Chap 34

Into a New Century 1992present
Why It Matters
During the 1990s, a technological revolution transformed society. President Clinton pushed for budget cuts, health care and welfare reforms, and global trade. He also worked for peace in the Middle East and the Balkans. In 2000 George W. Bush won the presidency. He supported tax cuts, a new energy program, increased trade, and a missile defense system. After terrorists killed thousands of people in the United States, the new president launched a war on terrorism.
The Impact Today

Major developments of the era continue to influence modern society. The use of the Internet is widespread in commerce, schools, and government. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) continues to shape economic relations between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The debate between conservatives and liberals continues in the United States.
The American Vision Video The Chapter 34 video, Americas Response to Terrorism, examines how ordinary Americans responded to the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C.
1994 U.S., Mexico, and Canada inaugurate NAFTA 1991 U.S. leads coalition of nations against Iraq in Operation Desert Storm
G. Bush 19891993
1996 Bill Clinton reelected 1995 Budget impasse shuts down federal government Oklahoma City bombing
1993 Mosaic, the first popular Web browser is released

Clinton 19932001
1996
1990
1991 Bosnia declares independence from Yugoslavia 1992 Earth Day summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1993
1993 Israeli-Palestinian peace accord signed European Union launched
1994 Multiracial elections held in South Africa; Nelson Mandela elected president
1995 Cease-fire signed in Bosnian war
1010
January 20, 2001: George W. Bush is inaugurated as the nations 43rd president. 2001 First map of the human genome completed Terrorist attacks destroy World Trade Center and damage Pentagon
2000 Electoral crisis delays naming of 43rd president 1998 House of Representatives impeaches President Clinton 1999 Senate acquits Clinton
2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah
HISTORY
G.W. Bush 2001
1999
2002
Chapter Overview
Visit the American Vision Web site at tav.glencoe.com and click on Chapter Overviews Chapter 34 to preview chapter information.
1997 Britain returns control of Hong Kong to China
2000 Mexicos election of Vicente Fox ends 71 years of single-party rule
2001 China chosen to be site of 2008 Olympic Games
1011
The Technological Revolution

Main Idea
The introduction of the first electronic digital computer in 1946 launched a technological revolution.
Reading Strategy
Categorizing As you read about the computer age, complete a chart similar to the one below to describe products that revolutionized the computer industry.
How It Revolutionized Computer Industry Microprocessors Apple II Macintosh Windows
Reading Objectives
Describe the evolution of the computer from scientific tool to household appliance. Evaluate how the computer has revolutionized science, medicine, and communications.
Key Terms and Names

ENIAC, integrated circuit, Silicon Valley, microprocessor, Bill Gates, software, telecommute, Internet, biotechnology, James Watson, Francis Crick, DNA
Section Theme
Economic Factors The computer has helped reshape the nations economy.
1993
1993 Mosaic, the first popular Web browser, introduced
1996
1996 Congress deregulates telephone companies
1999
1999 Over 86 million Americans own cell phones
2002
2001 Human Genome Project maps the human genome
After years as a magazine editor and television news commentator, Michael Kinsley jumped into the new technology of the Internet in 1996, by agreeing to edit an online magazine called Slate. I was determined, Kinsley said, to be on the next train to pull out of the station no matter where it was goingprovided that I was the engineer. Soon newspaper and print magazines were also developing Web resources. Television stations also used the Internet to update news stories, allowing consumers to access news when and how they wanted. As Kinsley explained: Web readers surf. They go quickly from site to site. If they really like a particular site, they may visit it often, but they are unlikely to devote a continuous half-hour or more to any one site. . . . This appears to be in the nature of the Web and not something that is likely to change.
Michael Kinsley
from Slate Goes Free, Slate, February 13, 1999
The Rise of the Compact Computer

The development of a computer capable of supporting publications such as Slate began at the end of World War II. The worlds first electronic digital computer, called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), went into operation in
1012 CHAPTER 34 Into a New Century
February 1946. ENIAC weighed over 30 tons and was the size of a small house. In early 1959, Robert Noyce designed the first integrated circuita complete electronic circuit on a single chip of siliconwhich made circuits much smaller and very easy to manufacture. Noyces company was located south of San Francisco. As new companies sprang up nearby to make products using integrated circuits, the region became known as Silicon Valley. In 1968 Noyce and colleague Gordon Moore formed Intel, for Integrated Electronics, a company that revolutionized computers by combining on a single chip several integrated circuits containing both memory and computing functions. Called microprocessors, these new chips further reduced the size of computers, increased their speed.
Machines (IBM) introduced its own compact machine, which it called the Personal Computer (PC). Apple responded in 1984 with the revolutionary Macintosh, a new model featuring a simplified operating system using on-screen graphic symbols called icons, which users could manipulate with a hand-operated device called a mouse.
HISTORY
Student Web Activity Visit the
American Vision Web site tav.glencoe.com and click on Student Web Activities Chapter 34 for an activity on the technological revolution.
Computers for Everyone Using microprocessor technology, Stephen Wozniak and his 20-year-old friend Steven Jobs set out to build a small computer suitable for personal use. In 1976 they founded Apple Computer and completed the Apple I. The following year they introduced the Apple II, the first practical and affordable home computer. Apples success sparked intense competition in the computer industry. In 1981 International Business
History
Apple Founders In 1984 Apple president John Sculley (center), along with Steve Jobs (left) and Steve Wozniak, show off their new briefcasesized Apple IIc computer. On what basic technology do personal computers rely?
Bill Gates and Microsoft As Jobs and Wozniak were creating Apple, 19-year-old Harvard dropout Bill Gates co-founded Microsoft to design PC software, the instructions used to program computers to perform desired tasks. In 1980 IBM hired Microsoft to develop an operating system for its new PC. Gates quickly paid a Seattle programmer $50,000 for the rights to his software, and with some refinements, it became MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). In 1985 Microsoft introduced the Windows operating system, which enabled PCs to use the mouseactivated, on-screen graphic icons that the Macintosh had popularized. Soaring sales and rising Microsoft stock values made Gates a billionaire at the age of 31. Compact computers soon transformed the workplace, linking employees within an office or among office branches. They became essential tools in virtually every kind of business. By the late 1990s, many workers used home computers and electronic mail to telecommute, or do their jobs via computer without having to go to the office.
Reading Check Describing How was Microsoft
different from other computer companies?
The Telecommunications Revolution

A parallel revolution in communications coincided with the growing impact of computers. In the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the government loosened telecommunications regulations, allowing more companies to compete in the telephone and television industries. In 1996 Congress passed the Telecommunications Act. This act allowed telephone companies to compete with each other and to send television signals, but it also permitted cable television companies to offer telephone service. Such developments spurred the creation of new
CHAPTER 34 Into a New Century 1013
technologies such as Web-enabled cellular phones and other mixing of data-platforms.
Reading Check Explaining How did deregulation

affect the telecommunications industry?
The Rise of the Internet

Digital electronics also made possible a new worldwide communications system. The Internet let computer users post and receive information and communicate with each other. It had its roots in a computer networking system that the U.S. Defense Departments Advanced Research Project Agency established in 1969. Known as ARPANET, this system linked government agencies, defense contractors, and scientists at various universities, enabling them to communicate with each other by electronic mail. In 1985 the National Science Foundation funded several supercomputer centers across the country. This paved the way for the Internet, a global information system that operated commercially rather than through the government. At first, Internet users employed different types of information. With the development of the hypertext transport protocol (http) and new software known as Web browsers, the Internet rapidly expanded. Users
could now click on Internet links using their computer mouse and easily jump from Web site to Web site. Internet use expanded by almost 300 percent between 1997 and 2000. The Internet also spawned a dot-com economy (from the common practice of using a business name as a World Wide Web address, followed by .com). Seemingly rich with promise, a wide variety of dot.com companies made millions of dollars for stock investors without ever earning actual profit from operations. Internet-related stocks helped fuel the prosperity of the 1990s but dropped dramatically in 2000, raising questions about the ultimate profitability of online companies.
Reading Check Explaining How did the Internet

expand business opportunities?
Breakthroughs in Biotechnology
Computers greatly assisted scientists engaged in biotechnologythe managing of biological systems to improve human life. Computers made it possible to study and manipulate genes and cells at the molecular level. Through biotechnology, researchers developed new medicines, animal growth hormones, genetically engineered plants, and industrial chemicals.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

