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    Class Notes Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

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    This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and why people help others. [1] It outlines Latane and Darley's arousal/cost-reward model of helping which involves awareness of need, arousal, labeling arousal, accepting responsibility, and conducting a cost-reward analysis. [2] It discusses factors that influence each stage such as ambiguity, presence of others, social comparison, arousal level, labeling of arousal, diffusion of responsibility, expertise, norms, need characteristics, reciprocity, personal commitment, danger involved, costs of helping like being late, and victim characteristics. [3] Helping can be motivated by altruism, egoism for rewards/punishments, relief of personal distress, or empath

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    Class Notes Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

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    This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and why people help others. [1] It outlines Latane and Darley's arousal/cost-reward model of helping which involves awareness of need, arousal, labeling arousal, accepting responsibility, and conducting a cost-reward analysis. [2] It discusses factors that influence each stage such as ambiguity, presence of others, social comparison, arousal level, labeling of arousal, diffusion of responsibility, expertise, norms, need characteristics, reciprocity, personal commitment, danger involved, costs of helping like being late, and victim characteristics. [3] Helping can be motivated by altruism, egoism for rewards/punishments, relief of personal distress, or empath

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    Ch11-1

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    This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and why people help others. [1] It outlines Latane and Darley's arousal/cost-reward model of helping which involves awareness of need, arousal, labeling arousal, accepting responsibility, and conducting a cost-reward analysis. [2] It discusses factors that influence each stage such as ambiguity, presence of others, social comparison, arousal level, labeling of arousal, diffusion of responsibility, expertise, norms, need characteristics, reciprocity, personal commitment, danger involved, costs of helping like being late, and victim characteristics. [3] Helping can be motivated by altruism, egoism for rewards/punishments, relief of personal distress, or empath

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    64 views18 pages

    Class Notes Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

    Uploaded by

    csamples
    This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and why people help others. [1] It outlines Latane and Darley's arousal/cost-reward model of helping which involves awareness of need, arousal, labeling arousal, accepting responsibility, and conducting a cost-reward analysis. [2] It discusses factors that influence each stage such as ambiguity, presence of others, social comparison, arousal level, labeling of arousal, diffusion of responsibility, expertise, norms, need characteristics, reciprocity, personal commitment, danger involved, costs of helping like being late, and victim characteristics. [3] Helping can be motivated by altruism, egoism for rewards/punishments, relief of personal distress, or empath

    Copyright:

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    of 18

    Class Notes

    Chapter 11
    Prosocial Behavior:
    Why Do People Help?
    AROUSAL/COST-REWARD
    MODEL
    • AWARENESS OF NEED
    • BECOME AROUSED
    • LABEL AROUSAL
    • ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY
    • COST-REWARD ANALYSIS
    • TAKE ACTION
    AWARENESS &
    INTERPRETATION
    • AMBIGUITY VS CLEAR EMERGENCY
    WINDOW WASHER 30% UNCLEAR VS
    100% CLEAR
    • EFFECT OF OTHERS
    SMOKE STUDY
    75%ALONE; 13% GROUP
    • SOCIAL COMPARISON
    (DON’T OVERREACT
    • EXPLANATIONS OF SMOKE & CRASHING
    NOISE
    BECOME AROUSED

    • MORE AROUSED AND LIKELY TO


    HELP A FRIEND THAN A STRANGER
    • MORE AROUSED PERSONS HELPED
    WHEN A STACK OF CHAIRS FELL
    ON EXPERIMENTER
    LABEL AROUSAL

    • PLACEBO DRUG TO EXPLAIN


    AROUSAL DECREASES HELPING
    LABEL AROUSAL

    250
    TIME BEFORE HELPING

    200
    NONAROUSAL
    150 PLACEBO

    AROUSAL
    100
    PALACEBO

    50

    0
    UNAMBIGUOUS AMBIGUOUS
    EMERGENCY EMERGENCY
    TYPES OF AROUSAL

    • PERSONAL DISTRESS (EGOISM)


    ALARM, HORROR, DISTRESS

    • EMPATHIC CONCERN (ALTRUISM)


    COMPASSION, SYMPATHY,
    CONCERN FOR OTHER

    • MOTIVATE DIFFERENT PATTERNS


    OF HELPING
    BATSON’S ELAINE STUDIES
    100
    90 EMPATHY
    80
    70 PERSONAL
    Percent Helping

    60 DISTRESS
    50

    40

    30
    20

    10
    0
    EASY HARD
    ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY
    • DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
    • CAR TROUBLE,
    • REPORTING THEFT
    (50% ALONE; 25% WITH OTHERS)
    • SEIZURE STUDY
    SEIZURE STUDY
    100 ONLY
    90
    PERCENT HELPING

    +ONE
    80
    70 +FOUR

    60
    50
    40
    30
    20
    10
    0
    75sec 300sec
    ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY

    • DIFFUSION
    – LESS DIFFUSION WITH FRIENDS
    • EXPERTISE
    – HOW TO TREAT SEIZURE
    OTHERS MORE EXPERT
    • MODELS
    – STALLED CAR, CHARITY
    ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY

    • NORMS
    • NEED (DROPPED BOOKS)
    • REASON FOR NEED
    – (INVALID VS DRUNK)
    • RECIPROCITY
    • DON’T MEDDLE
    – (FRIEND VS ATTACK)
    • PERSONAL COMMITMENT
    – (20% vs 90% if asked to watch stuff)
    COST-REWARD ANALYSIS

    • BLOODY VICTIM
    • WHEN LATE
    • LESS GROUP DECREASE WITH
    DANGER
    – (STOPPING RAPE)
    • DANGER INVOLVED
    – MUSCLE BUILDER (50% VS 16%)
    MUSCLE BUILDER
    50
    45
    40
    35
    30 FRIENDLY
    25 INSULTING
    20 THREATENING
    15
    10
    5
    0
    PERCENT CORRECTING INSTRUCTIONS
    COSTS - BEING LATE
    70

    60
    Percent Helping

    50

    40

    30

    20

    10

    0
    EARLY ON TIME LATE
    TAKE ACTION

    • DIRECT OR INDIRECT HELP


    OTHER FACTORS
    • MOOD
    • GUILT
    • VICTIM CHARACTERISTICS
    – LOOKS, SEX,
    • TERRITORY
    – AIRPORT 41%; SUBWAY 83% HELPED
    FALL VICTIM
    MOTIVES
    • ALTRUISM- DESIRE TO IMPROVE
    ANOTHER PERSON’S WELFARE
    • EGOISM - HELPING MOTIVATED BY
    SELF-INTEREST

    • REWARDS & PUNISHMENTS FOR HELPING


    OR NOT HELPING
    • NEGATIVE STATE RELIEF MODEL
    (PERSONAL DISTRESS)
    • EMPATHIC JOY

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