-.%-9-3-?R$?-:5S-#R.-LJ.-0:A-,R/-#%?-;R.-3A-YA.,
%- 5S?- )A- v<- :63- \A%- $A- 3A- P%?- 5S.- :6B/- LJ.- .$R?- ?3,$/.- .R/- :.A- ,$- $A?- $&R.- 0<- ,2?- =3- 3%0R- ;R.- .J,.%- 0R,HA3- 5%- $A- 3A- P%?- )J- *%- .- $+R%- 2- !J- LA?-0-*%-*%-*J?-0,$*A?-0,,2?-$-5S$?-2!R=-+J-$R-=^3- 0R:C- !J%- $A- 9?- <A$?- ,R/- #%?- o- (J<- $+R%- 2,$?3- 0,:1J=- o?- ?- ?R%- 2:A- o=- #2- #$- .%-:1J=o?- ?-.J-:S-?R%-3J.-0:A-o=-#2-#$-3*3-:VJ=-LJ.-.J-,R/-#%?-:6.-PR/-IA-5.-)J-(%-.-$+R%-2,:.A-v<-?:A-$R=:A-!J%-.-3A?-3-2!%-2:A-}R/-.-%-5S?-%J?-0<-.-$/.-.R/-:.A-,$-$&R.-LJ.-.$R?,.J-v<-3-L?-5K-?:A-$R-=:A-!J%$A-3A-?-=:%-3A-P%?-$/.-.R/-:.A-,$-$&R.-LJ.-0:A-$R-{2?-%J?-&/-8A$-;R.-3A-YA.-.R,
216
#J-5/-2&R-s-2,$?<-$+R.-.%-$?<-fJ.-GA-.%R?-0R,
#-2h,
{-82?-=A:R%-, aR2-PR$?-5S,KA-SR-2.J-=J$?,.J-<A%-%-5S?-:63-\A%-!J%-$4S-(J-2:A-$?<-$+R.-.%-$?<-fJ.-L%2:A-.%R?-0R:A-{R<-\J%-o-;A/-0?,3J-m?-$%-/?-$?<-$+R.-L?-0-??-2>.-,2,
^-2, 3J-m?-/A-N%-$R-/?-$?<-$+R.-L?-0-;A/-=,>R$-2:%-N%-$R-2?-$?<-$+R.-L?-0-<J.,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, ^-2,2!:-SA/-(J,:R-/,(J?-,R$-3:A-5$?-0<-N%-$R-/?-0<-20/-L?-0-AJ-<J.,
$;%- :6S3?, 3- <J.,(J?- ,R$- 3:A- 5$?- 0<- /A- :)<- 3/- /?- 0<- .- 20/- =,0<- 20/- :U=- (?- G%- :)<3/-IA-3A?-$?<-$+R.-36.-0-<J.,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, $;%- :6S3?,%R- 3?- 29%- $A:R- /,$?R- <A$- $A- KR$?-/?- L%- 2:A- $?<- fJ.- .%R?- 0R:C- <A$?\J%-/-)A-:S-<J.,z-:V3-IA-/.-=-(/-2&R?-LJ.-,2?-.J-.?-/3-8A$-=-$?<-fJ.-L%-2-<J.,
2N->A?, z-:V3-IA-/.-=-(/-2&R?-LJ.-,2?-/A-.?-<2?-*A->:A-/%-$?<-.-fJ.-=,.-v-/.-<A$?-:.A5S.-v-#%-$A-/%-.-3-$+R$?-3J.,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, 2N- >A?,.J- /A- %R- 3?- ;- 35<- 0R- :.$z- 3R,2<- $%-$A- $?<- $+R.- GA-.%R?-0R-:S-\J%-/-)A- :S<J.,:)A$-gJ/-:1<-P-/A-,R$-3<-A-<-/?-29R?-0-<J.-.3,
z-3R, 3-<J.,(J?-,R$-3:A- :)A$-gJ/-:1<-P-/A-?:-=J/-/?-29R?->A%-,3A?-29R?-Y%-{<-/A-A-<-?:A3A?-$?<-$+R.-36.,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, lA?-:#R<-G%-A-<-?:A-3A?-$?<-$+R.-36.-0-AJ-<J.,
2N->A?, lA?- :#R<- /A- A- <- /?- $?<-$+R.-L?-=,.J-/A-.?-<2?-*A->:A-/%-$A-2J.-,R.-(J?-(J-2:A-$?<$+R.-GA-P?->A$-<J.,
^-2, %?-lA?-:#R<-=?-G%-2J.-,R.-(J-2:A-.%R?-0R-8A$-;R.-~3,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, .J-&A-8A$-<J.,
^-2, %?-2?3-/-3A-8A$-$A?-%:A-=?-L-;R%?-mR$?-:VA-,2-0:A-:U=-(?-8A$-$?<-$+R.-LJ.-,2-~3,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, ^-2,.J-/A-2?3-5=-;$-0R-8A$-<J.,.J-1=-(J<-HR.-<%-*A.-GA?-$?<-$+R.-LJ.-.$R?,
217
aR2-5/,1$-U$-$?3,
}R/-IA-.?->A$-=,/$?-5=-!$-0R- 8A$-$A-OR.-.-1$-U$-$?3-:5S-#R.-L?-;R.,$.$-l2-(J-2:A-,%-!A-(J/0R- 8A$- G%- /$?- 5=- .J- <-$/?- ;R.- &A%- .J?-o/- .- 1$- U$- .J- 5S<- 0$- $%- 2a%?- 2?,#R- 5S?- 0$- .%%?- .%2&?-:5S-2-<R=-28A/-;R.,*A/-8A$-1$-.J-5S?-<%-<%-=-,%-!A-:$R$-LJ.-GA-#%-2-<J-29R-o-,$-$A?-2&.,
1$- .%- 0R:C- #%- 2- /A- C- =?- 29R?- >A%- ,.J- /A- 29R- a- 8A%- .$/- #<- SR/- 0R- <J.,1$- $8/- $&A$- $A- #%- 2- .L$0?- 29R?- 2- .%- ,.J- /A- .%- 0R-=?- Y- 8A%-o- (- /$?- 5=- IA- OR.- .- ;R.- 0?- 29R- o- ;%-.!:- 3R- 3- <J.,1$- &A$>R?-.J:A-#%-2-/A-?R-1$-$A?-29R?-=,.J-/A-1$-$8/-$*A?-GA-#%-2-=?-z$-+-29R-.!:-/:%-(J?-2g/-0R-<J.,
*A/- 8A$,%- !A?- /$?- 5=- IA- OR.- /- 9?- :5S=- 28A/- :.$&%- 3- :$R<- 2<- #R?- 1$- U$- $?3- 0R?- 29R?- 0:A-#%2-.$-3,R%-!J-2>.-o<,"%-/A-)A-:S:A-,%-!A-=?-&/-8A$-<J.-A%-,%:A-.$R%-)<-1$->-$?<-2-9-,2-o-<J.,"
,%-!A-.J-1$-.%-0R:C-#%-:P3-.-?R%-!J-2>.-o<"|R-KJ-!J-%-/%-=-;R%-.-:)$-<R$?,"
1$-.%-0R?-"%?-|R-$+/-/?-:LJ.-3A-,2,"&J?-=/-2+2,
.J- /?- ,%- !A?- ":R- /,%?- .2$?- @=- @=- ]%?- +J- HR.- GA- #%- 2-: #<- 2<- L- o"8J?- 2>.- .J- #R?- .2$?- (J/- 0R8A$-]%?-+J-1$-.J:A-C-#%-$+R<-2>A$-+-2+%-,1$-.%-0R-.J-1$-$*A?-0:A-#%-2:A-/%-;A2-0<-VR?,
.J-/?-,%-!A-1$-$*A?-0:A-#%-:P3-.-?R%-!J,"|R-KJ-!J-%-/%-=-;R%-.-:)$-<R$?,"&J?-2>.,
1$-$*A?-0-.J?"%?-|R-$+/-/?-:LJ.-3A-,2,"&J?-=/-2+2,
,%- !A?".J?- /- %?- .2$?- @=- @=- .- ]%?- +J- HR.- GA- #%- 2- :#<- 2<- L-o"8J?- 2>.- .J- #R?- .2$?- (J/- 0R8A$-d2- !-J 1$- $*A?- 0- .J:A- #%- 2- ;%- C- #%- )A- 28A/- M<- 2<- $+R<- 2>A$- +- 2+%- ,1$- .J- $*A?- 1$- $?3- 0:A- #%2:A-/%-;A2-0<-VR?,
3,<-,%-!A-.J-1$-$?3-0:C-#%-:P3-.-?R%-!J-2>.-o<"|R-KJ-!J-%-/%-=-;R%-.-($"&J?-2>.,
1$-$?3-0R?"%-5S?-|R-$+/-/?-:LJ.-3A-,2,"&J?-=/-2+2,
,%- !A?":R- /,%?- .2$?- @=- @=- .- ]%?- +J- H.-R 5:CS - #%- 2- :#<- 2<- L- o-"8J?- 2>.- .J- #R?- .2$?- (J/0R-]%?-G%-?R-1$-=?-29R?-0:A-#%-2-.J-:#<-3-,2,3)$-3,<-,%-!A-.J-1%?-?J3?-.%-2&?-KA<-?R%-2-.%-1$U$-(%-(%-$?3-0R-*J/-#-=?-,<,
2a2-L, $%-8A$-=?-=-8$?-0:A-.?,,
U-8A2-]R-;A-12-0-;A?,,
%=-2:A-:V?-2-/3-;%-;R.,,
218
#J-5/-2&-S$-0,?:A-$R-=:A-KA-<R=-.-YR$-($?-;R.-.3,
#-2h,
<.-;/, 6-;J,^-2,HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-LJ.-GA/-;R.,
^- 2, :R,7J,<.- ;/,%?- :)A$- gJ/- KA- <R=- {R<- IA- .0J- (- 8A$- [R$- 28A/- ;R.,:)A$- gJ/- IA- #3?- /A- @- &%(J- 8A%- o-{<- .%- Y%- {<- >A/- +-3%-2- .J?,%- o- {<- $8/- 0:A- !J%- .- ?J3?- &/- ;R.-3J.- =-2?3- ]R$+R%-.-2&$
<.-;/, HJ.-GA?-2?3-/-o-{<-$8/-0:A-!J%-.-?J3?-&/-;R.-.3,
^- 2, %?- .J:A- {R<- IA- .0J- (- 2[$?- 0- 3- $+R$?- $&A$- G%- 3,R%- 3- MR%- 2?,%?- ?:A- $R- ?:A- KA- <R=- .YR$-&/-;R.-3J.-,$-$A?-3A-(R.,HJ.-GA?-2?3-/-)A-:S-<J.,
<.- ;/, %?- o- {<- $8/- 0:A- !J%- .- ?J3?- &/- ;R.- 3J.- 3A- >J?,:R/- G%- %?- o%- >J=- =?- i3- 0<- :5K<2:A- :R.- 9J<- 3,R%- 2- .%- 1- #.- :U=- (?- =?- H.- 35<- 2:A- 1- ,R?- MR%,%?- .J- .$- /A- ?:A- $R=:A- !J%- $A- 3A?- LJ.- 0<- 3A- :.R.,.J- 2?- %?- 2?3- /- ?:A- $R- =:A- KA- <R=- .-?J3?- &/- <A$?- $8/8A$-;R.-#R-,$-<J.,
^-2, :R,HJ.-GA?-%R-3-.J-v<-:.R.-.3,
<.-;/, ;A/-;,%?-.J-v<-:.R.,.J-=?-$8/-.-<%-%?-^-2:A-$R-=:A-!J%-.-3A-8A$-;R.-0-3,R%-,
^-2, HJ.-GA?-^-2:A-$R-=:A-!J%-.-3A-;R.-0-,$-$A?-$&R.-,2-23,
<.-;/, %?-,$-$?A =R?-(R.,HJ.-GA-3A%-=-^-2-3A-9J<-<3,
^-2, 9J<,.J-9J<,.J-9J<-/-&A-<J.,
J
<.-;/, .LA/-;A$-$A-"^-2"=-&A-v<-:P=,
^-2, ^-2:A-$R-.R/-/A-.LA/-;A$-$A?"moon"9J<,
<.-;/, .J?-/-^-2:A-/%-.-;R.-0:A-3A-.J-/A-HR.-;A/-#R-,$-<J.,
aR2-5/,!R%-2:A-.LA%?-<A3-IA-:P/-2#<,
1959=R:C- ^- 2&- 2<,?:- 2-J :.- G-A 5/- <A$- 0- 5S?- ,R$- .%- 0R<- !R%- 2:A- .LA%?- <A3- .- 3A:A- 29R?- Y%{<-$+R%- o<- P- 21A$?- L?,;/-;%A #R- 5S?- <%- *A.- =- o=- #- ,R2- 3A/- 3A- >J?,3- :I%?- 2<,3A:A- 29R?- Y%{<-9J<-2:A-Y%-{<-(%-%-8A$-2<-$%-.-2+%-8A%-.J-*A.-o=-#:A-%%-?:A-$R-=<-wA%-{R<-o$-,2-0-L%-,.J-.?219
5/- <A$- 0- 5S?- .J- 2*<- 29R- LJ.- ,2- 0<- ;A.- (J?- L%- ,1959=R:C- ^- 2&- $&A$- 0<,#R- 5S?- "3A:A- 29R?- Y%- {<$*A?- 0,"8J?- :2R.- 0:A- Y%- {<- (J/- 0R- 8A$- !R%- 2:A- .LA%?- <A3- .- 2+%- ,,J%?- :.A<,#R- 5S?- HA-U$- 8A$- :P=28.-0<-L?-+J-:1<-P:A-!J%-.-28$#R-5S-a<-;%-=J$?-:P2-L%-2-.%-.J-/A-5/-<A$-,.-GA-o=-#-8A$-<J.,
1969 =R:A- ^- 2- 2./- 0<,A- 3J- <- !:A- 5/- <A$- 0- 5S?- ?:- 2J- :.- GA?- :)A$- gJ/- :1<- P:A- ,.- /?- o=#- ]%?- 0- .J- 3,R%- 2?,#R- 5S?- <%- *A.- GA?- G%- .J- .%- :S- 2:A- .%R?- 0R- =?- 29R- LJ.- ,2- 0<- 2?3,+$+$- ,J%?- :.A<,#R- 5S?- :1<- P:A- !J%- .- HA- 8A$- :)R$- 3- :.R.- 0<- 3A- 8A$- 2#.- .J- :P=- 28.- 0- LJ.2?3-0-.%-,?:A-$R-=-#R-/<-wA%-{R<-o$-3A-:.R.-0<-^-2:A-$R-=:A-!J%-.-:1<-:.R.-*J?,
&%-3-:$R<-2<,A-3J-<-!:A-5/-<A$-0-5S?-"A-0R-=R-$*A?-0,"8J?-:2R.-0:A-:)A$-gJ/-:1<-P-8A$-2+%-,
#R- 5S?- "A- 0R- =R- $*A?- 0,".J- ^- 2:A- $R- =:A- !J%- .- :LR<- o- ,$- $A?- 3- (R.,:R/- G%- #R- 5S?- .J- :LR<- YA.- ~3,
"!R%-2:A-.LA%?-<A3-IA-:P=-28.-0,"9J<- 2:A-3A-$?3-:)A$-gJ/-:1<-P:A-!J%-=-2#.-;R.-0-.%-"A-0R-=R$*A?- 0,"o=- #:A- %%- ^- 2:A- $R- =:A- !J%- .- :LR<- ,2- 0- L%- ,1969=R:C- ^- 2- 70:A- 5K?-20*A/- !R%- 2:A- .LA%?<A3- IA- :P=- 28.- 0- $*A?- ^- 2:A- $R- =:A- !J%-=- ?R%- ,3A%- =- /J- :R- A- 3- ?A- O- <R/- 9J<- 2:A- !R%- 2:A- .LA%?- <A3IA- :P=- 28.- 0-.J?- 2>.- o<,^- 2:A- $R- =:A- !J%- $R3- $%- %R?- 2- .J- 3A:A- <A$?- =- 35S/- /-@- &%- _2?- (J- 2:A- L28$-8A$-<J.,
.J%- {2?- /A-.?-<2?-*J<- $&A$-0:A-.?-:$R-;A/- =,,J%?-eJ?-3:A-:)A$-gJ/-:1<-P-.J-$%-=-$+R%-,HJ.GA?-^-2:A-$R-=-3-$+R$?-$R-=-$8/-0:A-!J%-.-2PR.-,2-3A/-=-2?3-]R-AJ-2+%-,HJ.-GA?-?-8A$-,R$-.%-0R<o-{<-$8/-0:A-!J%-=-:PR-,2-0<-:.R.,
#J-5/-2&-2./-0,%?-H.-J GA?-$/?-5=-:.A-$R-;R.-3J.-3A->J?,
#-2h,
$;%-:6S3?, 6-;J,2N->A?,
2N->A?, 7J,$;%-:6S3?,HJ.-<%-2.J-3R-;A/-/3,
$;%-:6S3?, ;A/-;,%-2.J-3R-;A/,:R/-G%-%?-?J3?-0-&%-43-*R,%?-HJ.-GA?-$/?-5=-:.A-$R-;R.-3J.3A->J?,aR2-{2?-eJ?-3<,%-<%-z-?<-~/-%$-.%-.-:PR-.$R?-0?-$9:-0-?%?-*A/-9A=A%-.%-#-V=-o-;A/,%-*A/-:$:A-}R/-=-?R%-/?-2R.-GA-=R-$?<-$*J/-3A-5S-.%-3*3-.-z-?220
/?-<R=-o-;A/,
2N->A?, :R,.J-@-&%-29%-$A%-<%-HJ.-GA-.R/-=-3R-2-:1J=-L%-,%?-HJ.-<%-#-IJ?-o-;A/-0$R-;R.,:R/-G%-,%?-.R/-.J-%R-3-;A/-3A/-3->J?,
$;%-:6S3?, <J.- ;,HJ.- GA?- ,R?- 0- %R- 3- 2.J/- 0- <J.,%- 5S:C- lR3- <A$- $A-.$J-c/-=--}-3R-/?-%?-z-?-/?aR2-$*J<-LJ.-0<-<R$?-<3-LJ.-:.R.-;R.,/-/A%-#R-3R?-%-=-.J:A-{R<-\J%-;%-%-:PR-P2?-3L?,:R/- G%- .- {2?- %?- P- 1A$- L?- ;R.,%?- $R- ,R?- =- z- ?- <- 3(R$- +- I<- 2:A- ~/- lR3IA- .$J- c/- ;R.- 0- 3- 9.,aR2- 9- (J/- 3R- .J?- 2.$- =- aR2- ;R/- (- 5%- :.R/- 3R.- L?- ;R.,,A<- %<%-9A-=A%-/?-#R.-o-,$-$A?-2&.-9A/-;%-.-v-%?-$R-{2?-:.A-$+R%-3A-1R.,
2N->A?, $R- {2?- .J- $+R%- $- =-1R.,HJ.-<%-3-:R%?-2<-~/-%$-0-8A$-+-:I<-5K-z-?<-?R%-/-29%-,
{2?-.J<-HJ.-/A-%-5S:C-aR2-PR$?-5%-3?-$9A-2eA.-(J/-0R-8A$-+-2lA-%J?-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, 2!:- SA/- (J,2N- >A?,HJ.- *A.- @- &%- L3?- ?J3?- w/,%-=-(%- .?- /?- z- ?- /?- aR2- $*J<LJ.- o:A- 1$?- :./- ;R.,.- {2?- %?- 1$?- :./- .J- 3%R/- :I<- L%- ?R%- ,;A/- ;%- $9:- %J/0:A-*A/-%-5S-3*3-.-VR-:O2-+-:PR-3A-,2-0?-?J3?-$+A%-/?-.$R%?-.$-8-2-;A/,
2N->A?, .R/-.J<-*R/-3J.,:R/-G%-,%?-HJ.-=-8-o-8A$-;R.,$=-+J-%?-HJ.-<%-:.A-:S:A-3IR$?-M<%%-#-IJ?-o-.J->J?-;R.-5K,%?-}-3R-/?-HJ.-*A.-VR-:O2-+-$./-:SJ/-8-%J?-;A/,%-5S-3A
-:I%?-2<-a<-;%-3)=-2:A-(R/-:./-8,HJ.-GA?-2.$-=-z-?-/?-;A-$J-2{<-o-AJ-;/,
A
$;%-:6S3?,=R?-2{<,2N->A?,HJ.-%-.%-#-:V=-.?-:.A-:S:A-*R-2-$+/-/?-3-:.R.,
2N->A?, HJ.-=-2.J-=J$?-1/-5$?S GA?-$+3?-0<-(R/,%?-HJ.-<%-@-&%-S/-o-<J.,
$;%-:6S3?,2.J-3R-LR?,2N->A?,%?-;%-HJ.-<%-S/-o-<J.,
aR2-5/,$=-+J-#R-5S?-$8/-IA-#-]%?-;R.-/,
,A- =R- 2525/%- ,KA- <R=- ;=- IA- ,R$- .%- 0R:C- :P=- 28.- 0- 5S?- u%- 3.R$- $A- o- {<- =- v- {R<- L?,#R- 5S?35<- #$- w/- 0:A- o-{<- :.A:A- {R<- IA- $+3- o.- 3%- 0R- ,R?- MR%- ,.J- 2?- #R- 5S- o- {<- :.A:A- !J%- .- :LR<- .?- @=?-?-2&$u%-3.R$-$A-o-{<-!J%-$A-L-.%R?-;R.-5.-@-&%-zA%-:)$?-?-3(A?->A%-}R-u%-$R?-GA?-[2?-0:Ai3-0-$+/-/?-3J.,#R-5S?-#R%-$?J2-/?-:.2-($?-GA-<A$?-24=-:.R.-G%-#R%-2R-;R.-5.-2&.-9A/,#R-5S?3A-:$:-24=-+J-.R/-nJ/-&A-8A$-L%-2-:SA-gR$?-LJ.-:.R.-G%-2v?-5S.-=-3A-,3?-&.->AA-/?-5<-:.$
:P=-28.-0-5S?-.J:A-o-nJ/-gR$?-3-,2,*J-2:A-.?-<2?-GA-}R/-=,u%-3.R$-$A-o-{<-!J%-$A-3A-i3?-]R221
<A$- )J-cR.-.-?R%-8A%- @- &%-K$-0R<-I<,#R-5S?-1/-:V?-;R.-0:A-L-.%R?-3%-0R-$?<-$+R.-.%-$?<-29R-L?0- 2o.- $/.- .- :#J=- 2:A- $/?- =$?- 3%-2R- 8A$- fJ.,.J?- /- &A:A- KA<- #R- 5S- :(A- 2- <J.,.J:A- 3<,:P=- 28.- 05S?- YA/- :2- 8A$- #R- 5S:A- 3./- .-$R$-;R%- 0:A- 1- ,R?- L%- ,"HJ.- GA?- %- 5S<- >R.- .%- ,o- {<- :.A- =- &A- 8A$L%-?R%-,"8J?-:P=-28.-0?-:2-YA/-.J-=-SA?,
:2-YA/-.J?-#R-5S<-2v?-+J-$+3-o.-\J%-:$R-2l3?,
#R?- 2>.- o<,"u%- 3.R$- $A- o- {<-:.A:A- !J%- $A- 3A:A- <A$?- 5%- 3- :(A- #:A- 2<- .- ]R- <A$- iR- ;%- - #R- 5S:A- 3A$o%-3A-<A%-,#R-5S?-o-35S-/%-$A-*-<A$?-;R.-5.-29%-!J-#-9?-L?->A%-35K:-5%-3-fR$-S<-29R?,(-U/-,-.$29R- 9:A- /%- =- S%?,#R%- 2R- ;R.- 5.- 2&.- .J- #%- $?<- 29R?,3)$- 3,<,#R- 5S?- 9?- <A$?,(- .%- >A%- $A<$?A ?R$?-l-3J.-.-2+%-!J-3-.%=-20/-o<-VJ=-2-=?-<%-*.-A $+/-.-:5S-#R.-L.-J .$R?-o-2e.-J 9/A ,":2YA/-.J?-$+3-o.-2>.-5<-eJ?-o%-<A%-.-$R$-/<-L?,.-J /?-;.-R 5.-}<-28/-A z%-A :)$?-?-I<,
:P=- 28.- 0- 5?S ?3?J =-.?- <2?- 2&- .$- 2:-A (.- .,?:A- $-R =:-A !%-J $-A A- 3-J <- !:-A :$-R $4?S <%$A- :2%?- 3A- =- 2>.- 0:A- {.- (- .J- S/- L%- ,"(J?- 3,:- 3)$- $A- *- .J- 29%- eJ?,(J?- 3,:- 3)$- $A- $4%- 2R- .JfR$- S<- 29R?- eJ?,(J?- 3,:- 3)$- $A- #R%- 2R- .J- 2&.- e?,+$
J
- +$-.J- .?- 3A:A- <A$?- GA?- |R<- 3R- 29:- 3A- (R$- 05S<-%J?-;A/,"
.J-/A-u%-3.R$-$A-o-{<-:.A:A-!J%-$A-3A:A-<A$?-GA?-2a2-L-.J<-3-*/-0-:S,
#J-5/-2&R-2o.-0,2R<-?R%-2:A-K$?-H,
#-2h,
1R=-3, 7J,/R<- 2,&A- 8A$- L%- ?R%- ,HJ.- =- 2v?- 5S.- GA?- ?J3?- #$- $A?- #J%?- 0- :S,*A- 3- /2- =- *J2?-;=-=-=R$-o-:KA-:.$,HJ.-GA-K$?-H-$%-/-;R.,
/R<-2, 6-;J,1R=-3,%-<%-HJ.-.%-:U.-0?-.$:-0R-L%-,%-<%-}-3R-/?-;=-=-=R$-:.R.-3R.-C-,%-/?
-.!:-#$-8A$-=-:U.-?R%-2?-?J3?-#<-&%-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
1R=-3, C-,%-/?-&A-8A$-L%-?R%-,
/R<-2, %?-<%-$A-K$?-H-<A:A-o2-%R?-GA-9R$-G<-:.J.-P2?-L?-0-.%-$*A.-,/-8A$-2o2,
1R=-3, .J<-.!:-#$-&A-8A$-L%-?R%-,HJ.-GA?-*A/-o/-.-K$?-:5S-.?-$*A.-=R$-0-3A/-/3,
222
/R<-2, ;A/,:R/-G%-.J-<A%-$A-$/?-5=-&%-9.-3A-:S-!J,%?-.?-5S.-{<-3-:$<-$*A.-.-=R$-2?3-3R.,
%-<%-$*A.- =?- ?.- .?- .?-5S.- $?3- :$R<- 9A/,.J- /?- $%-?- $%-.- 2 v?- G%- K$?- H- 3,R%- o3A-:.$.-v-%?-<%-$A-K$?-9R$-.J-.$-?-KR$?-!/-=-24=-;%-}<-28A/-fJ.-3-,2,
1R=-3, :R,.R/-.J-3A-=J$?,.-{2?-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-LJ.-lA?-;R.,
/R<-2, %- =- K$?- H- fJ.- <$- 2<- .- 24=- o-=?- ,2?- $8/- 3J.,.J- <A%- KA- SR<,%- <%- PR$?- 0R- 5S- .%3*3- .- 3#<- PR%-.- \R$- 2f/- =- 2v- <- :PR-lA?-;R.,;A/-;%-.-/A- %?- .$R%-3R:C-.?- 5S.-,.-/?<%-$A-K$?-H-:5S=-.$R?,
aR2-5/,8A%-PR%-$A-2.-3J.-.J-.%-3R:C-9R-2,
36K?- #$- .0=- IA?- K$- 0:A- .JA.-!:A- *A/- 3R- 8A$- =,:P=- 28.- 0- c/- 0- 8A$- mR%- 3#<- IA- $8%- =3- .$&A$-0<-o-28A/-;R.,3A-:I%?-2<,#R-<%-:R-3-KJ.-43-=?-3J.-0:A-8R-9J:-3$R-=-:#<-2:A-8A%-PR%-$A-$8R//- 3- 8A$- =3- :P3-.- %- 28A/- 0- .J- .%- U.- L%- ,c/- 0R- .J:A- 2?3- 0<- :.A- :S:A- 3R- 2- :1J=- 2:A- *A/- 3R- =:%3A-:$:->?-:.A-v<-*R-2<-;-35/-*J?,
c/- 0- .?J "L- 2- 3A- =J$?- 0- &A- 8A$- L%- ?R%- ,%?- HJ.- =- <R$?- :S- L?- +J- ?J3?- #3?- $?R- ,2- 23,"8J?SA?-L%-,
8A%- PR%- $A- 2.- 3J.- .J?- 2>.- o<,"HJ.- GA?- <R$?- LJ.- 3A- ,2,.J- <A%- /A- %- =- 35S/- /-*R- 2:A- *A/- 3R8A$- ;A/,.J- <A%- 8R$?- 0<,%?- <%- *A.- GA- :(<- $8A- v<- 5S%- G<- ?R%- !J- :R- 3- 24S%- 3R.,:R- 3- 9R- /%- /?- KA<- 1R?2?-.-v-L-2-;R.-5.-v?-%/-0<-I<-?R%-,"8J?-9J<-28A/-#R-3R-%?-L%-,
:P=- 28.- 0- c/- 0- .J?,".J<- *R/- 3A- :.$,.J- +$- +$- :R- 3- 9R- $%- <J.- ,HJ.- GA?- .J:A- {R<- =- ?J3?- #$LJ.-o-&A-;R.-.3,?%-*A/-<-3-5%-3?-HJ.-GA-9R-2:A-/%-.-a<-;%-:R-3-2!%-.-:)$-%J?,"8J?-2>.,
":R/-G%-%?-:R-3-24S%-2:A-|R<-3R-.J?-L-3R-8A$-*R?-/?-*A/-o/-.-.$R/-0<-?R%-!J-9-2-i3?-=-.J:A-|R-%24S%-lA?-;R.,"&J?-9J<-8R<-2.-3J.-.J-%?-L%-,
:P=-28.-0-c/-0-.J?-2>.-o<,%?-2?3-/-9-2-5S?-3A-$8/-IA-=$-/?-|R-%-*R-,2-#R-,$-;A/,.-HJ.GA?-%-:53?-8R$
"HJ.-GA?-.J:A-.R/-3A-gR$?,%?-|R-%-24S%-2:A-|R<-3R-.J?-.<-$R?-*R?-+J-H-0-$?<-2-29R?-eJ?-.?-(J/-=223
$R/-o-;A/,"8J?-8A%-PR%-$A-2.-3J.-.J?-5?,
:P=-28.-0-c/-0-.J?-2>.-o<,HJ.-GA?-.?-(J/-=-H-2-$?<-2-$R/-+J-&A-8A$-12-lA?-;R.,
%?-1R-$?<-.$-=-<%-$A-H-2-%R3?-o-;A/,$=-+J-#R-5S:A-/%-$A-?-8A$-$A?-2.$-=-.$:-2:A-*3?-!R/-/%?- 3$R- 2R- :.A- v<- $;$- o- ;A/- 8J?- 3R:C- 3$R- 2R- $;$- 0?- 9R- 2:A- KJ.- 43- z$- ;R.- 0:A- :R- 3- .J-;%-1R?- L%- ,.J2?-8A%-PR%-$A-2.-3J.-.J-;/-<A%-.-%?-+J-353?-:)R$-o-3A/-0-:S,
%?-HJ.-GA-.!:-#$-.J-gR$?-0?-:IR.-?J3?-*J?->A%-1-;=-/?-:P=-28.-=-8$?-.?-&A-8A$-:5S=-:.R.
-GA-<J-2-z$-3-3J.,o-35/-/A-2.$-=-<J-|$-&A-;%-3J.-.?-%-<%-@-&%-.$:,.J:A-3<-:P=-28.-0?-1<-=
-:PR-28A/->-1:A-\-.L%?-]%?,
2a2-L, :./-3<-2lR/-0:A-{2?-*A.-/,,
$J$-.%-2<-(.-L%-2-=?,,
L-2<-:)$-0:A-]R-.J-;%-,,
3#:-;A-:):-v<-;=-G%-YA.,,
#J-5/-2&-.$-2,(-=R$-:$R$-.$R?,
#-2h,
<.- ;/, 7- ;J,^- 2,&A- 8A$- LJ.- 28A/- ;R.,HJ.- GA?- &A:A- KA<- ;A$- L%- .J- 29%- 2- ;A/,.J:A- ,R$- =- &A- 8A$VA?-;R.,
^-2,
:R,6-;J,<.-;/,%-.%-%:A-aR2-PR$?-5S?-|R<-3R-2a%-!J-N%-$R:C-><-KR$?-?-#=-.-(-=R$-$A$/R.- :5K- ,J2?- 0<- <R$?- <3- LJ.- 2?3- 0- ;A/,%:A- ;A$- L%- !J%- .-" %J?- 0<- .- (- =R$- 2!$- !J<.-;/,
^-2,
#%-HA3-a<-$?R-L-.$R?,"8J?-VA?-;R.,
.J- /A- @- &%- 29%- $A(- =R$-$A?- $/R.-*R/- ,J2?-3#/-5S<-$%- $A- KR$?- /?- %J?- 0<- .- <R$?- *<-R
L-.$R?,
,R$- 3<- %J?- 0<- .- |R<- 3R- 2#- .$R?- >A%- (- =R$- $A?-2$2?- 0:A- .R/- nJ/- .J- ?J=-2<- A- |R<- OA2o- ;/-$+R%- .$R?,mR%- 3#<- *J- :.2?- GA- aR2- 3- ;R%?- GA?- 3A- 5%- 3?-L- :$=- :.A<-33,:-;%-|R<-*%-%-43-1=-2<-<J-2-8-28A/-;R.,$=-+J-3A-OA-2o-z$-$A?-3A-<J?-|R<-:$:-.A/224
<.-;/,
^-2,
<.-;/,
^-2,
z-3R,
<.-;/,
/-|R<-OA-2o-U$-z$-2#-,2,
|R<-3R-.J-.$-&A-8A$-$A-,.-=-$+R%-o,
|R<- 3R- .J- .$- $A?- $/R.- *R/- ,J2?- 0:A- 3%- 5S$?- =- (- .%- 9- 3- ?R$?- 3#R- 3R.- LJ.- 0- .%- (/- *R2:3-$/R.-:5K-,J2?-0:A-?-#=-.-(/-#%-?R$?-=?-,2,$8/-.-.%-$/?-{2?-GA-aR2-9-.%/.-=-!R/-?-2&?-:6$?-0<-2!R=-,R.-LJ.-,2,
.?-/3-8A$-=-l-2-/?-a<-$?R-LJ.-,2-23,
(- =R$- .J- ^- 2&- 2:A- ^- .GA=- =-:$R$- ,2- 0- .%- ^- 2&- $&A$- 0:A- ^-!R.- =- 5%- 3- a<- $?RLJ.-,2,
$=-+J-%-5S?-L-:$=-:.A-=J$?-:P2-L%-/-#R-5S?-.J:A-}R/-.-12-,2-G%-YA.,
7J,z-3R,HJ.-GA-;A$-L%-!J%-.-&A-8A$-VA?-;R.,
z-3R, %:A-;A$-L%-,R$-+-"HJ.-GA-=$-.%=-|R<-3R-*%-%?-:I<-wR$-(J/-0R-29R-,2,"&J?-VA?-;R.,
aR2-5/,(-=R$-L%-2:A-o-nJ/-&A-8A$-;A/,
1998=R:C- .L<- #<,N%- $R:C- ?- #=- 3%- >R?- =- (- =R$- $A?- $/R.- :5K- ,J2?- +J- 3A- P%?- 2o- z$- >A- 2- .%- ,
3A-P%?-!R%-5S-2o-z$-$A-HA3-$8A-3J.-0<-29R?->A%-?-8A%-3%-0R-(-=R$-$A?-2$2?,.J-.$-$A-,.-=-.%=-|R<3%- 0R- 2+%- !J- a<- $?R- L?,:R- /- (- =R$- L%- 2:A- o- nJ/-&A- 8A$- ;A/,.J<- (<- (- :22- 5.- 3%- S$?- 0:A- nJ//3,;%-/-?-.J:A-#%-HA3-i3?-$4%-:P3-.%-2<-,$-@-&%-*J-2?-;A/,
(- =R$- L%- 2:A- o- nJ/- .J- $/.- .R/- :.A- .$- 3A/- =,.J:A- o- nJ/- /A- k- (- .%- :VA- (:A- !R.- o.- /?- #R%- 2R- 2&.0-@-&%-3%-0-.J-<J.,k-(-.%-:VA-(-$*A?-/A-N%-$R:A-(-2R-(J?-(J-2-$*A?-;A/-0-.%-,.J-$*A?-GA?-/2-#=-IA-3AP%?-?-;-3%-0R<-(-:SJ/-28A/-;R.,?A-OR/-.%-35S-}R/-8A%-(J/-$*A?-/?->A%-#R%-2&.-0-@-&%-52?-(J/-;A/0?-$4%-2R- :.A-.$-$A-!R.-o.-GA- ?-o-i3?-9.-:.$:.A:A-.R/-/A-?-Y%-:6B/-LJ.-0:A-#R%-2R-3%-0R-3J.-0?-?o-i3?- (-/%- .-:#<-?R%- 2- <J.,=R-<J<,?A-OR/- 8A%- (J/- IA-#=- $&A$-$A-?-(-/?-G%-?-o-,A-o-?-;-!R%-$&A$z$- :VA- (:A- /%- =- :#<- 28A/- ;R.,?- o-(<- _%- $A?- :#<- +J- 9.- 0?,$4%- 0R:C- /%- .- ?- :.3- kA.- 2a%?$9$?- P- 28A- 3- ?- ;- .- 3?- &$?->A%- (- 2R- Y%- 2:A- 5.- )J- (%- .- ?R%- ,(- 2R- }R/- v<- 3%- 2R- :6B/- 3A- ,2- 0- .%2!/-/?-(-=R$-L%-2:A-5.-)J-3%-.-?R%-;R.,
3- :R%?- 0<- &A- v<- LJ.- /- (- =R$- }R/- :$R$- L- ,2- 23,,R$- 3<,k- (- .%- :VA- (:A- !R.- o.- .- #R%- 2R- 3%225
0R-:6$?-.$R?,YA.-$8%-$A-362-!R/-v<-.,eJ?-KR$?-GA-=R-?3-&:A-<A%-35S-}R/-?-(:A-/$?-5=-#J2?-5.GA- 2o- (:A- 8J- s- o- 2*J.- .- 2+%-!J- %J?- 0<- .-?- #=-:.A-.$-$A->A%-#R%- $&R.-353?-:)R$- .$R?,N%-$R:C-YA.$8%- $A?-G%- :VA- (:A- !R.- o.- /?- >A%- #R%- $&R.- 353?- :)R$- .$R?- 0:A- ;A$- (- H2- 21$?- L?- ;R.- 0<J.,,A<- 3A- 5%- 3?- (- =R$- L%- 2:A- o- nJ/- ,.- GA- aR2- $?R-MR%- .$R?- >A%- $=- +J- =J$?- =3- .- 8$?- 5K- 3- :R%?0:A-.?-?-52?-(J-2:A-(-=R$-:$R$-,2,
#J-5/-*A->-2,HJ.-GA?-.J-212-/?-2-%?->J?-;R.,
#-2h,
{- 82?- ?- OA/,6- ;J,aR2- PR$?- i3- 0,:.A- /A- HJ.- 5S:C- aR2- 3)$- $A- {<- P%?- ;A/,%- <%- HJ.- 5S:C- {<-P%?- =
-;A.-5B3-;R.,
z-3R, 2!:-SA/-(J,{-82?-5=-OA3?,o$?-5%-3-]%?-5<-2<-%?-;A.-(J?-LJ.-.!:-=-aR2-{2?
-3)$-mR$?-0-:.A-:S:A-3IR$?-0-%?-3->J?,
{-82?-?-OA/, .LA/- {.- GA- /%- /?- *A.- .?- .?- 5S.- :1<- 2- v<- 3IR$?- 8J?- 2eR.- ;R.,aR2- {2?- :.A:A/%- .- %?- HJ.- 5S<- aR2- OA.- L?- 0?- ?J3?- 0- 3R- 8A%- .J- 28A/- HJ.- 5S<- ;%- 1/- ,R$- L%- ;R.- 0<(R/,
^-2,
HJ.-GA?-aR2-OA.-L?-0-=?-%-=-1/-,R$?-(J/-0R-L%-2-.%-.LA/-;A$-aR2-o<-3R-$%-:1J=-.2&$- 0- .%- }<- =?- )J- a-<- ?R%- ;R.- 0?- 2!:- SA/- (J,,R$- 3<- .LA/- ;A$-$A- o$?- :UR.3A/-,.-=-?J3?-0-@-&%-:52-3R.-.-v-;A.-?J3?-2.J-;R.,
{-82?-?-OA/, HJ.-GA?-aR2-.R%-=-:2.-0-L?-0?-.J-:P2-,2-0-%?-}-3R-/?->J?-;R.,>J?-L-$?<-2-3%2R-8A$-aR2-0:A-,.-=-HJ.-<%-:6B/-9:A-/%-$A-aR2-3-(J?-29%-2R-;A/-.$R?-2:A-%J?-2-3J.,
2N->A?,
{- 82?- ?- OA/,HJ.- GA?- $?%- 2- 2.J/,%- <%- :6B/- 9:A- /%- $A- (J?- 29%- 2:A-aR2- 3- 3A/- 3R.,
HJ.- GA- aR2- OA.- {2?- ?- %?- >J?- L- 3%- 0R- 8A$-2a2- L%- ,%- =- .LA/- ;A$- .R%- 2:A- 3R$%-:.A-:S-8A$-:1J=-o-;A.-=:%-3-S/,
{-82?-?-OA/, %?- HJ.-5S:A- :6B/- 9- ;<- ,R/- ;R%- 2- :.A- :S:A- 3IR$?- 0- 3- :.R.,HJ.- 5S?- aR2- {2?- :.A<aR2-.R%-=-@<-2lR/-L?-0<-2!:-SA/-(J,.$/-$/%-$A-:5S-2-=-*A.-0R-<R=-&A$
aR2-PR$?-5%-3, 2!:-SA/-(J,{-82?-?-OA/,%-5S?-G%-HJ.-GA-.$/-$/%-$A-:5S-2-*A.-0R-;R%-2<-(R/-:./-8,
226
A/-1A-<-#-=J-$9-.%-?J%-$J
$/:- }- 3R<,<R=- 3- o=- #2- +- A/- 1A- <- #- =J- $9- 9J<- 2:A- V/- $;R$- &A$- ;R.,#R:C- 2.$-0R?- #R- <%L3?-2lJ-(J/-0R?-3-2*%?-2?-#R?-$R-{2?->A$-24=-+J-/$?-$?J2-+-:PR-o:A-?J3?-,$-2&.,#R-<%-/$?$?J2- 2o.- /?- o$?- 28A/- 0:A- {2?- .J<,?J%- $J- 8A$- 3./- /- ;R.- 0- .J- 3,R%- L%- ,A/- 1A- <- #- =J- $9- @- &%0$-!J-$%-=-&?-o:%-3->J?,?J%-$J-.J:A-#J<-3R:C-/%-.-:5K<-3-(J/-0R-8A$-9$-+J-%-{.-1R$-28A/-0-A/-1A-<-#=J-$9- ;A?-,R? ,A/- 1A- <- #- =J-$9- ;A?-&A- 8A$- :L%- o- 3- >J?- G%- ?J%- $J- =- <R$?-<3-LJ.-:.R.-*J?,#R-<%-?J%$J:A-$3-=-?R%-!J-M<-.-:5K<-3-.J-?J%-$J:A-#J<-3R-=?-KA<-:,J/-+J-]%?-2-<J.,
?J%- $J- ;A?- HA- 28A/- .- A/- 1A- <- #- =J- $9- ;A- =$- 0- 2w$- !J- 2!:- SA/- 8?,*A/- .J- /?- 29%- A/- 1A- <- #- =J$9-.%-?J%-$J-$*A?-PR$?-0R-29%-2R<-I<,?J%-$J-;A?-/$?-5=-=?-<A-?$?-dR/-,J%?-<J<-A/-1A-<-#-=J-$9=->-$?<-2-:HJ<-;R%-8A%-#R-$*A?-GA?-/$?-5=-.J-=?-.?-;/-<A%-2R-8A$-=-3*3-.-.$:-*A.-GA-:5S-2-<R=,
;A/- ;%- *A/- 8A$- #R- $*A?- !-3*3- .- :(3- :(3- =- :PR- 2:A- {2?- .J<- $.$- l2- &/- IA- 2.$- 0R?- #R- 5S29%- !J- 1/- 5/- #- V=- .- 2+%- 8A%- #R- $*A?-PR%-HJ<-IA-g-lJ.-5S$?-0-<-:O2-!R/-LJ.-0<-OA.,.J-v<-#R-$*A?eJ?-?R<-a<-3)=-L%-3A/-3A->J?-0?-?J3?-?-#$-2}=-IA?-#J%?-?R%-,
*A/-:$:A-eJ?-?,^R?-$<-:O2-!R/-LJ.-:$R-2l3,$R%-3-.$:-<-:)$-(J.-.-A/-1A-<-#-=J-$9-;A?-?J%$J- 8A$- =- :6B%- <J?- LJ.- 0<- P- 1A$- L?,A/-1A-<-#-=J-$9- ;A?-:6B%-<J?- LJ.-.$R?-0:A-?J%-$J-;A?-*A/-:$<-93- 9?- 3J.- 0?- @- &%- vR$?- :.$&%- 43- :$R<- eJ?,|R- 5%- 3- KJ?- >A%- A/- 1A- <- #- =J- $9- .%- ?J%- $J$*A?-!-,%-.GA=-/?-,$-L%-,,J%?-:.A<-A/-1A-<-#-=J-$9-;A?-<%-*A.-&A-v<-,<-,2?-LJ.-.$R?-0-3->J?,
.J- /?- A/- 1A- <- #- =J- $9- .%- ?J%- $J- $*A?- GA?- 1/- 5/- PR$?- 0R- fA%- 2- ;A/- 0- %R- >J?- 0?- #R- $*A?-!<- %R- 5*J?,$R%- 3?- $%- 5=- .J- 3,R%- 2?- ;- 35<- +J- A/- 1A- <- #- =J- $9- =- $?=- 2>.- LJ.- .- 2&$A/- 1A- <- #- =J$9- ;A?- #R:A- $+3- o.- .J- 2>.- eJ?,$R%- 3?- .J- $*A?- !- ^R?- $<- 5S$?- 0:A- /%- .- &A- v<- :$R$- o- 3- >J?,
#R?-?J%-$J-.J-KA<-/$?-5=-.-2+%-2-.%-A/-1A-<-#-=J-$9-<%-*A.-GA-]R/-(J/-$4S-2R-8A$-+-2{R?,
2a2-L,KA-,$-<A%-2-$+/-IA-PR$?-0R-;A/,
227
#J-5/-*J<-$&A$-0,z-?-/?-2{<-;R%-2:A-;A-$J
.L%?-:6S3?-GA?-2N->A?-=-2{<-2:A-;A-$J,
^-2-$?3-0:A-5K?-s-*A/-=,
~A%-*J-2:A-2N->A?-=$?,
HJ.-GA?-2{<-2:A-;A-$J-.J-$9:-:#R<-:.A:A-/%-:LR<-L%-2?-%-<%-.$:-2-:23-IA?-MR?-?R%-,%?-2?30<-HJ.-GA?-%-=-;A-$J-2{<-o-2eJ.-?R%-:.R.-3R.,HJ.-GA?-2{<-L%-2-.J<-%-<%-@-&%-.$:,HJ.-.%-aR2-
PR$?-5%-3:A-$/?-5=-$R-,R?-L%-2-.%-,5%-3-2.J-=J$?-?-3(A?-0<-2.$-?J3?-<2-+-3R,HJ.-GA?->J?$?=-v<-%?-o/-.-%-5S:C-aR2-9-;A.-=-:#R<-8A%-aR2-PR$?-5%-3-z$-+-S/,
z- ?- <-2.$- $A- ;R.- 5.- 2.J- =J$?- ?- 3(A?,,R$- 3<- %?- .2?- $4%- {.- $R- o- 3- <J.- 2?3?- /?- ?J3?- @&%- :52- 3R.,.J- %?- 3IR$?- M<- %%- .%?- ,2- ?R%- ,z- ?<- ;R.- 0:A- 3A- i3?- @- &%- L3?- ?J3?- w/- =- #R- 5S?z$- 2?3- :#R=- 2:A- %%- /?- 2.$- =-.$:- 2?- L?,}R/- (.- %:A- $R- ,R?- =- z- ?:A- ;=- uR%?- >A/- +- 36K?9J<-;%-:.A-:S:A-36K?->A%-#$-0-8A$-;A/-0<-3-:.R.,
$9:-}R/-3:A-/%-.-aR2-OA.-GA-:$R-2l3?-0-.%-aR2-OA.-LJ.-0-@-&%-29%-,%?-<%-$A-.$J-c/-5S<-%-=<R$?-<3-L-o:A-#R3-=R%-;R.-0-3-:.R.-G%-#R-5S-/A-$8/-1/-GA-=?-.R/-12-o<-.$:-2:A-3A-+$-+$-<J.,aR2PR$?- $?<- 2- 5%- 3-z$- +- 29%- ,%?-2?3- 0<-#R- 5S<- PR$?- 21A$- o- /A- .!:- 3R- <J.- ~3- 3R.,#R- 5S- /A- @&%-:PR$?-2.J-0R-:.$$9:-:#R<-:.A:A-3)$-+-%-5S-3*3-.-1R-V%-0R-+-=<-3)=-{R<-.-:PR-lA?-;R.,.-v:A2<-.-%?-<%-$A-:5S-2<-:.A-:S:A-3R-$%-:1J=-YA.-0<-3-:.R.,
;A/- /:%- %?- <%- $A- HA3- 5%- .%- PR$?- 0R- 5%- 3-2*<- +J- ?- 3,:- :PA3?- o- :.A- :S:A- #$- 0R- <J.- 3- :.R.,
HJ.- *A.- z$- 0<- %:A- ?J3?- ?-g$- +- $/?- ;R.- 0- .%- %- 5S- a<- 3)=- L%- 2<- <J- |$- LJ.- 28A/- ;R.,%?- HJ.=-.%?-:V?-=J$?-0R-,R2-0-.%-*A/-o/-IA-:5S-2<-.$:-3R:A-#J%?-2:A-(R/-:./-8,:U=-3<-;A$-=/-2{<<R$?,
HJ.-GA-PR$?-0R-.L%?-:6S3?-/?,
.0:-cR.-5S,
nJ/- &A- 8A$- $A?- 3A- #- >?- .0:- cR.- .-I<- 2- <J.,.J- /A-$8/- .%- 3A- 35%?-2:A-3A-8A$-;A/-/3,.J-/A-3A-$8/IA- 12- 3A- 1R.- 0- .J- 12- 3#/- 8A$- =- 9J<-<3,{2?- <J<- L- 2- ,A<- 2+%- 2- 8A$- ;A/- ;%- 5%- 3<- 0$- /?- .J- 2123- ,2- 0<- 2#.-;R.- .?,3A- $- $J- 3R- 8A$-$A?-212- 0- .J- =:%- .0:- cR.-8J?-:2R.,1955=R<-A-<:A-zR-KR$?-GA228
3A%- =- <R:R- 9- 1- #- ?A- 8J?- :2R.-0:A-*J?- 3- 8A$- ;R.- 0- .J?- L-2-1=- 2- 8A$- 212?- 0?- #R- 3R<- .0:- cR.-8J?- 2:A35/-~/-,R2,
<R:R-?-1-#-?A-/A-3R-=R-8J-$?3-=-?R/-;R.-0:A-3A-/$-&A$-!J-A-=A.-0-3:A-3R/-,A-$R3-<:J-PR%-HJ<-IA-5S%-$*J<#%- 8A$- /?- L- 2- 212,1955=R:C- ^- 2&- $&A$- 0:A- .$R%- 3R- 8A$- =- #R- 3R- =?- $/?- /?- ,A- ,R.- _%?- :#R<2#.- .J- HA3- =- =R$,{2?- .J- .?- ?,3A- /$- 5%- 3- ,A- ,R.- _%?-:#R<- IAA- $8$- #R- /?- #R.- (R$-=- .J- <b2- !J$?- !R%- 2- $&A$- G%- 3A- :.$.J- 2?- Y?- 3R- 1- #- ?A- ;A?- ,A- ,R.- _%?- :#R<- IA- .GA=- /?b2-!J$?->A$-]%?-2-/-_%?-:#R<-#-=R-2-.J-#R%-OR-=%?-+J-3R?-b2-!J$?-2*<-8J?-2>.,:R/-G%-Y?-3R-1#- ?A- }<- 28A/- 2.J/- .2%- ;R.- 0:A- %%- 2#.-&A%- :.$- ?- .J- <%- *A.- GA?- :6B/- o:A- ?J3?- ,$- 2&.,#R- 3R?- <%*A.-OA3?-.%-:$=-+J-:6B/-29%-LJ.-o->J?-;R.,;A/-;%-3R?-<%-*A.-GA?-S/-0:A-.R/-.J-.$-2.J/-0<-$%-2?0$-$%-3-L%-2-.%-:,2-lR.-OR.-.-#R-3R-$&A$-0-3A/-/R,
$9:-:#R<-eJ?-3:A-3)$-+,A-3J-<-!:A-.0:-cR.-$8/-8A$-L%-,3A%-=-3-OJ/-=R-9A-#J/-9J<-2:A-(R?
-.0R/-$8R/-0-8A$-!J-PR%-HJ<-.J:A-,A-,R.-_%?-:#R<-=-3*3-:VJ=-|R?-2!$-#R3-LJ.-3#/-IA-.2-OA.-0<2.3?-;R.,}R/-(.-#R?-2!$-#R3-LJ.-o<-:$R-OA.-$+/-/?-LJ.-3-MR%-,#R-2R?-:)A$?-{=-IA-<%-28A/-=-32gJ/-0<-8A-2.J-#R-/-2o.-5K-$/.-.R/-.J-.$-2+<-,2-0<-;A.-(J?-;R.,3A-/$-5%-3?-OA3?-=$?-.J-3-2+<2<-.-,A-,R.-_%?-:#R<-=-:.$-o<-#?-=J/-3-L?,#R-5S?-<%-&$-=-o=-#-,R2-3A/-3A->J?-3R.-=R-$&A$-$A-<A%
-=-=%?-KR$?-2g/-0R<-29%-,3)$-3,<,1956=R:C-^-120:A-5K?21*A/,3A-/$-5%-3-,A-,R.-_%?-:#R<-IA/%-.-$%-:.R.-.-#R.-(R$-0<-I<,o=-#:A-$+3-29%-.J-A-3J-<-!:A-$-?-!/-+-3A-/$-;R%?-=-1R$-28A/-;R.,
<R- 9- 1- #- ?A- .%-3- OJ/- =R- 9A- #J/- $*A?-.0:-cR.-;A/- 0:A-o-35/-/A,#R-5S?-3A-5%-3:A-#J-.2%-$AA-(J.-.-]%L-2+R/-0-.%-L-2-;R.-5.-:)A$?-{=-%%-12-0-3A/-0<-8A-2.J-<-2+<-2?-A-<-0-5%-3<-}<-=?-:S-3*3GA-.2%-(-,R2-0?-?R,
#J-5/-*J<-$*A?-0,A-<A:A-.LA/-{.-.%-.LA/-)A-2:A-.LA/{.,
#-2h,
z-3R,
t3- 3R- =A:R%- ,KA- \A%- 0- 5S?- 2>.- 0:A- .LA/- {.- 3A-:S- 2:A- o- 35/- &A,.LA/- {.- 5- 2- #- >?GA?-2>.-0-%?-$?=-2R<-$R-;%-#->?-GA?-2>.-0-$R-.!:,
229
t3-3R-=A:R%-, .J- /A- .LA/- {.- =:%- %- 5S:C- 2R.- {.- .%- :S- 2<-;=- {.- 3A- :S- 2- 3%- 0R- ;R.- 0:A- o- 35/- IA?<J.,.LA/-;A$- $A- ;=- {.-=- 2R.- {.- v- 2:A- 1/- 5/- 2<- H.- 0<- (J/- 0R- 3J.-3R.-;={.- ?R- ?R:C- ,- ~.- .%- 1- $.%?- 3A- $&A$- 0- 3- 9.,{2?- :$<- 5K$- 2h<- LJ.- 5=- ;%3A- :S,,A<- A- 3J- <- #- .%- ,.LA/- !A- =/,#- /- +,AR- ?A- O- <J?- =A?- ;,8J/- 8A?- =/- 2&?- ?2!R=-2:A-.LA/-{.-&%-3A-:S-2?,%?-2>.-0:A-.LA/-{.-G%-aR2-9:A-/%-$A-KA-\A%-2:A-aR23-.$-.%-{-82?-?-OA/-?R$?-GA?-2>.-0-.%-3A-:S,
z-3R,
.J- =- 3*3- :)R$- LJ.- ;R.- .J,<- ;/- IA?- _%?- :#R<- :2<- m?- =- 'gasoline'9J<- 2- .%- HJ.GA?- .J- =-'pertrol'9J<,.- .%- %:A- A- <:A- .$J- c/- IA?- $/3- $>A?- =J$?- 0:A- !R/- .?- ='fall'8J?-2eR.-0-.%-;%-HJ.-GA?-.J:A-52-=-'Autumn'9J<-2-;A/,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, 2.J/- 0<-$%- ,%- 5S?- {2?- =- =<- L- .%R?- $&A$- =- ,- ~.- 3A- :S- 2- 2!R=- 2- .%- ,{2?- ==<- ,- ~.- $&A$- .J-1-$.%?-3A-:S-2:A-|R-/?-[R$-0-.0J<-/,.LA/-)A:A-.LA/-{.-=?-1-;%0:A- ,- ~.- #- >?- =- A- <:A- .LA/- {.- .- 3)$- ='r'.<- +J- [R$- 0- ;A/,.J- 2?- 'd-e-a-r'8J?0:A-,- ~.- :.A- =- .LA/- )A:A- {.- =?- ' / dI@ / '8J?- 0- .%- A- <:A- {.- =?- ' / dI@r / '9J<- 2- ;A/,
HJ.-GA?-.LA/-;A$-=-.R%-2-LJ.-0:A-OR.-/?-:.A-.%-:.A-v-2:A-.0J<-2eR.-3%-0R-8A$-fJ.-,2,
z-3R,
.J- /A- %R- 3- ;- 35<- <J.,.- .%- .0J- (- =- =:A- /%- .- 'c-o-l-o-r'=- 'c-o-l-o-u-r'.%- :S- 2:A$R-.R/-;R.-0-3A/-/3,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, <J.,.J- $*A?- GA- $R- .R/- ;R%?- ?- 35%?- 3R.- ,.?- GA- .2%- $A?- .LA/- ;A$- $A- ,- ~.- #- >?GA-.R<-[R$-LJ.-5=-.J-o=-#2-?R-?R-/?-:I<-2-<J.,
z-3R, %-=-.-.%-SA-2-8A$-;R.,.LA/-;A$-$A-OR.-/?-(J?-29%-2:A-;=-{.-$%-;A/,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, .J- .$- 1/- 5/- =- H.- 0<- ;R.- 0- 3- $+R$?- 29%- %/- .LJ- o- 3J.,HJ.- <%- \J%- L- :.A=- ]R- ?J3?- :#R<- ;R.- 0- :S- 2?-$9:- :#R<-:.A:A- /%- .LA/- {.- GA- ;=- {.- =- H.- 0<- ;R.0-.J:A-{R<-IA-MR%-5S<-8A$-VA?-/-)A-:S-<J.,
z-3R, .J-/A-%R-3-,2?-29%-2R-8A$-<J.,%?-.J-v<-12-%J?-;A/,
230
aR2-5/,z-3R?-.LA/-{.-GA-;=-{.-?R-?R:C-{R<-VA?-0:A-MR%-5S<,
:63- \A%- !J%- $A- 3A- 3%->R?- GA- 2?3- 0<- /2- KR$?- 0-5%- 3?- .LA/- {.- 5- >J?->A%-#R- 5S?- 2>.- 0:A- {.<A$?- ,3?- &.- $&A$- 35%?- ;A/- 0<- ?J3?- ;R.,%?- .J- .R/- .%R?- 3A/- 0-gR$?- L%- ,.LA/- {.- 2!R=- 28A/- 0:Ao=-#2-.$- $A- /%- .-;=- {.-$- 5S$?- ;R.- 0- .%- .J- .$- 1/- 5/- 2<- H.- 0<- 3%- 0R- ;R.,%?- 2!R=- H2- (J2:A-.LA/-)A:A-.LA/-{.-.%-A-<:A-.LA/-{.-$*A?-GA-H.-0<-\J%-2<-L-!J,
A-<:A-.LA/-{.-.%-.LA/-)A:A-.LA/-{.-$*A?-=-H.-0<-;R.-0:A-o-35/-$%-8J-/,.J-=-=R-o?-5-2-i3?GA?- %- 5S<- 2>.- o<,3J- \A%-L%- 3:A-,R$-3:C-.LA/-{.-5-2-0R-i3?-1=-(J<-=R-28A-2o-z$-$A-;<-}R/-.-.LA/
- )A- /?- ;R%- 2- ;A/- =,.?- GA- :PR?- .%- 2!/- /?- ;=- {.- :.A- $*A?- GA- 2<- H.- 0<- (J/- 0R- L%- 2- <J.,t3- 3R=A:R%-$A?- 2>.- o<,nJ/- :.A:A- .2%- $A?- {- 82?- ?- OA/- .%- #R- 3R- $*A?- GA?- 2>.- 0:A- .LA/- {.- G%- 3A- :S- 2
- ;A/,$/?- 5=- #- >?- GA- :R$- /?,.LA/- )A:A- .LA/- {.- =- :I<- 2- 3J.- .?- A- <:A- .LA/- {.- =- :I<- 2- ;R.-0
- .%- $8/- 0:A- $/?- 5=- IA- :R$- /?-.J- .%- wR$- 0- ;A/,:.A- /A-' n-e-w-s'9J<- 2:A- ,- ~.- .J- A- <:A- .LA/- {.- v<[R$- /-'[ nu:z]' .%- .LA/- )A:A- .LA/- {.- v<- [R$- 5K-'[nj:z]';A/- 0,.LA/- )A- 2:A- 'c-e-n-t-r-e':VA- {2?- A- <2?-'c-e-n-t-e-r'v<-:VA-2-2&?-GA-o-35/-.-P2,
t3-3R-=A:R%-$A?-2>.-0<-.LA/-{.-GA-;=-{.-3A-:S-2-,R.-3#/-5S?-$&A$-3,/-IA-L-.%R?->A$-\J%-2<-,~.-3A- :S- 2-,R.- 0- <J.,:.A:A-o-35/-/A-{.-<A$?-8A2-:)$-0-5S?-2>.-0-v<-/-.LA/-{.-GA-;=-{.-?R-?R?-,
-~.-3A-:S-2-3%-0R-8A$-{.-<A$?-$8/-0-/?-$;<-+J-;R%-2-<J.,.0J<-/,,A<-2+%-.-.LA/-)A:A-.LA/-{.-52-.$-$A?-n-</-?A:A-2h-fA%-!J-'aubergine'2!R=-/?-!/-IA-,R.-0:A-}R-5=-8A$-$A-3A%-=-:2R.-0-;A/, :R/G%-A-<:A-.LA/-{.-5-2-.$-$A?-.J-=-/R-2J-;A-2h-fA%-!J-'eggplant'2!R=-/?-:2R.-0-;A/,
t3- 3R- =A:R%-$A?- 2>.-o<- .LA/- {.- GA- ;=- {.- ?R- ?R:C- 2<- =- 2R.- {.-GA- ;=- {.- v- 2:A- H.- 0<- (J/- 0R3J.- .J,.LA/- {.- 5- 2- 5S?- ;=- {.- 3A- :S- 2- 2>.- G%- 1/-5/- =- 2h- 3R.- ,2,.J:A- .2%- $A?- .LA/- {.- /Ao=- ,A:A- {.- <A$?- =- @- &%- 3#R- 2- .%- .?- /3- 8A$- $A- 5K- :63- \A%- $A- ;=- P- ?R- ?R:C- 3A- i3?- GA?- .LA/{.-,R.-,2-0<-I<-+J-1/-5/-2<-}<-=?-o?-=R/-LJ.-,2,
231
#J-5/-*J<-$?3-0,.R-/2-?-5S-.$R%-)-:,%-2<-;R%-o<-5S.-.0$-LR?,
#-2h,
(*A-3-.2$?-:5%-28A/-#%-2:A-/%-=-o$?-:R%-,)
*A-3, .R-/2-?-5S-.$R%-)-:,%-2<-;R%-o<-5S.-.0$-LR?,
35S-3R, HJ.-.J:A-.R/-&A-;A/,.R-/2-.$R%-)-:,%-$A-;R%-3#/-$&A$-G%-3J.,
*A-3, %?- HJ.-=- $?=- 2>.- LJ.,%?-4$?- #%- /?- 2.J- *A.- .%- \J%- 3R=- L?,#R- 3R?-2>.- o<,mR%- YA.$8%-$A?-%-5S:C-8%-=-aR2-9-$?<-2-:$:-=?-lA?-;R.,.J-2?-mR%-,R$-$A-:$R-OA.-#->?-.R-/2-%J.5%- =- ;R%- !J- %- 5S:C- #J- 2<- aR2- 9- $?<- 2- 8A$- :6$?- o:A- ,.- =- PR?- L-o- <J.,#R- 5S?- 29R- 20/- i3P%?-:.A<-l-:6$?-LJ.-0:A-<R$?-<3-.-%J.-5%-2.3?-0-<J.,
1R=-3, )A-:S:A-.$:-2-=,%-5S?-.$R%-)-&A-8A$-:,%-o,
35S-3R, .- .%- &%- 43-8A$- =- |$- .%- ,?- 8A$- $A?- G%- .R/- :.A- 2.$- =- PR?- L?- 3J.,#R- 5S- .?- /3- 8A$=-:LR<-o-<J.,
*A-3, #R-5S-.?-5S.-S$-/?-2./-IA-$;?-$;R/-.-:LR<-o-<J.,%-<%-M<-.-8%-,R$-+->-.%-(%-*R-2<-:PR,
35S-3R, .J- @- &%- 29%- $A,%?- .J- <A%- 8R$?- 0<- 2- \%- $A- :R- 3- 28R?- 0- .%- 1R=- 3?- KA- SR:A- .?- ?- 5S.- 3- :,R$0- ;A/,.J- 2?- %- 5S<- %R- $.R%- 2N?- +J- >R3- H- $R/- o:A- $R- {2?- ;R.,1R=- 3,HJ.- GA?- .R- .$R%- &A8A$-IR/-o-;A/,
1R=-3, %?-<%-$A-$R?-H-$?<-2-IR/-+J->R3-LJ.-/-:.R.,
(35S-3R-;A?-1R=-3:A-5B-=J/-.%-2?A=-z3-=-362-3R-24$?-/?-!R/-0,)
35S-3R, .-R /2-HR.-GA?-.J-.$-3A-$R/-#R-,$-;A/-/3,.-v-HJ.-$%-=-:PR-lA?-;R.,

