1

COMPOUND ANGLES

Complete :

(a) sin(A B) =
(b) cos(A B) =

(3) cos 6A =

. . . in terms of 3A

(2)

2
If 90 < A < 360 and tan A = , determine without using
3

a calculator (leave your answer in surd form where applicable) :

(a) sin A
(b) cos 2A - sin 2A
(3)(4)

(4)
(3)

3.1

2.2 Determine the value of sin(A + B) if 5cos A - 4 = 0

and 12 tan B + 5 = 0 ; A and B [ 0; 180 ]

(8)

3.2

Given : cos x = t
Express each of the following in terms of t :
(b) sin2x
(c) cos 2x
(a) cos(180 + x)

(5)

3.3

If cos 18 = k, express the following in terms of k :

(a) sin 18
(b) cos 162
(c) tan 108
(d) cos(- 36)

Use the formula for cos(x - y) to show, without using a

3 +1
2 2

Show that sin(A + B) - sin(A - B) = 2cos A sin B.

Hence calculate

sin 105 - sin 15

without using a
sin 105 + sin 15

calculator (leave your answer in surd form).

5.1 Prove that cos(A + B) - cos(A - B) = - 2sin A sin B.
Now factorise cos 5x - cos x.
5.2 Evaluate
(a) cos 75 + cos 15 without using a calculator.
(b) 2sin 195. sin 45
6

Simplify the following expression :

Simplify :
(a) sin 70 cos 40 - cos 70 sin 40
(b) sin(90 - x) cos x + cos(90 - x) sin x
(c) cos(x + 70) cos(x + 40) + sin(x + 70) sin(x + 40)
(d) cos 70 cos 10 + cos 20 cos 80

(6)

11.1 For which values of x is this identity undefined ?

Hence determine the maximum value of

sin(45 + x) . sin(45 - x) and the corresponding value(s)
of x [ 0; 180 ].

1 - cos 2
= tan
sin 2

2.1 Hence deduce that tan 15 = 2 - 3

(6)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(2)(2)
(2)(2)
(6)

13

Prove the identity : cos 3A = 4 cos A - 3 cos A

14

(5)

(4)

1.
3

5
6

(8)

sin x - sin 2x
= tan x
cos x - cos 2x - 1

(5)

1 - cos 2x - sin x
= tan x
sin 2x cos x

(7)

sin y + sin 2 y
= tan y
cos y + cos 2y + 1

(5)

cos 2x - cos x
cos x - 1
=
sin 2x + sin x
sin x

(4)

= tan x

(5)

1.34

Prove that : sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin A.

14.1 Hence, determine the general solution for A if :

(5)
(5)
(7)

(sin 15 + cos 15)

2.

sin 40 cos 40
cos 10

tan(- 330 ) . sin 120 . sin 250

cos 215 . sin 325

(6)

A
A
A
A

- cos
+ cos
sin
sin

2
2
2
2

(sin 75 - cos 75 ) (sin 75 + cos 75 )

tan(- 150 ) sin 300
sin 15
cos(45 - x) cos x
sin 6x
Evaluate
sin 2x

(4)(3)

cos 15
- sin (45 - x ) sin x
cos 6x
cos 2x

(8)

(4)
(5)

# 5 : Solve the following equations . . .

(5)

2sin 2 x

7.1 For which values of x [0 ; 180] , will the

expression above be undefined?

(5)

sin 2 - cos
cos
=
sin - cos 2
1 + sin

(?)
(5)

# 4 : Simplify the following expressions :

(without the use of a calculator)

2tan x - sin 2 x

1
sin 8
8

sin cos cos 2 cos 4 =

(2)(1)(2)

1
cos 2x
2

(2)

Prove the following identity :

(4)

8 sin A = 6 sin A + 1.

