Go Kart Project
Go Kart Project
Go Kart Project
1. INTRODUCTION
There are many motor sports in the world. Bikes, Cars, Formula
one are examples of them. The drivers in these are very professionals and
accurate. They can drive it very fast. But there are also motor sports
which do not need professional drivers and need no great speed. The
vehicles used are also very cheap. Such a motor sport is Go-Karting.
They resemble to the formula one cars but it is not as faster as F1 and also
cost is very less. The drivers in go-karting are also not professionals.
Even children can also drive it. Go-karts have 4 wheels and a small
engine. They are widely used in racing in US and also they are getting
popular in India.
initially created in United States in 1950s and used as a way to pass spare
time. Gradually it became a big hobby and other countries followed it. In
in Nagpur for go-karting and Chennai is also trying to make one. Indian
companies are also producing go-karts in small scale. MRF and Indus
motors are the major bodies in karts and they are offering karts between 1
lakh and 3 lakh. But to make go-karts popular, the price must come down.
For that, many people are trying to build one under 1 lakh and we had
also take up the challenge and make our under 25 K. This is a dream
come true. A go-kart just under Rs. 25,000/-. So we are sure that our
project will have a high demand in the industry and also we are hopping
3. A BOUT GO – KA RTS
racing car used mainly in United States. They were initially created in the
1950s. Post-war period by airmen as a way to pass spare time. Art Ingels
They are usually raced on scaled down tracks, but are sometimes driven
almost anybody and permitting licensed racing for anyone from the age
of 8 onwards.
drivers, but adults are also very active in karting. Karting is considered as
the first step in any serious racer’s career. It can prepare the driver for
the competitiveness of the kart that also exist in other forms of motor
racing.
lakh. Indus motors are also offering Go-karts for 1 lakh to 3 lakh. There
are racing tracks in Nagpur for go-karting, which is known as the home of
go-karts in India. Many people take part in the racing and is getting
popular.
the Indians. One type is a single engined 160cc 4-stroke kart with a
There are hundred of racing tracks in US for karting and also they are
4. PA RTS OF A GO – KA RT
In a Go-Kart, there are mainly six parts. They are
1. Chassis
2. Engine
3. Steering
4. Transmission
5. Tyres
6. Brake
7. Electric Starter
provide, via flex, the equivalent of suspension to give good grip at the
front. Karts have no suspension, and are usually no bigger than is needed
to mount a seat for the driver and a small engine. Chassis construction is
this kart, we use GI B class tube with 1” diameter. The chassis support
4.2 ENGINE
this kart, we use a Kinetic Honda Single Cylinder 98cc 2-stroke petrol
engine, which produces about 7.7 BHP of power at 5600 rpm. We use 2-
to change. However, the two rear wheels are attached by a solid axle, and
must therefore move together, so in order to turn, one of the wheels need
to skid over the track surface. In this kart we use a special kind of steering
and this disk is connected to the front two wheels using two links. When
steering rotates, the disk also rotates and as a result, the link actuates and
power from the engine crankshaft to the rear wheels. In this vehicle, the
power from the engine is transmitted to the sprockets using chain, i.e. this
is chain drive. The driver sprocket has 12 teeth and driven sprocket has
44 teeth.
differential from our vehicle also. And also this go-kart has no clutch and
gears because this is automatic transmission. Belt and pulley type CVT is
used in this kart. The power from the engine is transmitted to the rear two
4.5 TYRES
For go-karts, wheels and tyres are much smaller than those used on
a normal car. The tyres will have increased grip and a hard one. And also
it can withstand the high temperature. In this kart, we use tyres having
14” dia for front and 16” dia for rear. This is used for an aerodynamic
4.6 BRA KE
situated on the rear axle. The brake will capable for stopping the kart
running in 40 mph. The pedals actuated by the left leg operate the brakes.
require the pistons to be moving before the ignition phase of the cycle.
