A Seminar Report on BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION

Submitted by:Sayani Mondal Roll No:- 10IT61K01 Department of Information and communication Technology

ABSTRACT
Humans recognize each other according to their various characteristics for ages. We recognize others by their face when we meet them and by their voice as we speak to them. Identity verification (authentication) in computer systems has been traditionally based on something that one has (key, magnetic or chip card) or one knows (PIN, password). Things like keys or cards, however, tend to get stolen or lost and passwords are often forgotten or disclosed.

To achieve more reliable verification or identification we should use something that really characterizes the given person. Biometrics offer automated methods of identity verification or identification on the principle of measurable physiological or behavioral characteristics such as a fingerprint or a voice sample. The characteristics are measurable and unique. These characteristics should not be duplicable, but it is unfortunately often possible to create a copy that is accepted by the biometric system as a true sample.

In biometric-based authentication, a legitimate user does not need to remember or carry anything and it is known to be more reliable than traditional authentication schemes. However, the security of biometric systems can be undermined in a number of ways. For instance, a biometric template can be replaced by an impostor's template in a system database or it might be stolen and replayed . Consequently, the impostor could gain unauthorized access to a place or a system. Moreover, it has been shown that it is possible to create a physical spoof starting from standard biometric templates. Hence, securing the biometric templates is vital to maintain security and integrity of biometric systems.

This report actually gives an overview of what is biometric system and a detail overview of a particular system i.e iris recognition system.

Table of contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMETRICS 1.2 BASIC STRUCTURE OF A BIOMETRIC SYSTEM 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMETRICS 1.4 TYPES OF BIOMETRICS 2. IRIS RECOGNITION 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN IRIS 2.3 STAGES INVOLVED IN IRIS DETECTION 2.3.1 IMAGE ACQUISITION ANS SEGMENTATION 2.3.2 NORMALIZATION 2.3.3 FEATURE ENCODING AND MATCHING 2.4 BIOMETRIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCES 2.5 DECISION ENVIRONMENT 3. 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION

1 INTRODUCTION
Biometrics are automated methods of identifying a person or verifying the identity of a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Biometric-based authentication is the automatic identity verification, based on individual physiological or behavioral characteristics, such as fingerprints, voice, face and iris. Since biometrics is extremely difficult to forge and cannot be forgotten or stolen, Biometric authentication offers a convenient, accurate, irreplaceable and high secure alternative for an individual, which makes it has advantages over traditional cryptography-based authentication schemes. It has become a hot interdisciplinary topic involving biometric and Cryptography. Biometric data is personal privacy information, which uniquely and permanently associated with a person and cannot be replaced like passwords or keys. Once an adversary compromises the biometric data of a user, the data is lost forever, which may lead to a huge financial loss. Hence, one major concern is how a persons biometric data, once collected, can be protected.

1.1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMETRICS

The idea of using patterns for personal identification was originally proposed in 1936 by ophthalmologist Frank Burch. By the 1980s the idea had appeared in James Bond films, but it still remained science fiction and conjecture. In 1987, two other ophthalmologists Aram Safir and Leonard Flom patented this idea and in 1987 they asked John Daugman to try to create actual algorithms for this iris recognition. These algorithms which Daugman patented in 1994 are the basis for all current iris recognition systems and products. Daugman algorithms are owned by Iridian technologies and the process is licensed to several other Companies who serve as System integrators and developers of special platforms exploiting iris recognition in recent years several products have been developed for acquiring its images over a range of distances and in a variety of applications. One active imaging system developed in 1996 by licensee Sensar deployed special cameras in bank ATM to capture IRIS

images at a distance of up to 1 meter. This active imaging system was installed in cash machines both by NCR Corps and by Diebold Corp in successful public trials in several countries during I997 to 1999. a new and smaller imaging device is the low cost Panasonic Authenticam digital camera for handheld, desktop, e-commerce and other information security applications. Ticket less air travel, check-in and security procedures based on iris recognition kiosks in airports have been developed by eye ticket. Companies in several, countries are now using Daughmans algorithms in a variety of products.

