Activity Guide 2012-13

Sub-Theme-V

Energy Conservation and Management

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Activity Guide 2012-13

Working Group of the sub-theme

Dr. H.C. Pradhan Dr. Bhim Prasad Sarmah Mr. Ranjan Kumar Swain Dr. Partha Pratim Dutta Dr. Dipak Nath Dr. Atanu K. Dutta

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Energy Conservation and Management

1. Introduction
Energy is the driver of growth. International studies on human development indicate that India needs much larger per capita energy consumption to provide better living conditions to its citizens. But such growth has to be balanced and sustainable. Two important concepts here are energy management and conservation. Planning commission of India has estimated that India has conservation potential at 23% of the total commercial energy generated in the country. India's energy requirement comes from five sectors; agriculture, industry, transport, services and domestic, each having considerable saving potential. For example, energy costs amount to 20 percent of the total production cost of steel in India which is much higher than the international standards. Similarly the energy intensity per unit of food grain production in India is 3 - 4 times higher than that in Japan. Sustainable growth also implies that our energy management and energy conservation measures are eco-friendly and accompanied by minimum pollution, in particular minimum carbon emission. The key concepts of this subtheme are elaborated below.

2. Energy Management
The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental effect.

Definition
Energy management is a process that not only manages the energy production from different energy harvesting resources (solar, nuclear, fossil fuel) but also concerns optimal utilization at the consumer devices. Another comprehensive definition is The judicious and effective use of energy to maximise profits (minimise costs) and enhance competitive positions.

Objective
The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation, throughout the organization and: To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production, comfort and quality. To minimise the environmental effects.

3. Energy Conservation
Energy, irrespective of its form is a scarce commodity and a most valuable resource. However, if we look at the predicted future human population figures and consider the probability that the individual life expectation will increase, we see that energy could, in the future, be in short supply. Unless that supply is increased, it will be a source of friction in human affairs. Page 77

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Energy Conservation is the deliberate practice or an attempt to save electricity, fuel oil or gas or any other combustible material, to be able to put to additional use for additional productivity without spending any additional resources or money.

Objective
Broadly energy conservation program initiated at micro or macro level will have the following objectives: a. To reduce the imports of energy and reduce the drain on foreign exchange. b. To improve exports of manufactured goods (either lower process or increased availability helping sales) or of energy, or both. c. To reduce environmental pollution per unit of industrial output - as carbon dioxide, smoke, sulphur dioxide, dust, grit or as coal mine discard for example.

What is Energy Conservation?

Energy conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured in physical terms. Energy conservation can, therefore, be the result of several processes or developments, such as productivity increase or technological progress. Energy conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related concepts.

Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area of production or consumption is reduced without effecting output, consumption or comfort levels. Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conservation and is therefore an integral part of energy conservation promotional policies. For example, replacing traditional light bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) (which use only 1/4th of the energy to same light output). Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps are also used for the same purpose.

Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECOs)

Opportunities to conserve energy are broadly classified into three categories:

i)

Minor ECOs

These are simple, easy to implement, and require less investment implementation time. These may correspond to stopping of leakage points, avoiding careless waste, lapses in housekeeping and maintenance etc.

ii)

Medium ECOs

These are more complex, and required additional investment and moderate implementation time. For example, replacement of existing household appliances by new energy efficient ones. Page 78

Activity Guide 2012-13 iii) Major ECOs

These provide significant energy saving. They are complex and demand major investment and long implementation periods. For example, replacement or major renovation of old buildings, machineries etc. The flow chart below shows the sequence of steps to be followed for energy management and conservation.

Barriers to Energy Conservation

While there is considerable scope for energy conservation in our country, there also exist many barriers to it. For example Psycho - social (people do not like to change: social taboos and traditions), Economic (replacement is often costly).