One extension of computer technology is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An MRI allows physicians to diagnose certain diseases, abnormalities, and injuries without resorting to x-rays or surgery. An MRI unit is made up of a large cylindrical magnet, devices for transmitting and receiving radio signals, and a computer. Why do you think physicians prefer MRIs over x-rays and surgery?
1 A large cylindrical
magnet with a magnetic field 30,000 times stronger than the earths magnetic field surrounds the patient. cylindrical magnet
2 Radio signals are

transmitted within the machine and pass through the patients body. computer
radio signals
3 A computer converts
the radio signals into precise images of the bodys internal structure.
The first steps toward biotechnology came in 1953, when American molecular biologist James Watson and his British colleague, Francis Crick, deciphered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is the genetic material in cells that determine all forms of life. Once scientists learned how to read the message of DNA, their new knowledge improved medical research and provided law enforcement with new methods of identification. Further research in biotechnology created artificial genes and assisted genetic engineering for plants, animals, and humans.
Unraveling the Secrets of Life
in History
Jerry Yang
1968
Jerry Yang was born in Taiwan in 1968 and immigrated with his family to San Jose, California, when he was 10 years old. Yang is a cofounder of Yahoo!, one of the worlds best-known gateways to information and consumer goods on the Web. It is estimated that by the late 1990s, around 40 million people were visiting the Yahoo! Web site every month. The company developed out of Yangs desire to be able to find good Web sites quickly. At Stanford University, he and cofounder David Filo were doctoral students sharing office space in a trailer. They also shared information on their favorite Web sites, and Yang began compiling a list of them. He nicknamed the list Jerrys Guide to the World Wide Web, and he posted it on the Internet. Inquiries to the site boomed, and Yang and Filo concluded that they had found an untapped market. With the help of a loan from an imaginative venture capitalist, Yahoo! was born. Yang says they chose the name because it suggested the sort of Wild West character of the Internet. The mission for Yahoo! was not just to collect Web sites but to organize them into convenient categories, such as news, sports, games, and weather. Yahoo! became a popular gateway, or portal, to the Web.
The Human Genome Project
For years scientists talked of mapping out the human genome by recording the DNA sequence of the human species. With the development of supercomputers, the Human Genome Project began in earnest at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1990. NIH decided to place all of the Human Genome Projects data on the Internet to make it available to scientists all over the world, free of charge. Researchers hoped to prevent any single nation or private laboratory from controlling the outcome and limiting the use of genome findings. In February 2001, the project completed its first map of
the human genome. Medical researchers expected that this information would help them determine which genes made people more susceptible to disease, thereby improving medical diagnoses and preventive medication and assisting in finding cures.
Reading Check Explaining How did computers

assist the development of biotechnology?
Checking for Understanding 1. Define: microprocessor, software, telecommute, Internet, DNA. 2. Identify: ENIAC, integrated circuit, Silicon Valley, Bill Gates, biotechnology, James Watson, Francis Crick. 3. Explain how scientific discoveries in biotechnology have improved peoples lives. Reviewing Themes
4. Economic Factors How have personal computers transformed the workplace?
Critical Thinking 5. Analyzing How have advances in telecommunications and the rise of the Internet affected the standard of living in the United States? 6. Organizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by listing developments that led to the technological revolution.
Analyzing Visuals 7. Analyzing Photographs Study the crowd in the photograph of George W. Bushs inauguration on page 1011. How would you describe the attitudes reflected in the faces of the people photographed?
Technological Revolution
Writing About History 8. Descriptive Writing Write two paragraphs describing the ways that you and your family use the Internet and how your way of life would be different without it.
The Clinton Years

Main Idea
Although President Clinton struggled with Republicans in Congress and faced impeachment, several major economic and social reforms were achieved during his presidency.
Reading Strategy
Taking Notes As you read about the administration of President Clinton, use the major headings of the section to create an outline similar to the one below.
The Clinton Years I. Clintons Agenda A. B. C. D. II.
Reading Objectives
Describe the difficulties and successes of Bill Clintons two terms as president. Discuss the nations involvement in world affairs during the Clinton presidency.
Key Terms and Names

AmeriCorps, Contract with America, Kenneth Starr, perjury, ethnic cleansing, Dayton Accords
Section Theme
Economic Factors The United States, along with much of the industrialized world, experienced economic prosperity in the 1990s.
1993
1993 Israeli-Palestinian peace accord 1994 Republicans win both houses of Congress
1995
1995 Federal government shuts down during budget impasse
1997
1998 House impeaches Clinton
1999
1999 Senate acquits Clinton; NATO aircraft bomb Serbia
Bill Clinton was the third-youngest person ever to serve as president and the first of the baby boom generation to reach the Oval Office. Clinton brought with him a team of young energetic advisers. In the early weeks of the administration, Clintons team spent many hours at the White House adjusting to their new life. In early 1993, they began discussing plans for Clintons new economic strategy for paying down the deficit and reducing interest rates. George Stephanopoulos, an aide to the president, remembers their inexperienced beginnings: The president presided over the rolling Roosevelt Room meetings in shirtsleeves, with glasses sliding down the end of his nose. . . . Clinton let everyone have a say, played us off against one another, asked pointed questions, and took indecipherable notes. But the reminders of who we were and what we were doing was never far away. Late one night, we ordered pizzas. When they arrived, the president grabbed a slice with the rest of us . . . [b]ut just before he took his first bite, [a secret service] agent placed a hand on his shoulder and told him to put it down. The pie hadnt been screened. . . . quoted in All Too Human
George Stephanopoulos
Clintons Agenda
Clintons first years in office were filled with grandiose plans and the difficult realities of politics. The new president put forth an ambitious domestic program focusing on five major areas: the economy, the family, education, crime, and health care.
Raising Taxes, Cutting Spending
As he had promised in his election campaign, Clinton focused first on the economy. The problem, in the presidents view, was the federal deficit. Under Reagan and Bush, the deficit had nearly quadrupled, adding billions of dollars annually to the national debt. High deficits forced the government to borrow large sums of money to pay for its programs and helped to drive up interest rates. Clinton believed that the key to economic growth was to lower interest rates. Low interest rates would enable businesses to borrow more money to expand and create more jobs. Low rates would also make it easier for consumers to borrow money for mortgages, car loans, and other items, which in turn would promote economic growth. One way to bring interest rates down was to reduce the federal deficit. In early 1993, Clinton sent Congress a deficit reduction plan. In trying to cut the deficit, however, Clinton faced a serious problem. About half of all government spending went to entitlement programs, such as Social Security, Medicare, and veterans benefits. Entitlement programs are very hard to cut because so many Americans depend on them. Faced with these constraints, Clinton decided to raise taxes, even though he had promised to cut taxes during his campaign. Clintons plan raised tax rates for middle- and upper-income Americans and placed new taxes on gasoline, heating oil, and natural gas. The tax increases were very unpopular, and Republicans in Congress refused to support them. Clinton pressured Democrats, and after many amendments, a modified version of Clintons plan narrowly passed.
had enough support to pass. Faced with public opposition, Clintons plan died without ever coming to a vote.
Families and Education
Clinton did manage to push several major pieces of legislation through Congress. During his campaign, he had stressed the need to help American families. His first success was the Family Medical Leave Act. This law gave workers up to 12 weeks per year of unpaid family leave for the birth or adoption of a child or for the illness of a family member. Clinton also persuaded Congress to create the AmeriCorps program. This program put students to work improving low-income housing, teaching children to read, and cleaning up the environment. AmeriCorps volunteers earned a salary and were awarded a scholarship to continue their education.
Crime and Gun Control Clinton had also promised to get tough on crime during his campaign, and he strongly endorsed new gun-control laws. Despite strong opposition from many Republicans and the National Rifle Association (NRA), the Democrats in Congress passed a gun-control law known as the Brady Bill. The bill imposed a waiting period before people could buy handguns. It also required gun dealers to have police run a background check on a persons criminal record before selling them a handgun. The following year, Clinton introduced another crime bill. The bill provided states with extra funds to build new prisons and put 100,000 more police officers on the streets.
Reading Check Explaining Why did President
Clintons proposed health care plan fail? History
During his campaign, Clinton had promised to reform the U.S. health care system. An estimated 40 million Americans, or roughly 15 percent of the nation, did not have private health insurance. The president appointed a task force headed by his wife, Hillary Rodham Clintonan unprecedented role for a first lady. The task force developed a plan that guaranteed health benefits for all Americans, but it put much of the burden of payment of these benefits on employers. Small-business owners feared they could not afford it. The insurance industry and doctors organizations also opposed the plan. Republicans opposed the plan as being complicated, costly, and reliant on government control. Congressional Democrats were divided. Some supported alternative plans, but no plan
Stumbling on Health Care
High Hopes The Clintons entered the White House in 1993 determined to change the United States for the better. It took time for them to adjust to life in Washington, and many of their ambitious plans were defeated in Congress. What legislative proposal was given to the First Lady to oversee?
Republican budget proposals, claiming they cut into social programs too much. Gingrich believed that if Republicans stood firm, the president would back down and approve the budget. Otherwise, the entire federal government would shut down for lack of funds. Clinton, however, refused to budge, and allowed the federal government to close. By standing firm against Republican budget proposals History and allowing the government to Republicans Triumphant As a result of the 1994 midterm conshut down, Clinton regained gressional elections, the Republican Party gained control of the House much of the support he had lost and the Senate for the first time since the 1950s. Newt Gingrich (at in 1994. The Republicans in podium) helped lead a group of young GOP congressional represenCongress realized they needed tatives in passing the Contract with America legislation. How successto work with the president to ful was the Contract with America legislation? Explain. pass legislation. Soon afterward, they reached an agreement with Clinton to balance the budget. In the months before the 1996 election, the president and the Republicans worked together to pass new legislaDespite his successes, Clinton was very unpopular tion. In August Congress passed the Health by late 1994. Instead of cutting taxes, he had raised Insurance Portability Act. This act improved coverthem, and he had not fixed health care. Although the age for people who changed jobs and reduced diseconomy was improving, many companies were still crimination against people with preexisting illnesses. downsizing. Several personal issues involving Later that month, Congress passed the Welfare President Clinton further weakened public confiReform Act, which limited people to no more than dence in him. These factors convinced many two consecutive years on welfare and required them Americans to vote Republican in 1994. to work to receive welfare benefits. The law also increased childcare spending and gave tax breaks to companies that hired new employees who had been The Contract With America As the 1994 midterm on welfare. elections neared, congressional Republicans, led by Newt Gingrich of Georgia, created the Contract with Reading Check Identifying What two reforms did America. This program proposed 10 major changes, Clinton and Congress agree to support? including lower taxes, welfare reform, tougher anticrime laws, term limits for members of Congress, and a balanced budget amendment. Republicans won a stunning victoryfor the first time in 40 years, they As the 1996 campaign began, Clinton took credit had a majority in both houses of Congress. for the economy. The economic boom of the 1990s In their first 100 days in office, House Republicans was the longest sustained period of growth in passed almost the entire Contract with America, but American history. Unemployment and inflation fell they soon ran into trouble. The Senate defeated several to their lowest levels in 40 years. The stock market proposals, including the balanced budget amendment, soared, wages rose, crime rates fell, and the number while the president vetoed others. of people on welfare declined. With the economy booming, Clintons popularity climbed rapidly. The Republican Party nominated Senator Bob The Budget Battle In 1995 the Republicans lost more Dole of Kansas, the Republican leader in the Senate, momentum when they clashed with the president over to run against Clinton. Dole chose as his running the new federal budget. Clinton vetoed several
The Republicans Gain Control of Congress
The 1996 Election
1018
CHAPTER 34
Into a New Century
mate Jack Kemp, a popular conservative and former member of Congress from New York. Dole promised a 15 percent tax cut if elected and tried to portray Clinton as a tax-and-spend liberal. H. Ross Perot also ran again as a candidate. This time he ran as the candidate of the Reform Party, which he had created. Once again Perot made the deficit the main campaign issue. President Clinton won re-election, winning a little more than 49 percent of the popular vote and 379 electoral votes. Dole received slightly less than 41 percent and 159 electoral votes. Perot won about 8.4 percent of the voteless than half of what he had received in 1992. Despite Clintons victory, Republicans retained control of Congress.
1998, the government began to run a surplusthat is, it collected more money than it spent. Despite these achievements, Clintons domestic agenda was less aggressive in his second term. Much of his time was spent on foreign policy and in struggling against a personal scandal.
Putting Children First
Reading Check Explaining Why do you think