1R=-3, %-PR$?-0R-5S-.%-3*3-.-(-n=-.-:PR-#R-,$-;A/,
35S-3R, 3-:PRHR.-3-:PR,;=-/?-2#.-.J-.$R%-9?-P-1A$-LJ.-0<-<R$?-LR?,
aR2-5/,+-0-=J-+/-=-%=-$?R-<-?R%-2,
@.-=/-.J-<A%-+-0-=J-+/-=-%=-$?R-<-?R%-,,R$-3<-#R-3R-.LA/-)A-/?-<%-$A-%/-3(J.-=-2v-<-?R%-2-.%
-.J-/?-?:-$-=/-.%-2.-=A?-?A-?R$?-=-$/?-{R<-LJ.,@.-=/-IA?-.%R?-2R-2#-$?R$-LJ.-0:A-{2?-.J<-z-3R?
-#R-3R<-{.-(-3%-0R-SA?,
232
"HJ.-<%-.?-/3-8A$-=-+-0-=J-+/-.-:PR-o-;A/-"8J?-z-3R?-SA?,
"%?-.%R?-0R-i3?-#$-3:A-/%-.-2#-$?R$-LJ.-5<-eJ?-#-:V=-o-;A/-"[email protected]=A/-IA?-=/-2+2,
"HJ.-<%-.J<-&A-v<-:PR-o-"8J?-z-3R?-SA?,
",R$-3<-%-<%-3J-:#R<-=-2#.-.J-o=-?<-:PR-o,.J:A-eJ?-$/3-P<-2#.-.J-.LA/-)A<-:PR-o,$/%?*A/-%-<%-=R/-+/-=-:LR<-,2-"&[email protected]=A/-IA?-=/-2+2,
"HJ.-GA-*J-3A-i3?-$/3-P-,%-=-3)=-:U.-.-;R%-%3-"8J?-z-3R?-SA?,
";A/,#R- 5S-.J<-;R%- +J- 2.$- PR%- HJ<- /- ;R.- 0:A- #R- 5S:C- HA3- .- OA.- %J?,.J- /?- %- 5S?- 3*3- .-o=- ?- /?*A/-:$:A-:5S-2-<R=-o-;A/"[email protected]=A/-IA?-2>.,
"HJ.-GA?-<%-$A-*J-3A-i3?-=-=$-*J?-29%-;R.-.3-"8J?-z-3R?-SA?,
"=R?- 29%- ,%?-2.$- $A-A- #- .%- A- /J- $*A?- =-,%- !- 8A$- 29%- ;R.- 0- .%- %/- 3(J.- .$- =-#=- IA- 29R?0:A-!R.-$R?-29%-;R.-"&[email protected]=A/-IA?-=/-2+2,
"HJ.-GA?-?:-$-=/-.%-2.-=A?-?A-/?-&A-8A$-LJ.-o-;A/-"8J?-z-3R?-SA?,
"%-<%-?:-$-=/-/?-<A-=-:6K$-o-.%-2.-=A?-?A-/?-<%-$A-t$?-g<-8R/-o-;A/-"[email protected]=A/-IA?-2>.,
"HJ.-<%-o=-#2-?R-?R-/?-.?-;/-&A-43-=-:.$-o-;A/-"8J?-z-3R?-SA?,
@.-=A/-IA?-"%-<%-o=-#2-$&A$-#R-/<-3-$+R$?-3A-:PR.LA-!A-=/-.%-?:-!A-=/,2.-=A?-?A-2&?-/A
-.LA/-)A-o=-#2-GA-3A-:S-2:A-?-#=-#$-;A/-=,:.A-28A-2R<-3*3-:VJ=-o=-#2-(J/-3R-8J?-G%-:2R.,"&J?
-=/-2+2,
":R,.J-/A-@-&%-fR$-:6B%-(J,.J?-/-HJ.-<%-?-#=-?R-?R-/?-.?-;/-$-43-=-:.$-o-;A/-"8J?-z-3R?-SA?,
"%- <%- .LA/- !A- =/- /?- $9:- :#R<- $&A$- =- :.$- o- .%- ?:- !A- =/- .%- 2.- =A?- ?A- /?- *A/- $?3- <J<- #R.o- ;A/,9A- =A%- /?- =/- +/- =- :P=- 28.- LJ.-0<- *A/- $*A?- .%- KJ.- !- .$R?,3J- :#R<- .J- .?- 5S.- $&A$- $AeJ?- ?- :PR- o- ;A/- 0?- %- <%- %J?- 0<- .- :PR- .$R?,2.J- 3R- LR?,z- 3R,M<-.- 3)=- 2<- (R/,"8J?- @.- =A/- IA?- =/2+2,
.J-<A%-/A-^-2-$?3-0:A-5K?-2&R-s-;A/-5K,.?-/[email protected]=A/-aR2-9<-=R$-o-<J.,
233
#J-5/-*J<-28A-2,#R-3R?-#-0<-A%-P%?-8A$-28$-;R.-.3,
#-2h,
(#-0<-$+R%-.?-?,)
^-2, HJ.-2.J-3R-;A/-/3,
$;%-:6S3?,6-;J,HJ.-?-;A/,
^-2, %-<%-^-2-;A/,HJ.-<%-$;%-:6S3?-AJ-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?,;A/,%-$;%-:6S3?-;A/,(-o?-;R.-0:A-{.-:.A-$R-2?-)A-:S:A-3R-2-=,HJ.-GA-$/?-5=-&A-:S-<J.,
^-2, %-3A-29%-o-3J.,:.A-/-;R.-5.-.?-o/-.%-:S,HJ.-GA-L-2-,-.$-&A-:S-<J.,
$;%- :6S3?,;R.- 5.- }<- 28A/- 2.J- =J$?- ?- 3(A?,2.$- $A- aR2- .0R/- IA?- $=- +J- %?- 3- 3,.- .- z- ?- /?- .%?2lR/-LJ.-/-%-<%-~/-%$-0-8A$-+-:I<-%J?-;A/-9J<,:R/-G%-1-;=-IA-9-3-@-&%-S/,
^-2, .J-=R?-;A/,%-5S?-HJ.-=-1-;=-IA-.%R?-2R-,3-$%-2{<-(R$-=,.J?-HJ.-GA-S/-$.%-?J=-,2,
$;%-:6S3?,2!:-SA/-(J,^-2,HR.-%R-3-29%-$A,HJ.-GA-$3-.-2N->A?-AJ-;R.,%?-.%R?-$/?-#R-=-#-2h8A$-LJ.-/-:.R.,
^-2,
,$?- o=- 3- 28J%?,#R- :.A:A- }R/- +$- +$- =- 5S.-3-*R-<- 2.-?R%-,HJ.-GA-{.-%?-#R-=-2>.-/AJ-(R$,
$;%-:6S3?,3A/,.J<-*R/-3J.,?%-*A/-.$R%-):A-}R/-+$-+$-=-%?-;%-2*<-#-0<-8A$-o$^-2,HJ.-.%\J%-3R=-LJ.-/-%R-3-*A.-0R-<J.,
^-2, %-;%-.J-v<-;A/,?J3?-(%-LR?,3A-:I%?-2<-#-2h-L,
2N->A?, 7J,^-2,&A-8A$-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
^-2, HJ.- GA?- $;%- :6S3?-GA?-2+%-2:A-#-0<-=-*/-3-,2-0-<J.,#R-3R?-2.$-=-HR.-;R.-3J.-SA?2-.%-%?-#R-3R<-HJ.-<%-|R-KA<-<-2.-?R%-8J?-2>.-9A/,
2N->A?, HJ.-GA?-%R-3-2>.-0-;A/-/3,#R-3R?-$8/-&A-8A$-\J%-L%-,
R 2-;.-R 5.-2.J-=J$?-?-3(?A G%-1-;=-I-A 9-3-S/-L%-8J?-2eR.-0-;A/,
^-2, #-R 3?-L2N->A?, :R,%-5S?-#R-3R<-3,/-nJ/-&A-8A$-212-,2,
^-2, %?-#R-3R<-1-;=-IA-9?-,3-$%-2{<-.$R?-?3-.J:A-52-=-HJ.-*A.-z-?<-3%$?-.$R?-8J?-SA?,
2N->A?, .J-/A-@-&%-29%-,3R?-%-=-#R-3R<-2+%-(R$-0?-#-0<-A%-P%?-8A$-28$-AJ-;R.,
234
^-2,
3J.,#R- 3R?- 28$- 3J.,:R/- G%- 3R?- ?%- *A/- ;%- 2*<- #- 0<- 8A$- $+R%- 9J<,#R-3R?-2>.-0- v</-.$R%-):A-}R/-+$-+$-=-#-0<-$+R%-o-;A/-0-.%-.%R?-$/?-HJ.-=-#-2h-LJ.-:.R.-;R.-9J<,
2N->A?, 29%- $A?%- *A/- KA- SR- %- <%- HA3- /?- :.$- o,#R- 3R?- $+R%- 2:A- #- 0<- ;%- 2*<- >R<-.- 2&$- /3A-:.R.,
aR2-5/,3-2eJ.,
$/3- $>A?- :H$- 0:A- ^- 2- .%- 0R:C- *A/- 3R- 8A$- =,A- 3- 8A$- $A?- <%-$A-2- (%- =- #R- 3R<- .%R?- 0R- *R- 2<<R$?-<3-L-.$R?-0:A-<J-2-2+R/,
"HJ.-GA?-2.$-=-2$-=J2-$&A$-.%-:R-3-.3-2-$%-,3<-<A=-2R-8A$-2&?-*R?,2$-=J2-$?<-2-;A/-3A/=- $?=- 2R- 2v- .$R?- 8A%- ,:R- 3- .3- 2- (J/- 0R- 8A$- .%- 3<- <A=- 2R- (%- %- 8A$- =J/- <R$?,:.A- .$- 3- 2eJ.&A$.-.%-:PR-#<-|R<-:$:-:HJ<-o-3-2eJ.-&A$-"&J?-A-3?-2>.,
2- (%- $A?- H- 2- SR/- 0R- 8A$- $R/- eJ?- |R:A- KA<- 2.,5S%- #%- .- :PR- 2:A- =3- 2<- .- #R- (- o?- ;R.- 0:A- 3A- :$:=- :U.- L%- ,,R$- 3<- #R- A- #-=- ,$-!J- A- 3<- 2$- =J2- $?<- 2- 8A$- *R- <- :PR- 2- .J-2eR.,.J:A-eJ?,#R:A- ]R:A- ,2PR$?- 0R- .%- %R- U.- L%- 2?- #R?- "%- <%- :R- 3- .3-2- (J/- 0R- $&A$- *R- <- :PR- 28A/- ;R.-" &J?- 2>.,.J- /?- #R:A- .$Jc/-=-,$-.?-"%-<%-3<-<A=-2R-(%-%-8A$-*R-2<-:PR-28A/-;R.-"&J?-=/-2+2,
3)$-3,<,2-(%-.J-5S%-#%-.-,R/-L%-,#R-<%-5S%-#%-$A-KR$?-!/-=-:#R<-!J-2$-=J2-$?<-2-8A$-.%-:R3- .3-2- $&A$,3<- <A=- 2R- $&A$- 2&?- 24=,#R?- A- 3:A- 3%$?- 2&R=- v<- .- $&A$- G%- 3- 2eJ.- 2<-5%3-]%?-5<-.?-#R?-.J-.$-5S%-#%-$A-3./-KR$?-?-HJ<-;R%-!J-lA?-$*J<-0<-3.,
5S%-2?-"|R<-.$-.%-9<-s-<J.-"&J?-2>.,
2- (%- .J?- A3- U$- $A- /%- .- <J$- eJ?- =$- !R%- KA<- K%- ;R%- !J-"A- 3?- 2.$- =- #R- 3R<- 2$- =J2- $&A$- .%- :R3- .3- 2- $%- ,3<- <A=- 2R- $&A$- 2&?- *R?- >R$- 9J<,.- .%- #R- 3R?- %- =- 2$- =J2- $?<- 2- ;A/- 3A/- ,$- $A?$&R.- .$R?- 5=- .%- :R- 3- >J=- .3- (J/- 0R- 8A$3<- <A=- 2R- (%- %- 8A$- 2&?- =R%?- 9J<,#R- 3R?- %- =- 2>.- 0:A*R-.$R?-0-5%-3-%?-3-2eJ.,:R/-G%-%?-|R<-3R-HJ<-;R%-o-2eJ.-?R%-"&J?-2>.-L%-,
235
#J-5/-*J<-s-0,2.J-,%-=-1/-0:A-29:-2+%-,
#-2h,
(aR2-9:A-!2?-2.J:A-$?R=-5B$?-#%-.,)
<.-;/, 7-;J,A/-:SA-<R:-.%-^-2-i3-$*A?,$/?-5=-$?<-2-&A-8A$-;R.,
^-2, $/?-5=-$?<-2-&A-;%-3J.,HJ.-GA?-%-5S-.%-3*3-.-.$R%-)-:,%-:.R.-.3,
<.-;/, 3A-(R$-o-&A-;R.,HJ.-5S?-&A-8A$-9-28A/-;R.,
A/-:SA- <R:,%?- 5S.- 3- 2dR?- 3- .%-#R?- 8R$- #R$- 24?- 3- 9- 28A/- ;R.,%- 5S?-.-.%-2$- ,$-$3-24?-3:A-52-
=- 2$- ,$- (<- 24S?- 3- 2>.- 9A/,%- 5S?- 2.J- ,%- =- 1/- 0:A- 9- 3- 9-lA?- LJ.- 28A/- ;R.- 0?- $3*%-2:A-9-3-:.J3?-;R.,
^-2, %-5S?-.-.%-2J-ZA/-?:-.%-5B-$:A-:.?-5.-3,R-2:A-9?-<A$?-29:-lA?-;R.-0?->-=?-29R?-2:A5S.-3-#R-/-3-;A/-0-$8/-.-.%-}R-5=-IA-5S.-3-#->?-2>.-9A/,
<.-;/, 2?3-5=-.J-29%-,
2.$-=-PR$?-0R-:$:-;R.-=-#R-5S?-G%-29:-2+%-$A-i3-0-2+<-2?-=?-0R- 2.J- ,%- .- I<- ;R.,
9?-<A$?-$-5S$?-#J2-!J-=R%?-?-,R.-0-/A-2.J-,%-.-:I<-2<-(J?-3IR$?-0:A-,2?-=3-;A/-0%?->J?-;R.,
A/-:SA-<R:,.-.%-%?-$R-,R?-=-$9:-:#R<-$&A$-$A-/%-.-=?- l=-,J%?-:$<- .R%- 3#/- .J- =?- l=-3A- .R%3#/- =?- 2.J- ,%-;A/- 9J<,=?- l=- IA?- aR2- .R%- LJ.- 0<- ;%- <3- :.J$?- LJ.- ,2,o- 35//A-.J?-2.$-=-!R2?->$?-.A/-8A%-%=-.2-?J=-,2,
<.-;/, 2?3-5=-.J-29%-,*A/- :.A-:$<-%?-=?-l=-,J%?-3%-0R-3-.%?,%:A-2?3-0<-2.$-$A?-.-v/?-29%-!J-2.J-,%-=-1/-0:A-29:-2+%-=R%?-?-,R.-o-.%-.J-<A%-KA-SR-/?-=?-l=-.R%-o-;A/,
HJ.-GA?-2v?-/-29:-2+%-$?<-2-.J-.$-&A-:S-<J.,
^-2, 2.J-,%-=-1/-0:A-29:-2+%-,.-/-$/.-.R/-$*A?-;R.,
<.-;/, .J-.$-&A-8A$-<J.,
A/-:SA-<R:, 2.J-,%-=-1/-0:A-29:-2+%-=-<R-2&.-3A-w/,
^-2, VR-2-29%-2:A-29:-2+%-.J-.$-2.J-,%-=-3A-1/,
236
aR2-5/,8A%-?-/A-5K-YR$-;A/,
:63- \A%- $A- ;=- P- !/- +- 8A%- =?- /A- 3A- 5% 3<- $=- (J- 2<- :.$:V?- 2-;R.- 0:A- 8A%- =?- /A-8A%- ?- $>A/0R<-2gJ/-;R.-=,8A%-?-$>A/-0R-3J.-5K,8A%-=?-=-<J-2-3J.,:R/-G%-8A%-=?-GA-LJ.-,2?-.J-.-v:A-2<-.-5.
-3,R/-0:A-|R-/?-2&R?-2+<-L?-0-<J.,{2?- :$<-8A%- =?- GA- L- ,2?- .J- .$- $A?- ?:A- $R- =:A- !J%- $A- ?- $>A?$>A/-0R<-:$=-nJ/-29R?-;R.,
=R-<J<-28A/-8A%-?-$&A$-$A-!J%-.-=R-+R$-$-$&A$-2+2-/-8A%-0-K$-0R<-:I<-YA.-G%-.J?-o/-.-?-$>A?%/-0<-29R-2-.%-=R-+R$-*J?-0-3A-29%-,1850=R<-A<-:.-=/-.-/.-<A$?-&A$-$A?-8R$-#R$-;R.-5.-l-3J.-.2+%- ,o- 35/- /A- *J?- .%R?- .J- .$- =- /.- .J<- 1<- cR=- LJ.- 0:A- !R2?- >$?-:6S3?- 3J.,.J:A-.2%-$A?-3A- P%?OA-$&A$-5K-=?-:.?,
=R- +R$- 3A- :L%- 2:A- 8A%- ?- .J- .$- LJ- 3<- :I<- 28A/- ;R.,3J- \A%- zR- 3- <- =R- <J<- 28A/- /$?- 5=- IA- #R%- 2Ri3?- 2&.- .J- >=- .- =R- +R$- :.J2?- 28A/- ;R.,:R/- G%- ?- $>A?- 3A- 29%- 2?- =R- :$<- 3- $+R$?- =R- +R$- *J?- 3AYA.,.J- eJ?-/$?- 5=- 3%- 0R- $&R.- .$R?,o- 35/- /A-8A%- ?:A-G%- :5S- 2&.-2#-=J/-LJ.-0<-#R%-=R-<=-2-3J.-.3A-<%-2?-?R,
*J-2:A- =R- :$:A- <A%- ,:63- \A%- $A- ?- (- 3%- >R?- ?- =.- m?- ,.- .J-=R- +R$- $A-;R%- :22- )J-3,R-<-2+%- ,=.m?- 28$- 0- =?- *J?- 2:A- ?A=- +R$- .%- 5S.- 3:A- <A$?-.J- .$- <%- L%- $A- =.- m?- =- 2gJ/-/?- *J?- 0- =?-3A$- =36K?- >A%- *J?- !R2?- (J,:R/- G%- .J- .$- 9?- ?- ,.- /- 3A- 9R$- $A- 2.J- ,%- =- 3A- 1/,.J-2?-&A-8A$-212-/-?-$>A?$>A/-0R-=?-2.J-,%-=-1/-0:A-=R-+R$-*J?-,2,
8A%- ?- $>A/- 0R- .J- =J$?- 2&R?-LJ.-0<-L-,2?-$-5S$?-,R.-(R$-+J,?-$>A?-$>A/-0R-;A/-0:A-8A%-?-.J-.$+-=R-<J<-28A/-=R-+R$-<A$?-3A-:S-2-:.J2?-0-.%-8A%-?-#->?-?-=R-+R$-3-2+2-0<-=R-$&A$-=-2*<-.$R?,
,2?-:.A-=-=R-+R$-:#R<-*R.-:.J2?-:6$?-GA-YR=-9J<,.J-v<-L?-/-?-2&.-:6B/-,2-&A%-$+R<-2_$-,J2?0:A-8A%- ?- .J- .$-$A- *J- :#R<- .:%- #R%- 2R- 24$?- +J- a<- $?R-LJ.- (R$#R%- 2R:C- =R- 3- {3- 0R- .J- .$- $A?- ?- 2&.- )J29%-.-$+R%- ,2- 0- .%- l- 2?-?- <=-2<-:$R$-Y%-LJ.-,2,<%-L%-$A-=.-m?-=?-*J?-0:A-=R-+R$-.J-.$-$A?m?-:I<-=.-m?-=-2gJ/-/?-L%-2:A-=R-+R$-=?-?-2&.-:6B/-,2,
8A%- ?- /A- %- 5S:C- :63- \A%- ;R%?- GA- @- &%- $=- (J- 2:A- /?- 0:A- :L%- #%?- >A$- ;A/,?:A- $R- =<- Y%- *R2- 8J?0-.J-;%-.R/-.-?-$>A?-$>A/- 0R-o/-:HR%?-LJ.-0-=-9J<,8A%-?-/A-!/-IA-:L%-#%?-;A/-0?-<%-$A-5K-YR$-v<Y%-*R2-LJ.-.$R?,
237
#J-5/-*J<-S$-0,aR2-9:A-:5S-2,
2N->A?-GA-*A/-,R,
^-28A-0:A-5K?-.$$9:-%J/-0,
%?- /3- o/-.- *A/- ,R- :VA- 28A/- ;R.,:R/- G%- *J- =3- %- <%- L- 2- 3%- 0R- 8A$- =- VJ=- 2?- .J- o/- :HR%?- Lo-.!:-#$-L%-,2.$-=-^-2-<J-<J:A-}R/-.-.J-.$-:VA-:.R.-GA-<J-2-;R.,
%?- aR2- 9-<- .%?- 2lR/-LJ.- 28A/- ;R.- 0?,.LA/- ;A$-$A- (- 5.- <A3- 28A/- )J- 29%- .- :PR- 28A/- 3(A?,:R/G%- %- <%- }<- 28A/- $/3- .J.- <A$- 0-.R%- o<- @- &%- .$:,%?- $9:- :#R<- :$<- aR2- (%- $A- aR2- 3- 5S<$/3- .J.-<A$- 0- OA.- .$R?- 2?- .J:A- KR$?- =- :2.- 0- LJ.- 28A/- ;R.,%- <%- .- .%- 2R.- GA- =R- o?- aR2- OA.- =- @&%- .$:,.J:A- /%- .- %- 5S:C- <A$- $/?- {R<- IA- >J?- L- >A/- +- 3%- ,aR2- {2?- :.A<- %- <%-9?- <A$?$;R?- .R<- ,2?- GA- aR2- OA.- =:%- 8$?- 28A/-;R.,.J-2?-KA-SR:A-.?-?-%-<%-@-&%-VJ=-2-(J-2?-35/-3R:C-.?=-$*A.-5B3-0R-8A$-G%-#$-3A-,2-0-.%-8R$?-0:A-.?-<J-<J<-%-<%-}-3R-/?-=%?-+J-*A/-.J:A-aR2-5/-.$-=-P1A$-L?-0-;A/,
%- <%- aR2-G:A- :5S- 2- =:%- @- &%- .$:,.J- <A%- KA- SR- %?- aR2- 9:A- :P/- 2#<- IA- OR.- /?- b%- lJ.- %R- =R- lJ.2- ;A/,*A/- :.A- :$<- %- 5S:C- <- #$- b%- lJ.-%R- =R- lJ.- /- @- &%- 29%- ,.J- 2?- %- 5S- o=- ,2- o- %?-,J$- $&R.LJ.- ,2,.- .%- .R- .$R%- %?- <%- $A- PR$?- 0R- 5S<- .$R%- )- 2{R=- 2- ;A/,</- IA?- 2$- =J2- $?<- 2- HJ<- ;R%- 2- .%A/-:SA-<R-;A?-5S.-3<-#J2-0:A-:V?-=?-28A/-;R.,z-3R-;%-,R/-:.$,#R-3R?-G%-VR-(/-2+2-;R.-0:A-5S.-324?- 3- HJ<- ;R%- ;R.,%:A- $&J/- 3R- %- .%- 3*3- .- aR2- 9<- :PR- 28A/- ;R.,#R- 3R- *J- ?<- ;R.- 0- .J?- %- <%- ?- 3,:/?-aR2-9-:PR-o<-!2?-2.J-29R?-;R.,
$9:- :#R<- :$:A-<A%- =,%- <%- z- ?<- $/?- 2{R<-=- :PR- o- ;A/,^-s- 2:A- /%- .- %- 5S<- $/%- 2- ;R.0- .%- .J:A- eJ?-GA- $9:- :#R<- /?-29%- aR2- 9:A- =?- l=- :P/- 5S$?- ;A/- 0?-%- <%-:P=- 28.- LJ.- 0<-aR2OA.- :$:-=?- (.- 3A- .$R?,%?- /3- ;%- $;%- :6S3?- S/- 28A/- ;R.,%?- #R- 3R- .?- /3- 8A$- =- KA<- 35S- }R/-.=R$-o-3A->J?-0?-#R-3R-KA<-;R%-2<-<J-|$-LJ.-0-=?-%-<%-z-?-<-3R-=-2v-<-:PR-o,HJ.-GA?-2?3-/-%?-120-:.A-.$-:PA$-$3,
.- v- %- $*A.- =R$- o- ;A/,o- 35/- /A- %- <%- b2- !J$?- !J%- .- $*A.- #$- 28A/- ;R.,$=- +J- ?%- *A/- %- =- .?5S.-;R.-5K-3%-0R-:VA-%J?-;A/,
238
aR2-5/,3$R-<?-.3<-0R-.NA?-0:A-:P=-28.-0-(%-(%-8A$,
*A/-8A$-=,3$R-<?-.3<-0R-.NA?-0:A-:P=-28.-0-(%-(%-.J-/$?-$?J2-2o.-/?-#R-3R:C-kR-3R-=$?-=9-3-aJ-2R-$%-HJ<-+J-?R%-,#J<-n%-$A-#R-3R-=3-2<-/?-o2-=-!-<J-(J/-0R-8A$-.%-:2.->A%->R$-&A$-#<-;R.-0:A/$?-:,-3#/-8A$-=-U.-L%-,
"6-;J,HJ.- <%-&A:A- KA<- b%- ,%-=- /$?- 5=- !$- 0R- :.A- 2o.-/?-:PR-2-;A/,2.-3J.-$8R/-/-3-8A$-=3U/-:.A-/?-#J<-n%-.-?R%-/-*J/-#-(J,"8J?-/$?-:,-3#/-.J?-2>.,
2.- 3J.- .J?- 2>.- o<,"%- <%- /$?- 5=- :.A:A- 1<-/%- /- 2#.- ;R.- 0:A- %:A- kR- 3R- =$?- =- 2v- <- :PR2-;A/,.R-/2-%-<%-3R-.%-3*3-.-8$-#R.-LJ.-eJ?-?%-*A/-KA<-=R$-o-;A/,"
/$?-:,-3#/-.J?"/$?-5=-:.A:A-/%-.-,%-!A-3%-0R-;R.-0?-?J3?-(%-LR?,"8J?-2>.,
#R%- 2R- 8A$- $A- o2- .- ;A2-:.$- 0:A- ,%-!A?-/$?-:,-3#/-.%-2.-3J.-.J- $*A?-GA-#-2h-$R-L%-,,%-!A?-2?30<-"%-=-,2?-3(R$-&A$-;R.-0-.J-:P2-/,.R-/2-.$R%-9?-?-2.-3J.-$8R/-/-3-8A$-9-(R$"
,%- !A- .J- M<- .- 3./-=- o$?- +J- =3- S%- 3R-8A$-.J.- /?- /$?- $?J2-+-?R%- ,#R-<%-2.-3J.-.J:A-kR-3R-=$?GA-#R.->$-+-,R/-+J,c/-3R-.J-#%-3A$-&A$-$A-/%-.-2&$-0-.%-kR-3R:C-IR/-$R?-,%-$A-<%-*A.-GA?-IR/-+J-*=-/?2#.,
;.- 43- :$R<- eJ?,2.- 3J.- $8R/- /- 3- .J- #R- 3R:C- kR- 3R- =$?- GA- #R.- >$- +- ,R/- 0- .%- /%- =- ?R%-!"6
J- -;J,kR3R-=$?,HJ.-<%-=-9-3-9-:.R.-;R.-0<-(R/,%?-HJ.-=-.$R%-9?-8A3-0R-8A$-$;R?-;R.,"&J?-2>.,
,%-!A?,".J-@-&%-29%-,%?-.$R%-9?-:5S=-28A/-;R.,"&J?-2>.,
"2v?-5S.-.J-<A%-HR.-/3-o/-.%-3A-:S,=?-#3?-2.J-:3,"&J?-2.-3J.-.J?-2>.,
,%-!A?,"%:A-=?-#3?-@-&%-2.J,HJ.-GA?-&A:A-KA<-.J-v<-:SA-2-;A/,"8J?-2>.,
2.-3J.-GA?-2>.-o<,kR-3R-=$?,HJ.-GA-3A$-2P.-0-@-&%-(J,
,%-!A?,":.A-v<-L?-/-%?-HR.-$?=-2R-3,R%-,2,$&J?-U$-3,"&J?-2>.,
2.-3J.-GA?-2>.-o<,":R-/-HJ.-GA?-i-&R$-.J-:S:A-(J-2-=,"
,%-!A?,":.A-v<-L?-/-%?-HJ.-GA-2>.-0-$?=-2R-,R?-,2,"&J?-2>.,
2.-3J.-GA?-2>.-o<,"kR-3R-=$?,HJ.-GA-?R-.J-)A-:S:A-(J-2-=,"
,%-!A?,":.A-v<-L?-/-%?-HR.-!2?-2.J-%%-9-,2,"
239
,%-!A-.J-*=-?-=?-KA<-3(R%-!J-2.-3J.-.J-29%-,2.-3J.-GA?-%-:2R.-LJ.-.?-/$?-:,-3#/-.J-kR-3R:C-#R.
->$?-2o.-/?-:PR-28A/-;R.-0?,#R?-|R-2&$?-+J-!-<J-;A?-,%-!A-.J-2?.,.J:AJ-eJ?-2.-3J.-.%-/$?-:,3#/-$*A?-GA?-kR-3R-=$?-GA?-#%-3A$-&A$-+-:1$-:5$-o$-28A/-;R.-0:A-1-,R?-+J-#R-$*A?-GA?-kR-3R-*2?,
.?-.J-/?-29%-,,%-!A-3-$+R$?-5%-3?-$+/-.-2.J-2:A-%%-/?-:5S-2-<R=,
#J-5/-*J<-2./-0,:1J=-o?,
#-2h,
^-2, 7J,z-3R,HJ.-=-2v?-5S.-GA-@-&%-.$:-:.$&A-8A$-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
z-3R, 6- ;J,^- 2,%- <%- @- &%- .$:,%- 5S:A- 8A%- (J/-/?-3- l- 3*3- 28$- L?- 0:A- !%- 9A- 8A$-24$?- +J- #=IA- !R.- H- ,R/- *J.- o- <J.,#R- 5S?- .L<- .?- ?- 5S%- =?-=- 2.$- $*J<- LJ.- 3#/-.- ?- $/?- GA- 3A8A$-:5S=-28A/-;R.-0?-%?-L-2-.J-12-(J.-~/-8-;A-$J-8A$-P-1A$-L?-9A/,
^-2, :R,.J-@-&%-29%-,!%-9A-:.A:A-{R<-IA-$/?-5=-3%-0R-8A$-%-=->R.-.%-,
R $A,^- :.A:A- ^- 3)$- +- .LA- +- =A:A-:2:- z/- !%- 9A- .%- 8A%- (J/- YA.- $8%- $*A?- GA?- 3*3- :VJ=z- 3R, ($|R?- $/- o- 8A$- :)R$- o- <J.,!%- 9A- :.A- ^- S$- 0:A- ^- .GA=- .- ;R%?- ?- :P2- %J?- 0- .%- ^- 2./- 0:A^-!R.-=-5S%-=?-GA-|R-:LJ.-o-<J.,
^-2, .J- v<- 2>.- /- %- 5S:C- 8%-A (J/- IA- :6$?- 20/- =- :1J=- o?- (J/- 0R- ;.-R 0-:S,=?- $/?- 3%- 0R8A$-,$-$&R.-LJ.-,2-23,
z-3R, <.-J ;,PR%- HJ<- IA- 29R- 9-<- 29R- 2- *A?- 2o- z$- \?- +J- L- 2- 12-+- :)$- %J?- <J.,.- .%- ?- $/?GA-:VR$-0-3%-0R-.%-$+/-#R.-LJ.-3J.-0:A-:VR$-HA3-?R$?-=-/R<-#=-*R-2:A-$/-o-:)R$-%J?-<J.,.J2?- ;=- P- !/- IA- :6.- ,R.- 3#/- 5%- 3?- :63- \A%- $A- ;%- lJ- /?- ,R/- 0:A-/R<- #=- IA- !R.- $R?- SR/- 0RIR/-0<-.$:-2?-LJ.-%J?-;A/,
^-2, .J- 2?-KR$?- $*A?- !:A- :.R.- ]R- 5B3?- %J?- <J.,:.A- /A- 3A%- .R/- 35%?- 2:A- :1J=- o?- ;A/,%?- HJ.<%-!%-9A-:.A-:S-8A$-/?-L-2-=?-o<-3R-2-:1J=-8A%-L-$8$-$?<-2:A-OR.-/?-2?3-.R/-:P2-0<(R/-:./-8,
z-3R, .-.%- 2.$- =- gJ/-:VJ=-3-8,%?-.-.%-L-2-:.A<-5S.-v-3-L?-0-.%-~/-8-:2=-3#/-=?-$&A$3-$+R$?-=J/-o-3-<J.,
240
!2?-2.J:A-9-3,
1950=R<-A-3J-<-!-<,*J?-0-8A$-=-,2?-2!R.-$?<-2-8A$-;R.-0-<J.,#R?-"%?-<A$?-3A-$&A$-0:A-9
-#%-8A$-20/-o-;A/-=-.J-.$-A-3J-<-!:A-$8%-=3-$4S-2R-;R.-5.-.%-M<-5.-3,R-2:A-$8%-=3-?R$?-GA-:P3/?-:6$?-o-;A/-8A%-9-3:A-3A%-=-'!2?-2.J:A-9-3,'8J?-:2R.-o-;A/-,o-35/-/A-9-3-P-1A$-.%-82?-8-12
-0<-.?-5S.-,%-%-8A$-2!R=-/-(R$-0-.%-9-3:A-:$R.-,R:C-!J%-.-3IR$?-M<-%%-9-,2-0:A-9-3-:$R.-o-;A/,93-.J-.$->R$-2:A-29R?-0:A-1R<-2-.%-.!<-;R=-IA-/%-.-]$?-+J-82?-8-212-o-;A/-0?-:6.-,R.-3#/-i3?
-GA?-9-3-9?-5<-eJ?-.J-.$-,%-=-2*<-(R$.J-!2?-2.J-3A/-/3,9?-<A$?-.J-.$-=?-2<-=$-l=-H.-0<&/-3A-.$R?-2?-82?-8-2-5%-3<-;%-[-1R$-3,R/-0R-!J<-3A-.$R?,3A-P%?-?-;-:$<-82?-8-12-!J-A-|R<
-.%-K<-2&-z$-=J/-o,HJ.-GA?-2?3-/-2.$-$A-,2?-2!R.-.J-&A-:S-<J.,"&J?-2>.,
*J?-0-.J:A- PR$?-0R?- ".J- /A-.$:-$%-aR%-2:A-,2?-2!R.-&A$-<J.,:R/-G%-%?-2?3-/-1=-(J<-!2?-2.J9- 3:A- 9- #%-.J:A- .2%- $A?- $/.- .R/- 3%- 0R- :L%- YA.,$=- +J- !2?- 2.J:A- 9- 3:A- /%- .-$3- IA- :.?- 5.- 3,R- 5K=?-0R-2.J-,%-$A-,.-=-$/.-.R/-3%-0R-29R-%J?,$=-+J->R$-2:A-29R?-2:A-)-1R<-.%-#J<-3-?R$?-,%-=-2*</- $.- ~A$?- 3%- 0R- 29R- YA.,:6.- ,R.- 3#/- 5%- 3- !2?- 2.J:A- 9- 3:A- 9- #%-.- ;R%-5K- HA3- 5% - $A- 9- #%- (%- 2i3?- ,2?- 9.- .J- |R- o$- .$R?,HJ.- GA?- <%- $A- ,2?- 2!R.- .J?- 3%- 5S$?- GA- :5S- 2<- :I<- wR$- )A- v<- :L%o:A-,.-=-2?3-]R-$+R%-.$R?,"8J?-2>.,
*J?- 0- .J?,":R,.J<- .3A$?- .$R?- .R/- 3J.,%?- 2?3- /- !2?- 2.J:A-9- 3?- $/R.- 0- (J/- 0R- 29R-3A- YA.,$=(J- 2- /A- |R<- 3%- 0R- 8A$- 20/- o- .J- <J.,%?- *J/- #- :.A:A- OR.- .- HJ.-<%- 2.$- $A-=$- <R$?- 0- 8A$- LJ.- :.R.- ;R.,
HJ.-GA?-2.$-$A-<J-2-.%-.-=J/-o-3A/-/3,"&J?-2>.,
*J?- 0- .:J A P$?
R - 0-KA
R <- =$R !J- <%- H3A I-A 9- #%- (%- %- .-J <- L- 2- 12,#R?- */-A 8A$- <%- *.-A G%- ,2?- 9.0:A- %%- <%- $-A 9- #%- $-A |R- 2o2- +-J \- 1R$- .3:- 2:A- !2?- 2.J:A- 9- 3:A- 9- #%-.J- /?- L- 2- 212-.$R?- 3A/- =2?3-]R-2+%-,
241
#J-5/-*J<-2o.-0,$?<-.-24$?-0:A-aR2-(%-,
#-2h,
/R<-2, 7J,1R=-3,aR2-(%-$?<-2-.J:A-29R-20/-&A-:S-<J.,
1R=-3, 6- ;J,/R<- 2,$/?- {2?- ?- M<- 5.- .=- 2- 3- $+R$?- L- 2- ;R.- 5.-2.J- =J$?- ;A/- 3R.,$8$- KR$?%-5S<-$/.-.R/-:$:-;R.-%J?,
/R<-2, .0J-28$-/-$%-v-2-<J.,
1R=-3, ,R$-3<,,A<-^-}R/-3<-29R-20/-i3-P%?-:.A-=-$/-o-:)R$-.?-%-5S-.%-3*3-.-9-3-9-3#/-IAmR%-$A-:$R-OA.-0-5S?-=?-:$R-lR3-0<-$9:-:#R<-#->?-<A%-|$-.$R?-9J<,
/R<-2, .J-/A-;A.-13-0:A-L-2-8A$-<J.,HJ.-5S<-$/.-.R/-$8/-;R.-.3,
1R=-3, ;R.,%- 5S<- ;R.,%- 5S?- 2>.- ;R.- 0:A- 29R- 20/- IA- o- (- .J- .$-$9:- :#R<- S$- z$- =- 3- :LR<- 2- .%29R-20/-i3-P%?-:.A:A-|R<-3R-=-.%=-#%-=?-*J.-!-$&A$-G%-,R$?-3J.,
/R<-2, .J-;A.-*R-2-8A$-<J.-3R.,$%-v<-HJ.-5%-$A?-29R-20/-i3-P%?-:.A-12-0:A-,.-=-:2.-2lR/-L?0<-%-5S?-2!:-SA/-8-2-;A/,
1R=-3, 2!:-SA/-8-3A-.$R?,KR$?-$8/-8A$-/?-29R-20/-:.A:A-L-2-#->?-GA-{R<-=-%-5S-.$:-5S<-(J/-0RR
s*J?-;.,
A =,
/R<-2, &A-:S-8$1R=-3, %- 5S<- <R$?- *R<-$/%- 3#/- IA- 3A- $?- aR2- 9-=?- :$R- lR3- 0<- <J- |$- L?- ;R.,%- 5S?- :$R- lR3- o- :KA/:%-:(<-$8A-v<-:P2-YA.,
$=-+J-;R.-5.-2.J-=J$?-?-12-/-%-<%-LA?-0:A-.?-/?-<J-|$-L?-0:A-aR2-(%-$?<-2-:.A-!R/-#:AA-.?
-:$R<-:P2-%J?,
/R<-2, .J- @- &%- 29%- ,2.J- =J$?- %%- =J$?- :P2- L%- /- $/R.- .R/- ,$- $A?- $&R.- 0<- |$- .$R?- G%- .J<- *R/3A-:.$
:63-\A%-23-0-g$?-&/-IA-b%-lJ.-%R-=R-:P/-#<,
=R- 28A- <J:A- /%- .,:63- \A%- ;R%?- b%- lJ.- %R- =R- lJ.- 2:A- .?- <A3- 8A$-=-aJ2?-0-;A/,b%-lJ.-%R-=R<-.$:2:A-3A-2o-!R%-3%-0R-:P/-5S$?-2#-?:A-o=-#2-.J-<-v-{R<-.-;R%-2-.%-b%-lJ.-%R-=R-.$:-2:A-3A-.%-K<-2&242
z$- $A?- 2f/- :UA/- =?- :P/- 2#<-=-2v-28A/-;R.,$=-+J-b%-lJ.-%R-=R-:63-\A%-!J%-(J?-o$?-(J-2:A-=?l=-IA-<A$?->A$-;A/-5KK-:63-\A%-23-0-/A-:63-\J%-!J%-(J?-o$?-(J-2:A-:P/-#<-;A/-0-5?-3-.$R?,