1.2 BASIC STRUCTURE OF A BIOMETRIC SYSTEM

Biometric authentication requires comparing a registered or enrolled biometric sample (biometric template or identifier) against a newly captured biometric sample (for example, a fingerprint captured during a login). During Enrollment, a sample of the biometric trait is captured, processed by a computer, and stored for later comparison. Biometric recognition can be used in Identification mode, where the biometric system identifies a person from the entire enrolled population by searching a database for a match based solely on the biometric. For example, an entire database can be searched to verify a person has not applied

for entitlement benefits under two different names. This is sometimes called one-to-many matching. A system can also be used in Verification mode, where the biometric system authenticates a persons claimed identity from their previously enrolled pattern. This is also called one-to-one matching. In most computer access or network access environments, verification mode would be used. A user enters an account, user name, or inserts a token such as a smart card, but instead of entering a password, a simple touch with a finger or a glance at a camera is enough to authenticate the user.

1.3 Classification of Biometrics

Biometrics encompasses both physiological and behavioral characteristics.

A physiological

characteristic is a relatively stable physical feature such as finger print, iris pattern, retina pattern or a Facial feature. A behavioral trait in identification is a persons signature, keyboard typing pattern or a speech pattern. The degree of interpersonal variation is smaller in a physical characteristic than in a behavioral one.

1.4 TYPES OF BIOMETRICS

Fingerprints: The patterns of friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips are unique to that individual. For decades, law enforcement has been classifying and determining identity by matching key points of ridge endings and bifurcations. Fingerprints are unique for each finger of a person including identical twins. One of the most commercially available biometric technologies, fingerprint recognition devices for desktop and laptop access are now widely available from many different vendors at a low cost. With these devices, users no longer need to type passwords instead, only a touch provides instant access.

Face Recognition: The identification of a person by their facial image can be done in a number of different ways such as by capturing an image of the face in the visible spectrum using an inexpensive camera or by using the infrared patterns of facial heat emission. Facial recognition in visible light typically model key features from the central portion of a facial image. Using a wide assortment of cameras, the visible light systems extract features from the captured image(s) that do not change over time while avoiding superficial features such as facial expressions or hair. Speaker Recognition:. Speaker recognition uses the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy and learned behavioral patterns . This incorporation of learned patterns into the voice templates has earned speaker recognition its classification as a "behavioral biometric." Speaker recognition systems employ three styles of spoken input: text-dependent, text-prompted and text independent. Most speaker verification applications use text-dependent input, which involves selection and enrollment of one or more voice passwords. Text-prompted input is used whenever there is concern of imposters. The various technologies used to process and store voiceprints include hidden Markov models, pattern matching algorithms, neural networks, matrix representation and decision trees.

Iris Recognition: This recognition method uses the iris of the eye which is the colored area that surrounds the pupil. Iris patterns are thought unique. The iris patterns are obtained through a video-based image acquisition system. Iris scanning devices have been used in personal authentication applications for several years. Systems based on iris recognition have substantially decreased in price and this trend is expected to continue. The technology works well in both verification and identification modes.

Hand and Finger Geometry: To achieve personal authentication, a system may measure either physical characteristics of the fingers or the hands. These include length, width, thickness and surface area of the hand. One interesting characteristic is that some systems require a small

biometric sample. It can frequently be found in physical access control in commercial and residential applications, in time and attendance systems and in general personal authentication applications. Signature Verification: This technology uses the dynamic analysis of a signature to authenticate a person. The technology is based on measuring speed, pressure and angle used by the person when a signature is produced. One focus for this technology has been e-business applications and other applications where signature is an accepted method of personal authentication.

2. IRIS RECOGNITION

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Iris recognition systems, in particular, are gaining interest because the iriss rich texture offers a strong biometric clue for recognizing individuals. Located just behind the cornea and in front of the lens, the iris uses the dilator and sphincter muscles that govern pupil size to control the amount of light that enters the eye. Near-infrared (NIR) images of the iriss anterior surface exhibit complex patterns that computer systems can use to recognize individuals. Because NIR lighting can penetrate the iriss surface, it can reveal the intricate texture details that are present even in dark-colored irises. The iriss textural complexity and its variation across eyes have led scientists to postulate that the iris is unique across individuals. Further, the iris is the only internal organ readily visible from the outside. Thus, unlike fingerprints or palm prints, environmental effects cannot easily alter its pattern. An iris recognition system uses pattern matching to compare two iris images and generate a match score that reflects their degree of similarity or dissimilarity.