President Clinton won re-election in 1996?
Clintons Second Term

During Clintons second term, the economy continued its expansion. As peoples incomes rose, so too did the amount of taxes they paid. At the same time, despite their differences, the president and Congress continued to shrink the deficit. In 1997, for the first time in 24 years, the president was able to submit a balanced budget to Congress. Beginning in
During his second term, Clintons domestic agenda shifted toward helping the nations children. He began by asking Congress to pass a $500 per child tax credit. He also signed the Adoption and Safe Families Act and asked Congress to ban cigarette advertising aimed at children. In August 1997, Clinton signed the Childrens Health Insurance Programa plan to provide health insurance for children whose parents could not afford it. Clinton also continued his efforts to help students. I come from a family where nobody had ever gone to college before, Clinton said. When I became president, I was determined to do what I could to give every student that chance. To help students, he asked for a tax credit, a large increase in student grants, and an expansion of the Head Start program for preschoolers. The robust economy and his high standing in the polls allowed Clinton to regain the initiative in dealing with Congress. By 1998, however,
Clinton Is Impeached
Impeaching the President

The Constitution gives Congress the power to remove a president from office upon impeachment for and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors. The House of Representatives has the sole power over impeachmentthe formal accusation of wrongdoing in office. If the majority of the House votes to impeach the president, the Senate conducts a trial. A twothirds vote of those present is needed for conviction. When the impeachment proceeding involves a president, the chief justice of the United States presides.
Chief Justice William Rehnquist being sworn in for the impeachment trial in the Senate
A Presidentand andMrs. Mrs. A somber somber President Clinton after the the decision decisionfor for Clinton after impeachment wasreached reached impeachment was
he had become entangled in a serious scandal that threatened to undermine his presidency. The scandal began in Clintons first term, when he was accused of arranging illegal loans for Whitewater Developmentan Arkansas real estate companywhile he was governor of that state. Attorney General Janet Reno decided that an independent counsel should investigate the president. A special three-judge panel appointed Kenneth Starr, a former federal judge, to this position. In early 1998, a new scandal emerged involving a personal relationship between the president and a White House intern. Some evidence suggested that the president had committed perjury, or had lied under oath, about the relationship. The three-judge panel directed Starr to investigate this scandal as well. In September 1998, after examining the evidence, Starr sent his report to the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives. Starr argued that Clinton had obstructed justice, abused his power as president, and committed perjury. After the 1998 elections, the House began impeachment hearings. Clintons supporters charged that Starrs investigation was politically motivated. Clintons accusers argued that the president was accountable if his actions were illegal. On December 19, 1998, the House of Representatives passed two articles of impeachment, one for perjury and one for obstruction of justice. The vote split almost evenly along party lines, and the case moved to the Senate for trial. On February 12, 1999, the senators cast their votes. The vote was 55 to 45 that Clinton was not guilty of perjury, and 5050 on the charge of obstruction of justice. Although both votes were well short of the two-thirds needed to remove the president from office, Clintons reputation had suffered.
countrys first democratically elected president in many decades. Aristide sought refuge in the United States. The new rulers of Haiti used violence, even murder, to suppress the opposition. Seeking to restore democracy, the Clinton administration convinced the United Nations to impose a trade embargo on Haiti. The embargo created a severe economic crisis in that country. Thousands of Haitian refugees fled to the United States in small boats, and many died at sea. Determined to put an end to the crisis, Clinton ordered an invasion of Haiti. Before the troops arrived, however, former president Jimmy Carter convinced Haitis rulers to step aside. The United States also was concerned about mounting tensions in southeastern Europe. During the Cold War, Yugoslavia had been a single federated nation made up of many different ethnic groups under a strong Communist government. In 1991, after the collapse of communism, Yugoslavia split apart. In Bosnia, one of the former Yugoslav republics, a vicious three-way civil war erupted between Orthodox Christian Serbs, Catholic Croatians, and Bosnian Muslims. Despite international pressure, the fighting continued until 1995. The Serbs began what they called ethnic cleansingthe brutal expulsion of an ethnic group from a geographic area. In some cases, Serbian troops slaughtered the Muslims instead of moving them. The United States convinced its NATO allies that military action was necessary. NATO warplanes attacked the Serbs in Bosnia, forcing them to negotiate. The Clinton administration then arranged peace talks in Dayton, Ohio. The participants signed a peace plan known as the Dayton Accords. In 1996 some 60,000 NATO troops, including 20,000 Americans, entered Bosnia to enforce the plan. In 1998 another war erupted, this time within the Serbian province of Kosovo. Kosovo has two major ethnic groupsSerbs and Albanians. Many of the Albanians wanted Kosovo to separate from Serbia. To keep Kosovo in Serbia, Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic ordered a crackdown. The Albanians then organized their own army to fight back. Worried by reports of Serbian violence against Albanian civilians, President Clinton convinced European leaders that NATO should again use force to stop the fighting. In March 1999, NATO began bombing Serbia. The bombing convinced Serbia to pull its troops out of Kosovo.
Peacekeeping in Bosnia and Kosovo
Reading Check Examining What events led to the

impeachment of President Clinton?
Clintons Foreign Policy

While attracting worldwide attention, the impeachment drama did not affect world affairs. The collapse of the Soviet Union virtually ended the struggle between communism and democracy, but small bloody wars continued to erupt around the world. On several occasions President Clinton used force to bring an end to regional conflicts.
The Haitian Intervention In 1991 military leaders in Haiti overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the
Despite the overwhelming defeat Iraq suffered in the Persian Gulf War, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein remained in power and continued to make threats against Iraqs neighbors. In 1996 Iraq attacked the Kurds, an ethnic group whose homeland lies in northern Iraq. To stop the attacks, the United States fired cruise missiles at Iraqi military targets. Relations between Israel and the Palestinians were even more volatile. In 1993 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasir Arafat reached an agreement. The PLO recognized Israels right to exist, and Israel recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinians. President Clinton then invited Arafat and Rabin to the White House, where they signed the Declaration of Principlesa plan for creating a Palestinian government. Opposition to the peace plan emerged on both sides. Radical Palestinians exploded bombs in Israel and in 1995 a right-wing Israeli assassinated Prime Minister Rabin. In 1998 Israeli and Palestinian leaders met with President Clinton at the Wye River plantation in Maryland to work out details of the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This agreement, however, failed to settle the status of Jerusalem, which both sides claimed. In July 2000, President Clinton invited Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak to reach an agreement, but these talks failed. Beginning in October, violence started to break out between Palestinians and Israeli soldiers. The region was as far from peace as ever.
Peacemaking in the Middle East
History
Middle East Conflict The struggle over control of the Israeli/Palestinian areas intensified in the 1990s. Although President Clinton directed many negotiations to attempt to resolve the conflict, the region remained a very dangerous place. Which leaders agreed to a framework for peace in 1993?
Clinton Leaves Office
As he prepared to leave office, President Clintons legacy was uncertain. He had balanced the budget and presided over the greatest period of economic growth in American history. Clintons presidency was marred, however, by the impeachment trial, which had divided the nation and widened the divide between liberals and conservatives. In the election of 2000, that division would lead to the closest election in American history.
Reading Check Identifying In what three regions of

the world did Clinton use force to support his foreign policy?
Checking for Understanding 1. Define: perjury, ethnic cleansing. 2. Identify: AmeriCorps, Contract with America, Kenneth Starr, Dayton Accords. 3. Explain why the federal government shut down in 1995. Reviewing Themes
4. Economic Factors What government policies helped create the U.S. prosperity of the 1990s?
Critical Thinking 5. Analyzing Why was President Clinton able to win re-election in 1996? 6. Categorizing Complete a chart similar to the one below by explaining the foreign policy issues facing President Clinton in each of the areas listed.
Region Latin America Southeastern Europe Middle East Issue
Analyzing Visuals 7. Analyzing Photographs Study the photographs on page 1019 of Clintons impeachment trial. What elements in the photograph reflect the seriousness of the occasion? Writing About History 8. Persuasive Writing Take on the role of a member of Congress. Write a letter in which you attempt to persuade other lawmakers to vote either for or against the impeachment of President Clinton. Provide reasons for your position.
An Interdependent World
Main Idea
As the world adjusted to a new era, it faced the advantages and disadvantages of growing economic globalization and the end of the U.S.-Soviet rivalry.
Reading Strategy
Organizing Complete a graphic organizer like the one below to chart the major political and economic problems facing the world at the turn of the century.
Reading Objectives
Explain the development of regional economic blocs around the world. Assess environmental issues that have become important internationally.
Key Terms and Names