Calculate, without using a calculator, the value of

sin(90 + 2 ) if 3 cos = 1

sin 2x cos 2x tan 2x

.
.
= 4 cos2x
sin x cos x tan x

(7)

12

(a) Derive the formula for sin 2A from the formula for
sin(A + B).
(2)
(b) Derive three formulae for cos 2A from the formula for
cos(A + B).
(4)

Copyright The Answer

(5)

cos x - cos 2x + 2
1 + cos x
=
3sin x - sin 2x
sin x
sin 2 . tan
2
10
= tan
cos 2 + 1
1 - sin 2x
= sin x - cos x
11
sin x - cos x

# 3 : Prove the following identities :

are both acute, solve for P and Q if

Given that P and Q

1
sin P sin Q - cos P cos Q =
2
1
sin P cos Q - cos P sin Q =
2

If sin 9 = a, calculate without using a calculator, the

value of sin 18 in terms of a.

sin(45 + x) . sin(45 - x) =

(5)
(6)

# 2 : sin 2A & cos 2A

1

5.1

5.2

If cos 61 = p , express the following in terms of p :

(a) sin 209
(b) cos(- 421)
(c) cos 1
(3)(3)(6)

and
9

(6)

sin 3x + sin 7x
cos 3x + cos 7x

[ HINT : 3x = (5x - 2x) and 7x = (5x + 2x) ]

(2)
(4)

(2)

2.1 Use the identity cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

to show that sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B.

calculator, that : cos 15 =

TOPICS QUESTIONS

(2)

(2) sin A =

. . . in terms of 2A
. . . in terms of A

(1) sin 4A =

# 1 : sin(A B) & cos(A B)

1

TRIGONOMETRY

(c) Now, deduce :

(Gr 12 only)

sin 2x = tan 225 cos 210 for x [0 ; 180]

(7)

sin 2x + cos x = 0 for x [0 ; 180]

(5)

sin 2x + sin2x = 0 for x [0 ; 180]

(7)

cos2x - 5cosx - 2 = 0

(6)

(general solution)
cos 2x + 7sin x - 4 = 0 for x [0 ; 180]

cos 2 + 3 sin2 - 4sin + 2 = 0 for [-180; 180]

(7)

cos 2x - 7cos x . tan x = 4 and x [ - 180 ; 90]

(8)

(general solution)
9
sin(x + 30) = - cos 2x (general solution)
10 sin 2x - sin x + 2sin2x - cos x = 0 (general solution)
11 sin 2x + sin x = 6 cosx + 3 for - 180 x 0
8

sin 2 = cos(- 3)

12

sin 2x
= 1
cos 2x - 1

x [ 90 ; 270 ]

13

4sin x cos x = 1

x [ 0 ; 90 ]

14

6sin2x + 2sin 2x = 1

and

- 90 x 90

(8)

(6)
(8)
(8)
(7)
(7)
(4)
(10)

COMPOUND ANGLES

M
TRIGONOMETRY

5.1

2.1

Let 5x = 3x + 2 ; then x = 3x - 2x

sin(A + B) = cos[90 - (A + B)]

12

A in 1st Quad.:

- 12

4
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

TOPICS ANSWERS

3 + 1
2 2

...

But also, sin2A + cos2A = 1 cos2A = 1 - sin2A

and sin2A = 1 - cos2A
cos 2A = (1 - sin A) - sin2A = 1 - 2sin2A g
2

(i.e. A = 60 & B = 45)

2 1 1
sin 105 - sin 15
2cos 60 sin 45
2 2
=
=
= 1 g
then
sin 105 + sin 15
2sin 60 cos 45

3
2 3 1
2 2

=
8

61

29

1 - p2 . . .

= 2cos A - 1 g

p +

1 - p2 . 3
2

- cos(P + Q) = 1

90 < A 360

P+Q =
=
+:
2P =
P =

tan A = + 2

3
A

-3

(a)

sin A = - 2

(b)

cos 2A - sin 2A

-2

13

(Pyth)

13

= 2cos2A - 1 - 2sin A cos A

sin(P - Q) = 1

P - Q = 30 . . .

180 - 60
Applying formulae for
120 . . .
cos(P + Q) & sin(P - Q)
150
75 & Q = 45

M1.62

x
x x

A in 3rd Quadrant :

(3) cos 6A = cos 2(3A) = cos23A - sin23A

(Pythag)

cos(P + Q) = - 1

or cos 2A = cos A - (1 - cos A)

= cos2A - 1 + cos2A

(2) sin A = sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A

1 - p . 3
2

= p. 1 +
2

sin(A + B) - sin(A - B) = cos A sin B - (- cos A sin B) . . . -

= 2 cos A sin B g

= cos A - sin A g

(c) (1) sin 4A = 2sin 2A cos 2A

p
cos 61 =
1

...
...

xy + yx = 2xy !