:63- \A%- 23- 0- g$?- &/- IA- b%- lJ.- %R- =R- :P/- #<- OR.- o=- #- ,R2- 3#/- .J- ,$-$&R.-)A- v<- L-.$R?- 8J/,,R$- 3<,:63- \A%- 23- 0:A- :P/- 5S$?-=- 8$?- 3#/- IA- 3A%- P%?- ?R- $*A?- 0R- .J- lR.- (J.- \A%- ?R- ?R- /?
- :P/- 2#<-<A$?- 3%- 0R- 2#- .$R?- 0- .%-,o=- #2- ?R- $*A?- 0R- .J- ,$- $&R.- L?- eJ?,.J- .$- <- #$- 28A- <J-L?+J- .J- {R<- 2o.- .- 2$R?- /?-:P/- #<-LJ.- .$R?,:P/- #<- .J- .$- =?- <- #$- 2&- S$- :.J3?- .$R?,:.A- v<
- :P/- 2#<- <A3- 0- 3%- 0R- LJ.-.$R?-=,:P/-2#<-OR.- 13- #- $&A$- G%- 3- L%-2:A- o=- #2- .J-/A- :63- \A%- 230:A-:P/-#<-IA-L-.$:-A%-.%-0R-,R2-3#/-;A/,
1998=R:C-:63-\A%-23-0-g$?-&/-IA-b%-lJ.-%R-=R-:P/-#<-/A-=R-%R-?R-$*A?-GA-<A%-$4S-$*J<-o=-#2-GA<- #$- :63- \A%- 23- 0- g$?- &/- IA- b%- lJ.- %R- =R- :P/- #<-OR.- A%- .%- 0R- ]%?- 0:A- (J?- ,R$- 3- ;A/,n</-?A-;A?-(J?-3,:-3)$-$A-:P/-2#<-OR.-.-$?3-2#<-,A$-$A-:V?-2?-0-8A?-13-0<-29R?-0-.%-,#-=R+A?-;A?-A%-$?3-0:A-:P/-lR.-OR.-@R-=/-13-0<-L?,
,J%?-eJ?-3:A-:63-\A%-23-0:A-:P/-#<-OR.-o=-#2-$%-=-L-.$:-A%-.%-0R-:,R2-o-??-G%-,$-$A?$&R.- 3A- ,2,*J- 2:A- =R- :.A- .$- $A- <A%- =- AR- \A%- 5S$?- 0- /A- (J?- !R2?- >$?- w/- 0:A- <- #$- ;A/- 3R.,3J- \A%- zR3:A- <- #$-G%-/3- o/- .- !R2?- w/- &/- IA- :P/- lR.- <- #$- ;A/- 0?,,J%?- eJ?- 3:A-o=- #- :,R2- 3#/- .J- o=#2-$%-8A$-;A/-0-,$-$&R.-LJ.-0:A-,2?-=3-*$-$&A$-/A-,J%?-eJ?-3:A-:63-\A%-23-0:A-:P/-5S$?-=-|$o-.J-;A/,
3.R<- /- :63- \A%- 23- 0- /A- :63- \A%- $A- ;=- P- ?R- ?R:C-%R- =R<- .$:- 3#/- 5S?- o=-#:A-:63- 3.%?- 3%R/0:A-.?-.%-13-#:A-3A$-(-:.R/-0:A-.?-;A/,
#J-5/-*J<-.$-2,?-$/?-$?<-:I<-#%-$A-3A-$-.%-3)=-:U.-$/%-2,
#-2h,
(9A- =A%- /?- .LA/- {.- GA- #- 2h:A- :P/- 2#<-OR.- .-^- 2<- o=- #- ,R2-?R%-2?,#R-<%-0J-&A/-IA-:P/-5S$?-(J/-3R-<-8$?-lA?-;R.,#R-<%-:.A:A-}R/-+$-+$-=-?-$/?-
$?<-:I<-#%-$A?-:P/-2#<-IA-{R<-=-2&<-:SA-L?-0:A-$J-=J/-5S$?-:.-=?-KA<-=R$-0-<J.,)
2N->A?, 6-;J,^-2,$J-=J/-5S$?-:.-=-8$?-0-&A-:S-<J.,
243
A/-:SA-<R:, %-5S<-.J:A-{R<-IA-$/?-5=->R.-.%-,
@J,/-$8R/-5S,$J-=J/-5S$?-:.-.J<-8$?-0-29%-,HJ.-5S?-&A-8A$-$A-{R<-=-o?-=R/-LJ.-:.R.-;R.,
^-2,
2N->A?, $?<-:I<-:$R.-3#/-.J:A-HJ.-=-&A-8A$-SA?-L%-,
^-2, #R- 3R?- %- <%- }R/- (.- o=- ?- 0J- &A/- .- ?R%- ;R.- 3J.- .%- PR%- HJ<- (J/- 0R- 8A$- =- ?R%- !J- .LA/{.-,R.-:.R.-;R.-3J.-.J-SA?-L%-,
A/-:SA-<R:, HJ.-GA?-#R-3R<-&A-8A$-2>.,
^-2,
%?-#R-3R<-%-<%-3J?-o=-=-@-&%-.$:-8A%-PR%-HJ<-(J/-0R-.J<-:PR-2<-3R-2-:23-IA?-MR?-;R.5=-=2,
2N->A?, #R- 3R?- HJ.- =- ?- $/?- 5$?- 0<- GA- !J%- .- :P/- 5S$?- .J:A- {R<- IA- lR3- ;A$- &A$- %J=- o:A- 2?35=--;R.-3J.-GA-,.-/?-SA?-AJ-L%-,
^-2, #R-3R?-%-=-.J-LJ.-lA?-;R.-3J.-GA-,.-/?-3-SA?,:R/-G%-#R-3R?-%-=-{2?-<J<-<%-*A.-GA-.LA/
-;A$-$A-l=-=-2gJ/-+J-KA-o=-=-:PR-lA?-;R.-3J.-SA?-L%-,
A/-:SA-<R:, HJ.-GA?-#R-3R<-KA-o=-=-:PR-o<-@-&%-3R-8J?-2>.-0-;A/-/3,
^- 2, %- <%- o=- #2- $8/-.$- :PA3?- +J- v.- 3R- 2v- o<- .$:,%?- #R- 3R<- .- .%- %- <%- KA<- 35S- }R/- .=R$-!J-<%-*A.-GA-1-;=-:1J=-o?-?-:PR-2:A-i3-P%?-3%-0R-8A$-212-o-;A/-0:A-{R<-2>.,
2N->A?, %?- ;%- ,A- 5S$?- =- 82?- :.J$?- 8- lA?- ;R.,A- <:A- \R$- 2f/- IA- /%- .- 2>.- 0- 28A/- <%- ;=
-$.-0-;A/-<%-*A.,
aR2-5/,<J-:./-$?3,
*A/- 8A$8A%- 0- c/- 0R- 8A$- 8A%- #- /?- ;/- <A%- :$R<- eJ?- KA<- HA3- =- =R$#R- ;=- =- ,R/- 0:A- }R/- +$- +$- =#R?-<%-$A-HA3-35K?-/$?-Y%-.J?-=3-:P3-/-3$R-=$-0?-*R<-/?-2#.-;R.-0-.J-3,R%-L%-,
"HA3-35K?-=$?,&A-8A$-L%-?R%-,%?-HJ.-=-?J3?-$?R-:S-LJ.-,2-23"8J?-8A%-0-.J?-SA?,
/$?-Y%-GA?-"PR$?-0R-=$?,,%-=-28$?-.%-%:A-#$-$+3-:.A-=-*/-<R$?,"8J?-2>.,
.J- <A%- KA- SR- %?- <%- $A- (%- 3- .%- 3*3- .- )- #%- /?- 9?- $;R?- .R<- L?- 0- ;A/,%?- ,2- #%- .- :2.- >A%28$-0- ;A/,\R- 2<- .-i3- >J?- >A$- %- 5S:C- 3./-/?- 3%R/- +J- ">A%- .J- 3J- /%- .- 3- :)R$%- /A- HJ.- =->A%- .3- :.A$/%- 3#/- #R%- 2R- .J:A- i3- >J?- ;A/,$=- +J- HJ.- GA?- >A%- .J- 3-2?-/-% ?-HJ.- GA-<J- :./-$?3-{R%- , :)A$- gJ/
244
-:.A:A-!J%-HJ.-=-&A-8A$-.$R?-/-%-=-<J-2-8?-.%-HJ.-=-.J-,R2-%J?-;A/,"&J?-i3->J?-.J?-5?-L%-,
&A-:S:A-!2?-=J$?-0-8A$-<J.-A%-,HJ.-GA?-i3->J?-.J<-HJ.-<%-K$-0R<-2+<-,2-3A/-AJ-SA?,
"%?- .J- .$- =- 8A2- :.%- o$- 0:A- $R- {2?- 3- L%- ,*A/- $%- 0R:C- =?- !- =?- 2?- %- <%-@- &%- vR$?- :.$.J2?- %?- #R- =- %J.- &$- $A- .$R%- 9?- ?- >-o-5S/- 0R- 8A$- !J<- AJ- ,2- &J?- <J- 2- 8?- 0- ;A/,%?- .J- =- <J- 2- 8?- +J- &%3-:$R<-2<->-o-.J-&R$-4K-!J%-/?-3%R/-L%-,"8J?-/$?-Y%-$A?-2>.,
8%-A 0?- "A- @R,HJ.- GA?- <J- 2- (J/- 0R- $?3- =?->- o- 8A$- 3- $+R$?- 3- 8?- 0- <J.,HJ.- GA?- (%- 3?- &A9J<,"8J?-SA?-L%-,
%:A-(%-3-@-&%-OR?-+J-2>.-o<,%-/A- \J/-0-;A/-0?-<J-:./-$?3-=?-$&A$->R<-.-2&$-?R%-9J<,.J-/?#R- 3R?- i3- >J?- =,$=- +-J >- o- .J- %:A- $-3.R- <- :)R$- ,2- /- 8J?- <-J 2- 8?,\R- 2<- .,.J- v<-L?-L%- ,%?- >J.>$?-;R.-5.-GA?-:,/-J ;%-}<-28A/-KA<-=J/-3-,2,
"HJ.-GA?-<J-2-$*A?-8?-9A/-0?-3,:-3)$-$A-<J-2-&A-8A$-2+R/-0-;A/,"8J?-8A%-0?-SA?-L%-,
%-=-<J-2-$8/-3J.,%?-#R-=-$=-+J->-o-.J-%:A-$-3.R-=?-KA<-=J/-,2-/-8J?-<J-2-$?3-0-2+R/-0-;A/,.J/?-\R-2<-.-i3->J?-.J-3A-$%-2<-I<,%-5S<-<J-2-(J/-0R-$?3-;R.,%-5S?-#R-=-$?J<-.%=-aR%-/-(R$-3R.-.-v&A-;%-3J.,
HJ.-$*A?- }<- 28A/- :5-S 2?- .J<- *R/- 3A- :.$.- v- /%- .- ?R%-=- (%-3<-.$:- 5=- >R.,2lJ-.%- $A?- HJ.-GA<J-:./-;R.-5.-{R%-3A-,2-<%-,.J-/A-;R.-5.-GA-3(R$-;A/,
#J-5/-?3-&-0,35/-3R:A-3#:-.LA%?,
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(35/-3R:C-.?-?-<A-lJ-<,)
2N->A?, 5%-3-:.A<->R$-=-o%->J=-IA-/%-/?-vR?-.%-,%-5S:A-3#:-.LA%?-?-:5K<-2:A-{<-5S$?-.J-/A-{<3-%/-2./-<J.,
.$J-c/, 2N->A?,HR.-GA?-:.A:A-{R<-IA->J?-L-:OA.-0<-2!:-SA/-(J,%-5S:C-aR2-9<-o%->J=-.%-.J.-(?<A$?-$8/-0-?R$?-*R-o:A-3-.%=-3A-:.%-2?-{<-lA?-<A$-0-:OA.-o-3A/,
2N->A?,.J-/A-%:A-.$:-KR$?-;A/,%-=-35S/-/-.J-/A-12-:.R.-0:A-.R/-8A$-<J.,
245
.$J-c/, <%-L%-#3?-=-.-.%-.%R?-,R2-GA->J?-L<-2gJ/-/?->J?-gR$?-L-2-.J-/A-=J$?-(-8A$-;A/,<%-L%{R<-IA-.0J-(<-2v?-/-29%-3R.,:R/-G%-<%-L%-GA-#3?-.J-3%R/-?3-.-3,R%-2-/A-z$-0<-29%-,
2N->A?,HJ.-=-<%-$A?-3,R%-2:A-{<-3-.J-.$-$A-{R<-IA-SA-2-AJ-;R.,
aR2-31,.-{2?-P-2?-{<-3-.J-.$-<%-$A-=3-24=-2<-2!R=-GA/-;R.-.3,
2N->A?,3J.,{<-3-.J-.$-.-{2?-P-2?-2!R=-GA/-3J.-3R.,$/3-lA?-3#?-0-5S?-:)A$-gJ/-IA-#3?-:.A<>J?-gR$?-}R/-=?-$+%-A 92-0-LJ.-(J.-.-.%-{<-3-:.A-.$-=-8A2-:)$-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
aR2-32,$/:-3A-5S<-{<-3:A-{R<-IA-$/:-$+3-2>.-o-;R.-.3,
2N->A?,;R.-.J,.J-.$-=?-#->?-.-.%-5%-3?-\J%-28A/-0-.0J<-/,dR/-0:A-{<-5S3-IA-$+3-o.-v-2,dR/0-#$-0-<-4?-2?.-0?,{<-5S3-.J-$*?A 35/-3R<-3#:-.LA%?-2o.-/-;%-,dR/-0:A-{<5S3-.?-o/-.-><-KR$?-?-;R.-0-.%-,#$-0:A-{<-5S3-.?-o/-.-/2-KR$?-?-;R.-.R,
aR2-33,%?-$R-,R?-=-}R/-(.-o%-<A%-.-KA/-0:A-#R-:3-#R-3R-S/-0:A-5K-/3-3#:A-{<-3<-&J<-/?-KA<-=R$-0<(R/-=3-:.J2?-0:A-YR=-;R.-9J<,.-{2?-{<-3<-<J-2-2&R=-2:A-YR=-.J-;R.-.3,
2N->A?,%?-.-{2?-{<-3<-<J-2-2&R=-2:A-YR=-.J-;R.-3.-3A
J ->J?-3R.,$=-+J-;R.-5KK,2.$-$A?-G%-5S.-v8A$-LJ.-%J?-;A/,
aR2-5/,/-8A?-3A-<A$?-GA-:S-$9$?-;A-$J
:.?-2:A-=R-^:A-/%-.-$9$?-<A?-;A-$J-<A$-$/?-5/-#$-3A-:S-2:A-2<-=-2?3-]R-2eJ-<J?-?-2!R=-,R.L?-M%-R 8A%-$9$?-<A?-;A-$J-3%-(J->R?-=-:S-$9$?-;A-$J-9J<,.J-.$-;A-$J?-2h-3R.-LJ.-0:A-;A$-{.-GA?-52L?-3R.,3-3,:-;%-:63-\A%-!J%-.-.-.%-:S-$9$?-;A-$J-2!R=-28A/-0:A-3A-<A$?->A$-;R.-%J?-;A/,
N%- $R:C- ;/- //- 8A%- (J/- IA- ?- #=- (%- >R?- >A$- +- /$- ,R$?- ;A- $J?- .- .%- :S- $9$?- ;A- $J:A- 52-L?- 3J.0- .%- ,=A?-&%- mR%- .- #R.- 0:A- /- 8A?-3A- <A$?- GA?- .- .%- :S-$9$?- ;A- $J- 2!R=- +J- 3A- <A$?-GA- =R-o?- .%- ,(R?=$?-,;=-YR=-$R3?-:SA?-?R$?-eJ?-<2?-0-i3?-=-:OA.-28A/-;R.,
/- 8A?- 3A- <A$?- GA- :S- $9$?- ;A- $J- .J- /A-;J- >:A- (R?- .0R/- IA?- $/:- <2?- GA- ;=- YR=- $R3?- $>A?- .%- .?(J/-2&?-9A/-,R-:$R.-0:A-$R-<A3-IA-OR.-/?-$?<-$+R.-L?-0-<J.,:R/-G%-.?-GA-:PR?-.%-2!/-/?-/-8A?-3A<A$?- GA- /%- o- ;A$-<%- $A- 3- {.- v<- 2!R=- ,R.- LJ.- 3#/- )J- 3%- /?- )J- 3%- .- ?R%- 2- .%- ,(R?- .0R/-5S- /- 8A?GA-:S-$9$?-;A-$J-gR$?-3#/-$&A$-0R<-I<,
246
.?-<2?-*J<-$&A$-0:A-.?-:$R<,/-8A?-<A$-$/?-=-.J%-<2?-:63-\A%-$A?->$?-nJ/-,J2?-:R$/-8A?(R?- =$?- GA- LJ.- |R- ?R$?- %J=- 2- }<- =?- )J- *%- .- ?R%- ;R.- 0- .%- ,(R?- .0R/- $8R/- 0- 5%- 3?- :S-$9$?- ;A- $J=- .R%- 2h<- 3- LJ.- 0?,(R?- .0R/-c/-0-i3?-5K-=?-:.?-2-.%-2!/- /?-/-8A?-3A-<A$?-GA-:S-$9$?-;A-$J*J/-#:A-$/?-?-z%-!J-*3?-.3?-?-:PR-28A/-;R.-3R.,:R/-G%-#R-5S?-:2.-0-2o.-/?-:S-$9$?-;A-$J-.%YR=-o/-<A$-$/?-.J-.$-*3?-.3?-?-:PR-2<-5S.-:6B/-L?,
=A?-&%-/-;R.-0:A-/-8A?-8A2-:)$-#%-8A$-$A?-/-8A?-(R?-=$?-?3-.3-0:A-$?%-<2-GA-{R<-=-8A2-:)$L?-0- <J.,,R$- 3<,8A2- :)$- 0- i3?- .%- 3*3- .- L- 2- 12-0:A-(R?-.0R/-$?3-IA?-.3-0:A-$?%-<2-GA-{R<=-:PJ=-2-L?,.J-/?-,A$-UJ%-<J-<J<-o=-,A:A-1-g$?-VA?-+J-o-;A$-+-2+<,
8A2-:)$-$A-P2-:V?-.J-0R.-2o-<-2#?-+J-0<-20/-L?-;R.-0-.%-3A-:I%?-2<-:63-\A%-$A-.0J-#%-?R-?R/?- 3,R%- ,2- %J?,(R?- .0R/- .%- 8A2- :)$-0-5S?-2+<-lR3-.J-.$-$A?-/-8A?-3A-<2?-eJ?-3-=-/-8A?-3A-<A$?GA-YR=-o/-<A$-$/?-o/-:HR%?-LJ.-0<-1/-0:A-<J-(R/-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
#J-5/-?R-$&A$-0,.%?R .R%-,J%?->A$
#-2h,(=R-<A3-$*A?-0-/A-*J-:#R<-IA-8A%-#-/?-.%R?-.R%-L?-+J-KA<-,R/-3-,$-<J.,)
t3-3R-=A:R%-, 6-;J,aR2-PR$?-5S,.%R?-.R%-L?-0-.J-=-3R-2-;R.-.3,
2N->A?, <J.-;,%-5S-.J<-.$:,.J-/A-@-&%-3R-*A.-w/-=-%-5S?->J?-L-3%-0R-8A$-2a2?-9A/,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, 29%-$A8A%-0-5S?-HJ.-5S<-&A-8A$-2>.-?R%-,
z-3R, ,R$- 3<,#R- 5S?-2>.- o<,=R- +R$- 3- 2+2- $R%- .- ?:A- o- %?- =- =J$?- 2&R?- L- .$R?- 0- .%- ,?2&.-3A-:6S3?-0:A-8A%-=?-=R-+R$-*J?-0-3A-29%-9J<-,
t3-3R-=A:R%-,?-2&.-=J$?-2&R?-L-2<-&A-8A$-212-.$R?,
^-2, #R- 5S?- 2>.- o<,?- 8A%- aR$- /?- ?- 2&.- =J$?- 2&R?- L- .$R?- 0- .%- ,!R/-IA- .?- ?- $+A%- =aR$-.$R?->A%-.JA.-.?-?-&%-43-aR$-/-(R$
t3-3R-=A:R%-,)A-:S:A-:)$-3R-2-=,#R-5S?-HJ.-=-?-2R/-.?-/3-8A$-=-:.J2?-.$R?-0-5?-?3,
2N->A?, 2>.- 9A/,#R- 5S?- %- 5S<- ?- 2R/- .?- /3- 8A$- =- :.J2?- .$R?-0- 2>.- ?R%- ,#R- 5S?- 2>.- o<,?8A%-=-2_/-;R.-.?-?-2R/-:.J2?-.$R?->A%-.J-v<-L?-/-M-$-:2?-0-29%-8A%-*J?-!R2?-w/,
247
t3-3R-=A:R%-,#R-5S?-HR.-5S<-?-8A%-$&A$-=-=R-+R$-$-$&A$-#R-/-:.J2?-.$R?-8J?-2eR.-.3,
z-3R, 3A/,#R-5S?-%-5S<-2>.-o<,?-8A%-$&A$-=?-=R-+R$-<A$?-3%-0R-*J?-YA.,=R-+R$-<A$?--:$:-
3*3-.-*J?-.?,.J-5S?-1/-5/-=-<R$?-L?-+J-M-$-*J?-0-&R3-8A%-(J,
t3-3R-=A:R%-,#R-5S?-HJ.-5S<-?-8A%-$&A$-=-=R-<J<-28A/-=R-+R$-$-$&A$-:.J2?-.$R?-8J?-2>.-.3,
^- 2, #R- 5S?- %- 5S<- 8A%-$%- .$- =- =R- +R$- $%- .$- :.J2?- .$R?- 5=- 2>.-0- 3- 9.,?- 2&.- Y%- :6B/LJ.-(J.-8A%-=-=R-+R$-2eJ-/?-:.J2?-.$R?-5=-;%-2>.,
t3- 3R- =A:R%-,HJ.- 5S?- >J?- L-3%- 0R- 8A$- 2a2- 9A/,%- .J- =- @- &%- .$:,HJ.- 5S?- 8A%- #- /?- .%R?- .R%-L?- 0- #R/-3A/-0<-.J-<-;=-{R<-,J%?->A$-L?-0-<J.,
aR2-5/,*J-#3?-#R<-;$-~R3?-1A$-LJ.-o<-o/-:HR%?-LJ.-0,
35S-2R.-3,R-|%-$A-:VR$-0-5S?-3,:-;?-0:A-C-,%-/?-K$?-9R$-:5S-*R%-L?-+J-3A-<2?-3%-0R-:.?,:R/G%-*J-2:A-=R-:$:A-<A%-=-:VR$-.3%?-#->?-GA?-C-<-2{R<-8A%-$/?-;=-$&A$-/?-$+/-#R.-L?-+J-$/?-%R
-2:A-:5S- ,2?- .J- 2*<- 2- <J.,$+/- #R.- L?- 0- =?- :VR$- 0- i3?- GA- :5S- 2:A- (- 5.- .J- KR$?- $%- ,.- /?-)J=J$?- ?- ?R%- ;R.- .J,#R- 5S<-K$?- 9R$-i3?- 2.J-,%-$A?- :5S-*R%-.%-LA?- 0- 5S-aR2- 9<- :PA3?-0:A-$R-{2?-;R.0-<J.,:R/-G%-$+/-#R.-L?-0-=?-<%-L%-#3?-=-$/R.-:5K-2+%-!J-#R<-;$-$A-C-,%-=->$?-nJ/-%/-0-;%29R?-;R.,
1998=R:C- ^- .$- 2<- C- ?:A- {R<- IA- 5S$?- :.- 8A$- 2#?-8A%-,5S$?- ,R$- +- ?A- OR/- 8A%- (J/-*J- .%R?- <A$- 0:A8A2-:)$-3,/-5S$?-GA-<2-:L3?-0-2-$*J/-=$?-GA?-,J%?-:.A:A-PR?-5S$?-=-8$?-3#/-5S<-&A:A-KA<-.?5B$?- <J- <J<- K$?- 9R$- i3?- $/?- $&A$- /?- $/?- $8/- 8A$- =- %R- .$R?- 0:A- $=- (J/- <%- 28A/- {R<- IA- 2?35=-:$:- 2+R/,K$?- i3?- .$/- ?- /?- .L<- ?- <- %R- 2:A- ,.- =- #R?- 2>.- o<,?- #=- $&A$-=- $/R.- *R/52?-(J/-,J2?-/-.J-a<-$?R-LJ.-3A-,2,
<2-:L3?-0-2-;R/-=$?-GA?-5%-3<-?-#=-$%-8A$-+-$+/-#R.-L?-0-=?-*J-#3?-#R<-;$-=-$/R.*R/-52?-(J/-,J2?-;R.-0-21$?-0-!J,?A-OR/-8A%-(J/-IA-/2-KR$?-?-#=-.-:VR$-HA3-3%-2R-$8%-=3-:P3
-.-$+/-#R.-L?-0?,?-#=-.J-.$-$A-#R<-;$-$A-$/R.-*R/-}<-=?-52?-)J-(J<-I<-;R.,<2-:L3?-0-2-;R/
-=$?-GA?-.-.%-/R<-=$-i3?-3*3-.-:VR$-?-$&A$-/?-:5S-*R%-LJ.-/-*J-.%R?-=-)A-v<-Y%-*R2-L-,2-0:A{R<-2>.-L%-,#R?-2>.-o<,/R<-.%-=$-$*A?-GA?-29:-2+%-<A$?-3A-$&A$-0-,R.-28A/-;R.-0?-#R-5S?248
*J-.%R?-$-$&A$-=-$/R.-0-(J/-0R-29R-3A-YA.,
<2- :L3?- 0- 2- ;R/- =$?- GA?- *J- #3?- #R<- ;$- ~R3?- 1A$- LJ.- o<- o/- :HR%?- LJ.- 0<- C- ?- (J- (%- .%$9/-(?-3%-*%-=-.3A$?-/?-K$?-9R$-$A-#-P%?-5S.-:6B/-LJ.-.$R?,.J-v<-L?-5K-C-?-3J.-0<-3A-29R,
#R?- .- .%- 2>.- o<,:VR$- 0- ?- #=- .- =3- 3%- 2R- =?- .$R?,.J- v<- L?- 5K- ?- (- $&A$- =- >$?- nJ/- 52?(J/- ,J2?- 3A- .$R?,3)$- 3,<- #R?- 3A- <2?- eJ?- 3<- 2.J- ,%- $A- *J- #3?- #R<- ;$- 8A$- 20/- (J.- ?- $/?- YA.$8%-.%-:VR$-.3%?-i3?-3*3-:VJ=-|R?-C-?-;/-<A%-=-Y%-*R2-L-o:A-:(<-$8A-8A$-:.R/-.$R?-8J?-2>.,
HJ.- <%- 2- ;R/- =$?- GA- 2?3- 5=- =- :,.- 0- ;A/- /3,HJ.- <%- *A.- GA?- 2?3- /- C- ,%- $A- *J- #3?-#R<-;$~R3?-1A$-LJ.-o-o/-:HR%?-L-o:A-,.-=-(J?-29%-2:A-,2?-=3-/A-&A-8A$-<J.,
#J-5/-?R-$*A?-0,YR=-o/-<R=-3R,
#-2h,
(=R-<A3-$*A?-0:A-aR2-3-5S?-^-2<-2R.-GA-<R=-.L%?-{R<-IA-SA-2-SA?-+J-#R?-o=-?-/?-:5S$?-o-;A/-0:A-$+3-2>.-:P/-#<-=-8$?-0<-P1A$-LJ.-o<-<R$?-<3-LJ.-28A/-;R.,)
^-2,
2R.-G-A Y=R o/-<=R 3-R /-A .?-<2?-3%-0R-8$A =-h%-.NR=-L?,.-J /-A .$/-R 0:A-(R?-=$?-G-A
L.-J |-,.R ,.-R 0-3- 9.-2.-R G-A .L<-#:-A .?-!/-R ?R$?-?-;%-,?R ,2,*-J 2:-A =-R :$:-A <%-A ,
2R.-GA-YR=-o/-<A-3R<-/2-KR$?-o=-IA-aR2-3-3%-2?-aR2-.R%-LJ.-28A/-;R.-0-.%-,2R.-GA<=R 3-R 2-5?S 1-,$-;%-3%-2-R 0<-20/-L?-;R.,
2N->?A , H.-J G?A %-5<-S 2.-R G-A <=R 3:-R C ;-R L.-{<-R I-A >?J L-:$:-2>.-/-($R $3,
^-2,
2R.-G-A Y=R o/-;-R L.-.$-/-A <%-L%-$-A o-(-2!R=-+J-=$-29R-L?-0-<.J ,2.-R G-A o.-3%?-/-A
/2- K$?R G-A o.- {.- S$- w/- 3:-A o/-3%?-.%-2#<-/-3-A 3,/-?-#->?-;R.,.0<-J /,0A7%-:V$-3$R-3-=-o.-{.-$?3-3-$+R$?-3J.-0-.%-0A-7%-g-3$R-3<-o.-{.-3%-0R-;R.,
2R.- G-A <=R 3R- 2- 5S?- .%- (/-J .%- o- \%-J :.?- 2:-A G- &:R A <$?A 3%- 0-R 8A$- :2.- G/-A ;.-R =H.-0<-&/-I-A 1-:.R/-(J.-d-&$-G%-2!=R G/-A ;.R ,
z-3R, 2R.-GA-\-$<-I-A {<-R &-A :S-<J.,
^-2,
:63- \%-$A A v.- 3-R 2- 3%- 0<-R 2.-R G-A \- .%- $<- I?A 3R- $%-2*.-J 0- <J.,2.-R G-A :O2- !R/3#/-5S:A-;A.-.-:R%-2:A-;=-YR=-IR/-(?-.%-;A.-.2%-:$$-0:A-=?-GA-:$=-!%?-2&?249
=-2}$?-2eR.-GA-3J-+R$-$+R<-MR%-,2R.-GA-^R?-$<-;%-:63-\A%-$A?-.R-$%-L-;=-8A$-+I<-;R., .J-3,:-;?-0:A-C-,%-.%-^R?-$<-#%-?R$?-?-:O2-!R/-LJ.-MR%-,
2N->A?, HJ.-=-2R.-GA-<R=-3R:C-3-:R%?-0:A-,.-2?3-5=-&A-8A$-;R.,
^-2,
/-$8R/-5%-3-*J.-*R3-82?-VR:A-<R=-.L%?-=-.$:-2-/?-29%-2R.-GA-YR=-o/-<R=-3R:A3-:R%?-2-/A-SA-2-8A$-+-I<-;R.,:R/-G%-/-$8R/-#->?-GA?-3-3,.-.-2R.-GA-YR=-o/<R=-.L%?-=-.R%-2-LJ.-0-<J.,%:A-<J-2<-3-:R%?-0:A-eJ?-<2?-0-5%-3-;%-}R/-<2?0-i3?-.%-:S-2<-2R.-GA-YR=-o/-<R=-.L%?-=-.$:-2<-(R/,
{-82?-?-OA/, 2!:- SA/- (J,^- 2,HJ.- GA?- 2R.- GA- <R=- 3R:C- =R- o?- {R<- IA- $+3- \J%- LJ.- 0- @- &%- 29%- ,
HJ.-<%-$?<-:I<-:$R.-3#/-8A$-LJ.-o-S/-MR%-%3,
^-2,
3-MR%-,%?-<%-*A.-$?<-:I<-:$R.-3#/-8A$-L-o-;A.-=-$+/-/?-:(<-3-MR%-,:R/G%-,J%?-:.A:A-$+3-2>.-:P/-2#<-=-8$?-eJ?,%-=-;A.-!R/-<%-2:A-$?<-:I<8A$-;R.-/-:.R.,
A-<:A-u.-9J-<R=-3R,
u.-9J-/A-A-<:A-3A-/$-5S?-$?<-lR3-L?->A%-:63-\A%-;R%?-=-H2-0:A-<R=-3:A-i3-0-8A$-;/A ,u.-9J<R=-.L%?-/A-3A-<A$?-3%-0R:C-<R=-3R-2-5S?-:O2-!R/-L?-MR%-=,*J.-*R3-82?-VR:-A <R=-.L%?-lR3-3#/i3?-.%-0-=R-<R=-3R-2-5S?-u.-9J-H.-(R?-$?<-2:A-<R=-.L%?-lR3-0<-;%-2!R=-GA/-;R.,u.-9J-<R=-3R/A-.?-;/-<%-A 2:-A =R-o?-GA-OR.-.-A-3J-<-!:A-<R=-3R:C-i3-0-H.-0<-&/-8A$-+-P2-;R.,