trade deficit, North American Free Trade Agreement, euro, nuclear proliferation, global warming, Kyoto Protocol
Global Concerns
Section Theme
Global Connections Economic, health, and environmental developments in recent years have led to the worlds nations becoming more interdependent.
1992
1993 European Union launched
1995
1994 United States, Mexico, and Canada inaugurate NAFTA 1995 Oklahoma City bombing
1998
1998 Terrorist bombings in Kenya and Tanzania
2001
2000 U.S. gives permanent trade status to China
It was an important breakthrough when President Clinton appointed Madeleine Albright in 1996 to be the first woman to serve as secretary of state. Born in Czechoslovakia, Albright immigrated to the United States as a young girl. She earned a Ph.D. in Russian studies from Columbia University. Her tough-talking approach as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations earned her the nations top foreign policy job. As secretary of state, Albright dealt with everything from peace negotiations in the Middle East to improving trade relations with China. She also championed womens rights in developing countries. Here, she expresses her views on womens rights: [Halting violence against women] is a goal of American foreign policy around the world, where abuses range from domestic violence . . . to forcing young girls into prostitution. Some say all this is cultural, and theres nothing we can do about it. I say its criminal, and we each have a responsibility to stop it.
Madeleine Albright
quoted in Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy
The New Global Economy

In the latter part of the 1900s, American leaders became more concerned with many global issues. Economies around the world had become much more interdependent. Computer technology and the Internet played a big role in forging a global economy.
Selling American-made goods abroad had long been important to American prosperity. By the 1970s, however, serious trade deficits had mountedAmericans purchased more from foreign nations than American industry and agriculture sold abroad. The United States found it necessary to compete harder in the global marketplace by streamlining industry, using new technology, and opening new markets. From World War II to the present, Republican and Democratic administrations have both tried to lower barriers to international trade. They reasoned that the U.S. economy benefited from the sale of American exports, and that the purchase of imports would keep consumer prices, inflation, and interest rates low for Americans. Opponents warned that the global economy might cost the United States industrial jobs as manufacturing shifted to lesser-developed nations with few environmental regulations and cheap labor. By the 1990s, the debate between supporters of free trade and those who wanted to limit trade to protect industries had become an important part of American politics.
NAFTA faced competing regional trade blocs in Europe and Asia. In 1993 the European Union (EU) was created to promote economic and political cooperation among many European nations. The EU created a common bank and the euro, a common currency for member nations. The organization also removed trade barriers between its members and set policies on imports from nations outside the community. EU rules tended to favor imports from the European nations former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific over competing products from the United States. The EU also banned scientifically modified food, such as hormone-treated beef from the United States. American exporters argued that hormones were a safe way to accelerate livestock growth rates and produce leaner meat. They protested that European fears lacked a scientific basis. The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was an attempt to create a Pacific trade community to rival the European Union. APEC represented the fastest-growing region in the world and controlled 47 percent of global trade in 2001. APEC began as a
Regional Blocs
One means of increasing international trade was to create regional trade pacts. In 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) joined Canada, the United States, and Mexico in a free-trade zone. With NAFTA in operation, exports of American goods to both Canada and Mexico rose dramatically. From 1993 to 2000, it is estimated that combined exports to those two countries rose from $142 to $290 billion, an increase of 104 percent. One concern of many Americans was that industrial jobs would go to Mexico, where labor costs were lower. Although some jobs were lost to Mexico, unemployment rates in the United States fell during this period and wages rose. Many American businesses upgraded their technology, and workers shifted to more skilled jobs or to the service industry.
History
A Busy Border NAFTA greatly increased trade across the Texas-Mexico border (below). It also led to the building of foreign-owned factories, known as maquiladoras, in Mexico near the American border to take advantage of low Mexican wages. The maquiladora pictured at right is located in Tijuana. How did NAFTA affect both the United States and Mexico?
CHAPTER 34
Into a New Century
1023
MOMENT
in HISTORY
TERRORISM IN THE HEARTLAND
A couple comforts each other after placing flowers on one of the 168 chairs that form part of the Oklahoma City National Memorial. The site was dedicated on April 19, 2000five years to the day after Timothy McVeigh detonated a massive bomb outside the Alfred P . Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City. Most of the 168 killed and hundreds injured were government employees, but 19 children attending a day-care facility in the building also died in the blast. A jury found McVeigh guilty, and he was executed in 2001.
forum to promote economic cooperation and lower trade barriers, but major political differences kept its members from acting together.
The World Trade Organization Central to the effort to promote a global economy was the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO administered international trade agreements and helped settle trade disputes. American supporters of the WTO cited benefits for U.S. consumers, including cheaper imports, new markets, and copyright protection for the American entertainment industry. On the other hand, the United States had no veto power in the WTO and poorer nations could outvote it. Trade With China
China played an increasingly important role in world trade. Its huge population offered vast potential as a market for American goods. Many Americans, however, had strong reservations about Chinas record on human rights, and they worried about its threats to invade Taiwan. Despite these concerns, President Clinton argued that regularizing trade with China would help bring it into the world community.
CHAPTER 34 Into a New Century
After negotiating a new trade agreement, Clinton pressed Congress to grant China permanent normal trade relation status. Those opposing the bill were an unusual coalition. Labor unions were concerned that inexpensive Chinese goods would flood U.S. markets; conservatives objected to Chinas military ambitions; and environmentalists worried about pollution from Chinese factories. Despite their opposition, the bill passed in late 2000.
Reading Check Explaining Why was the European

Union (EU) created in 1993?
Issues of Global Concern

Although the end of the Cold War had reduced the threat of nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union, it also increased fears that nuclear weapons might fall into the wrong hands. Equally worrisome were efforts by several nations, including Pakistan, North Korea, and Iraq, to acquire nuclear weapons and long-range missiles. Beginning in the 1980s, nations also began to be concerned about the environment.
1024
TECHNOLOGY
Global Warming
Nuclear Proliferation During the Cold War, only a few nations had possessed nuclear weapons, and they tried to restrict the spread of nuclear technology to other countries. When Russia agreed to reduce its nuclear arsenal, concerns arose that some of its nuclear weapons or radioactive material could be lost, stolen, or sold on the black market. In response, the United States provided funds to Russia to assist in the reduction of its nuclear stockpile. Other measures followed to reduce the threat of nuclear proliferation, or the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations. Congress passed legislation that cut aid and imposed sanctions on nations seeking to acquire nuclear weapons. In 1996 President Clinton also signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, but the U.S. Senate refused to ratify it fearing it would limit American nuclear research. Concern About Ozone
In the 1980s, scientists discovered that chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had the potential to deplete the earths atmosphere of ozone. Ozone is a gas in the atmosphere that protects life on Earth from the cancercausing ultraviolet rays of the sun. At that time, CFCs were widely used in air conditioners and refrigerators. Many environmental activists began to push for a ban on CFC production. In the late 1980s, public awareness of the ozone issue increased dramatically when stories appeared documenting a large ozone hole over Antarctica. In 1987 the United States and 22 other nations agreed to phase out the production of CFCs and other chemicals that might be weakening the ozone layer.
In the early 1990s, another global environmental issue developed when some scientists found evidence of global warmingan increase in average world temperatures over time. Such a rise in temperature could eventually lead to more droughts and other forms of extreme weather. A furious debate is now underway among scientists over how to measure changes in the earths temperature and what the results mean. Many experts believe carbon dioxide emissions from factories and power plants caused global warming, but others disagree. Some question whether global warming even exists. The issue is very controversial because the cost of controlling emissions would affect the global economy. Industries would have to pay the cost of further reducing emissions, and those costs would eventually be passed on to consumers. Developing nations trying to industrialize would be hurt the most, but economic growth in wealthier nations would be hurt, too. Concern about global warming led to an international conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. Thirtyeight nations and the EU signed the Kyoto Protocol promising to reduce emissions, but very few put it into effect. President Clinton did not submit the Kyoto Protocol to the Senate for ratification because most senators were opposed to it. In 2001 President George W. Bush withdrew the United States from the Kyoto Protocol, citing flaws in the treaty. As the 2000s began, Americans struggled to balance economic progress with environmental concerns.
Reading Check Identifying What is the ozone layer,

and why is it important?
Checking for Understanding

1. Define: trade deficit, euro, nuclear proliferation, global warming. 2. Identify: North American Free Trade Agreement, Kyoto Protocol. 3. Describe the international response to concerns about global warming.
Critical Thinking
5. Analyzing Do you think the new global economy has helped or hurt the United States? 6. Organizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by listing and describing the regional trade blocs that formed in the 1990s.
Regional Trade Blocs
Analyzing Visuals
7. Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph on page 1024 of the Oklahoma City National Memorial. What do the empty chairs represent? How has the memorial helped relatives of the victims?
Reviewing Themes 4. Global Connections Why was China an important factor in world trade?
Writing About History

8. Expository Writing Decide which issue of global concern today is the most serious. In an essay, explain why you think it is the most serious problem, and provide some possible solutions.
America Enters a New Century

Main Idea
The closest presidential election in American history served as the prelude to the new century. The new president initiated an ambitious program.
Reading Strategy
Organizing As you read about the 2000 presidential election, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by charting the key post-election events culminating in George W. Bushs victory.
Bushs Victory
Reading Objectives
Describe the unusual circumstances surrounding the outcome of the 2000 presidential election. Evaluate the programs President George W. Bush initiated.
Key Terms and Names

