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Digital Communication Week 9

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Raja Muraliprasad
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23 views

Digital Communication Week 9

Uploaded by

Raja Muraliprasad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/17/2012

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Spring 2010 Yrd. Do. Dr. Burak Kelleci

OUTLINE
Baseband M-Ary PAM Transmission Tapped Delay-Line Delay Line Equalization

2/17/2012

BASEBAND M-ARY PAM TRANSMISSION


Up to now for binary systems the pulses have two possible amplitude levels. In a baseband M-ary PAM system, the pulse amplitude modulator produces M possible amplitude levels with M>2. In an M-ary system, the information source emits a sequence of symbols from an alphabet that consists of M symbols. symbols Each amplitude level at the PAM modulator output corresponds to a distinct symbol. The symbol duration T is also called as the signaling rate of the system, which is expressed as symbols per second or bauds.

BASEBAND M-ARY PAM TRANSMISSION


Lets consider the following quaternary (M=4) system. The symbol rate is 1/(2Tb), since each symbol consists of two bits.

2/17/2012

BASEBAND M-ARY PAM TRANSMISSION


The symbol duration T of the M-ary system is related to the bit duration Tb of the equivalent binary PAM system as T = Tb log 2 M

For a given channel bandwidth, using M-ary PAM system, log2M times more information is transmitted than binary PAM system. The price we paid is the increased bit error rate compared binary PAM system. To achieve the same probability of error as the binary PAM system, the transmit power in <-ary PAM system must be increased.

BASEBAND M-ARY PAM TRANSMISSION


For M much larger than 2 and an average probability of symbol error small compared to 1, the transmitted power must be increased by a factor of M2/log2M compared to binary PAM system. The M-ary PAM transmitter and receiver is similar to the binary PAM transmitter and receiver. In transmitter, the M-ary pulse train is shaped by a transmit filter and transmitted through a channel which corrupts the signal with noise and ISI.

2/17/2012

BASEBAND M-ARY PAM TRANSMISSION


The received signal is passed through a receive filter and sampled at an appropriate rate in synchronism with the transmitter. Each sample is compared with preset threshold values and a decision is made as to which symbol was transmitted. Obviously, in M-ary system there are M-1 threshold levels which makes the system complicated. The raised cosine pulse shape, which is ISI-free for binary signaling is also ISI-free for M-ary signaling.

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


In theory, if the channel response is precisely known, it is virtually possible to make the ISI very small by using suitable transmit and receive filters. In practice, the channel response is not exactly known. Therefore, the channel effects which creates ISI must be compensated. The process to mitigate ISI issue is called equalization. The filter used to perform this operation is called equalizer.

2/17/2012

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


A tapped delay-line equalizer is well suited to compensate the channel response. For symmetry, the total number of taps is chosen to be (2N+1) with weights denoted by w-N,, w-1,w0,w1,,wN.

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


The impulse response of the tapped delay-line equalizer is

h(t ) =

k = N

w (t kT )
k

where (t) is the Dirac delta function and the delay T is chosen equal to the symbol duration. Let Lets s assume that this equalizer is connected in cascade with a LTI system with a impulse response of c(t).

2/17/2012

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


The impulse response of the equalized system is the convolution of c(t) and h(t)

p(t ) = c(t ) h(t ) = c(t ) = =


N k k = N

w (t kT )
k

k = N N

w c(t ) (t kT ) w c(t kT )
k

k = N

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


Lets evaluate p(t) at the sampling times t=nT


p (nT ) =
k = N

w c((n k )T )
k

To eliminate ISI completely, the Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission must be satisfied.

1 n = 0 p(nT ) = 0 n 0

2/17/2012

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


Since there are only (2N+1) adjustable coefficients, the ideal condition can satisfied approximately as follows.

n=0 1 p(nT ) = 0 n = 1,2, N


To simplify the notation, lets denote the impulse response at nT as

c n = c(nT )

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


Imposing the distortionless transmission condition to the convolution sum results in (2N+1) equations

k = N

w c
k

nk

n=0 1 = 0 n = 1,2, N

In theory, the longer the equalizer is (N approaches to infinity). the more closely will the equalized system approach the ideal condition.

2/17/2012

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


These equations can also be written in matrix form.

c0 c N 1 cN c N +1 c2 N

c N +1 c0 c1 c2 c N +1

c N c 1 c0 c1 cN

c N 1 c2 c 1 c0 c N 1

c 2 N w N 0 c N 1 w1 0 c N w0 = 1 c N +1 w1 0 0 c0 wN

TAPPED DELAY-LINE EQUALIZATION


In practice, the channel varies with time and the equalizer coefficients must be changed according to the channel changes. This operation is called adaptive equalization. Majority of the equalizers used in practical systems are adaptive.

2/17/2012

EFFECT OF ISI AND EQUALIZER IN 100 MBPS TRANSMISSION.


In 100Mbps ethernet communication, the signal attenuates over 100 meters especially with frequency. The magnetic devices in close proximity to the twisted pair ethernet cable effects the channel characteristics. There is also a potential echo from the opposite end of the cable. cable Since the system transmits and receives at the same time, there is a possibility of crosstalk between the transmit path and receive path.

EFFECT OF ISI AND EQUALIZER IN 100 MBPS TRANSMISSION.


The transmitted signal

2/17/2012

EFFECT OF ISI AND EQUALIZER IN 100 MBPS TRANSMISSION.


The received signal

EFFECT OF ISI AND EQUALIZER IN 100 MBPS TRANSMISSION.


The equalized signal

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