.?-<2?-*A->:A-.?-:$R-/?-29%-!J-3-A /$-5S?-u.-9J-<R=-3R-.NR=-2-.%-,:R/-G%-.J:A-:L%-#%?-/A-.J=?-}-2-;A/,u.-9J-<R=-3R-=-.?-<2?-2&-2./-0:A-.?-:$R<-A-3J-<-!<-O.-A ;R%-2:A-nJ-\A%-$-A 3A-/$-5S?-L2:A-8R<-.-]%?-2:A-\-.L%?-GA?->$?-nJ/-92-3R-,J2?-29R?-2-3-9.,.?-<2?-2&R-2o.-0:A-/%-3A-/$-$A(R?-5S$?-GA-OR.-/?-:1J=-o?-L%-2:A-<R=-3R:C-G%->$?-,J2?-28$-0-<J.,
u.- 9J- <R=- 3R:A- :L%- #%?- /-A 3J- \A%- zR- 3:A- PR%- HJ<- AA- @<- AA- $?<- 2- ;A/- /:%- ,.-J /A- 3J- \A%- L%- 3:A-OA#- .$R-.%-/:-;R:R,AR-\A%-$A-0-=A-.%-0-R =J/-?R$?-?-o$?-(J-2<-I<,PR%-HJ<-:.A-.$-$A-/%-.,<R=-3R-2-3A%P$?- &/- 3%- >R?- GA?-u.- 9J- 3R-*A.- #%- $-A lJ.- <A$?- =- 2gJ/- /?- :5S- 2- <R=- 28A/- ;R.,.J%- $A- .?- :.A<- ,AA@<-AA-$?<-2-/A-}<-28A/-u.-9J-<R=-3R:C-vJ-$/?-;A/-=-.-.%-:63-\A%-$-A o=-#2-?R-?R-/?-;R%-2:A-;=-{R<250
2-i3?-G%-$/?-:.A<-AA-@<-AA-$?<-2:A-u.-9J-<R=-3R<-*/-0<-;R%-28A/-;R.,
u.-9J-/A-@-&%-<%-.2%-GA-K$-0:A-<R=-3:A-i3-0-8A$-;A/-=-u.-9J-<R=-3R:C-OR.-.-:O2-!R/-0-5%-3?-<%$A-5S<-$%-:O2-!R/-LJ.-28A/-;R.-0?-#R-5S-.L%?-lR3-3#/-G%-;A/,nJ/-.J:A-.2%-$A?-u.-9J-<R=-3R-/A-$?<$+R.-<%-28A/-&/-IA-<R=-3R:C-i3-0-8A$-;A/-0-.%-nJ-\A%-i3-0-&/-IA-u.-9J-<R=-3R-o.-:6B/-LJ.-;R.-0-3-9.A-<:A-u.-9J-<R=-.L%?-=-:1J=-o?-H.-0<-&/-L%-;R.,
u.-9J-/A-.?-<2?-*A->:A-/%-$?<-$+R.-L?->A%-H2-$.=-(J?-(J-2:A-<R=-3:A-i3-0-8A$-;A/-=-.J-/A-.?<2?-*J-$&A$-0<-;%-H2-$.=-.-:PR-%J?,$/:-<2?-GA-A-<:A-3A-/$-5S?-2l3?-0:A-<R=-3R-:.A<-eJ?<2?-0-i3?-.$:-2-#R-,$-;A/,
#J-5/-?R-$?3-0,.R/-29%-,
#-2h,
{-82?-?-OA/, 8R$?-0<-29%-,aR2-PR$?-5S,.J-<A%-%-5S?-:63-\A%-$A-i3-0-)J-=J$?-?-$+R%-3#/-IA-{.P$?- &/-IA- 3A- $:A- {R<- =- \J%- 3R=- L,?- 8A$- /A-HJ.- ?J3?- GA- .0:- cR.- ;A/,3A- ?- 8A$- $A- L28$-=-HJ.-<%-;A.-(R/-*J?-?3,
^-2,
%-<%-3-+<-,<-?-;A-L-28$-=-;A.-(R/-*J?,#R-3R?-o-$<-IA-.2=-2R-P%?-=?-:.?-2-8A$=-<R$?-L?-+J-#R-5S:A-:5S-2-)J-=J$?-?-2+%-,5%-3-;A.-*R-2-8A$-=-#R-3R-1997=R<-{-M-%/=?-:.?-3R.,%-5S<-.3A$?-.0J-29%-2R-28$-;R.,
{- 82?- ?- OA/,2!:- SA/- (J,^- 2,HJ.- GA?- 2?3- 5=- =- 3A- ?- 8A$- $A?- .R/- 29%- 12- 0- =?- :63- \A%- =- L?eJ?-28$-0-<J.,
z-3R, %?- 2?3- /- 3- @- ,- 3- |/- +A?-.R/- 29%- 212?-+J- 5%- 3<-2$- ($?- 92- 3R- 28$- ;R.,#R/A- .LA/- )A?-o- $<-=- .2%- 2+<- 2:A- {2?- ?- #R- 5S:A- S%- 2.J/- IA- L- ,R.- =- <R$?- <3- $/%3#/- IA- 3A- 8A$- ;A/- 0- .%-,#R?- 6- S$- $A- L- ,R.- 3J.- 0<- 8A- 2.J- ;A- ,2?- =3- =- 2gJ/- /-:63\A%-$A-i3-0-.J-29%->R?-?-2+<-YA.-0-2!/-;R.,
{-82?-?-OA/, .J- @- &%- :PA$- 0R- :.$HJ.- GA?- 2?3- /- &A- :S- <J.,2N- >A?,3A- ?- 8A$- $A- v- 2?- HJ.- =- (J?92-0:A-2$-($?-28$
251
2N->A?,
%- =- 35S/- /- A- 3J- =- ;- AJ- @<- OA- ;A- 2?3- ]R?- (J?- 92- 0:A- 2$- ($?- 28$- ;R.,#R- 3R- /A- 2.3J.-$/3-P-#-=R-2-<%-$-2-8A$-3-<J.,AJ-@<-OA-;A?-$/3-P-:1<-2*R.-GA-l=-=?-#R-3R:C~/- 0- !/- =- P$?- ?R%-,HR-$-/A-P2-:V?-(J/-0R-]%?-;R.-0:A-0<-20/-3#/-8A$-;A/-0:A2.- 3J.- $8R/- /- 3- .J?- <%- *A.- .$:- 8A%- 3#?- 2:A- L- 2- :.J3?- +J- <%- 5$?- 29%- 2<- A- 3J<-!:A-*J?-3-5S-?J3?-:$=-,J2?-+-2&$
{-82?-?-OA/, @-&%-29%-,2N->A?,#R-3R-/A-3A%-.-P$?-0:A-$/3-P:A-#-=R-2-8A$-;A/-0?-HR.-#R-3R<-;A.(R/-LJ.-0-AJ-;A/,
2N->A?, nJ/-$%-;A/-3A->J?-3R.,#R-3R-/A-%?-(J?-;A.-(R/-LJ.-?:A-3A-;A/,
aR2-5/,,%-!A-;R.-0-1R$-0:A-2-(%-,
$/:- }- 3R- 8A$- =-2- =$- mA- 8A$- ;R.-0-.J?-<%-$A-=$-i3?-#J-2-.%-,$-<A%-2:A-C-,%-/?-:5S?-2-<J.,.J/A-?-!R%-;A/-0?-2-.J?-o/-.-<%-*A.-=-3R-$%-2*J.-0:A-,2?-=3-8A$-:5S=-28A/-;R.,