Al Gore, George W. Bush, Ralph Nader, chad, strategic defense
Section Theme
Government and Democracy The 2000 presidential election was very close, and the outcome was controversial.
Aug. 2000
August 2000 Republicans nominate Bush; Democrats nominate Gore
Dec. 2000
November 2000 Election takes place; recounts begin in Florida December 2000 Gore concedes election to Bush
Mar. 2001
January 2001 George W. Bush inaugurated as president
June 2001
June 2001 Bush signs tax cut bill into law
The 2000 presidential election was very close. Two candidates battled over the Electoral College votes of one stateFlorida. The election remained undecided for more than a month. Though this election was a spectacle of demonstrations and detailed ballot evaluations, some people tried to put it all in perspective. May Akabogu-Collins, an American citizen originally from Nigeria, contrasted the turmoil and chaos of the election with the transfer of power in other parts of the world: America should be grateful that this election was as wild as it gets. Some of us originally came from places where heads would have rolled during a similar crisis. So far, not a gunshot has been heard on account of the balloting, and you call this wild? An election held in Nigeria in 1993 led to the President-elects being thrown in jail for trying to assume office and ultimately to his mysterious death. Going to court to decide who won this contest is, in my opinion, as civilized as it gets.
May Akabogu-Collins
quoted in Time, December 11, 2000
A New President for a New Century

The close election of 2000 was, in some ways, another legacy of Bill Clintons years in power. Clintons presidency had left the country deeply divided. Many people were pleased with the economy but disappointed with the presidents personal behavior. As
the election approached, the Republicans and the Democrats both tried to find candidates who would appeal to a broad cross-section of society.
The Candidates Are Chosen
The Democrats nominated Vice President Al Gore for president in 2000. As his running mate, Gore chose Senator Joseph Lieberman from Connecticut, the first Jewish American ever to run for vice president on a major party ticket. The Republican contest for the presidential nomination came down to two men: Governor George W. Bush of Texas, son of former president George Bush, and Senator John McCain of Arizona, a former navy pilot and prisoner of war in North Vietnam. Most Republican leaders endorsed Bush, who was also popular with conservative Republicans. He easily won the nomination, despite some early McCain victories in the primaries. Bush chose former defense secretary Richard Cheney as his vice presidential running mate.
The election campaign revolved around the question of what to do with surplus tax revenues. Both Bush and Gore agreed that Social Security needed reform, but they disagreed on the details. Both promised to cut taxes, although Bush proposed a much larger tax cut than Gore. Both men also promised to improve public education and to support plans to help seniors pay for prescription drugs. The healthy economy helped Gore, who stressed that the Clinton-Gore administration had brought prosperity to the nation. Many voters, however, were concerned with what they perceived as a decline in moral values among the nations leaders. Bush promised to restore dignity to the White House. Frustrated by the similarities between Bush and Gore, well-known consumer advocate Ralph Nader entered the race as the nominee of the Green Party. Nader was known for his strong environmentalist views and his criticism of the power of large corporations. Nader argued that both Bush and Gore were
The 2000 Campaign
History
A Tense Wait During the unprecedented wait for a winner in the 2000 presidential election, candidate George W. Bush (right) waits with his father, the 41st president. The outcome of the election depended on the vote counts in which state?
A controversial punch ballot from West Palm Beach, Florida
Bars represent the number of votes by which Bush led in Florida, in 15-minute intervals. Gore has lead for Over next two hours, Florida called undecided Networks call Bush 15 minutes. AP, Bush lead builds to around 10:30 P.M. winner in Florida networks call him nearly 150,000 votes. Bush lead soon begins and president-elect to shrink. just after 2:15 A.M. 160,000 winner of Florida. 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 -20,000 7 P.M. 8 P.M. 9 P.M. 10 P.M. 11 P.M. Midnight 1 A.M. 2 A.M. 3 A.M.
Bushs lead shrinks to 1,655 votes; state again called a toss-up.
Gore declared winner Winner undecided Bush declared winner
4 A.M.
5 A.M.
After the machine recount showed Bush still ahead, a battle began over the manual WASH. N.H. 11 recounts. Most Florida ballots MONT. VT. 4 ME. N. DAK. 3 4 3 3 required voters to punch a hole. OREG. MINN. 7 10 The little piece of cardboard MASS. IDAHO WIS. N.Y. S. DAK. 12 4 WYO. 11 3 33 punched out of the ballot is MICH. R.I. 3 18 4 IOWA PA. called a chad. The problem for NEBR. CONN. NEV. 7 23 OHIO N.J. 8 5 4 UTAH ILL. IND. 21 W. vote counters was how to count 15 12 5 22 COLO. VA. VA. DEL. CALIF. MD. KANS. a ballot when the chad was still 8 MO. KY. 5 54 10 3 13 6 11 8 partially attached. On some, D.C. N.C. 14 2* OKLA. TENN. 11 ARIZ. the chad was still in place, and N. MEX. 8 ARK. 8 S.C. 5 6 the voter had left only a dimple GA. 8 MISS. ALA. 13 9 7 on the surface of the ballot. TEX. LA. 32 9 When looking at the ballots, FLA. 25 vote counters had to determine HAWAII what the voter intendedand 4 different counties used different standards. Presidential Election, 2000 Under state law, Florida Electoral Popular Political ALASKA 3 Candidate Vote Vote Party officials had to certify the 271 50,456,002 Republican Bush results by a certain date. When 50,999,897 Democrat Gore 266 it became clear that not all of * 1 elector from Washington, D.C., abstained. the recounts could be finished in time, Gore went to court to overturn the deadline. The Florida Supreme Court agreed 1. Interpreting Maps Which single New England state did to set a new deadline. At Bushs request, the United George W. Bush win in the election? States Supreme Court then intervened in the case to 2. Applying Geography Skills Though Gore won less than decide whether the Florida Supreme Court had acted half of the states, the election was extremely close. Why? unconstitutionally. While lawyers for Bush and Gore prepared their arguments for the Supreme Court, the hand recounts dependent on campaign funds from large companies continued. Despite having more time, not all of the and were unwilling to support policies that favored counties where Gore wanted recounts were able to American workers and the environment. meet the new deadline. On November 26, Florida officials certified Bush the winner by 537 votes.
The Election of 2000
A Close Vote The 2000 election was one of the closest in American history. Gore narrowly won the popular vote. He received 48.4 percent of the vote to 47.9 for Bush. To win the presidency, however, candidates have to win a majority of state electoral votes, not the overall popular vote. Neither candidate had the 270 electoral votes needed to win. The election came down to the Florida voteboth men needed its 25 electoral votes. The results in Florida were so close that state law required a recount of the ballots using vote-counting machines. There were, however, thousands of ballots that had been thrown out because the counting machines could not discern a vote for president. Gore immediately asked for a hand recount of ballots in several strongly Democratic counties.
Bush v. Gore Although Bush had been declared the winner in Florida, Gores lawyers headed back to court arguing that thousands of ballots were still uncounted. The Florida Supreme Court ordered all Florida counties to begin a hand recount of ballots rejected by the counting machines. As counting began, the United States Supreme Court ordered the recount to stop until it had issued its ruling. On December 12, in Bush v. Gore, the United States Supreme Court ruled 72 that the hand recounts in Florida violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution. The Court argued that because different vote counters used different standards, the recount did not treat all voters equally. ; (See page 1080 for more information on Bush v. Gore.)
Both federal law and the Constitution require the electoral votes for president to be cast on a certain day. If Florida missed that deadline, its electoral votes would not count. The Court ruled 54 that there was not enough time left to conduct a manual recount that would pass constitutional standards. This ruling left Bush the certified winner in Florida. In a televised speech the next day, Gore conceded the election. Bush responded with a message intended to unite Americans after the bitter election battle: I have faith that . . . together we will create an America that is open . . . an America that is united in our diversity and our shared American values that are larger than race or party. I was not elected to serve one party, but to serve one nation. George W. Bush, televised statement, December 13, 2000
Reading Check Analyzing Why did the U.S.

Supreme Court stop the manual recounts in Florida?
Bush Becomes President

On January 20, 2001, George W. Bush became the 43rd president of the United States. In his inaugural address, Bush promised to improve the nations public schools, to cut taxes, to reform Social Security and Medicare, and to build up the nations defenses. After taking office, the presidents first priority was to cut taxes to try to boost the economy. During the election campaign, the economy had begun to slow. The stock market dropped sharply, and many new Internet-based companies went out of
business. Many other businesses laid off thousands of workers. Despite opposition from some Democrats, Congress passed a large $1.35 trillion tax cut to be phased in over 10 years. In the summer of 2001, Americans began receiving tax rebate checks that put about $40 billion back into the economy in an effort to prevent a recession. Soon after Congress passed the tax cut plan, President Bush proposed two major reforms in education. He wanted public schools to hold annual standardized tests, and he wanted to allow parents to use federal funds to pay for private schools if their public schools were doing a poor job. Although Congress refused to give federal funds to private schools, it did vote in favor of annual reading and math tests in public schools for grades 38. Shortly after taking office, President Bush asked Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to conduct a comprehensive review of the nations military. The president wanted to increase military spending, but he also wanted new military programs designed to meet the needs of the postCold War world. One military program Bush strongly favored was strategic defensethe effort to develop missiles and other devices that could shoot down nuclear missiles. Bush argued that missile defense was needed because many unfriendly nations were developing the technology to build nuclear missiles. As the debate about the nations military programs continued in the summer of 2001, a horrific event changed everything. On September 11, 2001, terrorists crashed passenger jets into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. A new war had begun.
Reading Check Explaining What was President