(b) cos 2A = cos(A + A) = cos A cos A - sin A sin A

(c) cos 1 = cos(61 - 60) ! ! !

= cos 61 cos 60 + sin 61 sin 60

Similarly : sin(A + B) + sin(A - B) = 2 sin A cos B

(b) cos(- 421) = cos(- 61) = cos 61 = p g

sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

& sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

cos 70 cos 10 + sin 70 sin 10 . . . formula for cos(A - B)

= cos[70 - 10]
= cos 60

(a) sin 2A = sin(A + A) = sin A cos A + cos A sin A

= 2sin A cos A g

. . . see formula in Q4

(a) sin 209 = - sin 29 = - p g

2 2

. . . formula for cos(A - B)

= tan 5x g

= 1 3 + 1 1

Copyright The Answer

sin 5x
=
cos 5x

3
2

. . . formula for sin(A + B)

# 2 : sin 2A & cos 2A

sin(5x - 2x) + sin(5x + 2x)

cos(5x - 2x) + cos(5x + 2x)
2sin 5x cos 2x
=
2cos 5x cos 2x

cos(x - y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

Let 105 = 60 + 45
& 15 = 60 - 45

(d)

= - 3 + 1
2
2
- 3 + 1
=
g
2

cos 15 = cos(45 - 30) = cos 45 cos 30 + sin 45 sin 30

= cos 150 - cos 240

= - cos 30 - (- cos 60)

cos[(x + 70) - (x + 40)]

= cos 30

- 2sin A sin B = cos(A + B) - cos(A - B)

2sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)

(Pyth)

5 13

2 2

(c)

= 1

2sin 195. sin45 = cos(195 - 45) - cos(195 + 45)

= 3 - 12 + 4 5

5 13
= - 36 + 4
65
13
- 36 + 20
=
65
- 16
=
g
65

5.1 :

(b)

xx x
x

nd
B in 2 Quad.:

3 (Pyth)

sin[(90 - x) + x]
= sin 90
= 1 g

2 2
3 g
2

13

(b)

= 2 1 3

x xx
x

& B [0; 180]

(i.e. A = 3x & B = 2x)

. . . formula for sin(A - B)

(a) Similarly to above formula :

= sin A cos B + cos A sin B g

sin(70 - 40)
= sin 30
= 1

cos 75 + cos 15 = cos(45 + 30) + cos(45 - 30)

= 2cos 45 cos 30 . . . A = 45 & B = 30

= cos(90 - A) cos B + sin(90 - A) sin B

& tan B = - 5

(a)

cos(A + B) + cos(A - B) = 2cos A cos B

the cos of the

= cos[(90 - A) - B] . . . difference of 2 angles !

= - 2sin 3x sin 2x g
5.2

cos A = 4 & A [0; 180]

cos 5x - cos x = cos(3x + 2x) - cos(3x - 2x)

(a) sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B g

(b) cos (A B) = cos A cos B " sin A sin B g
= cos(90 - A - B)

2.2

...
...

cos(A + B) - cos(A - B) = - sin A sin B - sin A sin B . . .

= - 2sin A sin B g

# 1 : sin(A B) & cos(A B)

1

cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

& cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

= 2 - 3 - 1 - 2 - 2 - 3

13

= 2 9 - 1 - 12

13
13
18 - 13 - 12
13
= - 7 g
13

13

13

...