*A/- 8A$- #R:A- ?J3?- ?- *J- :P3- IA- #J- 3A- 5S<- 3$R- 2{R<- $+R%- 2:A- $;R- ,2?-8A$- S/- +J,#R?- =$- H:A*J- :P3- .- ,%- !A- 3J.- G%- #- /?- ,%- !A,%- !A- 8J?- %- {.-1R$- 28A/- C- ,%- /?-,<- .- o$#J- 3A- i3?- GA?hR- .%- .L$- 0- 29%- !J- C- ,%- =- o$?- ;R%-.?- =$- i3?- 2.J- :)$?- %%-C- (- =- <R=- 28A/-;R.- 0- .%- ,2- =$mA?- <%- $A- $;R- ,2?- .J- @- &%- =J$?- :P2- L%- 2?- ,%- =- *=- +J- $.- 3R- .$R.- 28A/- :.$#R?- ,J%?- :$<- #J- 3A5S<-:.A-v<-3$R-{R<-8A%-,J%?-<J-<J<-#J-3A-5S-/A-;%-2*<-#R:C-$;R-:R$-+-5.-0<-#R%-OR-*J?,
KA- SR- 8A$- =,mA-2R- .J?- C- ,%- /?- $*A.-,%-%- 8A$- 2o2,#R- <%- $*A.-=?-?.-.?-3(J-2-iR-8A%-3A$-9%-$A?#R:C-=$-H-=-2P.-0:A-,%-!A-8A$-<%-$A-3./-.-;R.-0-3,R%-L%-,2-.J-@-&%-0$-!J-M<-.-C-,%-/?-3<-o$?+J-#J-3A-5S<-,%-!A,%-!A,J%?-:.A-/A-.R/-.%R?-;A/-8J?-%-:2R.-L?,
#J- 3A- 8A$- $A?- ".J- =- ?J3?- #<- L- 3A- .$R?,%- :2R.- LJ.- 28A/- 0:A- 2- .J?- o/- .- %- 5S<- 3$R- 2{R<- LJ.28A/- ;R.,%?- ,%- !A- 3J.- 0- ,$- $&R.- LJ.- ,2,"&J?- 2>.,o/- .- #J- 3A- 5S<- 0$- $%- aR%-3#/-IA- 2- .J-/A- #R- <%*R2- 3#/- 3J.- 0<- ;- 35/- *?J ,#R- <%- KA<- C- ,%- .- =R$- !J- L- ,2?- &A- ;%- 3J.- 0<- ,%- !A?- #R:C- =$- i3?$&A$-eJ?-$*A?-3,.-GA?-$?R.-0<-&J<-+J-2#.,
*A/- :$:A- eJ?- ?,2- =$- mA- .-J ;A.- *R- 2:A- %%- #J- 2:A- /%- /- =?- !- $?<- 2- 8A$- 24=- .- :PR- 28A/-0- #J- 3A$*A?-GA?-3,R%-,
252
"7-;J,$/-/A-=$-H-,%-!A<-29:-<-2&$-0:A-2-=$-mA-\J/-0-.J-3-;A/-/3,"8J?-#J-3A-$&A$-$A?-2>.,
"<J.- ;,HJ.- GA- .J- 2.J/,.J- /A- =/- 3%- m/- .- 5?- 0- ;A?,2.J/- 0<- 5?- G%-.R$?- $%- aR%- 2:A- 2- .J- <J."&J?-#J-3A-$8/-0-.J?-2>.,
#J-5/-?R-28A-2,z-?<-{<-2:A-:UA/-;A$-&A$
2N->A?-GA?-$;%-:6S3?-=-{<-2:A-:UA/-;A$
^-55K?30*A/,
~A%-*J-2:A-PR$?-3R-$;%-:6S3?-=$?,
%- <%- z- ?<- v- {R<- .- ;R%- 3A- ,2- 0?- .$R%?- :$=- 3J.- 0<- 8,%- =- 35S/- /- HJ.- .%- :U.- o- /A- (J?- 3R- *A.w/- 0:A- .JA.- .0=- IA- .?- .%- $*A?- ?- 3J.- 3R.,:R/- G%- .$J- c/- IA?- $/%- 2- 3A- !J<- 2<- 3- 9.- <%- *A.- =:%3J-:#R<-.%-_%?-:#R<-IA-%-?J-*R-LJ.-GA-|R<-3R-;%-3A-:.%-0?-;R%-o-%R-3-.!:-3R-<J.,,A<-:PR-PR/-=-:.%-3o2- 0<- uR%?- o:A- v- {R<- .- :PR- o:A- :(<-$8A-29R-2-/A-\J/-g$?->A$-;A/-YA.-3R.,;A/-;%-HJ.-=-,J%?-$&A$3)=-,2-/-.J-/A-<A/-,%-$8=-.-3J.-0-8A$-<J.,
z- ?- /?- .L<- ^:A- .0=- =- <R=- o- /A-HJ.-=-35S/-/-$R-{2?-29%-0R-8A$-;A/,%:A-<J-2-/A-HJ.-<%-.$J-c/(J/- 3R- .%- 3*3- .- L- 2- 212- 0:A- $R- {2?- 3%- 0R- ;R.- 0<- 3- 9.-3- 3,.- .- ~/- lR3- =J$?- 0R- :VA- o- .J- ;A/,HJ.GA?- 2R.- uR%?- <A$- $/?- vJ- $/?- ?-L-2-12-28A/-;R.-0-.J-;A.-=-S/-,J%?-<J<-%-<%-;A.-?J3?-@-&%-3R,%?HJ.- GA?-<%- $A- 1- ;=-$*A?- 0-<- ~/- lR3- IA?- 2$- ($?- 92- 3R- 8A$- :)R$- ,2- 0<-<J- (R/- 2&%?- ;R.,HJ.GA?- }R/- (.-2 {<- 2:A- ~/- lR3- .$- =- %- <%- .%R?- $/?- .$:- 0R- L%- ;R.,HJ.- =- #R3- =R%- <J- ;R.- .?- .- .%- ~/lR3-:$:-<J-2{<-AJ-,2,
.- =R:C- .L<- #<- %- <%- HJ.- =- 2v- <- ;R%- 3A- ,2,o- 35/- /A- %?- HA3- 3A- 5S- .%- 3*3- .- 8A%- =?- $*J<- .$R?=,!R/- 2#- 2:A- .?- ?- o/- 0<- ?- 8A%- 2aR$- 0- .%- <- *R<- {R<- 2:A- =?- =- VJ=-.$R?,;A/- ;%- PR$?- 0R- HJ.- .%a<-;%-3)=-o-%:A-;A.-/?-/3-;%-2R<-3A-YA.,{2?-:.A<-%?-HJ.-.%-a<-;%-3)=-2:A-*A/-3R-.J-/3-;A/-3A>J?,=R-$&A$-z$-$A-<A%-.-HJ.-.%-3-3)=-2-.J-S/-5K-%-<%-@-&%-*R,
:5S-2-/A-kA-=3-v-2-8A$-;A/-0?-%?-:UA/-;A$-:.A:A-3)$-;A.-*R-2:A-|R-/?-2#?-/-3A-:.R.-.J,o-{<-O-=33J<-2N-2:A-35/-3R<-<A-lJ-8A$-/?-HJ.-.%-a<-;%-3)=-o-L%-/,.J?-%:A-kA-=3-;R.-5.-.R/-.%R?-?-:I<-%J?,
HJ.-GA-2N->A?-/?,
253
.0=-:LR<-:UA/-$?<,
*$-;R:R-/?-,R/-0:A-YAK TRACKER-.J<-#-=R-2+<-+J-5S.-v-8A$-LJ.-5K,.-$9R.-HR.-.J-=-;A.-(J?-*J?-%J?,
$=- +J- HJ.- <%- PR%- HJ<- /?- :.$- o<- ?/- $%-*J?- /,HJ.- =- _%?- :#R<- 8A$- 3#R- !J,.J?- HJ.- <%- :PR- :.R.0:A- ?- (- .J<- 2PR.- ,2,YAK TRACKER .J?- HJ.- <%- <A- (- 3%- 0R- .%- 3,:- ;?- 0:A- C- ,%- ?R$?- 2c=- ,2,YAK
TRACKER =- 2#.- 5K- HJ.- <%- <A- ?$?- cR=- 2- )A- 28A/- $%- .$<- 2o.- (R$- =- .J- =?- <%- *A.- =- <%- .2%- ;R.- 0gR$?-,2,
ACEg$?-&/-IA-z3-.J-IR/-5K,HJ.-<%-=?-l=-(J.-=?-<-#$-OR.-8$?-,2,
z3-.J- IR/- 5K- HJ.- =- r%- =A- :P/- 2#<- G- 2<- ;R.-0:A-3<- #-(R:R- +/- /3- b%- lJ.- %R- =R:A- :P/- 2#<- G- 2<- ;R.0:A-=R:R-/-A<-+R-;A/-0-v-2:A-5S<-$%-*J?-;R%-,ACEg$?-&/-IA-z3-.J?-HJ.-*A.-o$?-/-)J-3IR$?-.%-wA%-
/-)J-3,R,$%- 8A$-hR$-0?-2o2-5K-<A%-.-;=-%J?,ACEg$?-&/-IA-z3-.J-/A-AR:R-+-=A-;:A-o-%?-29%-2:A-!R2-.%-o-$<-IA-z.-3-:SJ?- 2:A- :IA$-$A?-29R?-0-<J.,ACEg$?-&/-IA-!R-z3-.J?-HJ.-GA?-r%-=A-:1%?-+Jo=-#:A-{<-3-=R/-0<-<3-:.J$?-LJ.-,2,3.R<-/-ACEg$?-&/-IA-z3-.J-IR/-5K-HJ.-<%-3A-$-P$?-&/-8A$+-:I<-,2,