This means that the engine must be set in motion by an external force
before it can power itself. Originally, a hand crank was used to start
engines, but it was inconvenient and rather hard work to crank the engine
overrun mechanism to prevent it, when the engine started, a crank could
begin to spin along with the crankshaft. The operator had to pull away
Electric starter
from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, usually through a key-
operated switch, it pushes out a small pinion gear on the starter motor's
shaft and meshes it with the ring gear on the flywheel of the engine. The
solenoid also closes high current for the starter motor and it starts to run.
Once the engine starts, the key-operated switch is opened, a spring in the
solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear, and the
starter motor stops. Modern starter motors have a "bendix" — a gear and
automatically disengage the pinion gear from the flywheel when the
engine starts.
Other than the main parts, the kart also contains some parts such as
Mufflers. The muffler we use is Baffle type. In baffle type, the exhaust
and hence back pressure. The noise reduction takes place because the
Other main part is the headlight. Head light is provided at the front
of the kart for sane night racing. The requirement of automobiles is that
sufficient intensity.
Also there is a plastic seat in the kart for the driver. The kart is
5. SYSTEMS USED IN A GO – KA RT
Like every automobile, go-karts also have various systems. Mainly
1. Fuel system
2. Ignition system
3. Lubrication system
4. Cooling system
and then to pump this fuel to carburetors. The fuel supply system also
prepares the air-fuel mixture for combustion in the cylinder and carries
the exhaust gas to the rear of the vehicle. The basic fuel supply system
a) Fuel tank
c) Air cleaner
d) Carburetor
Chemistry of Combustion
burned in the engine and the products that result no longer resemble
petrol.
The petrol in the fuel lines differs from the petrol that is drawn into
the engine. As it passes through the carburetor and intake manifold and is
mixed with aim some of the petrol is changed from liquid to vapour. This
formed since the petrol vapour is still recognized as petrol. Diesel fuel oil
action.
AIR
CLEANER
elevated position so that the fuel will flow to the carburetor through the
filter by gravity. Our fuel tank has a capacity of 1 litre and there is also a
present in the petrol. This petrol should be free from these particles.
Air Cleaner - Since the atmospheric air is highly cornices and contains
dust and dirt particles, it is allowed to enter the engine intake manifold
chamber of the engine. The carburetor is a device to mix the petrol with
air in the proper ratio for the purpose of combustion. The quantity of
petrol and air can be indifferent ratios. The quantity of petrol can
sometimes be more and sometimes less. The speed of the engine changes
carburetor is to
magneto type. The advantage of this system is that it is set combined. The
though ones suitable for multi-cylinder engine have also been developed.
following description.
Magneto Generator
primary current, and this results in the induction of a high tension impulse
pieces and the assemblies cast in the engine flywheel, which also acts as a
cooling fan. In addition to the magnet, the magneto consists of a coil with
all of these parts being mounted on a base plate or starter plate. The two
curved slots in the stator plate permit of adjusting the spark timing.
As the poles of the core pass those of the magnet, the magnetic flux
passes through the coil first in one and then in the opposite direction and
alternating electric impulses are induced in it. When the flux has been
well established the primary circuit is closed and a moment later when the
The magnetos are either fitted with build-in type of two coils – one
ignition coil and the other lighting coil or alternately they have separate
ignition coil. These are attached to a starter or fixed plate and terminate in
Ignition Coil
separated electrically, although they are both wound on the same iron
core and share a common terminal. One coil, known as the primary, is fed
from the battery, and the principle of operation depends upon the fact
that, if the supply to this coil is suddenly interrupted, then the voltage is
created or induced in the other coil known as the secondary. The voltage
in the two coils can be considered for our purpose to be in the same ratio
relatively few turns on the primary winding, and a very large number on
points depends upon both the pressure of the mixture with the cylinder
and the gap between the points under average conditions a voltage of the
Earlier it has been stated that the development of the higher voltage
in the secondary winding of the ignition coil only occurs when the
breaker points.
