Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing

Applications of image processing What's an image? A simple image model Fundamental steps in image processing Elements of digital image processing systems

Applications of image processing: Interest in digital image processing methods stems from 2 principal application areas: (1) improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation, and (2) processing of scene data for autonomous machine perception. In the second application area, interest focuses on procedures for extracting from an image information in a form suitable for computer processing. Examples include automatic character recognition, industrial machine vision for product assembly and inspection, military recognizance, automatic processing of fingerprints etc.

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What's an image? An image refers to a 2D light intensity function f(x,y), where (x,y) denote spatial coordinates and the value of f at any point (x,y) is proportional to the brightness or gray levels of the image at that point. A digital image is an image f(x,y) that has been discretized both in spatial coordinates and brightness. The elements of such a digital array are called image elements or pixels. A simple image model: To be suitable for computer processing, an image f(x,y) must be digitalized both spatially and in amplitude. Digitization of the spatial coordinates (x,y) is called image sampling. Amplitude digitization quantization. is called gray-level

The storage and processing requirements increase rapidly with the spatial resolution and the number of gray levels. Example: A 256 gray-level image of size 256x256 occupies 64K bytes of memory. Images of very low spatial resolution produce a checkerboard effect.

Ori

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Fig 3. Images of different spatial resolution

The use of insufficient number of gray levels in smooth areas of a digital image results in false contouring.

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Fundamental steps in image processing: 1. Image acquisition: to acquire a digital image 2. Image preprocessing: to improve the image in ways that increase the chances for success of the other processes. 3. Image segmentation: to partitions an input image into its constituent parts or objects.
Fig 4. Images of different amplitude resolution

4. Image representation: to convert the input data to a form suitable for computer processing. 5. Image description: to extract features that result in some quantitative information of interest or features that are basic for differentiating one class of objects from another. 6. Image recognition: to assign a label to an object based on the information provided by its descriptors. 7. Image interpretation: to assign meaning to an ensemble of recognized objects. Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an image processing system in the form of a knowledge database.

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Elements of digital image processing systems: The basic operations performed in a digital image processing systems include (1) acquisition, (2) storage, (3) processing, (4) communication and (5) display.
Recognition and interpretion Result

Segmentation

Representation and description

Preprocessing Problem domain Image acquisition

Storage
Optical disks Tape Videotape Mag disks

Knowledge base

Fig 1. Fundamental steps in digital image processing

Image acquisition equipments

Video Scanner Camera

Display Unit Processing Unit

Computer Workstation TV monitors Printers Slide projectors

Communication channel

Fig 2. Basic fundamental elements of an image processing system

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Color processing
Basics of color Color models in images Color models in video

Basics of color
(a) Light and spectra Color is the perceptual result of light in the visible region of the spectrum, having in the region of 400nm to 700nm, incident upon the retina. Visible Light is a form of electromagnetic energy consisting of a spectrum of frequencies having wavelengths range from about 400nm for violet light to about 700nm for red light. Most light we see is a combination of many wavelengths. (b) Primaries Any color can be matched by proper proportions of three component colors called primaries. The most common primaries are red, blue and green.

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 The following terms are used to define color light: 1. Brightness or Luminance: This is the amount of light received by the eye regardless of color. 2. Hue: This is the predominant spectral color in the light. 3. Saturation: This indicates the spectral purity of the color in the light.
Limit of Sensation Brightness Blue Purple Hue Red Darkness Yellow Green Saturation

In 1931, the CIE adopted a set of nonphysical primaries, X, Y and Z.

X 2.7690 1.7518 1.1300 R Y = 1.0000 4.5907 0.0601 G Z B 0.0000 0.0565 5.5943

Fig 1. Color attributes

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Color models in images:

A color image is a 2D array of (R,G,B) integer triplets. CRT displays have 3 phosphors (RGB) which produce a combination of wavelengths when excited with electrons. CMY model, which uses Cyan, Magenta and Yellow primaries, is mostly used in printing devices where the color pigments on the paper absorb certain colors.
C 1 R M = 1 G Y 1 B

Fig 2. CIE chromaticity diagram

G Gray shades W R

ce inan Lum

Black

Fig 3. Color pyramid

Sometimes, an alternative CMYK model (K stands for black) is used in color printing to produce a darker black than simply mixing CMY.
C' C K M ' = M K , where K=min{C,M,Y} Y ' Y K

The chromaticity coordinates are obtained from x=X/D, y=Y/D, z=Z/D, where D=X+Y+Z. The edges represent the "pure" colors. When added, any two colors produce a point on the line between them.
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Color models in video

YIQ and YUV are the 2 commonly used color models in video. (a). YIQ Model YIQ is used in color TV broadcasting, which is downward compatible with B/W TV where only Y is used.
Y 0.299 0.587 0.114 R I = 0.596 0.275 0.321 G Q 0 . 212 0 . 528 0 . 311 B

U = 0.565(B-Y) V = 0.713(R-Y) (c). Chroma subsampling

4:4:4
R0 R2 B0 B2 G0 G2 R1 R3 B1 B3 G1 G3

4:2:2
Y0 Y2 Y1 Y3 Y0 Y4

4:1:1
Y1 Y5 Y2 Y6 Y3 Y7

4:2:0
Y0 Y2 Y1 Y3

CB0 CB1 CR0 CR1

CB0 CB1 CR0 CR1

CB0

CR0

Y (luminance) is the CIE Y primary. (b). YUV (YCbCr) model They are initially for PAL analog video, but it's now used in CCIR 601 standard for digital video. Y = 0.299R+0.587G+0.114B Cb = B-Y Cr = R-Y Y = 0.299R+0.587G+0.114B 4:2:2 Horizontally subsampled color signals by a factor of 2. 4:1:1 Horizontally subsampled by a factor of 4 4:2:0 Subsampled in both the horizontal and vertical axes by a factor of 2 between pixels as shown in the figure. 4:1:1 and 4:2:0 are mostly used in JPEG and MPEG.

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