George W. Bushs first priority when he took office?
Checking for Understanding 1. Define: chad, strategic defense. 2. Identify: Al Gore, George W. Bush, Ralph Nader. 3. Reviewing Facts What did the Supreme Court decide in Bush v. Gore? Reviewing Themes
4. Government and Democracy What caused the vote-count controversy in Florida in the 2000 election?
Critical Thinking 5. Forming an Opinion Do you think the 2000 presidential election was decided fairly? Why or why not? 6. Organizing Complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below by listing President Bushs goals when he took office.
Bush Goals
Analyzing Visuals 7. Interpreting Graphs Study the graph on page 1027. By how many votes was Gore leading when news networks declared him the winner in Florida? What was Bushs lead when networks declared him to be the winner? Writing About History 8. Persuasive Writing Take on the role of a Supreme Court justice. Write a statement explaining how you voted in Bush v. Gore.
Social Studies
Reading a Cartogram
Why Learn This Skill?
On most maps, land areas are drawn in proportion to their actual surface areas on the earth. On some maps, however, a small country may appear much larger than usual, and a large country may look much smaller. The shapes of the countries may also look different.
Population Density by Region in the U.S., 1996

Midwest Northeast
Learning the Skill

Maps that distort country size and shape are called cartograms. In a cartogram, country size reflects some value other than land area, such as population or gross national product. For example, on a conventional map, Canada appears much larger than India. In a cartogram showing world population, however, India would appear larger than Canada because it has a much larger population. The cartogram is a tool for making visual comparisons. At a glance, you can see how each country or region compares with another in a particular value. To use a cartogram, first read the title and key to identify what value the cartogram illustrates. Then examine the cartogram to see which countries or regions appear. Find the largest and smallest countries. Compare the cartogram with a conventional land-area map to determine the degree of distortion of particular countries. Finally, draw conclusions about the topic.
West
People per square mile 106.9 317.9 82.6 33.4
South
Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970; U.S. Census Bureau.
Skills Assessment
Complete the Practicing Skills questions on page 1039 and the Chapter 34 Skill Reinforcement Activity to assess your mastery of this skill.
Applying the Skill

Reading a Cartogram Find statistics that compare some value for different states or countries. For example, you might compare the number of farms in each state or the annual oil consumption of countries on one continent. Be creative in your choice. Convert these statistics into a simple cartogram. Determine the relative size of each country or state according to the chosen value. For example, if the United States consumes five times more oil than Canada, then the United States should appear five times larger. Glencoes Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook CD-ROM, Level 2, provides instruction and practice in key social studies skills.
Practicing the Skill

Study the cartogram shown on this page, and then answer these questions.
1 What is the subject of the cartogram? 2 Which region appears largest on the cartogram?
Which appears smallest?
3 Compare the cartogram to the map of the

United States found in the Atlas. Which region is the most distorted in size compared to a landarea map?
4 Provide a brief explanation for this distortion.
1030
The War on Terrorism

Main Idea
After suffering the worst terrorist attack in its history when airplanes crashed into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center, the United States launched a massive effort to end international terrorism.
Reading Strategy
As you read about Americas war on terrorism, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below to show the different reasons terrorists attack Americans.
Reading Objectives
Describe the development of Middle East terrorism. Explain the response of the United States to the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
Section Theme
Causes of Terrorism
Key Terms and Names

terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism, Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, anthrax
Global Connections International terrorists targeted Americans in order to coerce the United States.
1980
1979 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan 1988 Al-Qaeda is organized
1990
1998 Bombs explode at U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
2000
2001 Attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center
Todd Beamer
At 8:45 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time on September 11, 2001, a Boeing 767 passenger jet slammed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. As people below gazed in horror, a second plane collided with the South Tower. Soon afterward, a third plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. At 9:50 A.M., the South Tower collapsed in a billowing cloud of dust and debris. The North Tower fell about 40 minutes later. The falling towers killed thousands of people, burying them beneath a vast mound of rubble. The airplanes did not crash accidentally. Hijackers deliberately crashed them into the buildings. Hijackers also seized a fourth airplane, United Airlines Flight 93, probably hoping to crash it into the White House or the Capitol. Many passengers on Flight 93 had cell phones. After hearing about the World Trade Center, four passengersTodd Beamer, Thomas Burnett, Jeremy Glick, and Mark Binghamdecided to do something. An operator listening over a cell phone heard Todd Beamers voice: Are you ready, guys? Lets roll. Soon afterward, Flight 93 crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. At that moment, Vice President Dick Cheney was in a bunker under the White House. After hearing that Flight 93 had crashed, he said, I think an act of heroism just took place on that plane. adapted from Lets Roll: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Courage
September 11, 2001

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, killed all 266 passengers and crewmembers on the four hijacked planes. Another 125 people died in the Pentagon. In New York City, nearly 3,000 people died. More Americans were killed in the attacks than died at Pearl Harbor or on D-Day in World War II.
History
Transcending Tragedy Although the destruction of the World Trade Center (lower right) and the attack on the Pentagon (right) shocked Americans, people responded rapidly to the crisis. Across the nation, images such as that of firefighters raising a flag in the ruins of the World Trade Center (left) inspired Americans. Many lined up to donate blood. Others raised money and collected food, blankets, and other supplies for the victims and rescue workers. On what date did the attacks occur?
The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were acts of terrorism. Terrorism is the use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal. Terrorist acts are intended to instill fear in people and to frighten their governments into changing their policies.
Middle East Terrorism Although there have been many acts of terrorism in American history, most terrorist attacks on Americans since World War II have been carried out by Middle Eastern groups. The reason Middle Eastern terrorists have targeted Americans can be traced back to events early in the twentieth century. As oil became important to the American economy in the 1920s, the United States invested heavily in the Middle East oil industry. This industry brought great wealth to the ruling families in some Middle Eastern kingdoms, but most of the people remained poor. Some became angry at the United States for supporting the wealthy kingdoms and families. The rise of the oil industry increased the Middle Easts contact with Western society. As Western ideas spread through the region, many Muslimsfollowers of the regions dominant religionfeared that their traditional values and beliefs were being weakened. New movements arose calling for a strict interpretation of the Quranthe Muslim holy bookand a return to traditional Muslim religious laws. These Muslim movements wanted to overthrow pro-Western governments in the Middle East and
create a pure Islamic society. Muslims who support these movements are referred to as fundamentalist militants. Although the vast majority of Muslims believe terrorism is contrary to their faith, militants began using terrorism to achieve their goals. American support of Israel also angered many in the Middle East. In 1947 the UN divided British-controlled Palestine into two territories to provide a home for Jews. One part became Israel. The other part was to become a Palestinian state, but fighting between Israel and the Arab states in 1948 left this territory under the control of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. The Palestinians wanted their own nation. In the 1950s, they began staging guerrilla raids and terrorist attacks against Israel. Since the United States gave military and economic aid to Israel, it became the target of Muslim hostility. In the 1970s, several Middle Eastern nations realized they could fight Israel and the United States by providing terrorist groups with money, weapons, and training. When a government secretly supports terrorism, this is called state-sponsored terrorism. The governments of Libya, Syria, Iraq, and Iran have all sponsored terrorism.
A New Terrorist Threat
In 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. In response, Muslims from across the Middle East headed to Afghanistan to join the struggle against the Soviets. Among them was a 22-year-old Muslim named Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden came from one of Saudi Arabias wealthiest
families. He used his wealth to support the Afghan resistance. In 1988 he founded an organization called al-Qaeda (al KYduh), or the Base. Al-Qaeda recruited Muslims and channeled money and arms to the Afghan resistance. Bin Ladens experience in Afghanistan convinced him that superpowers could be beaten. He also believed that Western ideas had contaminated Muslim society. He was outraged when Saudi Arabia allowed American troops on Saudi soil after Iraq invaded Kuwait. Operating first from Sudan and then from Afghanistanthen under the control of Muslim fundamentalists known as the Talibanbin Laden dedicated himself and al-Qaeda to driving Westerners, and especially Americans, out of the Middle East. In 1998 he called on Muslims to kill Americans. Soon afterward, bin Ladens followers set off bombs at the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Shortly after these bombings, President Clinton ordered cruise missiles launched at terrorist facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan. The attacks did not deter bin Laden. In 1999 al-Qaeda terrorists were arrested while trying to smuggle explosives into the United States in an attempt to bomb Seattle. In October 2000, al-Qaeda terrorists crashed a boat loaded with explosives into the USS Cole, an American warship, while it was docked in the Middle Eastern country of Yemen.
America Unites
The attack on the Cole and the attempted bombing of Seattle were overshadowed by the close presidential election of 2000 and the policies of President George W. Bushs new administration. Then, on September 11, 2001, terrorists struck again, hijacking four American passenger planes and executing the most devastating terrorist attack in history.
Citizens Respond to the Crisis The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon shocked Americans, but they responded rapidly to the crisis. Firefighters and medical workers from other cities headed to New York to help. Across the nation, Americans donated blood, raised money, and collected food, blankets, and other supplies. Within weeks, Americans had donated over one billion dollars. Everywhere across the nation, Americans put up flags to show their unity and resolve. They held candlelight vigils and prayer services as they searched for ways to help. If the terrorists had hoped to divide Americans, they failed. As the Reverend Billy Graham noted at a memorial service: A tragedy like this could have torn our country apart. But instead it has united us and we have become a family. A National Emergency The American government also responded quickly. All civilian airliners were grounded. The armed forces were put on high alert. Americans in the National Guard left their civilian jobs and reported for duty. The Air National Guard began patrolling the skies over major cities, and
Explaining What are the three main reasons certain Muslims became angry with the United States?
Reading Check
A Nation Mourns In Las Vegas, Nevada (below), and across the nation, Americans gathered at candlelight vigils to remember the victims of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and to pray for their families.
Major Terrorist Attacks Affecting Americans, 19702002