Spark Plug
electrodes within the engine cylinder, across which the ignition spark can
earthed electrode, an insulator, and a central rode which forms the other
electrode, fed from the distributor. The lower part of the body is threaded
to suit a screwed bole provided in the engine, the length of the threaded
portion known as the reach and varying with the plug design. The body of
the plug seats on to a soft steel washer when it is screwed into the engine.
not only must it withstand the high ignition voltage, but it’s lower and is
shock. At one time, the insulator was mode from porcelain but modern
with a screwed terminal at the upper exposed end, often shaped to accept
a snap-on connector. The tip of the electrode, at which the spark occurs,
The ignition voltage is about 25,000 volts and the distance between
the central and earthed electrodes is about. 202 inch and is adjusted by
engine surface which rub together are not tough by normal standards, yet
if they are allowed to run in direct contact get one another, the
temperature more rise to so high a degree that local melting will occur
and the surfaces will slide to seize. It has been shown than even if the
provided.
by packing up heat and dissipating it through the crank case and reducing
piston rings.
Types of Lubricants
Fluid oils are used in automobile engine lubrication systems, semi solid
springs. The use of these types depends upon the work required and the
surface to be lubricated.
the bottom of its stroke, the big end of connecting rod and crankpin dip
into oil. The dipper picks up oil and as the crankshaft rotates, oil is
The splashed oil is in the form of a dense mist sprayed into fine
particles over surfaces in contact. Small cups are provided close to the
bearing of the crankshaft. There are small holes in these cups. The
splashed oils fills up these cups from where it is supplied to the bearing.
Oil that is splashed onto cylinder walls speeds well when piston
reciprocates while the piston rings scarp the oil and get themselves
lubricated. Drops of splashed oil drip from the inner side of the piston and
lubricate the gudgeon pin and bearings. The crankshaft bearings, valve
work. Out of the remaining heat (about 70%) about 40% is carried away
be exhaust gases into the atmosphere. The remaining part of heat energy
to provide some cooling system for IC Engines. Generally, there are two
Air Cooling
A IR COOLING
For this cylinder is cast with a number of fins around the cylinder.
This type of cylinder is used by motorcycles and scooters and also in go-
karts. The air from the atmosphere dashes against these fins and remove
6. W ORKING OF TW O STROKE
PETROL ENGINE
stroke engine has no valves. Ports serve the purpose of admitting and
exhausting the charge. These parts open into the cylinder; they are
In this process, the piston uncovers the inlet port. Fresh charge of
This is due to the upward movement of the piston. Thus, in one stroke of
the piston, two operations, via suction and compression are carried out.
revolution.
As the piston reaches the TDC position, a spark ignites the fuel air
stroke.
In doing so, the piston uncovers the exhaust port and allows the
the combustion chamber through the transfer port. The fresh fuel air
mixture is fed into the combustion chamber with the help of a deflector
on the piston head. It guides the mixture through the transfer port into the
expansion and exhaust are completed. The crankshaft moves through the
revolutions of crankshaft.
mixing of fresh charge with exhaust gases, loss of some fresh charge to
TRA NSMISSION
not manual, its automatic. For this purpose, we use continuously variable
levered rubber belt. A chain may also be used. A large pulley connected
to a smaller pulley with a belt on chain will operate in the same manner
as a large gear meshing with a small gear. Typical CVTs have pulleys
formed as pairs of opposing cones. Moving the cones in and out has the
effect of changing the pulley diameter, since the belt or chain must take a
large diameter path when the conical pulleys halves are close together.
This motion of the cones can be computer controlled and driven for
mechanical system that uses weights and springs to change the pulley
is made of two 20-degree cones facing each other. A belt rides in the
groove between the two cones. V-belts are preferred if the belt is made of
rubber. V-belts get their name from the fact that the belts bear the V-
When the two cones of the pulley are far apart (when the diameter
increases) the belt rides lower in the groove, and the radius of the belt
rides lower in the groove, and the radins of the belt loop going around the
pulley get smaller. When the cones are close together (when the diameter
decreases) the belt rides tighter in the groove, and the radius of the belt
loop going around the pulley gets larger. CVTs may use hydraulic
pulleys, known as the drive pulley (or driving pulley), is connected to the
crankshaft of the engine. The driving pulley is also called the input pulley
because it is where the energy from the engine enters the transmission.