# 3 : Proving identities :

1 - a2

sin 18 = sin 2(9) = 2 sin 9 cos 9 = 2a . 1 - a2 g

3.2

3.3

cos x = t
1

(a)

cos(180 + x) = - cos x = - t g

(b)

sin2x = 1 - cos2x = 1 - t2 g

(c)

cos 2x = 2cos2x - 1 = 2t2 - 1 g

18

1 - k2

72

sin 18 =

(b)

cos 162 = - cos 18 = - k g

(c)

tan 108 = - tan 72 = -

1 - k2

k
1 - k2

cos = 1

1 - cos 30
sin 30

(2cos x + 1) (cos x - 1)
sin x (2cos x + 1)

3
2 2
=
%
1
2
2
2 - 3
=
1

cos x - 1
= RHS g
sin x

LHS =

2sin cos - cos

2

sin - (1 - 2sin )
cos (2sin - 1)

cos (2sin - 1)

sin - 1 + 2sin2

2.

sin x
- 2sin x cos x
cos x
cos x
%

2sin2 x
cos x

2sin x - 2sin x cos2 x

2sin2 x . cos x

2sin x (1 - cos2 x)
2sin2 x . cos x

cos
= RHS g
1 + sin

= tan x = RHS g

LHS =

1 cos2x - 1 sin2x

2
2
cos2x - 1 sin2x
2
2

2sin + sin - 1

sin x - 2sin x cos x

2

(cos x - sin x)
cos 2x = RHS g

cos x - (2cos x - 1) - 1
sin x (1 - 2cos x)
2

LHS =

. . . maximum value of cos = 1 !

1 - (1 - 2sin2 x) - sin x
LHS =
2sin x cos x - cos x

2sin 2 x - sin x
cos x (2sin x - 1)

10

sin x (2sin x - 1)
cos x (2sin x - 1)
sin x
=
cos x

=
when cos 2x = 1

. . . 2 x [0; 360]
. . . x [0; 180]

2 sin2 x . cos x
sin x
cos x

cos x - (2cos2 x - 1) + 2
3sin x - 2sin x cos x

cos x - 2cos2 x + 3
sin x (3 - 2cos x)

3 + cos x - 2cos2 x
sin x (3 - 2cos x)

(3 - 2cos x) (1 + cos x)
sin x (3 - 2cos x)

1 + cos x
= RHS g
sin x

= tan x = RHS g

= Maximum value of 1 cos 2x

2x = 0 or 360
x = 0 or 180

- 2cos x + cos x
- sin x (2cos x - 1)
=
- cos x (2cos x - 1)
sin x
=
cos x

= 1 ( 1)

LHS =

OR :
2sin x - 2sin x cos2 x
1
%
cos x
2sin2 x

2 sin x . sin2 x

Maximum value of sin(45 + x) . sin(45 - x)

2
= 1
2

2cos2 x - cos x - 1
sin x (2cos x + 1)

cos (2sin - 1)
(2sin - 1) (sin + 1)

2cos2 x - 1 - cos x
2sin x cos x + sin x

= sin245 cos2x - cos245 sin2x . . . (a + b)(a - b) = a - b

LHS =

= 2 -1

LHS = (sin 45 cos x + cos 45 sin x)(sin 45 cos x - cos 45 sin x)

= tan y = RHS g

= 2 1 - 1

= -7

5.2

LHS =

cos x
sin x

sin y + 2sin y cos y

cos y + 2cos2 y - 1 + 1

sin y (1 + 2cos y)
=
cos y (1 + 2cos y)

= 2- 3 g

1
2
1
2
1
2

sin 2x
sin x
cos 2x .
cos x

LHS =

tan 15 =

5.1

sin
1 - (1 - 2sin2 )
2sin2
=
=
= tan = RHS g
cos
2sin cos
2sin cos

2.1

= 2k - 1 g

= 2cos2 - 1

LHS =

&

cos x

2 . 2 sin x cos x

cos(- 36) = cos 36 = cos 2(18)

sin(90 + 2) = cos 2

sin x

cos 2x

1 -

= 2cos218 - 1

2 sin x . cos x

= 4cos2x = RHS g

(a)

(d)

cos 18 = k

1 - t2

LHS =

TRIGONOMETRY

sin 9 = a

2sin cos .