{<- 3- g$?- &/- IA- 0- =R-O- LJ.- GA- :.$- m?- 2!R=- 5K,HJ.- /A- {.- P$?- &/- IA- \R$- 2f/- :O2- !R/- 08A$-.%-35%?,
$=-+J- HJ.-GA?-{<-3-g$?-&/-IA-0- =R-O-LJ.-GA-:.$-m?-.J?-0-2N?-5K,3A-i3?-GA-$%-%R<-HJ.-/A-\R$-2f//%- /?- 3,R%- 2- v- 2- :(<- :R%- ,{<- 3- g$?- &/- IA- 0- =R- O- LJ.- GA- :.$- m?-.J?- HJ.- GA- 0- =R- }<- =?- )-J
Y- .%- :R.- 3(J.- 0,}<- =?- 2&.- :6B/- 0- 8A$- +- ;R%- %J?,.J<- 3- 9.,.- .%- HJ.- =- .%?- 2:A- 3A- i3?- G%- HJ.=-:U.-.-;R%-2-;A/,{<-3-g$?-&/-IA-0-=R-O-LJ.-GA-:.$-m?-.J-2!R=-5K-HJ.-/A-3A-5%-3:A-:SJ/-LJ.-GA-2&.=J/-.-:I<-%J?,
PALg$?-&/-IA-=$-HJ<-#-0<-.J?-HJ.-<%-:63-\A%-$A-:1J=-o?-GA-eJ?-?-2~J$-,2,
9%- 9A%- .%- VJ=- :52- GA- #J%?- 2:A- .J%- <2?- :63- \A%- .- HJ.- <%- =$- HJ<- #- 0<- .%- #- :V=- ,2?- 3J.,HJ.GA?- =$- HJ<- #- 0<- 8A$- &A:A- KA<- 3A- :6B/,.J- v<- LJ.- 5K,HJ.- =- 2+%- 2:A- $=- (J/- IA- #- 0<- .J- 5S- :(R<- 3A- YA.,
PALg$?-&/-IA-=$-HJ<-#-0<-29%-2-.J-]R?-,2-GA-PR$?-0R-8A$-<%-$A-A3-U$-+-2$3?-0-.%-35%?,
254
ZIP COLA:,%-/-*A.-0:A-$%-2-><-;R%-,
*A/- ZA=- 2R<- L- 2-2 1?- 0?- HJ.- =- %=- .2- GA- $%- 2- *J?- ?3,+$- +$- {2?- .J<,-ZIP COLA:,%- /-HJ.- GA$%- %R<- .J- 3- ,$- H.-J <%- (J?- 3,R- 2:A- <A- 9R3- .- :6K$?- 0- v- 2:3- ;%- /- 1- 3,:- V=- 2:A- (- $+J<- (J/0R:C- :IA%?- ?- 8$?- 0- v- 2- 8A$- ><- ;R%- ,ZIP COLA:,%-eJ?- HJ.- GA?- 12- :.R.- 0:A- L- 2- ,- .$- 120<-!R2?->$?-2*=-;R%-,
3.R<-/-ZIP COLA/A-2.J-*A.-GA-:5S-2<-8$?-0:A-%-?J-;A/,
LOTUSLAND=-uR%?-o-v-{R<-.-?R%-5K,HJ.-<%-a<-;%-LA?-.?-GA-:)A$-gJ/-.-=R$-:PR,
HJ.- <%- ?J3?- :$=- ,J2?- 0:A- ,J%?-(J?-eJ?-3:A-%=-$?R:C-.?-{2?-.J-/3-8A$-;A/,.-=R-HJ.-<%-HA3-/?
- 2f/-:UA/-=-2v?-+J-.?-:.:-2<-3A-LJ.-0<-LOTUSLAND=-.$:-$%-24=-2<-:PR,LOTUSLAND/?
-HJ.-<%-3$R-gA%-=R$-0:A-3J-:#R<-:.$-,2-&A%-.$:-$%-aR%-2:A-lJ.-:)R-=-<R=-,2,;%-/-36K?-#$-;A.-.2%
-:UR$-0:A-35K:-%R$?-?-P-=-#R.-,2,
LOTUSLAND<-?R%-5K-H.-J <%-a<-;%-/-$8R/-.-I<-2:A-$%-2-8A$-><-;R%-,
#J-5/-?R-s-2,29R-20/-=?-$/?-?,
1R=-3, /<-2
R ,29R-20/-=?-$/?-?-v-{R<-.-12?J 0<-,$?-eJ-(J,
/R<-2, .J-%:-A .$:-KR$?-;A/,1=R 3,29R-20/-LJ.-:$R-2l3?-0<-%R-3-;A.-(J?-L.-J .!:,
1R=-3, HJ.- GA?- 2?3- /- =?- :$R-2l3?- 0- :KA- S$?- 0- 3/-A /3,%- 5S:C- :(<- $8A- v<- /- &%- 43- :KA- ?R%- =,
(<-2:A-.?-5$?
B -3-,R/-$R%-.-k%-$8A-:P2-0<-L-.$R?,=?-:.A-212-0<-%-5<-S .-.%-|R<-3R-3A-:.%2?- %- 5?S .- .%- 8=- :.J2?- GA- |R<- 3R-3%- 2R- 2#- .$R?,:R/- G%- ,%- <%- =?- :.A- 212- 0<- 3R- 2- ;R.&A%-.J-$R%-.-:1J=-2<-.J-2?-G%-.$:-2-*J?,
/R<-2, 29R-20/-IA-=?-:.A-/3-8A$-=-;R%?-?-12-5<-.$R?,
1R=-3, :R,aR2- {2?- .%- 0R- :$R- 5$?- +J- aR2- PR$?- i3?- KA<- ,R/- <$- 2<-.- ,R$- #%- :.A- :P2- .$R?- 0?- 29R20/- IA- =?- :.A- ^- 2o.- 0:A- 3)$- +-%J?- 0<- .-12- 5<- .$R?,:R/- G%- ,%- 5S:C- <J- 2- /A- L- 2- ;R.- 5.$9:-:#R<-:$:A-}R/-=-5<-o-.J-;A/,
/R<-2, 29R-20/-i3-P%?-:.A-:S-8A$-l-:6$?-L-o- /A-.!:-3R-;A/- #R-,$-<J.,.J-=-|R<-3R-aR%-o-.%-,o-(255
2!R.- 1A$- L.-J 0,~/- 8:A- ;A- $J- :VA- o- ?R$?- 3%- 0R- ;R.- 0-<J.,\-(-!J<- 3A-.$R?-2:A-.%-]%?-0-24=o-@-&%-.!:-3R-<J.,
1R=-3, =R?-;A/,29R-20/-i3-P%?-:.A-:S-12-/-o?-=R/-L-.$?R ?-;%-3%-!J,=$-2!<-LJ.-3#/-i3?
-.$:-<-:)$-o-/A-=?-.!:-3R-8A$-;A/-3R.,3)$-3,<-5%-3?-;A.-5B3?-%J?,%-5S?-8=-:.J2?3#/-i3?-GA?-<R$?-*R<-$/%-2<-2!:-SA/-8-o-2eJ.-$-=-<%-,#R-5S-3J.-/-%-5S?-=?-:.A-12-3A
-,2-0-,$-$A?-(R.,
/R<-2, =?-3%-0R-8A$-.?-3*3-.-=J$?-:P2-L%-/-5%-3?-;A.-5B3?-%J?,#J-3A-i3?-HJ.-GA?-29R-20/-i3J 0<-]R-;A.-5B3-;R.,
P%?-:.A-2lR/-=/-L?1R=-3, :R,.J- \J%- <A/- 3A- :.$.J- /A- %- 5S- .%- %- 5S:C- 5S$?- 0:A- 12- :.R.- 0:A- =?- .R/- 8A$- <J.,/R<- 2,HJ.- <%29R-20/-=?-$/?-?-1J2?-0<-a<-;%-2!:-SA/-(J-8-2-;A/,
/R<-2, %?-.J-/3-;%-2eJ.-3A-YA.,
aR2-5/,o=-0R-.%-#R:C-5B-=J/,
$/:- .?-?- ?- (- 8A$- /- o=- 0R- 8A$- ;R.- 0- .J<- /.- uA.- 3R- 8A$- L%- ,#R:A- ]- (/- 0- 5S?- ,2?- $- 5S$?- 2!R=G%- /.- .J- $?R- 3- ,2,*A/-8A$- o=- 0R?- "%:A- /.- :.A- $?R- ,2- 3#/- ;R.- /-2.$-$A- o- /R<- ;R.- 5.- .J<- !J<o-;A/"8J?-21$?,
o=-Y?-GA?-"%-5?S %?J 0<-.-A-1:A-/.-$?R-2:,2?A- >$A :5=S .$R?-"8J?-2>.,3A-?-=:%-o=-0R:A/.-.J- l- 2- /?- ?J=- 2:A- ,2?- 3J.- 0:A- 5K- /- ]R/- 0R- 5S?- 2?3- :(<- 2#- =J/-LJ.- 0:A- 5S$?- :.- 8A$- :5S$?->A%- ,
5S$?-,R$-+-]R/-0R-8A$-$A?-o=-0R-*R2-0:A-,2?->A$-fJ.-L%-,
]R/- 0R- .J?"%- 5S?- %J?- 0<- .- .$:- 3R?- #J%?- 0:A- 3A- 8A$- 24=- +J- #R:C- 5B- =J/- *R- .$R?,o=- 0R:C-#R:C- 5B- =J/IR/-5K-/.-S$-%J?-;A/"8J?-2>.,
5%- 3- .J<- :,.- 0- L%- /?- KR$?- 28A- 353?- 2o.- .- .$:- 3R?- #J%?- 0:A- 3A- 8A$- 24=- .- ?R%- ,]R/- 0R8A$-$A?"%?- 3A- K$- 0-R 8$A 24=- .$R?,/<-R IA?- K$- 0:-A 3-A .-J .$:- 3R?- #%?J ;R.- %?J ;/A "2?3?- 3R.,3-A
K$- 0R- 5%- 3- %=- .2- IA?- #J%?- ;R.- 0- =?- $&A$-G%- .$:-3R?- #J%?- 3J.,]R/- 0R- $8/- 8A$- $A?"%?- 3A- 3A%P$?-&/- 8A$- 24=- .$R?,35/- ~/- P$?- &/- IA- 3A- i3?- .$:- 3R?- #J%?- ;R."2?3?- 3R.,~/- P$?- &/256
5%-3-#J<-n%-;A/-0-=?-.$:-3R?-#J%?-2-$&A$-G%-3J.,
35/-3R-8A$-=-o=-Y?-.J-/$?-$?J2-+-,A=-2-8A$-;R.-0-.J-2o.-/?-:PR-.?,#R?-\R-2<-.-,A-2:A-/%-.3A-8A$-$A?-"%?-L-2-5%-3-212?-9A/,9-3-;%-9?-9A/,.-v-%-=-=?-o-&A-;%-3J.-0?-2$-1J2?-%%-kA-=3IA-8A%-#3?-?-:PA3-(R$%-/A-:)A$-gJ/-!J%-(J?-.$:-3R?-#J%?-0:A-3A-;A/"8J?-#J<-.$R.-LJ.-28A/-0-,R?,
o=-Y?- GA?- .J- ,R?- :U=- .$:- 2- :23- IA?- MR?- +J"%- 5S?- =$- +- %J?- 0<- .- 3A- :.A:A- 5B- =J/- :,R2- .$R?"9J<,#?R ]/-R 0-R 5S<".:J A-<A/-$R%-)A-:S-3,R-<%-*R/-3A-:.$"&J?-2>.-.J-]R/-0R-5S-,A=-2-.J:A-/%-.-5B-=J/-*R2<- 3%$?,]/-R 0-R 5-S ,=A 2- <- *?J 0- .:-J A 5-B =/-J *-R 2<- ?%-R 3.R ,;A.- *-R 2- 8A$- =- *?J 0- .-J @- &%- .2=- 2?- 5-B
=J/-8A$-G%-3.-J .R,
#J-5/-?R-S$-0,3R-*A.-w/-0:A-LA?-.?,
#-2h,
2N- >A?,z- 3R,%- $9:- :#R<- .- 3<- HJ.- .%- 3)=- :6S3?- 3- L%- 2?- .J- <A%- 3*3- .- .$R%- 9?-=- <R=- 2<- %<%-.$:-0R-L%,
R :$:- 3.-J 0<- 8,%- <%- %:A- L- 2:-A {<-R =z-3R, <.-J ;- 2N- >A?,.J- :S:-A ;/- <A%- :$<-R ?%-R 2?-.$%?2&<-:SA-LJ.-0<-@-&%-VJ=-:52-(J-2?-%=-$?R-)A-v<-LJ.-.$R?-0:%-3->J?,
2N- >A?,HJ.- GA?- L- 2- .J<- .J- :S:A- //- +/-LJ.- .$R?- .R/- 3J.,$=- +J- HJ.- <%- L- 2<- 2&<- :SA- LJ.- 0:A- $R- <A3OR.- .- VJ=- :52- =%?- /- LA?- .?-?- %- 5S- 3*3- .- lJ.- :)R- =- $;J%- 2- S/- <$?,.0<
R
J - /- %- 5S?- =R- 3(-=-2{<-<J?-LJ.-0:A-?-.-J H.-J GA?-S/-L%-%3,
z-3R, ?-.J-%?-;.-A =-><-;R%-,%-5S?-=R-3-<J-<J-P-(%-$A-5=-.-L?-/?-lJ.-2-;A/,{2?-.J<-2.$-$A-<J-2*$- &A$- /A- %:A- =R- 3-.J- HJ.- GA- =R- 3- =?- 3IR$?- M<- %%-(- 2R<- 2c=- ,2- 0- .J- ;A/,{2?- .J:A- :5S2-.%R?-$/?-!2?-2.J-8A$-<J.-A%-,
2N- >A?,<J.- ;,.- .%- %- 5S?- ;=- /?- aR2- 9:A-{R<- IA- lJ-3R- lJ.- 2:A- {2?-.J- ;%- ;A.- =-:(<- L%- ,o/- .- HJ.<%- .$J- c/-;A/- =- 1R=- 3-%J.- $*A?- aR2- 3- ;A/,#R- 3R- HJ.-<%- =?- =R- (J- /- ;% - HJ.- GA?- .- .%- 3R<-;A$J- :.R/- 5=- :OA.,.- .%- HJ.- GA?- %- =- ;%-;A- $A- :.R/-5=- :OA.- 0- 3- ;A/-/3,.- HR.- aR2- .R%- $A{<-:V?-.%-L-2<-VJ=-2-=%?-?3,
257
z-3R, :R,%?- .J-2eJ.-?R%- 2- <J.,aR2-9-<- %- %R- 3-<%- *A.- =- ;A.-(J?- 2g/- 0R- ;R.,%?-2?3-/-{2?-.J<-%<%- ,R2- 0- =?- $+R%- 2- =- 3R- $%- (J/- 0R- $.:,aR2- .R%-LJ.- 0- =?-.$J- c/- IA- 5=- .- aR2-OA.LJ.-0<-.$:-2-;A/,
2N->A?,.J-2.J/,%-=-.$J-c/-$8/-=?-2a2?-0:A->J?-L-=?-HR.-=?-,R2-0:A-:V?-2-3%-,
z-3R, 2!:- SA/- (J,2N- >A?,L- 2- ,3?- &.- VJ=- :52-GA-OR.-/-12-0:A- {2?- :.A<-HJ.-<%- %:A- $3- .-;R.0<-@-&%-.$:,$%-v<-%-=-L-2-:.A-,R2-<%-3-,R2-<%-;A.-?J3?-3R-2:A-HA3-5%-8A$-;R.,
aR2-5/,#-2:A-$/R.-:5K,
#- 2- /A- <%- L%- #3?- GA- %R- 35<- 2:A- .%R?- 0R:C- $%- 5=- 8A$- ;A/,#- 2?- =R- +R$- =- 2+% - (- .A/0-.%-.$/-uR%?-=-36K?-#$-20/-0-;A/,.-.%-LA?-0-.%-.<-3-=-3R-$%-2*=-;R%-,:R/-G%-#-2-/A-.?g$- +- (J?- 29%- 2:A- .%R?- 0R- 8A$- 3- ;A/- +J,35S-2R.- 3,R- |%- /- $/?- 0:A- :VR$-HA3- 3%- 0R- 8A$- =- 35S/- /- #2?-($-|R-$%-3%-;%-29R-%J?,
,A- =R-1997/?1998=R:C- .$/- #<- 3,R- |%- :.A:A- ?- #=- 3%- 0R- 8A$- =- $%?- *R/- (J/- 0R- L%- ,?- #=- ==<- *A/- $&A$- =- #- 2:A-3 ,$- 5.- =A?- kA?- 2&-z$- 22?- 0- .%- $/3- ^:A- :H$?- 5.- $R<- ,A$- 3/- IA- +:P%?- 28A- 2&- =- z%- ,#- 2- (J?- 3,$- 0:A- ?- #=- /?- A$?- 9R$- 3%- 0R?- C- 9- 3- ,2- 0<- >A,_%- $;$- 43IA?-#-2-3,$-0R-($?-0-<J.,
A$?-9R$-3%-0R->A-2-.%-:VR$-0-i3?-GA?-,2-!:A-/%-tA-2-:2.-o-*%-%-43-;%-3J.-0?-#R-5S?-=?-0RSR?- ?- :)$- o- ;%- .!:- 3R- :.$.J-2?- HA3-5%-3%-2R-8A$-$A?-K$-9R$-.J.-.J-#-2-*%-?-.%-C-?-(J-2:A-?$/?-.3:-?<-%R?,
.2=- *R2- ,J2?- l- 5S$?- 0- 8A$- ,A-=R1997=R- /?1998=R:C- .$/- #<- .2=- *R2- ,J2?- l- 5S$?- 0- 8A$l- :6$?- L?- 8A%- #- 2:A- $/R.- *R/- (J?- (J- 2:A- ?- #=- =- 9- 3- .%- IR/- $R?,.J- 3A/- :2.- m?- ?R$?- 3#R- 3R.L?,?- $/?- YA.- $8%- .%- 8A%- (J/- YA.- $8%- $*A?- !?- 5S$?- 0- :.A<- o2- *R<- 36.,.J- 3- 9.,.- .%o=- ,A:A- !J%- $A- .2=- *R<- =?- #%?- #- >?- GA?-G%-|R<- 3R- .%- .%R?- 9R$-,.-GA?-<R$?- *R2-$/%-,#- 2- 28?5<-eJ?,K$?-9R$->A-2:A-P%?-/A-2P%?-=?-:.?-2-3-9.-3A-#->?-GA-YR$-;%->R<,
HJ.-GA?-2?3-/-eJ?-KR$?-#-2:A-($-|R-:.A-?J=-,2-23,$=-+J-?J=-,2-/,)A-v<-?J=-.$R?,
258
#J-5/-?R-2./-0,2.-3J.-GA-:S-3*3-,R2-,%-,
z-3R, 8R$?-0<-29%-,HJ.-5S-.%-%R-:U.-0?-@-&%-.$:,
*J?-0-!-2,
%-5S-;%-HJ.-.%-:S-2<-.$:-3R-*J?,HJ.-<%-.J<-28$?-+J-%-5S<-HJ.-<%-*A.-GA-$/?-5=->R.-.%-,
z-3R,
(R$- $A%- <%- .?- /3- ;%- 2.- 3J.- 5S%- 2- 8A$- LJ.- :.R.,=R- /- (%- %:A- .?- /?- 29%-%?
-:6.-,R.-3#/-i3?-=-o-%?-29%-2:A-5S%-9R$-*R-2<-<R$?-<3-L?-+J-#R-5S:C-:5S-2-)J-=J$?
- ?- $+R%- :.R.- ;R.,2.$- $A?- HJ.- GA- !%- 9A- /?- L- 2- 212-+J- !%- 9A:A- ,R/- m?- 24S%-o- L%- /%:A-.3A$?-;=-;%-:P2-?R%-,
*J?-0-#-2, HJ.- GA?- &A:A- KA<- ?- $/?- GA- !%- 9A- /?- L- 2- 3A- 12- 0<- *J/- #- ;R.- 0:A- 3*3- :VJ=- !%- 9A8A$-/?-L-2-212-/-:.R.,
z-3R,
%?- *J/- #- ;R.- 0:A- 3*3- :VJ=-!%- 9A- L- 2- 12- /- %- =- o=- ,A:A- 5S%- =?-KR$?- GA-*3?- MR%3%-0R-:,R2- 0- .%- ,%?-<%- $A- .LA/- ;A$- $A- l=-2!R=- +J- :63- \A%- ;R%?- GA- :6.- ,R.- 3#/i3?- =- 5S%- 9R$- *R- <-2&$- !J- <%- <J:A- 8A%- (J/- IA- ?- $/?- #$- $A- 3A- i3?- GA- :5S- 2:A- (- 5.- )J=J$?- ?- $+R%- o- ;A/,2.$- $A- 2?3- 0<- %?- L- 2- :.A- =J$?- 0R<- 212- +J- !/- IA- :.R.- ]R{R%-,2-~3,
*J?-0-#-2, %-<%-HJ.-GA?-L-2-#->?-=J$?-0<-12-,2-0<-;A.-(J?-;R.,
z-3R,
HJ.-GA-{.-(-.J:A-.R/-&A-;A/,
*J?- 0- $?3- 0,.J<- /%- .R/- $8/- 3J.,%- 5S<- L- 2- :.A- 2.- 3J.- 8A$- =- 212- +- :)$- o:A- :(<- $8A- 3J.,%-5S<o/- +-L- 2- :.A- *J?- 0- 8A$- =- 212- +- :)$- :(<- $8A- ;R.- 0- =?- 2.- 3J.- &A$- $A- =$-+- :)R$o:A-,.-%-5S?-2?3?-$8A$?-LJ.-3-MR%-,
z-3R,
%- <%-.J<- ;A.-3A- (J?,2.- 3J.- 8A$- \?- 2- .J?- !%- 9A- .J- !R2?- w/- .- 2+<- ,2,HJ.- GA?- 2.3J.-GA-2?3-5=-v<-<%-$A-,R/-m?-.J-.$-2.-3J.-:6.-,R.-3#/-i3?-=-24S%-,2-0-3-9.,
2.- 3J.- i3?- G%-*J?- 0- .%- :S- 2<- L- 2- 12- /- 2lR/- :P?- w/- 8A%- $/?- 5=- $%- 3%- 8A$$A-:R$-/?-2.-3J.-5S-z$-+-29%-,
*J?-0-!-2, <J.,<J.,%- 5S?- HJ.- GA?- 2>.- 0:A-$/?-5=- .J:A- {R<- }- 3R- /?- $R- ;R.,HJ.- GA?- <%- *A.GA- .?- 5S.- 2J.- ,.- .J- %- 5S- .%- \J%- 3R=- L?- 0<- 2!:- SA/- (J,HJ.- GA?- %- 5S<- #- 0<- $+R%3A-.$R?,%J.-&$-$A?-HJ.-=-#-0<-$+R%-%J?-;A/,
259
:63-\A%-$A-2.-3J.-GA-:S-3*3-,R2-,%-,
1R-3R- $*A?-:S- 3*3- ;A/- /3,:63- \A%- $A- o=- #2- #$- $A- YA.- $8%- ?R- ?R?-1R- 3R:A- ,R2- ,%- :S- 3*3- ;A/8J?-:.-1R$-28A/-;R.,$/?-5=-$%-3%-8A$-$A-:R$-/?-.J-/A-l-2-/?-2.J/-0<-3-P2-!J,,A<-1R-3R-,R2-,%-%R3- :S- 3*3-;A/- .$R?- /-L- 2- .%- |R<- 3R,.2%- (- 2&?- GA- ,.- /?- :S-3*3- ;A/- .$R?- G%- ,:63- \A%- $A- ;=P-$%-3%-8A$-+-.3A$?-;=-:.A-.-.%-3%R/-:I<-L%-3J.,A-3J-<-#-/A-.J:A-.0J-35S/-;A/,
A- <- /- L- 2- 12-0:A- 2.- 3J.- i3?-.- .%- *J?- 0:A- .2%- :R$- +- 5.- ;R.- =,1964=R<- A- <:A- 2.- 3J.- i3?GA?- ,A- :2%?- GA- ,R2- ,%- {R<- IA- OA3?- =$?- 2o.- .J- =?- !<- 8$?- 0:A- $R- {2?- :S- 3*3- |R?-,R2- 0<- o=#- ]%?,:R/- G%- .- {2?- A- <:A- !%- 9A- .$- $A- (J?- 3,R:C- $R- $/?-?- 2.- 3J.- *%- >?- >A$-3- $+R$?-3J.,,A<2+%- .- $R- $/?- :S- <%-*J?- 0- i3?-=- LA/- 0:A- \- 1R$- .J- 2.-3J.- i3?- =?- 3,R-2-;A/,1997=R<,A- <:A-*J?0-5S?-A-|R<-$&A$-$A-;R%?-|R-=J/-.?-2.-3J.-5S?-{<-743-$+R$?-=J/-,2-GA-3J.-0-<J.,
:S-3*3-IA-:.J3?-2{R:A-.2%-(-:,R2-o-/A-A-3J-<-!:A-2.-3J.-5S?-/3-;%-2lR/-=J/-LJ.-28A/-0:A-L-28A$- <J.,A- 3J- <- !:A- *J?- 0- 5S:C- :.J3?- 2{R:A- .2%- (- =- =R- %R- *A?- 2o- z$- $A- =R- o?- ;R.- <%- ,2.- 3J.5S:A- :.J3?- 2{R:A- .2%- (- =- =R- %R- 2o.- 2&- z$- $A- =R- o?- =?- 3J.- 0- 3- 9.,.LA/- )A- .%-,o- $<,;?- ?A=.-?R$?-o=-#2-=->?-GA?-2.-3J.-i3?-G%-*J?-0-5S-.%-:S-2<-o=-#2-2.$-*R%-$A-/?-2-;R.-2-3%R//-;%-A-3J-<-!?-2.-3J.-4%-,%-8A$-:.J3?-3-MR%-,
.- v:A- A- 3J- <- !<,1R- 3R-$*A?- =- ,J2?- 0:A- aR2- $?R- 1=- (J<- :S- 3*3- ;A/-;%- :.?- 2:A- =R- ^:AOR.-.-.J-:S-8A$-$+/-/?-3A/-!J,2.-3J.-5S-HA3-/?-24/-IA?-#R.-.-2&$-!J-#J-:,$-$A-=?-!-$*J<-.-:)$0:3- 9?-$;R- 2{R=- LJ.- .- :)$- 0- =?- #R- 5S<- aR2- 9<- :PA3?- 0:A- $R- {2?- 3J.,:.A<- :I<- wR$- (J/- 0RL%-;R.-/-;%-lA?-<A$-.%-5/-<A$-$A-OR.-.-2.-3J.-i3?-GA-o$?-:V?-/A-*J?-0-i3?-=?-.3:-2-;A/,
*J?-3-5S<-*J?-2-.%-:S-3*3-IA-,R2-,%-%R-3-8A$-:,R2-o-/A-A-3J-<-!-.%-:63-\A%-$A-2.-3J.-i3?-GA?2lR/-=J/-LJ.-28A/-0:A-kA-=3-;A/-=,1=-(J<-%-5S:A-5K-3)$-=-kA-=3-:.A-3%R/-:I<-LJ.-,2,
260
aR2-5/-?R-2o.-0,2?3-5=,
.%-0R,#-2h,
(</-IA?-2N->A?-GA-3=-#%-$A-|R-2h%?,)
<.-;/, 7-;J,2N->A?-.%-z-3R,HJ.-5S-.%-:U.-0<-.$:-0R-L%-,%?-2?3-/-.-v-%-5S-PR$?-0R-29%-2R-<I<-;R.-0?,2.$-$A?-HR.-5S<-2R.-3A:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:$:-:SA-(R$-$3,
2N->A?,=R?-(R$/%-=-1J2?-<R$?,HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-:SA-lA?-;R.,
<.-;/, :R,%?-2?3-/-/2-KR$?-o=-#2-GA-3A<-2R.-3A:A-:5S-2:A-,.-=-2&A%?-2:A-2?3-5=-:PA$-3A/-$5S$?- ;R.- .J,.0J<- /,/2-KR$?- o=- #2- GA- 3A- =- =?- 2?3- /- ?%?- o?- (R?- =$?- 0- ,3?&.-.3<-9?-$&R.-3#/-;A/-0<-:.R.,:R/-G%-?%?-o?-(R?-=$?-=-..-3R?-LJ.-3#/-IA-2R.-3A3%-0R?- >- 9- 2?- 2?3- 5=- .J- :PA$- 3A- YA.- 0?,HJ.- GA?- 2.$- =- ..- w/- 2R.- 3A- i3?- GA?- &A:AKA<->-9-2:A-o-35/-2>.-/-(R$-$3,
z-3R, :63-\A%-$A-;=-KR$?-$8/-.-;R.-0:A-?%?-o?-(R?-=$?-0:A-P?-/->-3A-9-3#/-;R.-YA.-3R.,%5S- $/?- 0:A- ?- :.A:A- $/3- $>A?-GA-.2%-$A?-2R.-3A-i3?-=-35S/-/-.J-/A-=?-a-2R-8A$-3-<J.,:R/G%- 2R.- 3A- :$:- >?- GA?- YR$- ($?-(%- 2- 3%- 2R- 8A$- $A- .R.- .- YR$- ($?- (J- 2:A- <A$?-2?.- .J=R%?-?-,R.-0-<J.,.J-v<-L?-5K-5K-YR$-*%-%-8A$-$A?-3A-3%-0R-8A$-$A-9?-GA-:.R.-0-{R%-,2,
<.-;/, .J-/A-@-&%-.$:-$%-:1J=-2:A-L-2-8A$-<J.-A%-,%?-.-/?-29%-*->-*%-43-,.-.J-=$->-3%-0R-9o- ;A/,:R/- G%- %- =- SA- 2- $8/- 8A$- ;R.,%?- $R- ,R?- v<- /- 2R.- 3A- 5%- 3-l2- 0R- 3A/- 9J<,.J- 2.J/0-;A/-/3,
2N- >A?,?%?- o?- (R?- =$?- GA?-%- 5S- 8A- 2.J:A- %%- :5S- .$R?- 0:A- 2a2- L- $/%- ;R.- =,,A<- 2+%- .- 2R.3A- ,3?-&.- $>A?- o.- :)3- 3R.,:R/-G%- 2R.-3A- i3?- G%- 3A:A- <A$?- ,A- .%- :S- 2<- 353?-<J<-#R%OR-=%?-/?-,R.-0-l2-3R<-:I<-YA.,.J:A-nJ/-IA?-%?-2R.-3A-,3?-&.-GA-$>A?-o.-l2-0R-3A/-9J<3A-,2,
<.-;/, .J- 2.J/,.- .%- .R/- $8/- 8A$- ;R.- .J,/2- KR$?- o=- #2- GA- 3A- 3%- 0R?- 2?3- 0<- 2R.- ,3?- &.- =#$- 2}=- &A- ;%- 3J.- 0:A-2.J- 2- &/- IA- 8A%-#3?- .%- :S- 2:A-#- 2:A- uR%?- ?- 2.J- *A.- %%-:5S- ;R.0<-:.R.,HJ.-<%-2?3-5=-:.A-=-:,.-0-;A/-/3,
z-3R, 3A/,%- .J- =- 3A- :,.,2R.- 3A- i3?- GA-:5S- 2:A- (- nJ/- .J- ?:A- $R- =:A- !J%- $A- 3A- <A$?- $8/- !/- =?261
G%- ,2?- ($- ;A/,#R- 5S?- $/3- ^- l2-3R:A- OR.- /?- 2lR/- :P?- GA- =?- =- 8$?- +J- :5S- ,2?- LJ.28A/- ;R.- 3R.,.- .%- 2R.- 3A- 3%- 0R- 8A$- aR2- 9- .%-(/-#%-?R$?-=-:PR-.!:-2-.%-,%?-=J$?-&/IA-.%R?- m?- ?R$?- ,R2- .!:- 2:A- $/?- ?- I<- ;R.,.J- 2?- %- 5S- 2R.-3A- i3?- GA?- <%- $A- .?- ;/- <A%2:A- =R- o?- .J- $9A- 2eA.- &A$- =- 2P%-28A/- YR=- o/- IA- <A$- $/?- .<- %J=- .%- 2R.- 3A:A- ,A- 5S$?- :.AKR$?-;R%?-/?-:1J=-o?-?-$+R%-2<-@<-2lR/-LJ.-GA/-;R.,
<.-;/, HJ.- $*A?- GA?- :.A:A- {R<- IA- $/?- 5=- $?=- 2>.- LJ.- 0<- 2!:- SA/- 8,.- v- %:A- 1- ;=- /- ;R.- 0:APR$?-0R-5S?-G%-%-<%-2o.-.J-2R.-GA-:5S-2-.%R?-=-$R-2-92-3R-8A$-=J/-,2,
aR2-5/,eJ-YR%-24/-|3-0R,
eJ-YR%- 24/- |3- 0R- /A-$/:- <2?- 2R.-GA-=R-o?- /%- >$?- nJ/- (J?- (J- 2:A-24/- 0R- 8A$- ;A/,#R%- /A- ]R- o- (J8A%- ,$?- .$R%?- 92- 0:A- 24/- 0R- 8A$-;A/-0<-3-9.,.-.%-#R%-$A?-2R.- GA-<A$- $/?- =-_2?- (J-2:A-L?-eJ?3%- 0R- 28$,eJ- YR%- 24/- |3- 0R- /A- ,A- =R617=R<- .2?- ?- {- :O%?,#R%-.$%-=R-2&-$?3-IA-!J%-2R.-GA-24/0R<-3%:-$?R=,eJ-YR%-24/-|3-0R?-2R.-#3?-=-.2%-2+<-2:A-{2?-.J<-KR$?-3%-0R-/?-o=-#-]%?,
eJ- YR%- 24/- |3- 0R- o=-YA.-=- 28$?-0:A-{2?-.J<-2R.-=-;A-$J-3J.-0?,#R%-$A?-]R/-(J/-,R/-3A-?3-SR-B2R.- =- ;A- $J- 29R- 0<- 3%$?,,R/- 3A- o- $<- .- ?R%- /?- {.-<A$?- 3%- 0R<- .%?- >A%- 3,<- #R?- =J$?- .<IA- .L%?- $?=- k%- $8A- L?- /?- 2R.- GA-.L%?- $?=- $+/- =- 12- +J- KA<- 2R.- .- =R$$=- +J- ,R/- 3A:A-2!:- SA/3J.-/,2R.-=-;=-{.-$-5S$?->R.-3#/-5S:A-2<-1/-5/-2h-3R.-0:A-;A-$J-:.A-v-2-8A$-;R.-3A-YA.,
.J:A- eJ?- eJ- YR%- 24/- |3- 0R- .2J/- $/?-?- 1J2?- +J- =R- $?3- z$- =- 28$?,.?- .J<,#R%- $A?- 2R.- 3A:A- #J1/- IA- (J.- .- 2R.- GA- 2h- 3R.- GA- $8%- =- .%?- 8A%- (R?- .%- YA.- GA- .0J- (- 3%- 0R- 2l3?,.J- /?- eJ- YR%- 24/- |30R?- OA3?- 3%- 0R- $+/- =- 12- &A%- 2R.- GA- ?- #=-?R- ?R- <- ?- $/?- YA.- $8%-=?- #%?- 3%- 0R- 24$?,.- .%- #R%$A- ,$?- 2!R.- v<- o- $<- /?- /%- 2:A- (R?-$8%- 3%-0R- 8A$- 2R.- ;A$- +- 2+<,$=- +J- YR%- 24/- |3- 0R:C- ,$?2!R.-3J.-/,2R.-=-/%-2:A-(R?-$8%-:.A-:S:A-3%-0R-8A$-;R.-3A-YA.,
YR%- 24/- |3- 0R:C- 3A%- .- P$?- 0:A- 36.- eJ?- $&A$- /A- 1R- V%- 0R- +- =:A- :6$?- 20/- ;A/,1R- V%- 0R- +- =/A-!/- IA- ;A.- ?J3?- :$$- 0:A- 2R.- GA-29R- 20/- =$-l=- IA- .0J- 35S/- 8A$- ;A/,.J- /A- 36K?- >A%- v- /- #$- =,
2eA.- ($?- .0=- IA?- K$- 0?- ~/- 0:A- P$?- 0- :63- \A%- .- H2- ;R.,.J- v- 2:A-2eA.- ($?- ;A.- .- :R%- 2:A1R-V%-/A-eJ-YR%-24/-|3-0R:C-,$?-eJ-3J.-/-29R-20/-LJ.-$-=-,2,
262
eJ- YR%- 24/- |3- 0R:C- H.- .- :1$?- 0:A- 36.- eJ?- 3%- 0R?- #R%- *A.- .- v:A- 2<- .-3A- i3?- GA- ~A%- #R%- .$?R/- ;R., =R- o?- 5- 2- 3%- 0R?- #R%- $A- 3A- 5K:A- $+3-o.- 3%- 0R-VA?- ;R.-0- 3- 9.,#R%- /A- 2R.- GA- .3%?1%-.%-.3%?-\-3%-2R-8A$-$A-3A-$-$4S-2R-;%-;A/,eJ-YR%-24/-|3-0R:A-]-3J.-GA-36.-eJ?-.J-.$-3J.-/-2R.-3Ai3?-=-.-v:A-:5S-2-:.A-;R.-3A-YA.-.R,
#J-5/-?R-.$-2,lA?-:#R<-#%-.,
^-2, 6-;J,@J-=A/-.%-A/-:SA-<R:,HJ.-5S?-&A-8A$-LJ.-28A/-;R.,
@.-=A/, ^-2,HJ.-.%-;/-<A%-3-3)=,%J.-$*A?-GA?-\R$-:UA/-=-v-28A/-;R.,
^-2,
\R$-:UA/"8J?-0-.J-&A-<J.,.J-/A-"3#:-:UA/-".%-$&A$-35%?-;A/-/3,
A/-:SA-<R:, 3- <J.,\R$- :UA/- 8J?- 0- /A- \R$- h=- :UA/- ;A$- $A- 2#?- 3A% - <J.,.J- /A- lA?- :#R<- 2o.-.J- $+R%=J/-LJ.-,2-0:A-:UA/-;A$-$A-<A$?->A$-<J.,
^-2, \R$-:UA/-$+R%-=J/-LJ.-0<-&A-8A$-3#R,
@.-=A/,
HJ.- =- lA?- :#R<-8A$- .%- #- 0<- IA- {.- 0,\R$- :UA/-lA?- ,R- 2&?- .$R?,3A- ?- ;A/- ;%- :.A- .$
- ;R.- /- \R$- :UA/- $+R%- =J/-LJ.- ,2,%- =- aR2- 9:A-\R$- :UA/-lA?- ,R- 8A$- ;R.- 0?- aR2- 9:A- lA?
-:#R<-#%-=?-<%-$A-\R$-:UA/-=-2v?-(R$,
^-2, HJ.-GA?-;A-$J->R$-2:A-%R?-?-3A-:VA-2<-lA?-:#R<-2o.-/?-2{<-.R/-&A-;A/-/3,
A/-:SA-<R:, :R,.J:A- o- 35/- /A- \R$- :UA/- 2{<-2-.J-4$?-#%-/?-;A-$J-2{<- 2- =?- 3IR$?- 0- .%- o=- ,A:A#- 0<- =?- <A/- $R%- @- &%- .3:- 2<- 3- 9.,:UA/- ;A$- $&A$-.?- 3*3- .- 3A- 3%- 0R<- 2{<- ,20- .J- ;A/,2.$- =- \R$- :UA/- #R.- $/?- LA/- ;R.- 0:A- 8J/- 8A?-=/-IA- PR$?- 0R- 5S<- ^- <J:A- 3)$+-%?-2{<-2:A-3*3-$+R%-:UA/-;A$-:LR<-28A/-;R.,
^-2, \R$-:UA/-IA?-HJ.-$*A?-KA-o=-/?-:.$-0<-!2?-2.J-(J/-0R-29R?-;R.,
@.-=A/, =R?- ;A/,.?- o/- %- =- ?J3?- #<- LJ.- 28A/- 0:A- 1- 3- $*A?- GA?- G%-A:R- +- =A- ;- /?- \R$- :UA/#R.-$/?-]%?-;R.-0?,.-{2?-#R-5S:A-2?3-0<-.J-/A-}R/-(.-%-<%-,A-=J-2o-U$-$A?-9A/-0:A1-<R=-/-aR2-9-(J/-3R<-:PA3?-0-=?-G%-*J-?<-;R.-0:A-$%-2-*J?-28A/-;R.,
^-2,
:R, \R$-:UA/-@-&%-3#R-(J, $=-+J-%-<%-KA-o=-.-:PR-,2-/-%?-G%-<%-*A.-=-\R$-:UA/-#R./?->A$-:6$?-:.R.-;R.,
263
S-2-2$R=-3,
%- 5S?- o/-.-5/- <A$- =$- l=- .<- o?- $R%- :1J=- .- $+R%- .$R?- 2:A- $=- (J/- <%- 28A/- IA- $/?- 5=-.J- ,R?28A/- ;R.,5/- <A$- =$- l=- .<- o?- $R%- :1J=- .- ?R%- 5K-P2- :V?-$%- .$- ;R.- .3- 8J- /,P2- :V?- 3%R/$?=-.-,R/-0:A-$?<-$+R.->A$-/A-.-v:A-.?-:.A<-3A-!/-IA-\J%-$8A<-I<-2:A-S-2-2$R=-3:A-$?<-$+R.-;A/,
S-2-2$R=-3-8J?-0-&A-8A$-;A/-0-.%-.J-=-1/-/?-&A-w/,
,A- =R- 1960=R<- A- <:A- YA.- $8%- $A?- .3$- .R/- :UA/- *J=-=- !2?-2.J-29R- (J.- $?<- $+R.- LJ.- 0:A- S- 22$R=-3-.J-.-{2?-YA.-$8%-$A-=?-.R/-.%-$8/-0:A-5/-#$-3%-0R<-,R.-28A/-;R.,.J-/A-\R$-:UA/-$+R%-=J/#R- /:A- ,.- =- 2!R=- 2- 43- 3- ;A/- 0<-<A$- $/?- 5/- #$- =- 8A2- :)$- .%- <R=- 3R<- */- 0,;=- 2{R<- ,.- GA2h- :UA/- :5S=- 2,$?<- :I<-=- 2v- 2,.%R?- 0R- *R- 2- 2&?- GA- KR$?- ?- 2!R=- 28A/- ;R.,S- 2- 2$R=- 3/A-.-.%-o=-#2-3A-$&A$-0:A-3A-5S:A-2<-:VJ=-:SA?-GA-,.-=-2!R=-+J-<A$-$/?-3A-:S-2-.$-1/-5/-2<-o?=R/-$+A%- )J- 92- +- $+R%- 28A/- ;R.,S- 2- 2$R=- 3- /A- :63- \A%- !J%- :1J=- o?- ?- ?R%- ;R.- 0:A- o=-#2#$-.%-.J-:S:A-:1J=-o?-?-?R%-3J.-0:A-o=-#2-#$-$A?-2<-3*3-:VJ=-LJ.-0:A-,.-=:%-2!R=-(R$
,A- =R- 1998=R<- :63- \A%- !J%- S- 2- 2$R=- 3- 2!R=- 3#/-IA- 3A- P%?- ?- ;- S$- &- <J- $?3- ;R.- 0- .%- ,,A=R2002=R<- S- 2- 2$R=- 3- 2!R=- 3#/- IA- 3A- P%?- ?- ;- 2o- .%- 2&- S$- ;R.-YA.- =- .J:A- /%- $A- 2!R=- 3#/- ?- ;*J<- $&A$- LA?- 0- ;A/- >?- (J,.J- 2?- LA?- 0- 5S- /A- S- 2- 2$R=- 3- 2!R=- 3#/-IA- 3A- P%?- :1<- $R/- L%- 2- (J?3IR$?- 0:A- 5S$?- 0<- I<- ;R.,,A- =R- 1998=R:C- ^-6 0:A- ^- 3)$- +- N%- $R- <-S- 2- 2$R=- 3- 2!R=- 3#/- ?- ;$&A$- .%- :23- $*A?- ;R.- 0- .%- ,2000=R<- S- 2- 2$R=- 3- 2!R=- 3#/-IA- 3A- P%?-.J- ?- ;- s-=- aJ2?-;R.- G%YA.,2!R=-3#/-)J-3%-.-?R%-2-.%-2!/-S-2-2$R=-3<-3-3,.-.-:I<-wR$-.%-:1J=-o?-:L%-%J?-;A/,
S- 2- 2$R=- 3?- KR$?- 3%- 0R:C- |R- /?- :63- \A%-=- :I<- wR$- L%- .- :)$- ,2- 3R.,%- 5S?- .J- =- :I<-wR$$- :S- 8A$- :L%-o- .- .%- 3A- >J?,.0J<- /,3- :R%?- 0:A- 3A- 5S- 5S%- #%- .- :PR- 3A- .$R?- 0<- lA?- :#R<- 2o./?- .%R?- 0R- *R- YA.- =,&%- 3A- :$R<- 2<- aR2- $?R:A-KR$?- ?- 2!R=- eJ?- ?- $/?- ?R- ?R:C- aR2- 3<- lA?- :#R<- 2o./?-aR2-OA.-LJ.-(R$$%-v<-S-2-2$R=-3-=?-3A-i3?-=-?:A-$R-=-:.A-o-{<-(%-(%-8A$-;A/-0:A-5S<-$%-!J<=,.J?-%-5S?-:)A$-gJ/-IA-;=-P-:.A-=-%R?-9A/-92-3R-8A$-LJ.-0<-3,/-nJ/-$%-3%-20/-/R,
264
#J-5/-28A-2&-2,%?-HJ.-<%-:.A-/-;R.-0<-3-:.R.,
=R-<A3-$*A?-0<-3)$-o$?-=J/-28A/-;R.-0-.%-,t3-3R-=A:R%-aR2-#%-$A-|R-:P3-.-=%?-;R.)
t3-3R-=A:R%-, 2N->A?,HJ.-<%-<J-8A$-:.A<-;R%-/-AJ-(R$
2N->A?, o$?-]%?-5<-eJ?-;R%-/-(R$-$3,
t3-3R-=A:R%-, 3A- (R$:.A- /- 3A- 8A$- HR.- =- 2v- <- ;R%- ;R.,HJ.- GA- 3PR/- 0R- aR2- #%- $A- KA- <R=-.- |$-/?2#.-;R.,
2N->A?-aR2-#%-$A-|R<-2.-0-.%-PR$?-0R-$;%-:6S3?-|R-#-<-|$-;R.-0-3,R%-,)
2N->?A , A-4B,$;%-:63?
S ,HJ.-<%-:.-A /-;.-R 0<-3-:..R ,
$;%-:6S3?, 2N- >A?,HJ.- =- 2<- (.- 2+%- 0?- .$R%?- 0- 3- 5S3,%?- HJ.- 5S<- .- .%- o$?- =J/- 28A/-;R.0- 3- >J?,%- <%- PR%- HJ<- =- ,R/- 3- ,$- HJ.- .%- :U.- /- @-&%-:.R.,.- v- %- HJ.- .%- :U.- 0?%R-3-.$:-0R-L%-,
2N->A?, %- ;%- HJ.- .%- :U.- 0?- %R- 3- .$:- 0R- L%- ,:.A- %R- 3- 8A$- ;/-A 0:A- $%- 2- :(<- .!:,%?- HR.<%-.L<-$/%-{2?-?-z-?<-2.-:PR-2?3?,HR.-<%-9A-=A%-=-&A-LJ.-.-:R%-2-;A/,
$;%-:6S3?, %-<%-.L<-$/%-$A-{2?-?-z-?<-:PR-o-;A/-3R.,
z-?<-3-?R%-2:A-}R/-=-*A/-:$<-%=-$?R?-/-:.R.-0?,$9:- :#R<- }R/- 3:A- /%- 3)$- o$?
- ]%?- 5<- eJ?- %- <%-_%?- :#R<- =- 2#.- .J- 9A- =A%- =- ;R%- o:A- ?J3?- ,$- 2&.,%- <%- HJ.=-,$-:.R.->A/-+-(J-2?-=R-eJ?-3<-|$-3A-,2,
2N->A?, :)A$- gJ/- /- %- =?- *A.- 0:A- 3A- 8A$- ;R.- 3A- YA.,o$?- ]%?- 5<- eJ?- %J.- $*A?- 3*3- .- KA- <R==-9-3-29:-2<-:PR,%?-HJ.-GA-9%-9A%-$A-z-?:A-:5S-2-M<-3R-,R?-/-:.R.,
8A-2.J-.%-:,2-:O$
.?-<2?-*J<-$&A$-0:A-:P?R .%-2!/-/?-:63-\A%-;R%?-}R/-=?-w2-:I<-IA-:1J=-o?-?-KA/-;R.-=,%5S?- G%- $/.- .R/- 3%- 0R- 8A$-<A3- 28A/-.- ,$- $A?- 2&.- 3R.,:R/- G%- :,2- :O$- 8A- :)$?- ?- 2+%- !J- :63\A%-;R%?-8A-2.J:A-=3-=-:$R.-0:A-,2?-3(R$-&A$-%-5S?-.-.%-fJ.-3J.,
=R-%R-.-3:A-<A%-=,A-<-.%-A-<-?-o=-#2-$*A?-:PA$-3,/-3-L%-2?-KR$?-$*A?-!?-.%=-=R-3%-0R2!R=- /?- S$- >$?- 35S/- (- 29R?,;A-?-=/-.%-0-=A-?A-,/-o=-#2-$*A?-G%-8A-2.J:A-.0=-=-<R=-2:A-PR?265
3,/- L%- 3- ,2- =- o- $<- .%- 0- =A- ?A- ,/-o=- #2- $*A?- G%- o=- 353?- GA- {R<- /?- PR?- 3,/- 3- L%- 0?,1/5/- 2<- :)A$?- $%- S$- 0R- {=- 28A/- ;R.,$R- =- ^3- 0R:C- !J%- $A- *J- :PR- !/- IA?- &A:A- KA<- 8A- 2.J:A- :5S- 2- <R=3A-,2-0-<J.,
.J%- <2?-:63- \A%- .,%- 5S?- S$- (?- GA- $/.- .R/- ,$- $&R.- LJ.- 3A- ,2- =,%- 5S:C- 35S/- (<- .J- .$-=- *J/#-@-&%-(J,.-{2?-%-5S:A-$R-=-^3-0R-:.A:A-!J%-$A-?J3?-&/-,-.$-{.-&A$-*A.-.-3J.-0<-29R-/?-0:A-h=-U/35S/- (- ;%- ;R.,$=- +J- %- 5S?- .J- .$- 2!R=- /- $/.- .R/- $&A$- G%- ,$- $&R.- LJ.- 3A- /?- 0?- %- 5S?- :63- \A%$A-;=-P-:.A-}<-=?-8A-2.J:A-=3-=-:$R.-,2-23,
8A- 2.J:A- :5S- 2- 20/- 0<- ,2?- =3- 3%- 0R- ;R.- .J,.%- 0R,o=- #2- KA- /%- $A- ;=- YR=- $R3?- :SA?- 3A- :S- 23%-0R-o?-=R/- LJ.-0<-2lR/- 0,$*A?-0,$/.- .R/- (J-(%-!/- 8A-2:A-|R-/?-,$-$A?- $&R.-,2?-LJ.-0,$?30,%- 5S?- <%- $A- PR$?- 0R- .%- HA3- 3A- 5S<- 8A- 2.J:A- :5S- 2- 20/- 0:A- {R<- GA- aR2- $?R- 2+%- !J- #R- 5S:A- #R%OR- .%- :)A$?- $%- 8A- 2<- LJ.- 0,%- 5S?- $/.- .R/- :.A- .$- L%- .- :)$- 3A- <%-2?,%- 5S?-%J?-0<- .- :,2- :O$8A-:)$?-?-$+R%-2-.%-:63-\A%-8A-2.J:A-=3-.-:$R.-0<-:2.-2lR/-L-.$R?,
.LA/- )A- o=- #2- G-A <=R 3-R 2- P$?- &/- )/-R =/-A /R/- =$?- GA?- o$?- (J- 2:-A \- .L%?- 8A$- $A- /%- .- "8A2.J:A- =- $R- {2?- 8A$- LA/, "8J?- {=- 2?,1980=R<-#R- <%- *$- ;R- /- ;R.- 0:A- <%- $A- #R.- #%- $A- *J- :P3- /?- 3J3.?- {- 2NR%?,:.A- /A- 8A- 2.J- =- $R- {2?- LA/- 0- AJ- <J.,%- 5S?-1/- 5/- 2<- I-A H.- 0<- =?- ,/- 3R%- $A2?3-]R-=-.$$-nJ/-29R-3A-<%-,
$=-+J-:63-\A%-!J%-$A-3A-5%-3?-.-/?-29%-!J-8A-2.J-=-<J-2~J$-L?-5K-$R-=-:.A:A-!J%-:,2-:O$-:L%-3AYA.-.R,,
266
Appendix I: IPA English Vowels
9<-2!R.,1o=-,A:A-1-g$?-GA?-35S/-0:A-.LA/-;A$-$A-.L%?-GA-1,
PHONETIC
SYMBOL
ENGLISH
[EI]
A || .LA/-;A$-$?=-LJ. A
[IC]
TODAY|| .J-<A%-,
THEY|| #R-5S,
EIGHT|| 2o.,
E|| .LA/-;A$-$?=-LJ.,E
SHE|| #R-3R,
PLEASE|| $?-5B$-&A$
THREE|| $?3,
POLICE|| ,A-2.J-3A-$,*J/-GR$-0,
[OCR]
[R]
PHONETIC
SYMBOL
ENGLISH
[ACR]
R || .LA/-;A$-$?=-LJ.,R
CAR|| _%?-:#R<-(%-2,
NAME || 3A%-,
[AI]
I || %,.LA/-;A$-$?=-LJ.,I
MY || %:A,
FIVE || s,
ARE || ;A/,<J.,
BEFORE || }R/-(.,
TURN || LJ.0,
EARLY || }-3R-/?,
[UC]
O || .LA/-;A$-$?=-LJ.,O
KNOW|| >J?,gR$?,
THOUGH|| ;A/-<%,:R/-G%-,
U|| .LA/-;A$-$?=-LJ. U
USE|| ,R.-0,2!R=-2,
YOU|| HR.,HR.-5S,
HAVE|| ;R.,
THAT || .J,$/,
267
SCHOOL || aR2-9,
BLUE|| }R/-0R,
SHOE|| z3,
BOOK|| .0J-(,
PUT|| :)R$28$
COULD|| YA.,,2,
WOMAN|| *J?-3,
HOUSE|| #%-2,
HOW|| )A-:S,)A-v<,
NEW || $?<-2,
[AU]
[AU]
AN || 8A$&A$>A$
TO || =-.R/-IA-U.,
STUDENT || aR2-3,
BOAT || P-(%-,
[I]
GIRL|| 2-3R,
WORK || L- 2,=?- !HER || #R-3R:C,
=?-0,
NO || 3A/,3-<J.,3J.,
[JUC]
MORNING || /%?3R,}-SR,
LIGHT || \R$ ;%-3R,
[U]
YOUR || HR.- GA,HR.5S:C,

