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Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal trajectories refer to curves or surfaces that intersect another family of curves or surfaces at a right angle. In geometry, two families of curves are considered orthogonal if each curve from one family intersects the other family at a 90 degree angle. Examples are given of finding the equations of orthogonal trajectories for families of curves defined by equations like c1x2 - y2 = 1 or x2 + y2 = c2. The process involves taking the derivative of the original family of curves and setting it equal to the derivative of the orthogonal trajectory to obtain a differential equation that can be solved for the trajectory.

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Ammar Mohsin
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1K views5 pages

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal trajectories refer to curves or surfaces that intersect another family of curves or surfaces at a right angle. In geometry, two families of curves are considered orthogonal if each curve from one family intersects the other family at a 90 degree angle. Examples are given of finding the equations of orthogonal trajectories for families of curves defined by equations like c1x2 - y2 = 1 or x2 + y2 = c2. The process involves taking the derivative of the original family of curves and setting it equal to the derivative of the orthogonal trajectory to obtain a differential equation that can be solved for the trajectory.

Uploaded by

Ammar Mohsin
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Orthogonal Trajectories

Introduction:
ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES In dictionary
ORTHOGONAL: Derived from greek word Ortogonios meaning right angled. TRAJECTORY: Derived from the Latin word Trajectoria meaning cut across. So, orthogonal trajectories means cutting something across the right angle.

ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES IN GEOMETRY In geometry, orthogonal means perpendicular and trajectories mean curves or surfaces cutting another family of curves or surfaces at a constant angle. As we are relating it with the word orthogonal so ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES means curves or surfaces Intersecting a family of curves or surfaces at right angle where the angle is defined as the angle between the tangents of the two curves.

ORTHOGONAL FAMILIES Similarly two families of curves will be orthogonal if each curve in one family intersect the other family at right angle. In other words, two families F(x, y, c) = 0 and G(x, y, K) = 0 are orthogonal families if each member of one family is an orthogonal trajectory of the other family.

Examples of Orthogonal Trajectories:


Cartesian Coordinates:
Example: Find the equation of the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves

c1x2 y2 = 1
Step1: 2c1x 2y dy/dx = 0 2y dy/dx = 2c1x Dy/dx = c1 x/y c1x2 y2 = 1 c1x2 = y2 +1 c1 = y2+1/x2

Dy/dx = (y2+1/x2)(x/y)

f(x,y) = 1+y2/xy

Step2: Diff. Eq of the Orthogonal Trajectories is

Dy/dx = - 1/f(x,y)

>>>

dy/dx = - xy/1+y2

Step3: Solving the diff. Eq by method of Separation Variables [1+y2/y] dy = -xdx

[1/y+y] dy = -xdx End result; 2ln |y| + y2 + x2 = c

Example 2: Find the orthogonal trajectory of the following: x2 + y2 = c2 SOLUTION We have the family x2 + y2 = c2 Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have 2x + 2y dy/dx = 0

dy x dx y

The orthogonal family will have the slope

dy dx dy y dx x

x y

Re arranging and integrating both sides

1 dx x

1 dy y lny

lnx lnc

Term Report on:

Orthogonal Trajectories
Submitted to: Madam Naila Submitted by: Ghulam Murtaza Muhammad Waleed Hussain Muhammad Junaid Jamil Muhammad Ammar Mohsin Muhammad Usama Iqbal Hafiz Muhammad Zia Class: Section: Session: Date: BSc Chemical Engineering 2nd year B 2012-16 Wednesday 15th January; 2014 NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology, Multan Roll No # 101 Roll No # 102 Roll No # 103 Roll No # 104 Roll No # 105 Roll No # 106

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