TOPICS ANSWERS

3.1

sin
cos

2cos2 - 1 + 1

2
= 2sin 2

2cos

= tan x = RHS g

M1.63

= tan2 = RHS g

Copyright The Answer

11

TRIGONOMETRY

LHS =

# 4 : Simplifying expressions :

sin2 x + cos2 x - 2sin x cos x

sin x - cos x

sin2 x - 2sin x cos x + cos2 x

sin x - cos x

(sin x - cos x)2

sin x - cos x

= 11

Undefined when sin x - cos x = 0

sin x = cos x
tan x = 1
(+ cos x)

=
=
=
=

1 .2 sin 40 cos 40
2
sin 80

Exp. =

= cos (2A + A)
= cos 2A cos A - sin 2A sin A
= (2cos2A - 1) cos A - 2sin2A cos A . . .
3

sin 2A
= 2sin A cos A

= 2cos A - cos A - 2cos A (1 - cos A)

= 2cos3A - cos A - 2cos A + 2cos3A

3

= 4cos A - 3cos A = RHS g

= sin 2A cos A + cos 2A sin A
= 2sin A(1 - sin2A) + sin A - 2sin3A
3

= 2sin A - 2sin A + sin A - 2sin A

-- 3
2

=
-1
2

= 3sin A - 4sin3A = RHS g

8sin3A - 6sin A = 1

TOPICS ANSWERS

sin 3A = - 1
2

3A = 180 + 30 + n(360), n Z

. . . see no. 14
. . . III

sin 2x = (+ tan 45)(- cos 30)

...

Note :

x [0; 180] 2x [0; 360]

x x

x = 90 g . . . sin x > 0 for x [0; 180]

...

sin2 - cos2
= - (cos2 - sin2)
= - cos 2

2sin x cos x + sin2x = 0

sin x(2cos x + sin x) = 0
sin x = 0
OR
2cos x = - sin x
x = 0 or 180 g
(- cos x) - 2 = tan x
x = 180 - 63,43
= 116,57 g
2

2cos x - 1 - 5cos x - 2 = 0
2cos2x - 5cos x - 3 = 0
(2cos x + 1)(cos x - 3) = 0
cos x = - 1

1 .2 sin 15 cos 15
1 . sin 30
2
= 2
=
cos [(45 - x) + x]
cos 45

1.1
2 2 =
1
2

. . . cos x 3 - 1 cos x 1

x = 120 + n(360), n Z g
2 g
4

2sin2x - 7sin x + 3 = 0
(2sin x - 1)(sin x - 3) = 0
2

. . . sin x 3 - 1 sin x 1

x = 30 or 150 g

M1.64

for all !

1 - 2sin x + 7sin x - 4 = 0

sin x = 1

A = 110 + n(120) g

; ref L = 60

cos x = 0 or sin x = - 1 for x [0; 180]

% 2

. . . IV

2sin x cos x + cos x = 0

cos x (2sin x + 1) = 0

. . . cos 2A formula

= 330 + n(360)

Copyright The Answer

= - 3

A = 70 + n(120) g
or 3A = 360 - 30 + n(360), n Z

The expression is undefined when

sin 2x = 0
OR
cos 2x = 0 . . .
. . . i.e. when the denominator = 0
2x = 0 + n(180)
2x = 90 + n(180)
x = 0 + n(90)
x = 45 + n(90)

. . . cos 150 = - cos 30

= 210 + n(360)

= sin 4x
= sin 2(2x)
= 2sin 2x cos 2x

2x = 240 or 300
x = 120 or 150 g

=- 3 g

- 4sin3A + 3sin A = - 1

2sin 2x . cos 2x
sin 2x . cos 2x

= - 3

= - cos A g

- cos 150
-1
2

sin2 75 - cos2 75
Expression =
tan 30. (- sin 60)

= 2sin A cos2A + (1 - 2sin2A). sin A

sin(6x - 2x)
sin 2x . cos 2x

= (+ 1) - 3

- cos 2(75)
=
1 .- 3

3 2

LHS = sin 3A = sin(2A + A)

(- 2)

sin2 A - cos2 A = - cos 2 A - sin 2 A

2

# 5 : Solving equations . . .

tan 30 . sin 60 . (- sin 70)