4. Energy Audit
Energy Audit is the key aspect of energy conservation and management.

Definition
Energy audit is defined as "The Verification, Monitoring and Analysis of use of energy including submission of Technical Report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption". (Ref: Bureau of Energy Efficiency Guidelines; http:// www.beeindia.in/) Energy Accounting Energy accounting simply means record of energy used in an establishment for comparison against a budget or another standard of performance. Page 79

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Systematic Approach To Decision Making Energy Audit is the key to systematic approach for decision making in the areas of energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantities the energy usage according to its discrete functions. Effective Tool for Energy Management Energy Audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme. In this field also, the basic functions of management like planning, decision making, organizing and controlling, apply equally as in any other management subject. Ways of Usage of Energy Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any establishment, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists. Construction and Stream Lining

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programme which are vital for production and utility activities. Ideas and Feasible Solution

In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by blending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified time frame. In brief energy audit is an in-depth study of a facility to determine how and where energy is being used or converted from one form to another, to identify opportunities to reduce energy usage, to evaluate the economics and technical practicability of implementing these reductions and to formulate prioritized recommendations for implementing measures to save energy.

4.1 Scope of Energy Audit

1. Analyse present consumption and past trends in detail. 2. Review energy uses requirements 3. Consider sub-metering 4. Compare standard consumption to actual 5. Produce an energy balance diagram for the establishment 6. Review existing energy recording systems 7. Compare consumption with other locations, other establishments, previous period, norms. 8. Check capacities and efficiencies of equipment. 9. Consider users' training 10. Review new projects with respect to energy use. 11. Consider changing the management information system to include energy parameters. 12. Develop energy use indices to compare performance/ productivity. 13. Introduce energy use monitoring procedures. 14. Examine and monitor new energy saving techniques. 15. Examine need for energy saving incentives. 16. Consider publicity campaign and incentives. The flow chart shows steps in a typical energy audit project Page 80

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5. Model Projects
Project - I: Energy Audit of School Electricity Usage
Introduction: Electricity is the major energy source in school. It is used for light, fans, computer, water cooler and other office appliances. The function of an energy audit is to explore and assess different ways to affect energy consumption and identify numerous options for reducing energy consumption. Objective: To ascertain and to assess the amount of energy that is required in the school premises on day to day basis. To recommend different measures of energy conservation. Methodology: Survey the building premises for lights, fans and other appliances. Make a table listing the devices with their actual energy ratings(wattage) and hours of use. Study the electricity bill for last one year. Estimate as per norms the desired rating and hours of uses of different devices. Study the actual and the desired consumption and estimate the savings. Suggest energy conserving opportunities (ECOs) Propose alternative devices for further savings; estimate the savings and the total cost of replacement.

Outcome : Concrete recommendation to the school for energy saving. Social Relevance: Increasing students' awareness about energy conservation. Possibility of replicating the exercise in other spheres. Page 81

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Project II: Understanding Green Building
Introduction Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure that uses natural material for construction and utilizes natural resources such as, light, wind, water for comfortable living without depending much on conventional energy sources. Such building contributes a lot towards conservation of conventional energy sources. This study helps to bring out the salient features of the concept of green building with a hands on experiment. Objective: To understand the concept of green building with reference to daylight, wind, temperature. Methodology: Choose a colony of identical quarters of same type (say type A) Identify houses of different orientations say north-south, east-west etc. Choose the building with of north-south orientation as the green building. Record temperature, humidity in rooms at different times on the same day. Repeat for rainy day, sunny day, cloudy day Do the same exercise for different seasons. Arrive at a conclusion for best orientation Explain the same with respect to Sun Diagram or principles of solar passive architecturer which will be provided to the students.

Expected outcome: For a particular locality the best orientation of house will be understood. This may affect town-planning or residential colony planning using the green concept.

