CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Vivek Yadav student of Class XII, Kendriya Vidyalaya has completed the Investigatory project titled Colloidal Solutions during the academic year 2013-2014 towards partial fulfilment of credit for the Chemistry practical evaluation of CBSE 2014, and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

Mr. A. K. Dubey PGT Chemistry K V Faizabad

Acknowledgement
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time." I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Mr. A K Dubey, for his vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Chemistry at Kendriya Vidyalaya faizabad for their support during the making of this project.

Table of Contents
1 Classification 2 Hydrocolloids 3 Interaction between particles 4 Preparation 5 Stabilization (peptization) 6 Destabilization (flocculation) o 6.1 Monitoring stability o 6.2 Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction 7 As a model system for atoms 8 Crystals 9 In biology 10 In the environment 11 In intravenous therapy

INTRODUCTION
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance. A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase (or internal phase) and a continuous phase (or dispersion medium) in which the colloid is dispersed. A colloidal system may be solid, liquid, or gas. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of between approximately 1 and 1000 nano-meters. Such particles are normally invisible in an optical microscope, though their presence can be confirmed with the use of an ultramicroscope or an electron microscope. Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, colloidal dispersions, or hydrosols. The dispersed-phase particles or droplets are affected largely by the surface chemistry present in the colloid. Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color. Colloidal solutions (also called colloidal suspensions) are the subject of interface and colloid science. This field of study was introduced in 1861 by Scottish scientist Thomas Graham.

MILK A COLLOID

Classification
Because the size of the dispersed phase may be difficult to measure, and because colloids have the appearance of solutions, colloids are sometimes identified and characterized by their physico-chemical and transport properties. For example, if a colloid consists of a solid phase dispersed in a liquid, the solid particles will not diffuse through a membrane, whereas with a true solution the dissolved ions or molecules will diffuse through a membrane. Because of the size exclusion, the colloidal particles are unable to pass through the pores of an ultrafiltration membrane with a size smaller than their own dimension. The smaller the size of the pore of the ultrafiltration membrane, the lower the concentration of the dispersed colloidal particles remaining in the ultrafiltred liquid. The exact value of the concentration of a truly dissolved species will thus depend on the experimental conditions applied to separate it from the colloidal particles also dispersed in the liquid. This is, a.o., particularly important for solubility studies of readily hydrolysed species such as Al, Eu, Am, Cm, ... or organic matter complexing these species. Colloids can be classified as follows:

Dispersed phase Medium / Phas es Gas Liquid Solid

Gas

NONE (All gases are mutually miscible)

Liquid aerosol Examples: fog, hair sprays

Solid aerosol Examples: smoke, ice cloud, air particulates

Dispersi on Liqui medium d

Foam Example: whipped cream, shaving cream

Emulsion Sol Examples: milk, mayonnaise, Examples: pigmen hand cream ted ink, blood

Solid foam Solid sol Gel Solid Examples: aerogel, styrofoam, p Example: cranberr Examples: agar, gelatin, jelly umice y glass

In some cases, a colloid can be considered a homogeneous mixture. This is because the distinction between "dissolved" and "particulate" matter can be sometimes a matter of approach, which affects whether or not it is homogeneous or heterogeneous.