(- cos 35) . (- sin 35)

sin 6x . cos 2x - cos 6x . sin 2x

sin 2x . cos 2x

When x = 0 ; 45 ; 90 ; 135 or 180 g

= -1 g

LHS = cos 3A

14.1

7.1

1 . 2sin 35 cos 35
= - 2
cos 35. sin 35

= LHS g

14

sin 40 cos 40
= 1
2sin 40 cos 40
2

1 . 3 . sin 2(35)
2
= - 3
+ cos 35. sin 35

= sin . cos . cos 2 . cos 4

13

Expr. =

Exp. =

= 2 g

OR : The denominator
= sin 80
= sin 2(40)
= 2 sin 40 cos 40

sin 80

= 1

8
1 . 2sin 4 cos 4
8
1 . 2 . sin 2(2) . cos 4
8
1 . 2 . 2sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 4
8
1 . 2 . 2 . 2sin . cos . cos 2 . cos 4
8

60

= 2

RHS = 1 sin 2(4)

. . . sin 30 = 1

1 .sin 80

2 30

. . . sin + cos = 1

= 1 + sin 30

x = 45 + n(180), n Z

12

sin215 + 2sin 15 cos 15 + cos215

= sin215 + cos215 + sin 2(15)

= sin x - cos x = RHS g

11.1

for all !

11

sin = 1
. . . sin
= 90 g
1
- 180

cos x = - 1

3!

90 180

sin x
1 - 2sin x - 7 cos x .
-4 = 0
cos x

. . . sin x

x = - 150 or - 30 g

12

x x

sin 2 = + cos 3

= + sin (90 - 3)

INVERT :

-3 !

...I

3!

= 1

cos x
= 1
sin x

- tan x = 1
tan x = - 1
x = 135 g

2 . 2sin x cos x = 1
(+ 2)

sin 2x = 1

2x = 30 or 150 . . .
x = 15 or 75 g

the reference angle

x [0; 90]
2x [0; 180]
2

6sin2x + 2 . 2sin x cos x = sin x + cos x

14
2

5sin x + 4sin x cos x - cos x = 0

= 18 + n(72) g

(5sin x - cos x)(sin x + cos x) = 0

2 = 180 - (90 - 3) + n(360), n Z

. . . II

= 90 + 3 + n(360)

5sin x = cos x
or
(+ cos x) 5 tan x = 1
tan x = 1 (= 0,2)

- = 90 + n(360)

sin x = - cos x
tan x = - 1
x = - 45 g

= - 90 + n(360)

x = 11,31 g

= 270 + n(360) g
9

13

. . . cos (- ) = cos

2 = 90 - 3 + n(360), n Z
5 = 90 + n(360)
OR :

2sin x cos x

1 - 2sin2 x - 1

- 150 - 30
1
- 180
- 90

x = - 120 g

- 2sin2x - 7sin x - 3 = 0
2sin2x + 7sin x + 3 = 0
(2sin x + 1)(sin x + 3) = 0
sin x = - 1

. . . sin x

y = sin

2sin x cos x + sin x - 6cos x - 3 = 0

sin x(2cos x + 1) - 3(2cos x + 1) = 0
(2cos x + 1)(sin x - 3) = 0

TRIGONOMETRY

1 - 2sin + 3sin2 - 4sin + 2 = 0

sin2 - 4sin + 3 = 0
(sin - 1)(sin - 3) = 0

sin(x + 30) = - cos 2x

x x

= - sin(90 - 2x)

the reference angle

x + 30 = 180 + (90 - 2x) + n(360), n Z . . . III

3x = 240 + n(360)
x = 80 + n(120) g
OR : x + 30 = 360 - (90 - 2x) + n(360), n Z

. . . IV

- x = 240 + n(360)
x = - 240 + n(360)
x = 120 + n(360) g

TOPICS ANSWERS

2sin x cos x - sin x + 2sin2x - cos x = 0

10

2sin x cos x + 2sin2x - cos x - sin x = 0

2sin x (cos x + sin x) - (cos x + sin x) = 0
(cos x + sin x)(2sin x - 1) = 0
cos x = - sin x
+ (- cos x)

- 1 = tan x

x = 135 + n(180), n Z g

OR

sin x = 1

x = 30 + n(360), n Z g

or

x = 150 + n(360), n Z g

M1.65

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