Story from the field

Village level biogas plant as source of cooking fuel A village in Kolhapur district of South Maharashtra has very effectively implemented this eco-friendly project. It uses gobor from the villege for running a Gobor Gas Plant which supplies cooking fuel to the village. Earlier the villagers used wood as a fuel for cooking. They are now saving 113 Tonnes of wood per year, which means saving forest trees over a large area. The villagers are very proud of their achievement which they have been able to do with the help of a NGO. Irrigation without expenses for energy The same village under the guidance of the same NGO has taken up another energy saving project. The village has set up a water reservoir on a hill 4.5 Km. Away. The reservoir supplies water almost round the year. The villagers have laid pipe lines which reach their farms and irrigate them. The water flows from the reservoir to the farms by gravity and no pump is needed for the irrigation. It is estimated that the villagers are saving about 70,000 units (KWHrs.) of electricity annually by this method. In money terms, this is saving of about Rs. 4,00,000/- per year. It is to be noted that, the farms are set up on 48 acres of waste land. So, land which was useless, has been made productive at practically zero recurring cost, an achievement certainly remarkable. Source: www.Venumadhuri.org

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Project: III: Role of Renewable Energy in Disaster Management
Introduction During disaster situation, there may be large scale disruption in the normal functioning of the vital services like telecommunication, electricity etc. due to wide range of damage to important infrastructure and facilities. Renewable energy (like solar energy) based devices may play vital role in immediate restoration of these vital services in disaster affected areas. Objective: To study the scope of using renewable energy in disaster management. Methodology: Select a natural hazard prone area. Assess the probable threats and damage potential in the locality. Collect data of households, important resources and vital services in the locality. Estimate the total energy required for maintaining day to day activities and operating vital services. Explore the conventional energy sources in place to meet the energy requirements. Explore the alternative arrangements in place, based on renewable energy, for emergency management. Check the utility and efficiency of alternative renewable energy based systems in place. Determine further needs of alternative energy sources / devices. Suggest probable solutions to meet the requirements. Expected outcome: Such a study will help the vulnerable community to understand their disaster risk and respond accordingly to make alternative arrangements for emergency management based on renewable energy sources.

6. Suggestive project idea

1. School Water Audit 2. Audit of School Food Services 3. Recycling at School 4. Recycling at Home 5. Energy Audit at Home 6. Energy Audit at a Hospital 7. Energy Conservation in a Village household 8. Energy accounting for a solar green house 9. Energy accounting of a brick kiln 10. Energy accounting of flour mill 11. Energy accounting at the works of a potter/blacksmith 12. Energy audit of a restaurant 13. Energy Audit of a shopping complex 14. Energy audit of a garment factory Page 83

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15. Energy saving opportunities in a power loom 16. Energy Audit in a small scale village industry 17. Effectiveness of solar passive measures 18. Comparison of energy utilisation of different crops 19. Energy accounting of a specific crop from tillage to harvesting.

Lighting Comparison Chart

Lighting Type Incandescent Standard A bulb Energy-Saving Incandescent (or Halogen) Reflector Fluorescent Straight tube Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) Circline High-Intensity Discharge Mercury vapour Metal halide High-pressure sodium Light-Emitting Diodes Cool White LEDs Warm White LEDs Low-Pressure Sodium 6092 2754 60150 25,00050,000 25,00050,000 12,00018,000 7090 (fair to good) 7090 (fair to good) -44 (very poor) 2560 70115 50140 16,00024,000 500020,000 16,00024,000 50 (poor to fair) 70 (fair) 25 (poor) 30110 5070 4050 700024,000 10000 12000 5090 (fair to good) 6588 (good) 1219 20003000 98100 (excellent) 1017 1222 7502500 1,0004,000 98100 (excellent) 98100 (excellent) Efficacy (lumens/ watt) Lifetime (hours) Colour Rendition * Index (CRI) (%)

Source: http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/lighting_daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic=12030 as accessed on 13 July, 2012

From this table it can be calculated that total lumens of an 100 W incandescent lamp is 100 x 10 = 1000 lumens. To achieve the same amount of lumens with a Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) we shall need a 1000/50 = 20 W lamp. To achieve the same amount of lumens with a LED (cool white) we shall need a 1000/60 = 17 W lamp. * Effect of an illuminant on the color appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a reference illuminant, International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Direct sunlight has a luminous efficacy of about 93 lumens per watt of radiant flux. Bright sunlight provides illuminance of approximately 100,000 lux or lumens per square meter at the Earth's surface. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight Page 84