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Thermodynamic Cycles: Wed. Dec. 1, 2004

The document discusses thermodynamic cycles and concepts related to heat engines and refrigerators/heat pumps. It provides examples of calculating work and heat transfer for different paths in a p-V diagram, including isothermal and isochoric processes. It defines the maximum possible efficiency for a heat engine as the Carnot efficiency. It also discusses how a heat engine cycle could operate reversibly as a refrigerator or heat pump. The second law of thermodynamics is introduced as prohibiting any process that converts all heat to work or transfers heat from a cold to hot body without any other effect.

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43 views26 pages

Thermodynamic Cycles: Wed. Dec. 1, 2004

The document discusses thermodynamic cycles and concepts related to heat engines and refrigerators/heat pumps. It provides examples of calculating work and heat transfer for different paths in a p-V diagram, including isothermal and isochoric processes. It defines the maximum possible efficiency for a heat engine as the Carnot efficiency. It also discusses how a heat engine cycle could operate reversibly as a refrigerator or heat pump. The second law of thermodynamics is introduced as prohibiting any process that converts all heat to work or transfers heat from a cold to hot body without any other effect.

Uploaded by

eviroyer
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamic Cycles

Wed. Dec. 1, 2004

PRS: Work in p-V plane:


In the cycle shown what is the work done by the system going from state 4 to state 2 clockwise along the arrowed path?

1. 12 p0 V0 2. 9 p0 V0 3. 4 p0 V0 4. 3 p0 V0

5. -12 p0 V0 6. -9 p0 V0 7. -4 p0 V0 8. -3 p0 V0 9. None of above

PRS: Work in p-V plane:


In the cycle shown what is the work done by the system going from state 2 to state 4 clockwise along the arrowed path?

1. 12 p0 V0 2. 9 p0 V0 3. 4 p0 V0 4. 3 p0 V0

5. -12 p0 V0 6. -9 p0 V0 7. -4 p0 V0 8. -3 p0 V0 9. None of above

PRS: Work in p-V plane:


In the cycle shown what is the total work done by the system starting from state 4 and going all around the loop clockwise as shown?

1. 8 p0 V0 2. 6 p0 V0 3. 3 p0 V0 4. 2 p0 V0

5. -8 p0 V0 6. -6 p0 V0 7. -3 p0 V0 8. -2 p0 V0 9. None of above 10. 0.0

PRS: Total Work


How is it possible for the system to return to state 4 and yet do net work?
1. Not all the state variables return to their original state 2. Net heat is added even though the system returns to its original state 3. The process is not reversible 4. This loop would in practice take forever to occur 5. None of above

PRS: Work in p-V plane:


In the cycle shown what is the total work done by the system starting from state 4 and going around the loop counterclockwise?

1. 8 p0 V0 2. 6 p0 V0 3. 3 p0 V0 4. 2 p0 V0

5. -8 p0 V0 6. -6 p0 V0 7. -3 p0 V0 8. -2 p0 V0 9. None of above 10. 0.0

PRS: Coolest Expansion


A gas can be expanded along any of the curves shown from state O to the labeled final states. Along which path will the final temperature be the lowest?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A B C D Need more information

PRS: Most Added Heat


A gas can be expanded along any of the curves shown from state O to the labeled final states. Along which path must the added heat be the highest?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A B C D Need more information

Thermodynamic cycles
A thermodynamic cycle is any process that brings a system back to its original state. The cycle involves a path in state space over which various processes may act. Addition/Removal of heat and work are typical processes. Often the objective is to get work from heat or vice versa, as in a heat engine.
A

B C

1.0

1.5

2.0

Find W and Q for Each Leg


First Law Applies:

QBA = WBA + U = WBA + U B U A


Think in p-V space, then work is If Ideal Gas: p(V )V = NkT
WBA = pdV = p(V )dV
Satisfied everywhere

U A = 3 / 2 NkTA

Internal Energy (monatomic)

Generally find Heat from First Law

Isothermal Cycle
Consider the closed cycle shown here consisting of two isothermal processes, at temperatures T2 and T1 .
The work on the AB path is more than that on the DC path, so if we go around clockwise (e.g. ABCDA) this will be a heat engine that does positive work on the outside world
A

T2
D B

T1
1.0
1.5

C 2.0

Work on path A>B


On the first part of the thermodynamic cycle the system goes from A to B and is maintained at T2. This is an isothermal process. On this path, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. dQ >0 and dW >0 dQ >0 and dW <0 dQ =0 and dW >0 dQ =0 and dW <0 dQ <0 and dW >0 dQ <0 and dW <0
1.0
1.5

T2
D B C 2.0

WORK on ISOTHERMAL path A>B


WBA =
path

pdV =

path

p (V )dV

p(V) is determined from the perfect gas law, Knowing temperature constant

T2
D B C
2 V0

p(V ) = NkT2 / V = p0V0 / V


2 V0

WBA =

isothermal General Iso thermal Process : WBA = p0V0 ln(VB / VA )

V0

(p V

0 0

/ V )dV = p0V0

V0

dV / V

1.0

1.5

2.0

isothermal BA

= p0V0 ln(2)

HEAT on ISOTHERMAL path A>B


We know the work, how do we find the heat? FIRST LAW!
A

QBA = WBA + U B U A
The change in internal energy is determined from State A&B Internal Energy depends only on the temperature, which is T2 Hence U = 0.