The second pulley is called the driven pulley because the first pulley is
turning it. As an output pulley, the driven pulley transfers energy to drive
shaft.
The distance between the centers of the pulleys to where the belt
makes contact in the groove is known as the pitch radius. When the
pulleys are far apart, the belt rides lower and the pitch radius decreases.
When the pulleys are close together, the belt rides higher and the pitch
radius increases. The ratio of the pitch radius on the driving pulley to the
When one pulley increases its radius, the other decreases its radius
to keep the belt light as the two pulleys change their radii relative to one
and everything in between. For example, when the pitch radius is small
on the driving pulley and large on the driven pulley, then the rotational
speed of the driven pulley decreases resulting in a lower ‘gear’. When the
pitch radius is large on the driving pulley and small on the driven pulley,
that it can run through at any time, at any engine or vehicle speed.
8. SPECIFICA TIONS OF A GO – KA RT
No. Of cylinders = 1
No. Of Strokes = 2
Brake = Drum
Type of Material = GI
Axle
Dia of axle = 25 mm
Brake
Sprocket
No. Of Teeth = 44
Fuel Tank
Material = Plastic
Capacity = 1 Litre
Steering Spindle
Material = GI
Pedal
Muffler
Material = Aluminium
16 “
7“
7”
5”
8“
12”
4“
10 “
18 “
34 “
CHASSIS
90 mm
6“
50 mm
21.5 “
2“
MUFFLER
1“
160 mm
SPROCKET
AXLE
the lathe.
SPROCKET
BRAKE
The brake is also placed in the axle in the left side. The boredom
ACCELERATOR
The accelerator pedal is placed is the right side of the front of the
ENGINE
FUEL TANK
The fuel tank is placed in the upper position of the engine level
MUFFLER
The two pipes are taken as per the dimension and join together.
Then 3 ‘ V ‘ Shaped cuts are made in large cylinder and 3 washers are
placed inside it and the ‘ V ‘ cuts are re welded and grinded. The inlet end
The 2 wheels are connected to the both ends of the axle and
bushed bearing.
STEERING
The steering spindle and steering are made as per the dimensions
and bolted together. This is connected to the plate and link mechanism.
SEAT
First the seat is mounted on seat stand using bolts and the seat is
ELECTRIC START
The battery is placed under the seat and connected to the starting
motor using wires. And the switch is placed in the steering spindle stand.
PAINTING
chassis, steering and steering spindle, wheels, seat, muffler, engine cover
etc are painted using different colors. The pedals are also painted.
Engines are tested to find out the variations of Brake Horse Power,
1. Torque Vs RPM
increases with speed. The volumetric efficiency being higher during this
mixture reducing combustion pressures and hence the torque, the curve
drops down.
2. BHP Vs RPM
speed, the bhp drops down instead of increasing. This is due to two
reasons.
engine power.
brake horsepower.
3. FHP Vs RPM
increase in rpm. The horsepower lost due to friction increases five times
rings and cylinders, valves and valve guides, timing gears, bearings,
rings and cylinder, which contributes to 70% of the total engine friction.
engine rpm. The fuel consumption per hp/ hr in the case of diesel engines
slightly.
Therefore, we conclude that brake fuel rate is higher for slow speed
engines, increases a little for medium speed engines and increases more
Servicing
Maintenance Schedule
a) Daily
ii) Keep the fuel tank full. The tank should be fitted in completely
iii) Check the tyre pressure. The pressure must be at least 18 psi.
iv) Clean the engine at the end of day’s work, if there are any
leakages, dust will collect at the leaky spots during next day
b) Every 50 kms
tyres, etc.
i) Thoroughly clean out the fuel tank and refill fresh fuel.
i) Adjust carburetor
TROUBLE – SHOOTING
from cold.
Too much petrol a strong smell of petrol will be present near the
(Engine flooded)
carburetor and the outside of the carburetor may be
Lack of spark Take out plug and see if wet (condition previous
jumps the plug: check that the spark jumps the plug
ignition fault.