120W 60W 0 60E 120E
60N
PaCIFic Ocean
NORTH AMERICA
6
E
7 12
W S
5 3 1 11 10 2 9
EUROPE
ASIA
30N
4
0 3,000 miles
0 3,000 kilometers Winkel Tripel projection
ATLantIC Ocean
SOUTH AMERICA
EQUATOR
AFRICA
PaCIFic Ocean indian Ocean

0
1970 Terrorists hijack airplanes to Jordan Iran for more than a year
8 1995 Truck bomb destroys a federal building in

Oklahoma City; kills 168, injures more than 500
13
AUSTRALIA
30S
2 1979 Fifty-two Americans held hostage in 3 4 5 6 7

1983 Bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut, Lebanon, kills 241 1985 TWA flight 847 hijacked; hostages held for 17 days in Beirut, Lebanon 1986 Bombing at West Berlin dance club; kills 3, injures 150 1988 Bomb on Pan Am flight 103 kills 270 in Lockerbie, Scotland 1993 Bomb at World Trade Center kills 6
9 1996 Bomb at U.S. complex in Dharan,

Saudi Arabia, kills 19 American soldiers
10 1998 Bombing at U.S. embassies in Kenya and

Tanzania kills more than 200
11 2000 Bomb kills 17 American sailors and injures

39 aboard USS Cole
60S
12 2001 Hijacked airliners crash into the World Trade

Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, killing thousands
13 2002 Bombing at nightclub in Bali, Indonesia,

kills 202
Army National Guard troops headed to airports to strengthen security. On September 14, President Bush declared a national emergency. Congress voted to authorize the use of force to fight the terrorists. Intelligence sources and the FBI quickly identified the attacks as the work of Osama bin Laden and the al-Qaeda network. President Bush decided the time had come to end the threat of terrorism in the world. While Secretary of State Colin Powell began building an international coalition to support the United States, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld began deploying troops, aircraft, and warships to the Middle East. The president then issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, demanding they turn over bin Laden and his supporters and close all terrorist camps. He also declared that although the war on terrorism would start by targeting al-Qaeda, it would not stop there. It will not end, he announced, until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated. The president also announced that the United States would no longer tolerate states that aided terrorists. From this day forward, the president proclaimed, any nation that continues to harbor or
support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime. The war, President Bush warned, would not end quickly, but it was a war the nation had to fight: Great harm has been done to us. We have suffered great loss. And in our grief and anger we have found our mission and our moment. . . . Our Nationthis generationwill lift a dark threat of violence from our people and our future. . . . President George W. Bush, Address to Joint Session of Congress, September 20, 2001
Reading Check
Explaining How did American citi-
zens respond to the terrorist attacks?
A New War Begins

In a letter to the New York Times, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld warned Americans that this will be a war like none other our nation has faced. The enemy, he explained, is a global network of terrorist organizations and their state sponsors, committed to
denying free people the opportunity to live as they choose. Military force would be used to fight terrorism, but other means would be used as well.
Cutting Terrorist Funding
One important way to fight terrorist organizations is to cut off their funding. On September 24, President Bush issued an executive order freezing the financial assets of several individuals and groups suspected of terrorism. The president also asked other nations to help, and within weeks, some 80 nations had issued orders freezing the assets of suspected terrorists.
Fighting Terrorism At Home As part of his effort to protect the American people from further terrorist attacks, President Bush created the Office of Homeland Security to coordinate the dozens of federal agencies working to prevent terrorism. He then appointed Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge to serve as the agencys director. The president also asked Congress to pass legislation to help law enforcement agencies track down terrorist suspects. Drafting the legislation took time. Congress had to balance Americans Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure with the need to increase security. President Bush signed the new antiterrorist bill known as the USA Patriot Actinto law in October 2001. The new law allowed secret searches to avoid tipping off suspects in terrorism cases. It also allowed authorities to obtain a single nationwide search warrant that could be used anywhere. The law also made it easier to wiretap suspects, and it allowed authorities to track e-mail and seize voice mail.
In the months following the attack, the Office of Homeland Security found it difficult to coordinate all of the federal agencies fighting terrorism. In June 2002, President Bush asked Congress to merge the agencies responsible for the publics safety into one department to be called the Department of Homeland Security. The presidents proposal led to an intense debate in Congress, but after the midterm elections in November 2002, the new department was created. It controls the Coast Guard, the Border Patrol, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Customs Service, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and many other agencies. As the nation tried to cope with the events of September 11, a new terrorist attack began. On October 5, 2001, a Florida newspaper editor died from anthrax. Anthrax is a type of bacteria. Several nations, including the United States, Russia, and Iraq, have used it to create biological weapons. Antibiotics can cure anthrax, but if left untreated, it can kill quickly. Soon after appearing in Florida, anthrax was found at several news organizations in New York City. In Washington, D.C., a letter filled with anthrax arrived at Senator Tom Daschles office. It became clear that terrorists were using the mail to spread anthrax. Several postal workers contracted anthrax, and two died. The FBI investigated the anthrax attacks, but no suspects were publicly identified.
Bioterrorism Strikes America
War in Afghanistan
On October 7, 2001, the United States began bombing targets in Afghanistan. In an
American Heroes
After two hijacked aircraft slammed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, survivors in the building headed down smoky, dust-choked stairways to escape. Yet even as thousands of people streamed out of the buildings, hundreds more headed into the blazing structures, fully aware of the danger they faced. The people climbing the staircases into the burning buildings were New York City firefighters and rescue workers. When the towers collapsed, over 300 firefighters died. The tragedy at the World Trade Center reminded everyone that these men and women who daily risk their lives to save others are true American heroes whose sacrifices must not be forgotten.
address to the nation, President Bush explained that he had ordered the military to attack al-Qaedas camps and the Talibans military forces. He explained that Islam and the Afghan people were not the enemy, and he announced that the United States would drop food, medicine, and other supplies by parachute to Afghan refugees. The president also explained that the attack on the Taliban was only the beginning: Today we focus on Afghanistan, but the battle is broader. If any government sponsors the outlaws and killers of innocents, they have become outlaws and murderers, themselves. And they will take that lonely path at their own peril. . . . The battle is now joined on many fronts. We will not waver; we will not tire; we will not falter; and we will not fail. Peace and freedom will prevail. President George W. Bush, Address to the Nation, October 7, 2001 While American warplanes bombed the Talibans forces, the United States began sending aid to a coalition of Afghan groups, known as the Northern Alliance, that had been fighting the Taliban. The American bombing campaign quickly shattered the Talibans defenses. The Northern Alliance then launched a massive attack on Taliban lines. By early December, the Taliban regime had collapsed. The United States and its allies then helped Afghan leaders create a new government, and they promised more than $4 billion in aid. Meanwhile, thousands of American and allied troops began arriving in Afghanistan to act as peacekeepers and to hunt for al-Qaeda terrorists. By March 2002, Taliban and al-Qaeda forces had begun to regroup in the mountains near Pakistans border. The United States responded by launching Operation Anaconda. Several Americans died during the difficult battle high in the mountains, but the alQaeda troops were defeated and forced to scatter. Throughout 2002, the United States and its allies continued their worldwide hunt for al-Qaeda members. By the end of the year, hundreds of people had been captured or killed.
Reading Check Outlining What steps did the

president take in response to the terrorist attacks?
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, showed that terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda were
determined to kill as many Americans as possible. President Bush and his advisers were deeply worried that terrorist groups might acquire weapons of mass destruction. Weapons of mass destruction can kill tens of thousands of people all at once. Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons are examples of weapons of mass destruction. During the Cold War, very few nations had weapons of mass destruction, and the United States relied on a policy of deterrence to prevent the use of such weapons. Under the deterrence policy, the United States vowed that if a nation used weapons of mass destruction against the U.S., the U.S. would counterattack by using its own weapons of mass destruction. Deterrence worked during the Cold War, but it could not stop state-sponsored terrorism. If a nation secretly gave weapons of mass destruction to terrorists who then used them against the United States, the American military would not know where the weapons came from or whom to attack in response. In his state of the union message to the American people in January 2002, President Bush warned that an axis of evil, made up of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, posed a grave threat to the world. All three nations actively sponsored terrorism and were developing weapons of mass destruction. I will not stand by as peril draws closer and closer, the president promised. The United States of America will not permit the worlds most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the worlds most destructive weapons. Of the three nations in the axis of evil, President Bush and his advisers believed Iraq to be the most immediate threat. After the Gulf War ended in 1991, UN weapons inspectors found evidence that Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, had developed biological weapons and had nearly succeeded in building a nuclear bomb. Iraq had also used chemical weapons in its war against Iran in the 1980s and against the Kurds, an ethnic minority in northern Iraq who had rebelled against Saddam Husseins regime. In the summer of 2002, President Bush decided the time had come to deal with Iraq. On September 12, he asked the UN to pass a new resolution against Iraq. If Saddam Hussein wanted peace, he had to give up Iraqs weapons of mass destruction, readmit the UN weapons inspectors, stop supporting terrorism, and stop oppressing his people.
The 2002 Election While the UN Security Council began debating a new resolution on Iraq, the president asked Congress to authorize the use of force
against Iraq. The request created a problem for Democrats. With the midterm elections only weeks away, many Democrats wanted to focus on the economy. The economy was growing very slowly, unemployment was high, and stock prices remained low. The Democrats hoped that the poor economy would enable them to pick up seats in Congress in the elections. In mid-October, Congress voted to authorize the use of force against Iraq. Despite getting this vote out of the way, however, the Democrats were still Patriotism Surges Across the United States, many Americans, like these preschoolers in Avon, Colorado, expressed their love of country in the wake of the terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. not able to focus on the economy. President Bush actively campaigned for The Iraqi government agreed to the return of the Republicans running for Congress, complaining to UN weapons inspectors. In December, Iraq gave the voters that the Democrats had delayed the bill creatUN a statement denying it had any weapons of mass ing the Department of Homeland Security. He also destruction. Secretary of State Colin Powell accused called on voters to elect members of Congress who the Iraqis of lying. Iraq, Powell warned, was well on would support him in winning the war on terrorthe way to losing its last chance. ism. The presidents focus on national security In January 2003, the United States and Great Britain worked. Voters were worried about the economy, but began building up their forces in the Middle East in they were also worried about security. Usually in preparation for war with Iraq. On January 28, midterm elections the presidents party loses seats. In President Bush delivered his State of the Union 2002, however, the Republicans picked up seats in address. He warned that unless Saddam Hussein disthe House of Representatives and took back control armed voluntarily, for the safety of our people, and of the Senate. for the peace of the world, we will lead a coalition to Confronting Iraq Soon after the elections, the disarm him. The United States did not want war, the United Nations approved a new resolution that set a president explained, but sometimes peace must be deadline for Iraq to readmit weapons inspectors. It defended. A future lived at the mercy of terrible required Iraq to declare all of its weapons of mass threats is no peace at all. destruction, to stop supporting terrorism, and to stop Reading Check Summarizing Why did President oppressing its people. The resolution threatened Bush decide to confront Iraq? serious consequences if Iraq did not comply.
Checking for Understanding