2.2 Anatomy of the Human Iris

The iris is a thin circular diaphragm, which lies between the cornea and the lens of the human eye.The iris is perforated close to its center by a circular aperture known as the pupil. The function of the iris is to control the amount of light entering through the pupil, and this is done by the sphincter and the dilator muscles, which adjust the size of the pupil. The average diameter of the iris is 12 mm, and the pupil size can vary from 10% to 80% of the iris diameter .

The iris consists of a number of layers; the lowest is the epithelium layer, which contains dense pigmentation cells. The stromal layer lies above the epithelium layer, and contains blood vessels, pigment cells and the two iris muscles. The density of stromal pigmentation determines the colour of the iris. The externally visible surface of the multi-layered iris contains two zones, which often differ in colour . An outer ciliary zone and an inner pupillary zone, and these two zones are divided by the collarette which appears as a zigzag pattern. Formation of the iris begins during the third month of embryonic life .

The unique pattern on the surface of the iris is formed during the first year of life, and pigmentation of the stroma takes place for the first few years. Formation of the unique patterns of the iris is random and not related to any genetic factors . The only characteristic that is dependent on genetics is the pigmentation of the iris, which determines its colour. Due to the epigenetic nature of iris patterns, the two eyes of an individual contain completely independent iris patterns, and identical twins possess uncorrelated iris patterns.

2.3 STAGES INVOLVED IN IRIS DETECTION

It includes Three Main Stages 2.3.1) Image Acquisition and Segmentation 2.3.2) Image Normalization 2.3.3)Feature Coding and Matching

2.3.1IMAGE ACQUISITION AND SEGMENTATION IMAGE ACQUISITION

One of the major challenges of automated iris recognition is to capture a high-quality image of the iris while remaining non invasive to the human operator. Concerns on the image acquisition rigs Obtained images with sufficient resolution and sharpness Good contrast in the interior iris pattern with proper illumination

Well centered without unduly constraining the operator Artifacts eliminated as much as possible

SEGMENTATION
The first stage of iris recognition is to isolate the actual iris region in a digital eye image. The iris region can be approximated by two circles, one for the iris/sclera boundary and another, interior to the first, for the iris/pupil boundary. The eyelids and eyelashes normally occlude the upper and lower parts of the iris region. Also, specular reflections can occur within the iris region corrupting the iris pattern. A technique is required to isolate and exclude these artifacts as well as locating the circular iris region. This can be done by using the following techniques: Hough Transform Daugman Integro- Differential operator

Hough Transform:
The Hough transform is a standard computer vision algorithm that can be used to determine the parameters of simple geometric objects, such as lines and circles, present in an image. The circular Hough transform can be employed to deduce the radius and centre coordinates of the pupil and iris regions. Firstly, an edge map is generated by calculating the first derivatives of intensity values in an eye image and then thresholding the result. From the edge map, votes are cast in Hough space for the parameters of circles passing through each edge point. These parameters are the centre coordinates xc and yc, and the radius r, which are able to define any

circle according to the equation A maximum point in the Hough space will correspond to the radius and centre coordinates of the circle best defined by the edge points. Wildes et al. make use of the parabolic Hough transform to detect the eyelids, approximating the upper and lower eyelids with parabolic arcs, which are represented as;

In performing the preceding edge detection step, Wildes et al. bias the derivatives in the horizontal direction for detecting the eyelids, and in the vertical direction for detecting the outer circular boundary of the iris, this is illustrated in Figure shown below. The motivation for this is that the eyelids are usually horizontally aligned, and also the eyelid edge map will corrupt the circular iris boundary edge map if using all gradient data.

Taking only the vertical gradients for locating the iris boundary will reduce influence of the eyelids when performing circular Hough transform, and not all of the edge pixels defining the circle are required for successful localization. Not only does this make circle localization more accurate, it also makes it more efficient, since there are less edge points to cast votes in the Hough space.

a) an eye image b) corresponding edge map c) edge map with only horizontal gradients d) edge map with only vertical gradients.