Ignition trouble Remove flywheel domed cover and check points for
(Other than plug)
(a) incorrect gap (b) points dirty or worn. Adjust or
correct, as necessary.
crankcase.
Lack of petrol If the petrol tap is not turned on, the engine may start
soon after.
Mixture too lean Check for air leaks, e.g. carburetor top loose, gaskets
faulty, etc.
Mixture too rich Check that chock has not been left out.
its pin.
weak.
fashion.
the customer’s require ments. We are not making only go- karts in this
job.
managerial staff.
MA RKET SURVEY
know the trend of the market. Since our project is one which gives much
important to time saving and energy loss main customers are attracted.
Hence our survey was made to collect the opinions and suggestions from
those who in racing field. The points we have covered during our survey
were:
of them were against the present system because the present system may
money and valuable time is a problem. 10% of them were satisfied with
the present system, because they have the ability to bear the cost. The
next 10% of them were satisfied by the cheap equipment because of their
PLA NT LA YOUT
(equipment, material, manpower, etc.) and service of the plant within the
area of the site selected previously. Plant layout begins with the design of
tools, fixtures, workers, etc. are given a proper place. In deciding the
efficiently controlled.
service centres.
height).
cycle types.
PLA NT LA YOUT
STORE
INSPECTION
OFFICE &
RECEPTION
PAINTING
GRINDING
ASSEMBLING TABLE
LATHE
DRILLING
MACHINE MILLING
DRILLING
MACHINE
DRILLING
POWER SCRAP
MACHINE
HACKSAW
TOILET
discussed below.
deciding a suitable location, area, place, etc. where the plant or factory
will start functioning. Plant location involved two major activities. First,
within the region. Plant location plays a major role in the design of a
discussed below:
vendor’s end to the plant. Which consume raw material in bulk, or raw
material is heavy, is cheap but loses a good amount of its weight during
processing (trees and saw mills), must be located close to the source of
raw material.
2. Transport Facilities
the finished goods. Depending upon the size of raw material and finished
selected and accordingly the plant location is decided. One point must be
3. Nearness to Markets
perishable products). Moreover plant being near to the market can catch a
big share of the market and can render quick service to the customers.
4. Availability of Labour
reasonable rates with its proper attitude towards work are a few factors
fuel (coal, oil, etc.) has not remained a deciding factor for plant location.
Even then steel industries are located near source of fuel (coal) to out
6. Availability of Water
and is also required for drinking and sanitary purposes. Depending upon
7. Climatic conditions
9. Land
Topography, area, the shape of the site, cost, drainage and other
15. Security
1. Locations considered
a. Location - 1
sub-urban area.
b. Location - 2
It is an urban area.
transportation charges for location-2 is less than that of location 1. But all
choice.
obtaining a shed from here at a rent of Rs. 600/- month. The shed is well
To THUMBA
To VELI
KSEB
Proposed Site
TTP PREMISES
To TTP
selling policies.
time study.
of production.
from.
d) To determine selling price after adding due profit to the total cost.
future reference.
** Labour cost includes cost for welding, boring, drilling, lathe work etc.
*** Indirect material cost includes cotton waste, emery paper, oil,
Rs. 22,000/-
Sl Activity Time in
Minutes
No.
3. Marking 10
4. Cutting 90
5. Bending 60
7. Drilling 60
9. Welding 70
11. Grinding 40
12. Inspection 5
15. Store
Sl Activity Time in
Minutes
No.
2. Taken to lathe 2
4. Turning is done 40
6. Inspection 5
7. To assembly shop 2
Sl Activity Time in
Minutes
No
2. Taken to lathe 2
5. Inspection 5
6. To assembly shop 3
16. ENTERPRENERSHIP
An entrepreneur is defined as an agent of charge. He is the most
perseverance, knowledge of the world and business and also the ability to
entrepreneurial success.