DOOR || |R,
GOODBYE || 2.J-3R,a<-3)=,
[E]
[I]
[O]
[V]
[OI]
PEN|| /-$t$?-/$
ANY|| &A-;%-,$%-<%-,
BREAD|| $R-<J,
IT|| .J,:.A,
[IR]
HIS|| #%-R $A
ENGLISH|| .LA/-;A$.LA/-{.,
WOMEN|| *J?-3,
ON|| ,R$!J%-,,R$-/,
[R]
NOT|| 3A/,3J.,3-<J.,
WATCH|| .?-5S.-:#R<-=R,2v-2,
END || 3)$$J,
up || ;<,|%-=,!J%-=,
BOY || 2,2-U$
EAR || i-2,
NEAR|| *J-?,,$-*J-?,
BEER|| 7-(%-,
THERE|| .J-/,
CARE || v- gR$$*R<-
HERE || :.A-/,:.A-$<,
*R%,:6K3,
THEIR|| #R-5S:C,
PEAR|| ?A=-+R$-=A,
America|| A-3J-<-!
a (ball)|| (%R-=R)&$A 8A$
CHAIR || b2-!J$?,
[]
does|| =?,LJ.,
what|| &A-8A$$%-8A$
come || ,R/,;R%-,
TOILET || ,R.-#%-,
>A$
Appendix II: IPA English Consonants
9<-2!R.,2:o=-,A:A-1-g$?-GA?-35S/-0:A-.LA/-;A$-$A-$?=-LJ.-GA-1,
PHONETIC
SYMBOL
ENGLISH TIBETAN
PHONETIC
SYMBOL
ENGLISH TIBETAN
[b]
boy
table
rob
2,2-(%-,
&R$-4K,
:UR$-2&R3-LJ.-0,
[w]
water
what
(,
&A-8A$
[d]
day
bed
*A/-3,
3=-OA,
28A,
KJ.-! 5=-2,
$.-3R-.$R.-0,
[j]
yes
=J$?-?R,;,
[f]
four
half
laugh
[z]
zero
is
buzz
:PR-1J2?,
HA,
|R-%-,
[ks]
cakes
trucks
six
,A$-=J,
;A/,<J.,
><- ><- .- =2- 0,
#-0<-$+R%-2,
|R$-%:A-2$-=J2,
#-OJ,
S$
[g]
go
dog
egg
268
[h]
his
Who
#R:C,
?,
[ts]
cats
klutz
LA-=,
<J%?-0R,
[k]
cup
kiss
snake
Black
[dz]
birds
:.2-($?,
[l]
lake
please
all
People
[dr]
dress
hundred
$R/-0,IR/,
2o,
[m]
map
home
Climb
[tr]
tree
country
$?3,
o=-#2,
[n]
near
knife
Rain
[t]
chain
teacher
lunch
[p]
pin
happy
Help
[d]
jump
orange
t$?-,$3,.-0,
.$J-c/,
$R%-),
3(R%-2,wA%-,
D-=A-3,
[r]
read
write
hear
[S]
ship
fish
35S-P,
*-3R,*,
[s]
sit
Miss
pencil
[T]
thirty
bath
?3-&,
:O?,
[t]
ten
button
late
[D]
this
mother
bathe
[v]
very
five
1R<-2,&-/J,
:R-LJ.-0,
4=,
/$-0R,
35K:,
$?-5B$-&A$
5%-3,
3A,3A-.3%?,
?-O,
;=,HA3,
:$R :6K$?,
,$-*J-?,*J-?,
PA,
(<-2,
1A/-#2,
*A.-0R,3R,
<R$?- LJ.- 0,<R$?<3,
:.R/,[R$
:VA-2,
$R-2,
28$?,2#.,
Y?-3R,*J?-3,
8-/$
2&,
1R$-$,
:$R<-2,
@-&%-,
s,
[N]
sing
England
thank
[Z]
pleasure
vision
usually
:.A,
A-3,
:O?-LJ.-0,
\-=J/-0,
.LA/-)A,
,$?-eJ-(J,
*A.,
3A$->J=,
.?-o/-.,
269
Appendix III: Glossary

9<-2!R.,3:,-~.-KR$?-21A$?,
against $+.-/?,cR=-2,
A
abroadKA-o=-.,
agony #$-2}=-5.-3J.,
accent {.-=$?,1-$.%?,1-S$-0R,
agree :,.-0,:(3?-0,
accept .%-=J/,#?-=J/,
agreement 3R?-3,/,(R.-.R/,
access (n / v) ,2?-=3,$R-{2?,
agriculture 8A%-=?,
accomplishment P2-:V?,L?-eJ?,
ahead }R/-.,3./-.,
account lA?-,R,$?=-2>.,
airplane $/3-P,t$?-L,
ace 1=-.-L%-2,+$-?J,
airport $/3-P-:22-,%-,
achieve :P2-0,o=-#-?$?R ,R2-0,
allow (R$-0,2!:-OR=-2,
act (n) ,R.-0,2!:-OA3?,
along 2o.-/?,.J.-/?,
action :$=-*R.,L-,R.,
although :R/-G%-,;A/-;%-,
actress :O2-3#/-3,
among OR.-.,/%-/,
ad 353?-.R<-2h-H2,
amount
2#R3?-P%?,
ancient $/:-2R:C,$/:-<2?-GA,
anger #R%-OR,#R%-OR-aR%-2,
angry #R%-OR-=%?-0:A,
antelope $4S.,
anymore .J-=?-z$0:A,
anytime $-.?-;A/-;%,.?-%J?-3J.-.,
apart ?R-?R<(IJ?-0)2<-,$
apartment #R.-#%-(-5%-,#R.-#%-,
appear 3%R/-0,:LR<-2,
applaud ,=-3R-hJ2-0,3R?-3,/-LJ.-0,
add $R/-0,#-$R/,
address (n / v) #R.-$/?,#-L%-.%-3A%-:VA-2,
admiration ;A.-(R/,
admire ;A.-3R?-0,(R/-0,
adult (n) .<-3,
adventure *J/-#-&/-IA-L-:$=,
advertisement 353?-.R<-2h-H2,
afford *R-,2-0,:$/-,J$-0,12-/?-0,
afraid 0$-0:A,8J.-$%-*J?-2:A,
afterward eJ?-?,.J:A-eJ?,
270
application 8-;A$<J-:./,
awake ($*A.-)?.-0:A,
axe !-<J,
apply <J-:./-8-2,8-;A$-:2=-2,
archery :1R%?-l=,
B
baby U-$
architecture 29R-0/,$.R?-2&?-A<-=?-<A$-0,
area ?-#=,
back (n)o2,
arrive a2?J 0,:LR<-2,
balance (n) .R-3*3,~R3-0R-29R-2,
article (n) .J.-lR3,lR3-;A$
ban (n) 2!$-:$R$
arrest (v) :6B/-29%-LJ.-0,
badly #$-0R<,
art 36?K l=-<$A 0,+-l=,
balanced (adj) ~R3?-0:A,:UR.-0:A,
artificial 2&R?-3,
banana >A%-+R$-%%-=$-3,
artist +-l=-2,<A-3R-2,
bandage (/-<?,k-<?,
ask :SA-2,8-2-LJ.-0,
band (n) <R=-(:A-<-#$
asleep$*A.-=$R 0:A,$*A.-=->R<-0:A,
bank (n).%=-#%-,
ass (n) 2R%-2,
bargain5S%-;A$-$R%-$+3-0,
assignment =?-2$R?,$+/-:#J=-L?-0:A-=?-!
bark (v) (HA?){.-o$-0:3-9$-0,#R%->/,
astronaut :)A$-gJ/-:1<-*R.-0,
beat hJ$-0,$.%-2,~A%-wA%-2,
$/3-.J.-<A$-0-2,
astronomy $/3-.J.-<A$-0,
R 0,
ate|| eat ;A-:.?-0,9?attend (5S$?-:.<)8$?-0,
attention .R-$%-,3*3-:)R$
aubergine }-R 5=-8A$-!-J o-{.-.-5-K 4B-9J<,
audience v-3#/,*/-3#/,
available ,.-(R$-0:A,$R-(R.-0:A,
avenue uR/-P2A :PR-=3,
average (n) (-~3?
R ,
beaten*J?-h%-1R$-0:A,13-*J?-?-2+%-0:A,
astronomer
beautifully 36K?-0<,;A.-.-:R%-2:A-%%-/?,
beauty
36K?-#$
become :I<-2,
been|| be ;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
begun|| begin ;A/-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
believe ;A.-(J?-0,..-0-LJ.-0,
bell $;J<-SA=,
benefit (n) 1/-,R$?,#J-1/,
bet (v) o/-:)R$-0,
271
beyond ($%-8A$-/?);R=-2:A,2c=-/?,
built|| build ;A-:.?-0,
,J<-:23,
biological *J-.%R?-<A$-0:A,
biologist *J-.%R?-<A$-0-2,
biology *J-.%R?-<A$-0,
black (n) 3A-o.-/$-0R,3.R$-/$-0R,
block (n) 1- 2R%- ,>A%- .3,2!$- 0,,R$- 2lJ$?
-&/-IA-#%-0:A-2!<-0,
blown|| blow ;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
blues (n) A-<A:A-3A-o.-/$-0R?-2l3?- 0:A- .3%?
-\:A-<A$?->A$
boast (v) :.->R.-LJ.-0,<%-2!R.,
bold .0:-%<-w/-0:A,~A%-!R2?-(J-2:A,
bomb $+R<-2,:2<-:.J=,
border ?-353?,3,:-353?,
boring ?/-$%-*J-0:A,3R-2-3J.-0:A,
born z/-*J?-GA,24?-2,
boycott (n) 3*3-:VJ=-2!$-:$R$
branch ;=-$;/-=$
brand (n) 5S%-g$?,
breath .2$?,2?A=-_%-,
brick ?R-1$,IR-3R,
broke break ;A-:.?-0,
build 28J%?-0,:6$?-0/-LJ.-0,
building (n ) #%-(J/,2-$3,#%-(J/-,R$2lJ$?-&/,
billion
272
bundle1%-2R,
burn (v)YJ$-0,:2<-2,
businesswoman 2.-3J.-5S%-2:3-#J-=?-0,
butter (n) 3<,

C
cafeteria #-9?-<%-=J/-9-#%-,
campaign (n)=?-:$=,.3$-:,2,
camping (n) 5-1R$
candidate :.J3-L:A-:R?-3A,o$?-3R.-3#/,
capacity >R%-5.,
capital o=-?,3-l,$92-VA?,
capture (v) :6B/-0,
care (n) .R-$%-,v-*R%-,
career =?-<A$?,*3?-MR%-,
carefully?J3?-(%-$A?,$92-//-IA?,
carpet ?-$./,P3-4K,
case (n)$/?-5=,%%-5=,
catch (v) :6B/-0,:)-2,
caught|| catch ;A-:.?-0,
cause (n / v) o-nJ/,nJ/-aR%-2,
cent A-<A:A-|R<-3R:C-{<-3,
center .GA=-.2?,vJ-2,
centimeter =A:A-kA.,
central .GA=-.2?-GA,vJ-2:A,
centre (center) .GA=-.2?,vJ-2,
century .?-<2?,
claw :.2-($?-GA-#J<-3R,
ceremony 36.-|R,(R-$
clerk =?-LJ.-0,
certain %J?-0,2~R/-3J.-GA,
certainly %J?-$+/-IA?,#R-,$
challenge (v) :P/-aR%-2,*3?-5S.-=J/-0,

challenging (adj)
P3-0R,,%-P%-w/-0,
climate$/3-^,
clinic |R-2!J/-(/-#%-,
club 3R-*A.-#%-,(=?-l=-?R$?-GA)5S$?0,.L$-0,
cola #R-=<,{R3-(:A-<A$?,
colorful 5S/-3.%?-&/,5S?-&/-IA,
colour (color)#-.R$
combine (v) 3*3-:VJ=-LJ.-0,^-1A=-LJ.-0,
comb (v)0->.-0,
common (adj)1=-2,,A<-2+%-$A.G?-3,
communication$/?-5=,
community 5S$?-0,,A-5S$?,
company 29R-5S%-#%-,<R$?-0,
compare(v) 1/-5/-2#<-2,5.-2#<-LJ.-0,
comparison(n) #<-2,
compete :P/-0,
competition :P/-2#<,:P/-lR.,
competitor :P/-;,:P/-3A,
complete (v / adj):P2-0,5<-2,(-5%-2:A,
complicated fR$-:6B%-(J-2:A,
compliment (n / v) 2}$?-2eR.,2!R.-0,
composer .L%?-lR3-0-0R,
compose .L%?-lR3-0,1A$-0,
clever
{=->$?-w/-0:A, :P/-
aR%-0:A,
champion A%-.%-0R,
chance (n) $R-{2?,
chant (n) 3$<-3,(;->-2:A)2!R.-0:A-~/-5B$
character (n) ;A-$J
cheat (v) 3$R-2{R<-2,$;R-,2?-GA?-=J/-0,

check (v) 8-.$-LJ.-0,8A2-$>J<-LJ.-0,
cheese(<-2,
chemical m?-:I<-IA,
chemist m?-:I<-<A$-0-2,(/-.R<-3#?-0,
chemistry
m?-:I<-<A$-0,
chief $4S-:6B/,:$R-2,
chin 3-=J,
choice (n) $.3-$?J?,
chosen|| choose ;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
church ;->:A-3(R.-#%-,K$-3(R.-#%-,
cigarette ,-3$
cinema \R$-2f/,\R$-2f/-#%-,
circus +-l=-lJ.-3R-5S$?-0:3-.J:A-lJ.-<,
civil o=-/%-$A,A-:2%?-GA,
273
courage ~A%-!R2?,]R-%R2?,
concert <R=-3R-\-$8?-35/-5S$?,
court OA3?-#%-,
conference 5S$?-:.,
confident _R3-?J3?-(J-2:A,;A.-(J?-#J%?-0:A,
cover (v):$J2?-0,$;R$?-0,$+3?-0,
consider 2?3-]R-$+R%-2,
create $?<-29R-LJ.-0,$?<-$+R.-LJ.-0,
congratulations >A?-5B$gJ/-:VJ=,
crawl (v) $R$-/?-:PR-2,/<-2,
$?<-$+R.-<%-28A/-IA,
creep (v) $R$-0,
crept|| creep ;A-:.?-0,
crop (n) =R-+R$
cross (v):UJ.-2&.-$+R%-2,2c=-2,
crow (n) L-<R$1R-<R$
crowd (n) 3A-5S$?,:5%-#,
cruel $.$-l2-(J-2:A,
crush (n) 24<-$/R/,
cry (v) %-2,(R-%J-:.R/-0,
cubic o-.0%-P-28A-3:A,
cultural<A$-$/?-GA,
culture<A$-$/?,
cure (/-2&R?-LJ.-0,/.-$?R-2,
curry |-?J<-2+2-0:A-9?-<A$?,
customer3PR/-0R,
cymbal&$-(=,&$
construct (v) 29R-0/-LJ.-0,
creative
construction :6$?-0/,
consume :6.-,R.-$+R%-2,
:6.-,R.,
contain w/-0:3-:.-2,
context 5B$-.R/-$R%-:R$5B$-}-KA,
contribute8=-:.J2?-o$-0,
contribution 8=-:.J2?,=J$?-*J?,
contributor 8=-:.J2?-o$-3#/,
control (v) 5S.-:6B/-LJ.-0,.2%-2+<,
convenience !2?-2.J,
convenient !2?-2.J:A,
cooperation 3*3-=?,
corner P-$.GR$?-353?,
costume IR/-(?,:O2-(?,
cotton YA%-2=,
counter1R3-!J$?,lA?-3#/,
countless2P%-$A?-3A-=%?-0:A,P%?-3J.-0,
country (adj)PR%-$?J2-GA,
countrysidePR%-$?J2,8A%-PR%-,
county mR%-,
consumption
D
Dad A-1,
damage (n / v)
*R/-$+R%-2,
274
$/R.-*R/,$+R<-2>A$$/R.-
dancer $<-3#/,
develop :1J=-o?-?-:PR-2<-LJ.-0,o-*J.-0,
danger *J/-#,*J/-#:A-$/?,
development :1J=-o?,:5<-=R%?,
dangerous *J/-#-(J-2(:A)
diagonally $?J$$?J$-3R.,
*J/-#-&/-(IA)
daytime *A/-3R,*A/-.!<,
dead :.?-9A/-0:A,>A-9A/-0:A,
dear (adj ~A%-*J-2:A,.$:-8A%-$?-0:A,
death :(A-2,
decision,$-$&R.,
declareH2-21$?-LJ.-0,
decrease (v) )J-*%-.-:PR-2,:UA-2,
deed (n) ,R.-0,
deep $+A%-92-0R,92-0,
deeply 92-3R,
deerI-2,
defeat13-0<-$+R%-2,
definitely,$-(R.-/?,#R-,$-(R.-/?,
degree (n)SR.-P%-$A-5.,
delicate 8A2-5$?-&/-(IA)28/-3R,
delight (n) 3R-$%-,
delighted (adj)3R-2,.$:-2,
delightful .$:-:R?-0:A-,3A-i3?-.$:-2:A,
demand (v) <J-2-:.R/-0,]%-L-:.R/-0,
depend gJ/-0,
deposit (v) $?R$-:)R$-LJ.-0,2&R=-2,
despite3-2v?-0<,G%-,/:%-,
destroy $+R<-2_$-$+R%-2,
dialect ;=-{.,#-{.,
diary *A/-,R,*A/-.J2,
dictionary 5B$-36S.,
diet (n)29:-2+%-,
difference.LJ-2,H.-0<,
differently 3A-:S-2,
dining (adj) $?R=-5B$9-3,
dipper *R$?,
disagree3A-:,.-0,2?3-:(<-3A-3,/-0,
disagreement #-3-:(3?-0,3-:,.-0,
disappear ;=-2,3J.-0<-:I<-2,3A-3%R/-0<
-:I<-2,
disappointed (adj) ]R-13-0(:A) ;A.-(.-0(:A)
disappointing (adj) ]R-13-0<-LJ.-0:A,
disappointment ]R-13,;A.-(.,
disaster $/R.-*R/,$R.-($$J$?,
disco 1J-?-#:R-82?-VR,
discover $?<-fJ.-L%-2,fJ.-0,
discovery $?<-.-fJ.-0:A-.%R?-0R,fJ.-0,
discust$?-|R<,
disease /.,
distance (n) o%-,$2<-,$
doctor (n) (/-0,<2-:L3?-0,

275
dollar A-<A:A-|R<-3R,
easily.!:-%=-3J.-0<,=?-a-3R:C-|R-/?,
doorway |R-=3,
eaten || eat;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
done || do ;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
easy =?-a-3R,
double (v) w2-:I<-29R-2,w2-$*A?-?-:I<-2,
educateaR2-$?R-$+R%-2,aR2-$?R-MR%-2,
downtown 5S%-=?-#=,PR%-(.-,
effect (v) *R/-aR$-0,,R/-0,3%R/-.-:I<-2,
drank|| drink ;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
effort :2.-2lR/,@<-,$
drawn|| draw ;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,

dream (n/v)
eggplant }R-5=-8A$o-{.-.-(J-4B-9J<,
kA- =3,kA- =3- kA?- 0,!R%- 2?3-
elect :.J3?-0,:.J3?-2{R--LJ.-0,
2&%?-0,
dreamer kA-=3-kA-3#/,!R%-2?3-2&%?-3#/,
dress (n / v)$R?,H-2,$R?-IR/-0,
driest (adj) (J?-{3-0R,
drive (v)_%?-:#R<-#-=R-2+<-0,3,<-0R.-0,
driver #-=R-2,
drop (v) 9$?-0,$+A$-0,:6$-0,
drum (n) d-,
due !2?-GA?,:R?-:53-IA,.?-=-aJ2?-0,
dumplings 2$-,$o-{.-.-&R-4B-9J<,
dung tA-2,
dungchen .%-(J/,
E
e-mail \R$-:UA/,
eager{R3-0-(-:.R.-v<-IA,<J-8A%-~J$-0:A,
eagle L-\$
early ,R$-3:A,}-3R-/?,
earn (#J-?R$?)9-2,(\-()=J/-0,
276
electricity \R$
electronic \R$-h=-IA,
eliminate l-3J.-.-$+R%-2,3J.-0<-29R-2,
elm ;R-:2R$
else .J-3A/,$8/,
embarrassed (adj) %R-5-2,
embarrassment
%R-5,#-*J%?,
embrace (v) :H.-0,:,3-0,
embroidery $4$?-S2,
emperor $R%-3,
employment =?-8$?,
encourage {=-3-$+R%-2,
encouragement{=-t${=-3,
endangered (adj) :)A$-=-*J-2:A,
energy =?-9%?,
engineer (n) 29R-0/-(J/-3R-2,
engineering 29R-0/-<A$-0,29R-0/,
enter/%-.-:6=-2,
entertain 3R-3R-LJ.-0,,$?-3R-$+R%-2,
expert
(J.-=?-3#?-0,
explore :5S=-8A2,gR$-8A2-LJ.-0,
explosion :2<-$?,:$?-$+R<,
export (v)KA<-:SJ/-LJ.-0,
express (v) i3-:I<-!R/-0,35S/-0,
expression 5B$-.R<,5B$-.3,
environment #R<-;$3,:-:#R<,
environmental#R<-;$-$A
envy (v) U$-.R$-LJ.-0,;A.-(R/-0,

equal (adj) :S-3*3-(IA)
equality :S-3*3,.R-3*3,
equally :S-3*3-IA?,S%-0R<,
F
face (v)#-$+R.-0,
equipment ;R-(?,1A$-(?,
erosion <=-9.,9.-0,
fact.R/-.%R?,
errand =?-:$/,=?-$J,
fair (n)36K?-3,OR3-:.,
faith;A.-(J?,..-0,
escape (v) VR?-LR=-LJ.-0,
fallen ||fall;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
especially z$-0<-.,/%-|R?-?,
establish:6$?-0,28J%?-2,
familiar o?-3%:-(J-2:A,$R3-:SA?-;R.-0:A,
even (adv),-/,
famous3A%-.-P$?-0:A,{.-P$?-(J-2:A,
event .R/-nJ/,.R/-(J/,.?-:I<,
fan (n)|| football fanb%-lJ.-%R-=R-.$:-
exactly ;%-.$-0<,$/.-:#J=-0R<,
3#/,
fantastic !R%-2?3-IA,%R-35<-(J-2:A,
faraway $/:-}-3R:C,o%-<A%-2:A,
farmland ?-8A%-,
fashionable .<-YR=-(J-2:A,.0J-$?<-IA,
fastest-growing *J- 5.- M<- 2,:5<- =R%?- L%2->A/-+-3IR$?-0R,
fat (n / adj)5B=,5S/-0R,5B-=,
fatty (adj)5B=-IA?-#J%?-0:A,5S/-0R,
fear (n):)A$?-0$8J.-$%-,
feast (n)$?R=-!R/-$92-o?,!R/-(J/,
exam gR$-8A2,o$?-=J/,
examination o$?-=J/,
excited (adj) ;A.-MR?-0:A,%<-=%?-0:A,
excitement MR?-0,
exciting (adj);A.-MR?-0:A,
exhausted (adj),%-(.-0,
exhibit (n) 2>3?-!R/,
expectation<J-|$:./-0,
experience (n / v)*3?-MR%-,MR%-5S<,*3?-?-
MR%-2,
277
feel (v)5S<-2,5S<-$%-*J?-2,
flown || fly;A-:.?-0,
folk (adj).3%?-OR.-GA,
fell || fall;A-:.?-0,
fool (n / v)]/-0R,\J/-0,
felt || feel;A-:.?-0,
female (n)3R,3R:C-<A$?-GA,
foolish\J/-0,
fence (n)<-2,K$?-<,
force (v)24/-2{=-LJ.-0,
fertilizer=.-m?,=.,
foreign KA-o=-IA,
fiber5B-$,5B-$?-2+$?-0:A-.%R?-0R,
foreigner KA-o=-0,
fight (v):,2-0,$;=-:IJ.-0,
forgotten ||forget;A-:.?-0,
field8A%-?,=?-<A$?,(J.-=?,
forever $+/-.,/3-;A/-;%-,
figure (v)$%-;=-.-:(<-2,#R$-lA?-o$-0,
form (n)i3-0,.LA2?,
final (adj)3,:-3)$-$A
former}R/-3:A,.J-}R/-IA,
film (n),A/->R$\R$-2f/,
formal.%R?-$8A:A,KA-5=-IA,
fingertip?R<-lJ,362-lJ,
foundation (n)k%-$8A,l-2,
firm (adv)2g/-0R<(=%?-0-?R$?)2g/-0R,
freedom <%-.2%-,
fire (n / v)3J,\-1R%?-/?-0R.-0,
free (adv) <%-.2%-$A?,
flap (v)hJ2-0,z2-z2-+-$;R-2,
freely <A/-3A-.$R?-0<,<%-.2%-$A-|R-/?,
flash (n):R.,\R$-:R.,
fresh $?<-2,
flashlight=$-HJ<-\R$-8,
fried (adj)$3-24S?-L?-0:A,$3-24S?-3,
flew || fly ;A-:.?-0,
friendship36:-2lJ,36:-?J3?,
flatter (v)%R-2!R.-LJ.-0,
friendly36:-3,/-IA,L3?-2lJ:A,
flirt (v)lJ.-3R-lJ-2,:U=-2>.-LJ.-0,
frustrate2<-(.-$+R%-2,13-*J?-?-$+R%-2,
flock (n)H,=$-H,
fuel (n):2<-m?,2.->A%-,
flooded (adj)(-*R/-,J2?-0:A,
funny
float (v)$;J%-2,
frustration:$=-nJ/,2<-(.,]R-13-;A.-(.,
flood (n)(-=R$,(-*R/,
fund (n),J2?-l-,3-.%=,
flow (v)o$-0,28<-2,o-2,
278
H.-35<-&/-IA,.$R.-VR-2:A,
GrandmakR-3R,
G
gain (v),R2-0,o=-2,
grape c/-:V3,
garbage$.-~A$?,~A$?-3,
grateful2!:-SA/-~A%-2&%?-GA,
gas (gasoline)_%?-$3,
greatly(J-(J<,>A/-+,
gazelle$4S.,
grew || grow;A-:.?-0,
generally,A<-2+%-$A?,o-(J/-0R?,
group (n)H,#$5S$?-0,
generation (n)3A-<2?,
grown || grow;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-
generosity$+R%-1.,
R
n%-,:.J2?-:6$?,*J-2,
guard (v)Y%-2,L-<-LJ.-0,
guest 3PR/-0R,{-3PR/,
guide (n) $J->/-0,=3-OA.-3#/,
guitar 0A-7%-o.-S$-3,
gun (n)3J-3.:,
gunpowder3J-m?,
guy1R-$?<,
gyaling o-\A%-,
gyudmang o.-3%?,
gyudsum o.-$?3,
generous$+R%-1R.-(J-2,=$->R$?-(J-2,
gentle 8A-8A%-.=-2:A,
ginu/J 8J?-0:A-A-<$-&A$
given (n / v)2+$?-0:A-3A%-,
goal.3A$?-;=,b%-lJ.-%R-=R:C-S-|R,
gold$?<,
J
gone ||go;A-:.?-0:-A 3A%-n%-,
goods (n)5S%-9R$.%R?-m?,
goose
%%-2,
goshA-=-=,.!R/-3(R$-3HJ/,
gottaa2?J 0,
gotten || get;A-:.?-0:-A 3A%-n%-,
govern.2%-2+<,.2-36.,2.$-$*J<-LJ.-0,
governmentY.
A -$8%-,
grab (v)~R2-0,:UR$-=J/-LJ.-0,
J 0,;A.-.-:R%-2,
graceful|$gracefully36?K 0<,36K?-*3?-w/-0:A-%%-/?,
gram ,J-<J3,o-{.-.-#J-9J<,
H
hadn't || have not;A-:.?-0,
haircut (n) 0-28<,
half-empty (23-0-?R$?)KJ.-!-!R%-2-;A/-0,
hall (n)5S3?-#%-,
hammer (n) ,R-2,
handsome1R-|R-&/,36K?-0,
hang (v):$J=-2,.J%?-0,
279
happen:L%-2,
history=R-o?,=R-o?-<A$-0,
happiness2.J-*A.,.$:-*A.,
hmm (interj) AA/,
hardly1=-(J<-3A-YA.-0,
hole (n)#%-2,2-$
harmful$/R.-0:A,$/R.-0-(J-2(:A)
hometown1-;=,
hard (adj / adv)Y-3R,#$-0R,@<-2lR/-IA?,
hold (v):6B/-0,:(A%-2,
hare <A-2R%-,
homesick<%-HA3-S/-0:A,/%-3A-S/-0:A,
hate (n)8J-#%-,
hood (n)3$R-<?,(H-2<-.<-2:A-E-3R)
2.J-,%-,2.J-$/?,
healthy2.J-,%-.-$/?-0,#3?-?%?-0,
heat (v) YR-2,SR.-$+R%-2,
hectare!%-(A/,(,A-3:100)
held || hold;A-:.?-0,
helpful1/-0:A,1/-,R$?-(J-2:A,
helplesslyL-,2?-3J.-0<,
hen3R-L,
herd (n / v)K$?-H,K$?-:5S-2,
herdsmen:VR$-0,mA-2R,
hero (heroes).0:-2R,
A 0,
hide;2high (adj) 3,R/-0R,
high-quality %?-!->A/-+-29%-2,
high-salary\-1R$?-3,R/-0R,
highway$8%-=3,o-=3,
hilltop<A-lJ,
hire (v)\-0,
historian=R-o?-<A$-0-2,
hope (v)<J-2-LJ.-0,?J3?-0,<J-2-2&R=-2,
health
horizontally ,.-!<,
horn (n).%-,G-&R,
host (adj)3PR/-2.$
hotel3PR/-#%-,
however:R/-G%-,;A/-/:%-,
huff (v)OR-2,:5B$-0-9-2,
human (n)3A,3A:A-<A$?-GA,3A:A,
hundred2o,
hunt (v)<A-?$?-dR/-0,
hunterdR/-0,
hunting (n)dR/-0:A-=?,
hut,A=-2,
I
ice (n).<,:H$?-0,
ill/-2,/-5-;R.-0:A,2.J-,%3A/-0,
illness /.,/-5,
impact (n)>$?-nJ/,
importance$=-(J/,:$%?-(J/,
280
import (v)/%-:SJ/-LJ.-0,
J
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include (v)#R%?-?-$+R$?-0:3-5.-0<-LJ.-0,
increase (v) :1J=-2,o?-0,#-$R/-o$-0,
influence (n / v)2$-($?,>$?-nJ/-,J2?-0,
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joint (adj)3*3-:VJ=-IA,,/-3R%-$A
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kid (n / v)LA?-0,!-<J-lJ.-2,
interested (adj).%-2-:SJ/-0:A,3R-2-!J<-2:A,
kill (v)$?R.-0,
interpret:PJ=-2>.,{.-+<-LJ.-0,
kilometer,A-=J,
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launch (v)(:1<-3.:-?R$?-):1J/-0,
laundry$R?-:O:A-L-2,$R?-2N-#%-,
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lay (v)3<-:)R$-0,2~=-2,
lead (v):$-R O.A LJ.-0,$J-OA.-LJ.-0,
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282
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mind (n / v)2?3-]R,S/-5=,:#%-<-LJ.-0,
manager,A-$*J<-0,
miss (v)($R-{2?):(R<-2,S/-0,%R-3-,$-0,
master (n)2.$-0R,3$R-$4S,
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movement$;R-:$=,=?-:$=,
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met ||meet;A-:.?-0,
museum .%R?-3%-2>3?-!R/-#%-,
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283
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necessary.$R?-%J?-GA,:5S-2:A-*J<-3#R:C-.%R?-m?,
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nomadic <- %R- 2:A- :VR$- 3A:A,$/?- $&A$- +- 3%J?-2:A,
none ?-;%-3J.-0,&A-;%-3J.-0,
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284
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plain (n),%-2.J-?,
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plastic%R?-.!<-GA,2&R?-?-<%-2:A,
patient (n)/.-0,
plateau3,R-|%-,
paw (n)#J<-3R,
plate (n)#J<-3,
pay (v)3R.-0,
player (n)lJ.-3R-3#/,l=-:P/-0,
285
pleasure3R-*A.,.$:-$%-,
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pollute24S$-0R<-29R-2,
product (n),R/-m?,
poor (adj).2=-1R%?-GA,
program (n):(<-$8A,
popularity.<-H2,3%-5S$?-<%-28A/,
progress (n);<-o?,:1J=-o?,
populate:.?-#R.-LJ.-0,3A-?J<-%R-2,
project (n):(<-$8A,=?-9,i3-P%?,
population3A-P%?,
pronounceH2-21$?-LJ.-0,2eR.-0,
position$/?-;=,$R-$/?,
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pray$?R=-2-:.J2?-0,
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prayer$?R=-:.J2?,$?R=-:.J2?-GA-.0J-(,
publish.0<-0/-LJ.-0,H2-21$?-LJ.-0,
preciousl-(J-2:A,l-(J/,
publisher.0<-0/-3#/,
preference.$:-KR$?,
puff (v).2$?-@=-2,1-:.J2?-0,
present (n / v / adj)=J$?-*J?,8$?-0,
pull (v):,J/-0,:S.-0,
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purpose (n):./-0,.3A$?-;=,
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286
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ran||run;A-:.?-0,
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rare.!R/-0R,o/-.-3A-:L%-2,
religion(R?-=$?,
rather&%-43-IA?,
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ready!-$/R L?-9/-A 0:A,
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relief?J=-2,*R2-$?R,.2=-*R2-.%R?-0R,
rapidly3IR$?-0R<,3IR$?-M<-%%-,
rarely .!R/-0R<,
religious(R?-=$?-GA,
reach (v)aJ2?-0,=$-0?-~R2-0,
remoteo%-,$-<A%-2(:A)2<-,$-<A%-0:A,
real.%R?,.%?R $/?-GA,
repair (n / v) a<-
realize3%/R :I<-LJ.-0,
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rescue (v)*R2-0,
research (n)8A2-:)$2g$-.J.,
researcher8A2-:)$-0,
reserve (n)*<-:)R$
resolve (v),$-$&R.-LJ.-0,]R-,$-$&R.,
resource ,R/-#%?,
respect (n / v)$R%-2!<,2lA-:)R$
reason (n)o-35/,
rebuilt ||rebuild;A-:.?-0,
receive:LR<-2,2#-=J/-LJ.-0,
recent*J-(<,*-J =3,
recently*J-(<,
recipe(/-,R,3/-%$
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recognize%?R :6/-B 0,%R->J?-0,
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record (v)9A/-,R-:$R.-0,:$R.-0,
287
result:V?-2,P2-:V?,
S
sad*R-2,?J3?-#$-0:A,
review (n / v)2*<-.R%-,2*<-.R%-LJ.-0,
sadden*R-2<-LJ.-0,
revolve {R<-2-o$-0,:#R<-*R.-LJ.-0,:.%-
sadly *R-2:A-%%-/?,
o$-0,
rhythm:I<-#$
rich (adj)$>/A 0R,K$-0R,
ridden ||ride;-A :.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
rights (n),R2-,%-,.2%-(,
ring (n)362-.NA?,
roam:H3-0,
roast (v)2hR-2,3J<-YJ$-0,
rob:UR$-2&3R L.-J 0,
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robbery:U$R 2&R3,
rock (adj)<-R #-A <=R 3:R C,{J.-*R3-82?-VR:A,
rode|| ride;-A :.?-0,
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root (n):L%-#%?,l-2,
rope (n),$-0,
rotation=-R +R$-:#<R *R.-:.J2?-:6$?,
row (n)2!<-2,
rubber:IA$,2?2-:IA$
rule (n / v)1A$-YR=,.2%-2+<-2,
rung ||ring;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
runnero$?-3#/,
sadness*R-2,?J3?-#$
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sailorP-2,35S-*R.-3#?-0,
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sandals2?A=-z3,
sat || sit;A-:.?-0,
satelliteY%-{<,:#R<-{<,
satisfy
:.R.-]R-{R%-2,;A.-5B3-0<-LJ.-0,;A.-5B3-0,
sausage>-+,
save (v)*R2-0,:.$-?-*<-2,
saw (v) ||see;A-:.?-0,
schedule (n) .?-5S.-GA-<J:-3A$:(<-$8A:A-<J:-3A$