Daugmans Integro-differential Operator

Daugman makes use of an integro-differential operator for locating the circular iris and pupil regions, and also the arcs of the upper and lower eyelids. The integro-differential operator is defined as

where I(x,y) is the eye image, r is the radius to search for, G(r) is a Gaussian smoothing function, and s is the contour of the circle given by r, x0, y0. The operator searches for the circular path where there is maximum change in pixel values, by varying the radius and centre x and y position of the circular contour. The operator is applied iteratively with the amount of smoothing progressively reduced in order to attain precise localization. The operator serves to find both the pupillary boundary and the outer (limbus) boundary of the iris, although the initial search for the limbus also incorporates evidence of an interior pupil to improve its robustness since the limbic boundary itself usually has extremely soft contrast when long wavelength NIR illumination is used. Once the coarse-to-fine iterative searches for both these boundaries have reached single-pixel precision, then a similar approach to detecting curvilinear edges is used to localize both the upper and lower eyelid boundaries. The path of contour integration is changed from circular to arcuate, with spline parameters fitted by statistical estimation methods to model each eyelid boundary. Images with less than 50% of the iris visible between the fitted eyelid splines are deemed inadequate, e.g., in blink. The result of all these localization operations is the isolation of iris tissue from other image regions, by the graphical overlay on the eye.

Isolation of the iris from the rest of the image. The white graphical overlays signify detected iris boundaries resulting from the segmentation process.

Figure - Stages of segmentation with original eye image Top right) two circles overlaid for iris and pupil boundaries, and two lines for top and bottom eyelid Bottom left) horizontal lines are drawn for each eyelid from the lowest/highest point of the fitted line Bottom right) probable eyelid and specular reflection areas isolated (black areas).

2.3.2:Image Normalization
Once the iris region is successfully segmented from an eye image, the next stage is to transform the iris region so that it has fixed dimensions in order to allow comparisons. The dimensional inconsistencies between eye images are mainly due to the stretching of the iris caused by pupil dilation from varying levels of illumination. Other sources of inconsistency include, varying imaging distance, rotation of the camera, head tilt, and rotation of the eye within the eye socket. The normalization process will produce iris regions, which have the same constant dimensions, so that two photographs of the same iris under different conditions will have characteristic features at the same spatial location. This is done by following Technique

Daugmans Rubber Sheet Model

The homogenous rubber sheet model assign, to each point in the iris , regardless of iris size, a pair of dimensionless real coordinates(r, ) where r lies in the unit interval (0,1) & is the angle (0,2).The remapping or normalization of the iris image I(x,y) from raw coordinates (x,y) to a doubly dimensionless and non concentric coordinate system (r, ) can be represented as :I(x(r, ),y(r, )) I(r, )

Where I(x,y) are original iris region Cartesian coordinates (xp (),yp()) are coordinates of pupil, (xs (),ys ()) are the coordinates of iris boundary along the direction and determined by: x(r, ) = (1-r)xp () + rxs () y(r, ) = (1-r)yp () + rys () The iris region is modelled as a flexible rubber sheet anchored at the iris boundary with the pupil centre as the reference point.

Illustration of the normalization process for two images of the same iris taken under varying conditions

Normalization of two eye images of the same iris is shown in Figure . The pupil is smaller in the bottom image, however the normalization process is able to rescale the iris region so that it has constant dimension.

2.3.3 Feature Encoding

In order to provide accurate recognition of individuals, the most discriminating information present in an iris pattern must be extracted. Only the significant features of the iris must be encoded so that comparisons between templates can be made. Most iris recognition systems make use of a band pass decomposition of the iris image to create a biometric template. The template that is generated in the feature encoding process will also need a corresponding matching metric, which gives a measure of similarity between two iris templates.

Each isolated iris pattern is then demodulated to extract its phase information using quadrature 2D Gabor wavelets. This encoding process amounts to a patch-wise phase quantization of the iris pattern, by identifying in which quadrant of the complex plane each resultant phasor lies when a given area of the iris is projected onto complex-valued 2DGabor wavelets:

where h{Re;Im} can be regarded as a complex-valued bit whose real and imaginary parts are either 1 or 0 depending on the sign of the 2D integral; is the raw iris image in a

dimensionless polar coordinate system that is size- and translation-invariant, and which also corrects for pupil dilation as explained in a later section; and are the multi-scale 2D wavelet size parameters, spanning an 8-fold range from 0.15 to 1:2 mm on the iris; is wavelet frequency, spanning three octaves in inverse proportion to , and represent the polar

coordinates of each region of iris for which the phasor coordinates h{Re; Im} are computed. Only phase information is used for recognizing irises because amplitude information is not very discriminating, and it depends upon extraneous factors such as imaging contrast, illumination, and camera gain. The phase bit settings which code the sequence of projection quadrants as shown in Fig. The extraction of phase has the further advantage that phase angles are assigned regardless of how poor the image contrast may be.

