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Pathophysiology: Next Page

Lung cancer develops through a series of steps: exposure to carcinogens can damage lung DNA and alter genes, causing uncontrolled cell growth and division in the lungs. Cancer cells can then metastasize through the blood and lymph nodes, spreading to other organs and causing enlarged lymph nodes. Symptoms of bone cancer metastasis include pain, swelling, and weakness in affected bones from tumor growth and erosion. Fluid accumulation in the pleural space from lymphatic obstruction can further compress the lungs and cause breathing difficulties.

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58 views3 pages

Pathophysiology: Next Page

Lung cancer develops through a series of steps: exposure to carcinogens can damage lung DNA and alter genes, causing uncontrolled cell growth and division in the lungs. Cancer cells can then metastasize through the blood and lymph nodes, spreading to other organs and causing enlarged lymph nodes. Symptoms of bone cancer metastasis include pain, swelling, and weakness in affected bones from tumor growth and erosion. Fluid accumulation in the pleural space from lymphatic obstruction can further compress the lungs and cause breathing difficulties.

Uploaded by

Rgn Mckl
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Lung exposure to carcinogens (environmental or pathological-viral carcinogens)

Alteration of normal DNA (MUTATION)

Damage of suppressor genes

Loss control of expression of onco proto genes

Activation of proto onco genes to onco genes

Over expression of onco genes

Production of excessive amounts of cyclins

Uncontrolled cell growth/ division

Pulmonary malignancy 3rd page

Unrelieved

Next page

Enlargement of lymph nodes Metastasis of tumour cells by direct extension through the blood and invading lymph glands and vessels

Abdominal CT scan: Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy CT scan and contrast: Mediastinal lympadenopathy Cervical adenopathy

Anxiety

Diagnosis of osteosarcoma

Metastasis to the left extremity particularly to the femur, tibia and fibula PA: (+) mass on left femur MRI: necrotic mass Bone demineralization Erosion of bones and formation of degenerative osteophytes (osteophytosis) Muscle weakness Formation of mass irritates the nerve endings resulting to perception of pain

X-ray: sclerosis on femur and patella

Compression of blood flow to tissue

Impaired bed mobility

Decreased absorption of oxygen and nutrients

Formation of pressure ulcer on the sacral part

Acute pain

Impaired skin integrity Altered first line of defence Risk for infection

Metastasis to pleural space

Fluid imbalance from derangement in the STARLING FORCES (that regulates reabsorption of fluid within the pleural space)

Increase capillary permeability Increase hydrostatic pressure causing fluid shift from intravascular (capillaries of lung) to intracavity (pleural space) Impaired lymphatic drainage secondary to obstruction of normal lymphatic channels (MEDIASTINAL LYMPADENOPATHY)

Accumulation of excess fluid on pleural spaces (decreased tactile fremitus, decreased breath sounds)

Compression of lungs limiting expansion upon inhalation

Dyspnoea

Decreased oxygen supply to the body

Impaired breathing pattern

Impaired gas exchange

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