1. Define: terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism. 2. Identify: Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, anthrax. 3. Explain how the United States responded to the attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C.
Critical Thinking
5. Interpreting What factors have contributed to the rise of Middle Eastern terrorist groups? 6. Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the main ideas of President Bushs address to Congress on the terrorist attacks.
President Bushs Speech
Analyzing Visuals
7. Examining Maps Study the map on page 1034 of terrorist attacks. In what region of the world did most of the attacks take place?
Reviewing Themes 4. Global Connections Why does American foreign policy anger Islamic fundamentalists in the Middle East?
Writing About History 8. Persuasive Writing The attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., convinced many Americans that more security was needed, even if it meant giving up some freedoms. Write a letter to a newspaper explaining why you are for or against increased security.
Reviewing Key Terms

On a sheet of paper, use each of these terms in a sentence. 1. microprocessor 2. software 3. telecommute 4. Internet 5. perjury 6. ethnic cleansing 7. trade deficit 8. euro 9. nuclear proliferation 10. global warming 11. chad 12. strategic defense 13. terrorism 14. state-sponsored terrorism
22. Evaluating What developments in the Middle East explain the rise of terrorist groups that want to attack Americans? 23. Analyzing Points of View Read the excerpt below about global warming, and then answer the questions that follow. The world is getting warmer, and by the end of the 21st century could warm by another 6 degrees Celsius (10.8 degrees Fahrenheit). . . . And climate scientists at the heart of the research are now convinced that human action is to blame for some or most of this warming. . . . Everywhere climatologists lookat tree-ring patterns, fossil successions in rock strata, ocean-floor corings . . . they see evidence of dramatic shifts from cold to hot to cold again. . . . None of these ancient shifts can be blamed on humans. . . . There is still room for argument about the precise role of the sun or other natural cycles in the contribution to global warming. . . . Richard S. Lindzen, a leading meteorologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology said . . . the picture of a consensus about global warming was misleading to the public and even to scientists. . . . But most climate scientists . . . now believe that the climate is being influenced by human beings. from World Press Review, February 2001 a. According to the article, what two points of view exist about global warming? b. Why is the debate on global warming important?
Reviewing Key Facts

15. Identify: ENIAC, Silicon Valley, AmeriCorps, Contract with America, Kenneth Starr, NAFTA, Kyoto Protocol, Al Gore, George W. Bush, Ralph Nader, Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda. 16. How did compact computers transform the workplace? 17. What advances in biotechnology occurred in the 1990s? 18. After his election in 1992, how did President Clinton propose to strengthen the nations economy? 19. What regional trade blocs were formed in the 1990s to increase international trade? 20. Which state was significant in the 2000 presidential election?
Critical Thinking
21. Analyzing Themes: Global Connections What foreignpolicy challenges did President Clinton face? Do you think he handled the situations effectively? Why or why not?
The Technological Revolution

Personal computers grow faster and more powerful. Communications deregulation expands cellular phone usage. The Internet provides a worldwide network of information. Biotechnology research increases knowledge of human genetics.
The Clinton Years

A new global economy emerges based on regional trade blocs. The ozone layer and global warming become major environmental issues. Clinton and Congress cut spending; reform welfare and health care. U.S. economy grows rapidly; federal budget is balanced. U.S. tries to end violence in Haiti, the Middle East, and the Balkans. Scandal and impeachment tarnish the Clinton administration.
Bush Takes Office

2000 election results disputed in Florida; Supreme Court resolves dispute; George W. Bush becomes president. Bush focuses on cutting taxes, reforming education, and working on energy problems. Terrorists destroy the World Trade Center and attack the Pentagon. Bush organizes a global coalition and launches a new war on terrorism.
HISTORY
Self-Check Quiz
Visit the American Vision Web site at tav.glencoe.com and click on Self-Check QuizzesChapter 34 to assess your knowledge of chapter content.
American Diversity, 2000

Percent of Total Population
80 75.1% 70 60 50 40 30 20 12.3% 12.5%* 10 3.7% 0
White
24. Categorizing Complete the graphic organizer below by listing changes in communications, politics, the economy, and population that occurred in the United States by the end of the 1900s.
Change Communications Politics Economy Population
0.9%
5.5%
2.4%
African Hispanic Asian and Native Others Multiracial American Pacific American Islander
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. *Percentages add to more than 100 percent because Hispanics may be of any race.
Practicing Skills
25. Reading a Cartogram Create a cartogram that reflects the importance of each state in the Electoral College. Research the number of votes held by each state, and alter the size of each state to roughly show that states number of available votes. Create questions that refer to the information you present in your cartogram.
Geography and History

29. The graph above shows the diverse population of the United States at the beginning of the new century. Study the graph and answer the questions below. a. Interpreting Graphs Why is getting accurate data on the Hispanic population difficult? b. Making Generalizations How will population diversity affect government in the future?
Chapter Activities
26. Applying Chronology Skills Absolute chronology refers to specific dates, while relative chronology looks at when something occurred with reference to when other things occurred. Practice relative chronology by listing the presidents of the twentieth century in the order they served as president. Then practice absolute chronology by giving the dates of their terms in office. 27. Researching Election Results Study the 2000 election map and chart on page 1028. Then use library or Internet resources to research statistics on the 1996 presidential election. Using the 2000 election map and chart as a guide, create a similar thematic map and chart of the 1996 election. Create questions about your map and chart that would help a classmate understand the data you have compiled.
Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the phrase that best completes the following sentence. The Contract with America involved F a commitment by Russia to eliminate land-based nuclear weapons. G a campaign promise by President Clinton to create a national health care system for all Americans. H a legislative agenda promoted by the Republican Party in 1994. J programs intended to increase the size and readiness of the military. Test-Taking Tip: This question requires that you remember details of a specific program. Use the process of elimination if you are unsure. Does the Contract with America sound like a foreign policy agreement between two countries?
Writing Activity
28. Informative Writing Research the changing roles of the federal and state governments as a result of recent legislative reforms, including gun control and welfare reforms. Based on your research, write a short paper predicting how the role of the federal government and the state governments might change in order to implement the legislative programs. Present your predictions to the class.
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Into a New Century
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Into a New Century 1992present

The Impact Today

1993 Mosaic, the first popular Web browser is released

1995 Cease-fire signed in Bosnian war

2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah

G.W. Bush 2001

1997 Britain returns control of Hong Kong to China

2000 Mexicos election of Vicente Fox ends 71 years of single-party rule

2001 China chosen to be site of 2008 Olympic Games

The Technological Revolution

Key Terms and Names

from Slate Goes Free, Slate, February 13, 1999

The Rise of the Compact Computer

The Telecommunications Revolution

technologies such as Web-enabled cellular phones and other mixing of data-platforms.

Reading Check Explaining How did deregulation

The Rise of the Internet

Reading Check Explaining How did the Internet

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2 Radio signals are

Unraveling the Secrets of Life

The Human Genome Project

Reading Check Explaining How did computers

The Clinton Years

Key Terms and Names

Raising Taxes, Cutting Spending

Families and Education

Stumbling on Health Care

The Republicans Gain Control of Congress

The 1996 Election

Into a New Century

Putting Children First

Reading Check Explaining Why do you think

Clintons Second Term

Impeaching the President

Peacekeeping in Bosnia and Kosovo

Reading Check Examining What events led to the

Clintons Foreign Policy

Peacemaking in the Middle East

Clinton Leaves Office

Reading Check Identifying In what three regions of

Key Terms and Names

quoted in Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy

The New Global Economy

Into a New Century

Reading Check Explaining Why was the European

Issues of Global Concern

Reading Check Identifying What is the ozone layer,

Checking for Understanding

Writing About History

America Enters a New Century

Key Terms and Names

quoted in Time, December 11, 2000

A New President for a New Century

The Candidates Are Chosen

The 2000 Campaign

A controversial punch ballot from West Palm Beach, Florida

Bushs lead shrinks to 1,655 votes; state again called a toss-up.

Gore declared winner Winner undecided Bush declared winner