The phase demodulation process used to encode iris patterns. Local regions of an iris are projected onto quadrature 2D Gabor wavelets, generating complex-valued projection coefficients whose real and imaginary parts specify the coordinates of a phasor in the complex plane. The angle of each phasor is quantized to one of the four quadrants, setting two bits of phase information. This process is repeated all across the iris with many wavelet sizes, frequencies, and orientations, to extract 2048 bits.

Matching
For matching , a test of statistical independence is required which helps to compare the phase codes for 2 different eyes. The test of statistical independence is implemented by the simple Boolean Exclusive OR operator (XOR) applied to 2048 bit phase vectors that encode any 2 iris templates, masked by both of their corresponding mask bit vectors to prevent non iris artifacts from influencing iris comparison. The corresponding pair of bits, while XOR operator detects disagreement between any

AND operator ensures that the compared bits are not

corrupted by eyelashes etc. The norms(|| ||) of resultant bit vector and the AND ed mask vector are computed to determine a fractional Hamming distance.

Hamming distance is the measure of dissimilarity between any 2 irises. HD= ||(code A XOR code B) AND (mask A AND mask B)|| ||( mask A AND mask B)||

Where {code A, code B} are phase code vectors bit And {mask A ,mask B} are mask bit vectors. We can see that the numerator will be the number of differences between the mutually nonbad bits of code A and code B and that the denominator will be the number of mutually non-bad bits. If HD result is 0 it is a perfect match.

The Hamming distance was chosen as a metric for recognition, since bit-wise comparisons were necessary. The Hamming distance algorithm employed also incorporates noise masking, so that only significant bits are used in calculating the Hamming distance between two iris templates. Now when taking the Hamming distance, only those bits in the iris pattern that correspond to 0 bits in noise masks of both iris patterns will be used in the calculation.In order to account for rotational inconsistencies, when the Hamming distance of two templates is calculated, one template is shifted left and right bit-wise and a number of Hamming distance values are calculated from successive shifts. This bit-wise shifting in the horizontal direction corresponds to rotation of the original iris region by an angle given by the angular resolution used. If an angular resolution of 180 is used, each shift will correspond to a rotation of 2 degrees in the iris region. This method is suggested by Daugman , and corrects for misalignments in the normalized iris pattern caused by rotational differences during imaging. From the calculated Hamming distance values, only the lowest is taken, since this corresponds to the best match between two templates. The number of bits moved during each shift is given by two times the number of filters used, since each filter will generate two bits of information from one pixel of the normalized region. The actual number of shifts required to normalize rotational inconsistencies will be determined by the maximum angle difference between two images of the same eye, and one shift is defined as one shift to the left, followed by one shift to the right. The shifting process for one shift is illustrated in Figure below.

Fig:--An illustration of the shifting process. One shift is defined as one shift left, and one shift right of a reference template. In this example one filter is used to encode the templates, so only two bits are moved during a shift. The lowest Hamming distance, in this case zero, is then used since this corresponds to the best match between the two templates.

2.4

Biometric System Performance

[4]

The following are used as performance metrics for biometric systems:

false accept rate or false match rate (FAR or FMR): the probability that the system incorrectly matches the input pattern to a non-matching template in the database. It measures the percent of invalid inputs which are incorrectly accepted. false reject rate or false non-match rate (FRR or FNMR): the probability that the system fails to detect a match between the input pattern and a matching template in the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs which are incorrectly rejected. equal error rate or crossover error rate (EER or CER): the rate at which both accept and reject errors are equal. The value of the EER can be easily obtained from the ROC curve. The EER is a quick way to compare the accuracy of devices with different ROC curves. In general, the device with the lowest EER is most accurate. failure to enroll rate (FTE or FER): the rate at which attempts to create a template from an input is unsuccessful. This is most commonly caused by low quality inputs. failure to capture rate (FTC): Within automatic systems, the probability that the system fails to detect a biometric input when presented correctly.