Entrepreneurial Characteristics
something which they could call their own accomplishment. They are
moderate risk takes at the same time they avoid high risks. They work
long hours, most of them assess their own strengths and weakness and
b. Sense of Efficiency
problems instead of avoiding it. They will show initiative rather than
characteristics. They should have clear goals for the future and tend to
to test out their capabilities whenever an opportunity arises and are open
Time Orientation
c. Competition
collaborate well with other parties when they see such collaboration is to
benevolent in the initial period and dispensing later once the employees
Social Consciousness
The concern for society for the good of other people pre-supposes a
labour and have tendency to save for future and to invest for further
f. Development of Entrepreneurs
i. The individual
i. The Individual
• Personal efficiency
• Copying capability
entrepreneurship.
• Project development
• Enterprise management
• Enterprise building
• Choice of industry
• Knowledge of technology
with one’s own hands on tasks requiring man, manual handling, etc.
entrepreneurship.
• Risk taking
• Independence
• Work
Φ Creative
Φ Future oriented
Φ Hard working
Φ Persistent
Φ Goal oriented
Φ Willing to learn
Φ Self confidence
Φ Pleasant personality
Φ Success oriented
Φ Makes decisions
Φ Non-structured
Φ Opportunity seeker
Φ Competitive
Φ Positive attitude
Φ Dreamer
Φ Time conscious
Φ Imaginative
Φ Courageous
Φ Self starter
Φ Individualist
Φ Multifaceted interests
Φ Innovative
Φ Takes challenges
Φ Impatient
Φ Good communicator
Φ Hyperactive
Φ Intensive
Φ Aggressive
Φ Leader
Φ Average intelligence
time it is not very difficult too, if different factors are considered before
taking a decision to start it. For starting the first and most important work
is to select a suitable site and then to make the proper scheme and give it
approved.
important steps.
a. Selection of industry
b. Preparation of schemes
c. Approval of scheme
Selection of industry
basis of
• Market survey
• Finance
• Economic viability
• Stability
Market Survey
about what must be produced, how much to be produced, what will be the
to what the future hold for its products and proposed products.
Finance
purchase machinery and equipment but also for purchasing raw materials
and working capital. Today various organizations are came forward for
components etc.
industry units.
Subsidy
district and central investment subsidy in the district is 25% for all the
units are eligible for interest subsidy. The difference between interest rate
of 7% per annum and the normal rate of interest charged on the loans.
Loans are advanced to the small-scale industries under the state aid
industries act and rules framed there under got construction of factory
concerned.
goods under lock and key on factory type. Advances are also made
Owner should make him really converse with all acts, rules and
literature which may help him in setting up and rolling a small scale
of publications. Civil line direct of industries and civil supplies also helps
in selection the products which have scope and which do not scope. Their
lists are revised from time to time considering different factors changing
Economic viability
viable. The brake even of the level of product should be below 40 – 50%
Stability
The proposed product should have stable sales all the year round
otherwise the cost product may go up than making the product unstable.
Material
consist not only raw material but also semi processed, semi assembled
supplied for every material to ensure prompt and regular supply of quality
material.
stock out. In other words on the basis of the consumption rate and lead-
time determine.
b) The re-order level and re-order quantity, that is when to place the
Marketing
price they can afford to pay at a time they need it. There should be
may be necessary to find out alternative uses for men, machinery and
Management
his unit. The success of unit depends upon the attention the entrepreneur
pays to the various problems like arrangements for regular supply of raw
offer. Also study the customers for who want to cater, the price and
should also include the future growth prospect for the unit. Every product
2. Choice of location
4. Provisional registration
13.Ordering machinery
15.Erection of machinery
19.Trial run
21.Sales
• Tax concessions
• Power supply
• Water supply
• Market assistance
• Technical assistance
• Testing facilities
• Export promotion
• Import licenses
• Purchase programme
• Reservation of items
• Price preference
needed
GO - KA RT
19. CONCLUSION
The 98cc, 2 stroke, 4 wheeled racing car, Go-Kart, we finally made
one under 25K which is a big truth. But we made just a protype of that
can understand the details pertaining to the project. The report is prepared
in simple language and described well. The report give adequate idea and
design guide line for making suitable report is expected to prove valuable
The matter discussed in the early pages just give a broad outline of
20. REFERENCE
www.go-karting.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.answers.com
www.wikipedia.org