T2
D B C 1.0
1.5

2.0

Iso thermal Process : Q Q


isothermal BA

isothermal BA

=W

isothermal BA

= p0V0 ln(VB / VA )

=W

isothermal BA

= p0V0 ln(2)

Reversibility
On the path between A and B. Which way does the system traverse this? If the piston is allowed to expand then the gas will cool a bit and heat will flow in.
A

T2
D

B C

If the piston is pushed in (W<0) then the gas will heat a bit and heat will flow out (Q<0) If you are patient, this process is reversible - it can run either way with the opposite heat transfer and work, all at the temperature T2

1.0

1.5

2.0

HEAT on ISOTHERMAL path C>D


p(V) is determined by T1

p(V ) = NkT1 / V = p0V0 (T1 / T2 ) / V


V0

WDC =

2 V0

p(V ) dV = p0V0 (T1 / T2 )ln(V0 / 2V0 )


A

QDC = WDC + U D UC
In an Isothermal process with perfect gas U = 0.

T2
D B

T1
1.0
1.5

QDC = WDC = p0V0 (T1 / T2 )ln(2)

C 2.0

Q and W at constant Volume


Now find the work and heat on the leg B to C Note that the volume does not change (called isochoric)
A

T2
D B

WCB = pdV = 0
path

The change in internal energy is determined from State A&B Internal Energy depends only on the (changing) temperature So U = UC - UB = 3/2 Nk(T1 - T2 )

T1
1.0
1.5

C 2.0

QCB

T1 T2 3 = WCB + U = Nk (T1 T2 ) = p0V0 <0 T2 2

W and Q for Isothermal Cycle


Now find the total work and heat for the whole cycle Add the W on each leg & Q at each Temperature Leg A to B B to C C to D D to A W Q

p0V0 ln(2) p0V0 (T1 T2 ) / T2 0 p0V0 ln(2)T1 / T2 p0V0 ln(2)T1 / T2 p0V0 (T2 T1 ) / T2 0

p0V0 ln(2)

Wcycle = p0V0 (1 T1 / T2 )ln(2)

Q(at T2 ) = p0V0 ln(2) + p0V0 (T2 T1 ) / T2 Q(at T1 ) = p0V0 ln(2)T1 / T2 p0V0 (T2 T1 ) / T2

Heat Engines and Efficiency


HEAT in at T2
HEAT ENGINE

WORK as Mechanical E HEAT Out at T1

Energy Conserved Q(in at T2 ) = Wcycle + Q(out at T1 ) Heat Engine Efficiency:

Wcycle Q(in at T2 )

Efficiency of Isothermal Cycle


Heat Engine Efficiency:

Wcycle Q(in at T2 )

p0V0 (1 T1 / T2 )ln(2) (T2 T1 )ln(2) = = p0V0 ln(2) + p0V0 (T2 T1 ) / T2 T2 ln(2) + (T2 T1 )

This is quite low - even if T2 is twice T1 , =0.29

Maximum Thermodynamic Efficiency


The Isothermal Cycle had a volume ratio change of only a factor of two, leading to the ln(2) term. (T2 T1 )ln(2) = T2 ln(2) + (T2 T1 ) We can increase the efficiency by making the volume ratio [I.e. ln(2)] arbitrarily large.
T2 T1 T = = T2 T2

This is the largest possible efficiency possible with any heat engine and is often called the Carnot efficiency

Reversibility of Cycle
We showed that any leg of this cycle is irreversible. Therefore, the entire cycle (heat engine) could operate in reverse In this case the total Work and the Heat flow will be reversed.
A

T2
D

B C 2.0

T1
1.0
1.5

Operated in reverse it is a refrigerator that removes heat at the lower temperature Or a heat pump delivering heat at the temperature T2

Refrigerators/ Heat Pumps


HEAT OUT at T2
HEAT ENGINE

WORK IN Mechanical E HEAT IN at T1

Energy Conserved

Q(out at T2 ) = Win + Q(in at T1 )


Q(out at T2 ) 1

T2 Heat Pump Gain: g= = = >1 Win T Q(in at T1 ) T Refrigerator Performance: K = = 1 >1 Win T

PRS: Refrigerator Light Bulb


Due to the failure of the switch that senses the closed door, the 25 watt interior light bulb in a refrigerator remains on constantly. The refrigerator maintains a temperature of -23C in the freezer and its outside coils are at 77C. What is the minimum extra power that the refrigerator will consume? 1. 10W 2. 25W 3. 35W 4. 62.5W 5. 87.5W 6. None of Above

Say a heat engine exceeded Carnot Limit


W ne t

Why Carnot is Maximum


W W Q1

Q2

HEAT ENGINE

Q1
Q env

HEAT PUMP

Q2

Hook it to a perfect gas heat pump with the same T1 Net Effect: Heat Qenv becomes work Wnet

Second law of Thermodynamics


No process shall have the only result that Heat is turned into Work or No process shall have the only result that Heat is transferred from cooler to hotter. The second law is the formal statement of the irreversibility of Nature on a classical scale: friction can irreversibly convert mechanical energy into heat; nothing can do the reverse.

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