2.5 Decision Envirnoment

The performance of any biometric identification scheme is characterized by its Decision Environment. This is a graph superimposing the two fundamental histograms of similarity that the test generates: one when comparing biometric measurements from the SAME person (different times, environments, or conditions), and the other when comparing measurements from DIFFERENT persons. When the biometric template of a presenting person is compared to a previously enrolled database of templates to determine the Persons identity, a criterion threshold (which may be adaptive) is applied to each similarly score. Because this determines whether any two templates are deemed to be same or different, the two fundamental distributions should ideally be well separated as any overlap between them causes decision errors.

3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

A critical feature of this coding approach is the achievement of commensurability among iris codes, by mapping all irises into a representation having universal format and constant length, regardless of the apparent amount of iris detail. In the absence of commensurability among the codes, one would be faced with the inevitable problem of comparing long codes with short codes, showing partial agreement and partial disagreement in their lists of features.

Advantages
It is an internal organ that is well protected against damage by a highly transparent and sensitive membrane. This feature makes it advantageous from finger print. Flat , geometrical configuration controlled by 2 complementary muscles control the diameter of the pupil makes the iris shape more predictable . An iris scan is similar to taking a photograph and can be performed from about 10 cm to a few meters away. Encoding and decision-making are tractable . Genetic independence no two eyes are the same.

DISADVANTAGES The accuracy of iris scanners can be affected by changes in lightning. Obscured by eyelashes, lenses, reflections. Deforms non-elastically as pupil changes size. Iris scanners are significantly more expensive than some other form of biometrics.
As with other photographic biometric technologies, iris recognition is susceptible to poor image quality, with associated failure to enroll rates As with other identification infrastructure (national residents databases, ID cards, etc.), civil rights activists have voiced concerns that iris-recognition technology might help governments to track individuals beyond their will.

APLLICATIONS
Iris-based identification and verification technology has gained acceptance in a number of different areas. Application of iris recognition technology can he limited only by imagination. The important applications are those following:-Used in ATMs for more secure transaction. Used in airports for security purposes. Computer login: The iris as a living password Credit-card authentication Secure financial transaction (e-commerce, banking). Biometrickey Cryptography for encrypting/decrypting messages. Driving licenses and other personal certificates. Entitlements and benefits authentication. Forensics, birth certificates, tracking missing or wanted person

CONCLUSIONS
There are many mature biometric systems available now. Proper design and implementation of the biometric system can indeed increase the overall security. There are numerous conditions that must be taken in account when designing a secure biometric system. First, it is necessary to realize that biometrics is not secrets. This implies that care should be taken and it is not secure to generate any cryptographic keys from them. Second, it is necessary to trust the input device and make the communication link secure. Third, the input device needs to be verified . Iridian process is defined for rapid exhaustive search for very large databases: distinctive capability required for authentication today. The extremely low probabilities of getting a false match enable the iris recognition algorithms to search through extremely large databases, even of a national or planetary scale. As iris technology superiority has already allowed it to make significant inroads into identification and security venues which had been dominated by other biometrics. Iris-based biometric technology has always been an exceptionally accurate one, and it may soon grow much more prominent.

REFERENCES
1. J. G. Daugman, High confidence visual recognition of persons by a test of statistical independence, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 11481161, 1993. 2. J. G. Daugman, How iris recognition works, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System for Video Technology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 21-30, 2004. 3. Amir Azizi and Hamid Reza Pourreza,, Efficient IRIS Recognition Through Improvement of Feature Extraction and subset Selection, (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 2, No.1, June 2009. 4. www.wikipedia.com 5. Parvathi Ambalakat, Security of Biometric Authentication Systems. 6. John Daugman, The Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK, The importance of being random: statistical principles of iris recognition. 7. Li Huixian, Pang Liaojun, A Novel Biometric-based Authentication Scheme with Privacy Protection, 2009 Fifth International Conference on Information Assurance and Security. 8.www.scribd.com/doc/50033821 9. Somnath Dey and Debasis Samanta, Improved Feature Processing for Iris Biometric Authentication System, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4:2 2010