scholar3#?-0,aR2-3,aR2-$?R-,R2-0:A-3A,
scholarship aR2-.R%-$A-<R$?-.%=,;R/-+/,>J?-L,
science5/-<A$
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scorpion#A$-0-G-4,
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seao-35S,
288
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series UJ%-2o.,3-:VJ=,
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seriously//-+/-IA?,2.J/-0<-29%-/?,
sin (n)*J?-0,#$-0,
set (v) $>R3-0,:)R$-0,
single (adj) n%-0,
settle $8A-2&:-2,
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skill=$-l=,/?-0,
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size (n)(J-(%-,$9$?-2R%?,
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shiny :R.-:5K<-2:A,
ship (n)35S-P,
shone || shine;A-:.?-0,
shook || shake;A-:.?-0,
shoot :1J/-0,3J-3.:-o$-0,
shortcut M<-=3,
shot (v)shoot;A-:.?-0,
shout (v){.-&R<-o$-0,{.-(J/-0R?-2>.-0,
shown||show;A-:.?-0,
slave (n)$;R$-0R,V/-$;R$
she'll
sleepy $*.A ,2?A 0:A,

slept || sleep;A-:.?-0,
slow (adj).=-2,
slowly$-=J<,.=-2<,
smallpoxz-:V3,(/.-&A$)
smile (n / v):63-3.%?,:63-.3=-2,
snail.%-.!<-2-OA.,
snowstorm$%?-$/R.,#-2:A-2-;$
soft3*J/-0R,:)3-0R,
soil (n)$>A/-?,?-o,?-8A%-,
289
sold ||sell;A-:.?-0,
steadily2g/-0R:C-%%-,:I<-2-3J.-0<,
solution (n) :PJ=-2>.,,$-$&R.-,2?,
steady2g/-0R,
steamed (adj)_%?-24S?-L?-0:A,
solve ,$-$&R.-0,
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stereotype..-3R?-LJ.-YR=,
sound (n)1,
stone (n) hR,
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stick (n).L$-0,:#<-2,t%-M$
soup #-2,
stood || stand;A-:.?-0,
southeastern><-zR:A,
straightS%-3R,,.-!<,
sown || sow;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
stranger (n)3A-o?-3J.,
spaceship:)A$-gJ/-:1<-P,
stream (n)(-U/,
southernzR-KR$?-GA,
strangeH.-35<-0:A,o?-3J.-GA,
space (n) !R%-2:A-.LA%?-<A3,3#:-.LA%?,
straw (n)?R$-3,:V-l-,
sparrow3(A=-2,#%-LA:,
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speech$?%-2>.,
string (n)o.,{.-0,
spent ||spend;A-:.?-0,
strong !R2?-(J/,!R2?-w/,<R-#-2,
spider#R3,
stage (n)$<-!J$?,
0,:2.-2lR/-LJ.-0,
stuff (n)o-(,.%R?-0R,
stupa 3(R.-gJ/,
style (n)H.-(R?,29R-!%?,LJ.-!%?,
succeed.R/-:P2-0,o=-2,
success=J$?-P2,o=-#,
star (n){<-3,(\R$-2f/-):O2-3#/,
successfully o=-#:A-%%-/?,
speaker (n)2eR.-3#/,$+3-2>.-3#/,
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stringed (adj)o/-w/,
spicyVR-(/-2+2-0:C,
struggle (n / v):,2-lR.,:,2-:6B%-LJ.-
spill (v):K<-2,($?%-$+3)>R<-2,
spirit (n)i3->J?,~A%-!R2?,
square (adj)P-28A-3,
stadiuml=-.R%-<-2,=?-l=-,%-,
successful =J$?-:P2-L%-0:A,P2-:V?-,R/-0:A,
standard (n)5.-w/,5.-$8A,
290
suddenly\R-2<,
tear (n)3A$-(,
technology=$-l=,29R-l=-<A$-0,
sugar !-<,3%<-(,
suggest2?3-5=-:.R/-0,PR?-$8A-:.R/-0,
telescopeo%->J=,
suggestion2?3-:(<,PR?-$8A,
temporary$/?-{2?,:U=-IA,
sung || sing;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
terrible:)A$?-?-<%-2,#$-0R,
sundown*A-/2,
tent$<,
thangka,%-!
super (J->R?-GA,3,R->R?-GA,
thankfulSA/-+-?J3?-0(:A),$?-eJ-(J-8:A,
supplies (n)3#R-m?,
thick (adj)3,$-0R,&R3-0R,
support (n)o2-*R<,
thiefb/-3,
surely .%R?-:VJ=-IA,%J?-0<-.,
thinY2-3R,<A.-0R,
surprised (adj)@-=?-0,%R-35<-0:A,
thorn5K<-3,
o/-($?-?-$/?-0,:5S-,2?-LJ.-0,
swallow (v)H<-3A.-$+R%-2,3A.-0,
sweater2=-H,
sweetly~/-/?,~/-3R?,36K?-0<,
swum || swim;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
survive
thousand!R%-,
threaten:)A$?-{=-2,
thrill (n)VJ.->-9-2:A-5S<-2,
thrilling (adj):)A$?-?-<%-2,
thrown || throw;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
T
T-shirt!R.-:$$
ticket (n)0-?J,
tickle (v)9-:U$-aR%-2,
tail (n)d-3,3)$-3,
tired (adj),%-(.-0:A,%=-.2-0:A,
taken || take;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
told || tell ;A-:.?-0,
talent :)R/-,%-,]R-<A$3A-:)R/-,%-&/,
ton+/,
tale1%-,$+3-o.,
topic2eR.-L,
tasty8A3-0R,
tortoise<?-&=,
taught || teach;A-:.?-0,
tough3OJ$?-0R,IR%-0R,.!:-#$-$A
teaching (n) aR2-OA.,
tour (n)v-{R<,
team (n)<-#$5S$?-(%-,
291
touristv-{R<-2,
unhealthy2.J-,%-3A/-0,
tournament=J$?-*J?-GA-:P/-2#<,:P/-
union (n)3*3-:VJ=-,3,/-5S$?,
unique.3A$?-2?=-IA,H.-0<-&/-IA,
2#<,
townshipPR%-h=,o-{.-.-8%-9J<,
united (adj)3*3-:VJ=-L?-0:A,
toy (n)lJ.-(?,
universe:)$A gJ/-#3?,:)A$-gJ/,
track (n)eJ?->=,o$-=3,
upon !J%-$A,.J:A-,R$-=,
trackereJ?-:.J.-3#/,
upstairs#%-[.,
trade (n)5S%-=?,*R-5S%-,
user (n)2!R=-3#/,
traditionally YR=-o/-v<,
V
vacation$/%?-2,%=-$?R:C-.?,
translation;A$-+<,=R-B,
venture (n)*J/-3(R%-,*J/-#<-3A-:6K3-0:A-
treat (v),R.-5=-:6B/-!%?,LJ.-!%?,
verticallyS%-:K%-.,
trip (n):P=-28.,
victoryo=-#,
truly.%R?-/?,9R=-3J.-0<,
violenceS$->$?,S$-,R.,
tsampal3-0,
visitor:53?-:SA-3#/,3PR/-0R,v-{R<-3#/,
U
understanding (n)$R-gR$?,
voice (n){.-1,
unhappily3A-*A.-0<,3A-3R-2<,
volunteer (n) .%-]%?-0,.%-]%?-.3$,
tractor:S.-:,J/-:#R<-=R,
useful3#R-,R.-(J-2:A,1/-,R$?-(J-2:A,
traditionalYR=-o/-IA,
vegetarian.!<-$9/,>-3A-9-2:A-3A,
traditionYR=-o/,
L-,R.,
traveler;=-{R<-2,
victim$/R.-*R/-,J2?-3#/,
trick (n)$;R-,2?,
trouble (n).!:-=?,
villagerPR%-3A,
truth2.J/-0,2.J/-.R/,
violentS$->$?-GA,
vitamin(!R2?-*J.-(/)2J-,-3J/,
unfortunately!2?-3-=J$?-0<,
volume (n)>R%-5.,.J2,0R.,
unhappy3A-*A.-0,2N-3A->A?-0:A,
vote (v):.J3-2{R-LJ.-0,:.J3->R$-:1J/-0,
292
wild (adj) 2.$-3J.-.-*J?-0:A,<A-*J?-GA,?-cR.-GA,
W
wage (n)\-1R$?,\-(,
wildlife<A-?$?,
waiter82?-8-2,
willing (adj)<%-:,.,<%-3R?-GA,
war (n):,2-:O$
wine (n)(%-,c/-(%-,
warmlySR.-:)3-%%-,.$:-3R:A-%%-,
wing (n)$>R$-0,
waste (v)(.-9R?-?-$+R%-2,
winnero=-3#/,
water (v)(-:SJ/-0,
wipe (v):KA.-0,?2-0,$4%-?J=-LJ.-0,
wave (v)=$-2h-$+R%-2,1<-5<-$;R-2,
wise (adj)>J?-<2-w/-0(:A),3#?-36%?-&/,
way =3,LJ.-,2?,
wish (n / v)<J-(R/,<J-2-LJ.-0,
we'll%-5S(?)------o-;A/,
without3J.-0<,3A-w/-0<,
we're %-5S-/A,
wolf (wolves),%-!A
we've%-5S(?)------9A/,
wonder (v)>J?-:.R.-0,@-=?-0,
wealthy K$-0R,1/-?3-5S$?-0:A,/R<-IA?-K$-0:A,
wood (woods) >A%-#R%,>A%-/$?,
weapon3(R/-(,S$-(?,
woodsman/$?-5=-.-#R.-3#/,
weed (v);<-3-;<-2,C-w3-:2=-2,
wool2=,
weren't%-5S------3A/,
world:63-\A%-,
western/2-KR$?-GA,
worm:2,YA/-:2,
Westerner/2-KR$?-0,
worried?J3?-O=-(J-2(:A)
whatever&A-8A$-;A/-<%-,$-:S-;A/-/:%-,
worth (adj)<A/-,%-.J-43-w/-0:A,
wheatPR,
wow (interj) A-A,:-:<,(@-=?-0-.%-3R-2-
wheel (n):#R<-=R,
2g?-0-35S/)
wrestle (v):)-<J?-LJ.-0,&J-$-:6B%-2,
wriggle (v):1$-0,:$=-2,/<-2,
wrist3OA$-3,
wristwatch=$-:.R$?-(-5S.,
written || write;A-:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
whistle (v)#->-:,J/-0,>-o$-0,
whole (adj) ZA=-2R(:A)
widelyo-(J<,
widely-spokeno-H2-+-2eR.-0,
wideo-(J-2,;%?-0,
wig0-2&R?-3,
293
HJ.-GA?------o-;A/,
you've=you haveHJ.-GA?-----9A/,
you'll=you will
Y
yeah (interj) :2R.-1,(yes.%-:S)
yet.-.%-,}<-28A/,
you'd
=you would
zero[.-!R<,,A$-=J,
HJ.-GA?------:.R.,
zip (n) !R2?->$?,/?->$?,?J3?->$?,
294
3A%-$A-.LJ-2,
.LA/- ;A$- +- 3A%- n%- , - .$- 5B$- .R/- .%- 5B$- .R<- P2- 5=- IA- 1/- /?,i3- 0:A- H.- (R?- 2&?- =- $8A$?- +J- <A$?2&-<-.$<-(R$
3A%-$A-.LJ-2, parts of speech
1. 3A%-n%-,noun
2. 52-5B$ pronoun
3. P%?-5B$ numeral
4. o/-5B$ adjective
2#?-:VA, .0J<-2eR.,
n
pron
we, his
num
seven, third
adj
clean, happy
5. L-5B$ verb
worker, yak
teach, sing
6. L-2:A-i3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$ adverb
adv
hard, clearly
7. .$<-5B$ article
art
a (an), the
8. 5B$-U.,preposition
prep
about, from
9. 4J=-5B$ conjunction
conj
and, if
10. :2R.-1,interjection
interj
or, aha
295
Appendix IV: Proper Names

9<-2!R.,4:(J.-.R/-IA-3A%-,
Ace ShoesAJ-?-g$?-&/-IA-z3,
Africa nJ-\A%-,
AfricannJ-\A%-3A,nJ-\A%-$A
Alabama A-=A.-0-3,(A-3J-<A-#-o=-#2-GA-o=-U/-8A$)
Amdo A-3.R,
Amelia EarhartA-3J-=-;,AJ-@<-OA,(A-<A:A-*J?-3:A-:1<-*R.-0-8A$)
AmericaA-3J-<A-#-o=-#2,\A%-(J/-A-3J-<A-#,
AmericanA-3J-<A-!-2,\%A (J/-A-3J-<A-#:A,
American EnglishA-3J-<A-#-o=-#2-GA-.LA/-{.,
American Indian \A%-(J/-A-3J-<A-#:A-.LA/-+A-A/-0,(zR-L%-A-3J-<-A#:A-\A%-.-,R$-3<-L%-2:A-3A:A-<A$?)
AndrewA/-:SA-<R:,
AndroclesA/-:SA-<-#-=J?-$9,
AnimachenA-MJ?-k-(J/,
Apollo 11A-0R-=R-A%-110,(A-<A?-2+%-0:A-^-2:A-$R-=:A-!J%-,R$-.%-0R<-aJ2?-0:A-:)A$-gJ/-:1<-P,)
Asia;-\A%-,
AustraliaAR-?A-OA-=A-;-o=-#2,
AustralianAR-?A-OA-=A-;-o=-#2-GA-3, AR-?A-OA-=A-;-o=-#2-GA,
Berlin0J<-=A/,(:)<-3/-IA-o=-?,)
Big Dipper{<-3-(A/-2./,
BilljJ:R,
Brazil 0-8A-o=-#2,
British .LA/-)A-o=-#2-GA,
British English.LA/-)A:A-.LA/-{.,
296
(Ms.) Brown(t3-3R)0-<R/,
Buddhism?%?-o?-(R?-=$?,/%-2!/,
Buddhist?%?-o?-(R?-=$?-0,/%-2!/-IA,
Canada#-/-+-o=-#2,
Chang Tang Wildlife ReserveL%-,%-$A-<%-L%-#R<-;$-Y%-*R2-#J-#$
Chicago(A-!-$R
China N%-$R
ChineseN%-$R-2,N%-$R:C,
(Dr.) Chitso(R?-:5S,
Christian;J->:A-(R?-=$?-0,;J->:A-(R?-=$?-GA,
Christianity;J->:A-(R?-=$?,
Christmas!R/-0-;J->:A-:O%?-{<,
Civil Rights Act ,A- :2%?- ,R2- ,%- $A- 2&:- OA3?, (1964=R<- $+/- =- 12- 0:A- 1R- 3R- .%- <A$?- o.- i3?-
=-,R2-,%-:S-3*3-LA/-0:A-A-<A:C-2&:-OA3?->A$)
Croatia#A-<R->J-;,(;R-<R2-\A%-$A-o=-#2-&A$)
Dawa ^-2,
Degyi 2.J-*A.,
Drolma1R=-3,
Drolma Gyi1R=-3-*A.,
Earth?-$8A,?:A-$R-=,
England.LA/-$A-=/,
English.LA/-;A$.LA/-;A$-$A
Europe;R-<R2-\A%-,
European;R-<R2-\A%-$A(3A)
Francen-</-?A-o=-#2,
Frenchn-</-?A:A-{.-(GA), n-</-?A:A-3A:A,
297
German:)<-3/-{.-.3-3A,:)<-3/-{.-GA-3A:3-3A:A,:)<-3/-IA,
Germany:)<-3/-o=-#2,
Golmud$R<-3R,(35S-}R/-IA-PR%-HJ<-8A$)
Golok3$R-=R$,
Great Britain.LA/-)A-o=-#2,
Gwendolyn Brooks$A-2J/-.R-=J/0A-<:A-#A-?A,(A-<A:A-2.-3J.-~/-%$-0-8A$)
Harbin@<-0A/,(@J-=%-&%-$A-vJ-2:A-PR%-HJ<,)
Hindu
@A/-h-2,
Hinduism@/-h:A-(R?-=$?,
Holland@R-=/-o=-#2,
Indiao-$<,
Indiano-$<-2,
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)o=-,:A-1-g$?,
InternetS-2-$R=-3,
IrelandA<-:.-=/,
Islam.LA-?A-=/-(R?-=$?,
Israel.LA-?A-<=-ho=-#2,
Italian.LA-,-=A:A-3A,
Italy.LA-,-=A-o=-#2,
(Mr.) Jack Suttonu<-#A?-,A/,
Japan:)<-0/,(*A-@R%-,)
Japanese:)<-0/-2,:)<-0/-{.-(GA),:)<-0/-IA,
Jew;A:-,:J-(R?-=$?-0,
Jewish;A:-,:J-2(:A),
John LennonuR/-=-J /R/,
298
(Mr.) Jones({-82?)uR/-?A,
Judaism;A:-,:J-(R?-=$?,
Kevin#J.-2/,
Kham#3?,
Kumbum (Monastery){-:23,(.$R/-0)
Labrang (Monastery)]-V%-,(.$R/-0,)
"Land of Snows"$%?-uR%?,
Lhamoz-3R,
Lhasaz-?,
Lijiang (County)=A?-&%-,(mR%-,) (;/-//-.-;R.,)
Little Red Riding Hood3$R-<?-.3<-0R-&/-IA-*-3A-(%-(%-,
London=/-+/,
Lotusland.$:-2.J:A-;=,
Mahatma Gandhi3-@-,A-3|/-+A, (o-$<-.-!/-IA?-2!<-2!A-,R2-0:A-$4S-:6B/-8A$)
(Dr.) Martin Luther King3-,A/=:-,A<#A/,(A-<A:A-,A-:2%?-,R2-,%-.?-GA-$4S-:6B/-8A$)
Moe3:R,
Montgomery3R/-,A-$R3-<:J,(A-=A.-0-3:A-PR%-HJ<-8A$)
Mother Teresa 3-+A<,J<-?,(o-$<-IA-.2=-1R%?-=-<R$?-<3-LJ.-3#/-8A$)
Muslim#-(J-2,#-(J:A-(R?-=$?-=-..-3#/,
Naxi/-8A?-3A-<A$?,(;/-//-8A%-(J/-.%-9A-OR/-8A%-(J/-.-$/?-0:A-3A-<A$?->A$)
Neil Armstrong/J:RA3-?A-+A-<R%-,(^-2:A-!J%-.-$R3-0-A%-.%-0R-%R-3#/,)
New Orleans/A:-AR<-=A/-?A,
*$-;R,
New Zealand/J:-4B-=/,
Nima*A-3,
New York
299
Norbu/R<-2,
North America3J-\A%-L%-3,
Old Frenchn-</-?A:A-2h-fA%-,
Old Norse/R<-7J:A-2h-fA%-,
Olympic GamesAR-=A/-1A$-=?-l=-:P/-5S$?,
Orion dR/-0:A-{<-5S3,
Pakistan1-#A-?A-,/,
Palestine1-=J-?A-,/,(.LA-?A-<=-IA-?-#=-8A$)
Pat1-,A,
Patricia1-,A-<A->J-;,
Patrick 1-,A<-#A,
Patsy1.-4K,
Phone PalnR/-1:R,
Potala Palace1R-V%-0R-+-=,
Qinghai Lake35S-}R/-0R,
Qinghai (Province) 35S-}R/,(8A%-(J/)

Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau35S-2R.-3,R-|%-,
Rebgong<J2-$R%-,
Rome <R-3,(.LA-,-=A:A-PR%-HJ<-8A$)
Ronaldo=R-/-A<-+R,
(Mrs.) Rosa Parks(t3-3R)<R-?-1-#A-?A,(A-<A:A-,A-:2%?-,R2-,%-=?-:$=-{2?-GA-:$R-$4S-8A$}
RussiaA-<-?-o=-#2,
RussianA-<-?:A-3A:3-{.,A-<-?:A-{.-GA:3-3A:A,
Ryan<.-;/,
Sanskrit?)-0F-+,=J$?-.<-{.,
(Ms.) Sarah Lyons (t3-3R)?J-<-=-;J/-?A,

300
Scorpio#A$-0:A-{<-5S3,
Scotland?A-#R-OA-=/-.,
Sichuan (Province)9A-OR/,(8A%-(J/)
(Mr.) Smith ({-82?-)?A-3.-$9A,
Sonam2?R.-/3?,
Songtsen GampoeJ-YR%-24/-|3-0R,
South America3J-\A%-zR-3,
South American3J-\A%-zR-3:A,
Soviet ?:-=J/-IA,
Soviet Union?:-=J/,
Sputnik (II)Y%-{<-?-1-,A-/J-#A-A%-$*A?-0,(?:-=J/-)R/-3?-2+%-0:A-3A?-29R?-Y%-{<,}
Star Shampoo{<-3-g$?-&/-IA-0-:O-m?,
Sun Moon Mountain<A-2R-*A-^,
Tashi2N->A?,
Tashi Dondrup2N->A?-.R/-:P2,
Thonmi Sambhota,R/-3A-?3-SRB,
Tibet2R.-;=,
Tibet Autonomous Region2R.-<%-*R%-uR%?,

Tibetan2R.-3A,2R.-{.,2R.-{.-GA,2R.-GA,
Tibetan Buddhism2R.-2o.-/%-2!/,
Tibetan New Year 2R.-GA-=R-$?<,
Tserang Gyal5K-<A%-o=,
5K-<A%-:5S,
Tsomo35S-3R,
UK.LA/-)A-o=-#2,
United Kingdom.LA/-)A-o=-#2,
Tserang Tso
301
United Nations3*3-:VJ=-o=-5S$?,
United StatesA-<A-3*3-:VJ=-o=-#2,
USA-3J-<A-#-o=-#2,
Wales 2.-=A?-?A,
the West/2-KR$?,
Westerner/2-KR$?-0,
World Cup:63-\A%-23-0-g$?-&/-IA-L-.$:,
(Dr.) Wu Ning 2-$*J/,(9A-OR/-IA-*J-.%R?-<A$-0-8A$)

Xining9A-=A%-,
$;$-eJ?-:.J.-3#/,
Yangtze River:VA-(,
Yangzom$;%-:6S3?,
Yellow Riverk-(,
Yunnan (Province);/-//,(8A%-(J/)
Zip Cola/?-!R2?-:LA/-0:A-#R-=A,(#R-=A-/A-2+%-(-8A$)
Yak Tracker
302
Appendix V: Irregular Verbs

9<-2!R.,5:$9$?-:I<-L-5B$
INFINITIVE
PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
L-5B$-$A-,R$-3:A-i3-0, :.?-2:A-i3-0,
be (am, is / are)
beat
become
begin
blow
break
bring
build
burn
buy
can
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
dig
do
draw
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
get
give
go
grow
hang
has, have
hear
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
(was / were)
beat
became
began
blew
broke
brought
built
burned, burnt
bought
could
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
303
:.?-0:A-3A%-n%-,
Been
Beaten
Become
Begun
Blown
Broken
Brought
Built
burned, burnt
Bought
-Caught
Chosen
Come
Cost
Cut
Dug
Done
Drawn
Drunk
driven
Eaten
fallen
Felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
got, gotten
given
Gone
grown
Hung
Had
Heard
Hit
Held
Hurt
kept
known
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
lose
make
may
mean
meet
mistake
must
put
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
shall
shine
show
sing
sit
sleep
smell
speak
spend
stand
sweep
swim
take
teach
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
will
win
write
learned, learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
might
meant
met
mistook
must
put
read [red]
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
should
shone, shined
showed
sang
sat
slept
smelled, smelt
spoke
spent
stood
swept
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
would
won
wrote
304
learned, learnt
left
lent
let
laid, lain
lost
made
-meant
met
mistaken
-put
read [red]
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
-shone
shown
sung
sat
slept
smelled, smelt
spoken
spent
stood
swept
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
-won
written
References
.J.-$8A:A-;A$-<A$?,
ALEXANDER, L.G., et al, Junior English for China, Students Book 3. Beijing: Peoples
Education Press / Longman. 1996.
CHEN Liang, Tibets wildlife better protected. China Daily, September 18, 1998, p. 9.
CHEN Ya, Living hieroglyphic precious. China Daily, October 6, 1998, p. 9.
GRANT, N.J.H., et al, Senior English for China, Students Book 1. Beijing: Peoples
Education Press / Longman. 1996.
JIANG Jingen, Tibet copes well with unusually heavy snow. China Daily, December 31,
1997. p. 2.
STUART, Kevin, et al, Elementary English (ABC). Xining: Qinghai Nationalities Publishing
House. 1993.
XIAO Chen, New lifestyle changes grasslands. China Daily, September 18, 1998, p. 9.
305
2+<-0-0R:C-$+3,
o-(J:A-.LA/-{.-aR2-3#/-5S?-.LA/-{.-GA-(-5.-$R%-/?-$R%-.-:1J=-2-.%-.LA/-;A$-$A-$R-2-.J-}<-=?$+%-A )-J 92- +- =R/- (J.-<<.LA/- {.- =- :)$- 0:A- |R,>>8J?- 0- :.A-2R.- ;A$- +- 2+<- 2- ;A/,;A$- 2+<- IA- $R<A3-.-.LA/-;A$-$A-5B$-.R<-.%-2h-3R.-i3?-2R.-<%-$A-2h-3R.-GA-$8%-=-2!/-&A-,2-LJ.-;R.-=,z$-0<-2h3R.-GA-,.-9<-v:A-.0J-(-<<.LA/-)A:A-2h-3R.-36S.-GA-wJ-3A$>>.%-<<2h-3R.-]R-$?=-.$:-!R/,>>?R$?-=9<- v- L?- +J-2+<-;R.- 3R.,:R/- G%- {.- ;A$-.J-$*A?-<%-<%-=-,/-3R%-3-;A/-0:A-H.-(R?-<J-;R.-0?-5B$-.R<=- >?- .%-2eR.- !%?- :$:- >?- GA- KR$?- /?- .LA/- ;A$- $A- 3- lR3- =- KR$?- ;R%- /?- 3A- 2!/- ,2?- 3J.- .- I<,
$=- +J- .R/- 2+<- LJ.- S$- /- .LA/- ;A$- $A- 3- lR3- IA- /%- .R/- .%- <A%- .- :PR- 2- .%- $&A$$*A?- /?- .LA/- ;A$- .R%2:A-=J:-.%-0R-2-i3?-=-35S/-/-3A%-.%-5B$-<J-<J-28A/-2R.-;A$-$A-=3-/?-%R?-:6B/-LJ.-0<-.J-:S:A-!2?-3A2.J- 2?,;A$- 2+<- IA- KR$?- /?- .LA/- ;A$- $A- 3- lR3- .J- ,.- 2+<- 3A- LJ.- $- 3J.- L%- ,.J- KA<- <%- *A.- GA?- $%- =$%-:53-IA?-5=-.-2+<-#=-:S-L?-G%-2R.-.LA/-$*A?-GA-k%-$8A-8/-0:A-#<-=?-VJ=-(J-2:A-aR2-OA.-GA-L2:A- 8R<- /?- 2+<- 2- ;A/- 0?,;A$- 2+<- IA- OR.- *R/- .%- /R<- :O=- %J?- 0<- :L%- YA.- 0?,$9<- $/?- 3HJ/o-;%?-2-.%-=R-B-2-i3-0?-.$R%?-:(<-z$-)R=-$/%-o-3HJ/-3HJ/,
8J?-[-o=-5K-<A%-/?,

2002=R:C-^-S$-0<,
306

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* Past Tense: Irregular Verbs .?-:.?-2-=?-$9$?-:I<-L-5B$ <8>

Unit Two: What Do You Want to Be?#J-5/-$*A?-0,HJ.-<%-&A-8A$-LJ.-/-:.R., <11>

Unit Three: What Were You Doing Yesterday?#J-5/-$?3-0,#-?%-HJ.-GA?-&A-8A$-212?-

* Past Continuous Tense (I) :.?-0:A-.?-GA-LJ.-28A/-0, <17>

Unit Thirteen: Where Can I Find Something to Eat?%?-?-(-$%-/?-9-3-29:-,2, <62>

* Infinitive (III)i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$ <65>

Unit Fourteen: How Many Stars Are in the Sky?#J-5/-2&-28A-2,/3-3#:-<-{<-3-$-5S.

Unit Sixteen: Is There Life Out There?#J-5/-2&-S$-0,?:A-$R-=:A-KA-<R=-.-YR$-($?-;R.-.3,

Unit Seventeen: I Didnt Know If You Had Heard the News

* Past Perfect Tense (I):.?-2:A-.?-GA-.-v-2, <84>

Unit Eighteen: The Lost Herd#J-5/-2&R-2o.-0,2R<-?R%-2:A-K$?-H, <86>

Unit Nineteen: The Floods Must Be Stopped!#J-5/-2&-.$-2,(-=R$-:$R$-.$R?, <90>

*Present Continuous Tense: Future Use LJ.-28A/-0:A-.-v-2-=?-3-:R%?-0-!R/-0:A-i3-0, <110>

Unit Twenty-Four: Did She Leave a Telephone Number?

Unit Twenty-Six: School Life#J-5/-*J<-S$-0,aR2-9:A-:5S-2, <124>

LJ.- 28A/- .- v- 2- =?- ,A<- 2+%- .- v- 2- .%- .?- 3- :R%?

* Present Continuous Tense: Present and Future Use

* Passive Voice: Future TenseL-5B$-$8/-.2%-&/-=?-.?-3-:R%?-0, <130>

Unit Twenty-Nine: Interview with the Local Paper#J-5/-*J<-.$-2,?-$/?-$?<-:I<-#%

* Infinitive-as-Subject (I)LJ.-0R-!R/-0:A-i3-0-%J?-3J.-GA-L-5B$ <162>

Unit Thirty-Five: At the Construction Site#J-5/-?R-s-2,29R-20/-=?-$/?-?, <164>

i3-:I<-!R/-0:A-L-5B$must / mustnt <166>

Unit Thirty-Nine: In the Computer Lab#J-5/-?R-.$-2,lA?-:#R<-#%-., <180>

couldnt / wont / wouldnt <187>

9<-2!R.,1: o=-,A:A-1-g$?-GA?-35S/-0:A-.LA/-;A$-$A-.L%?-GA-1, <267>

Unit One: Back to School

I think art is more interesting than music.

III Text: English and Tibetan Names

IV Common Expressions o/-2!R=-5B$

to be called (Bill) for short 2#?-3A%-=-----(Bill)9J<,

more interesting most interesting

These example sentences use comparison of adjectives: :.A<-o/-5B$-$A-2#<-2-=-.<-2:A

I think swimming is more fun than watching TV.

3. Sing this song. \-:.A-=R%?,

VII Exercises .%-$8A,

2. Change these past tense verbs to present tense. .?-:.?-0-!R/-0:A-L-5B$-:.A-.$-.-v-2:A-i3-0<

3. Answer these questions about the text. aR2-5/-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-,R2?,

Unit Two: What Do You Want to Be?

Yes, I slept late last Saturday.

III Text:The Tortoise and the Hare

,R$-3:A-<A3-0, 2#<-2:A-<A3-0, 5.-3,R:C-<A3-0,

Regular Forms 5B$-U.-&/-IA-i3-0,

Example: Dawa runs as fast as the wind.

3. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.$>3-IA-5B$-:.A-.$-=?-/R<-2-i3?-;%-.$-0<-UA?,

My parents give me my given name when I was born.

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverbcomparison. ;%-.$-0:A-L-2:A-i3-0-!R/-0:A-5B$-$A-

3. Answer these questions about the dialogue. #-2h:A-{R<-IA-SA-2-:.A-.$-=-=/-:.J2?-.$R?,

Do Lhamos classmates come to the classroom earlier than she?

Unit Three: What Were You Doing Yesterday?

What was I doing Tuesday evening?

You were making dinner.

III Text:The Bank Robbery

to worry about ?J3?-#<-LJ.-0,

to figure out %R?-:6B/-0,l.-$&R.-LJ.-0,

to get well )J-=J$?-?-:PR-2,

convenience store 5S%-#%-(%-2,

to keep (sb) company :.$-<R$?-LJ.-0,

neck and neck.0%-2-33-$>A2-GA-2R.-0,