Computers Hardware

Computer Internal Structure CPU and its working Memory and its types I/O device

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Inside the Computer

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Main Parts Inside the Computer

The Central Processing Unit: (CPU) Buses Ports and controllers, ROM Main Memory (RAM) Secondary Storage floppy disks, hard disk, CD-ROM Input Devices Output Devices
SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

CPU

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

CPU
Definition:

A control center that converts data input to information output. This control center, called the central processing unit (CPU), is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions.

The central processing unit consists of two parts: control unit Arithmetic and logical unit Each part has a specific function.

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Control Unit
Definition:

The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out, or execute, stored program instructions. Like an orchestra leader, the control unit does not execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory.

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Arithmetic and Logical Unit

Definition:

The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) contains the electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic and logical operations.

Arithmetic operations, or mathematical calculations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operations: Equal-to condition, Less-than condition, Greater-than condition

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Registers: Temporary Storage Areas

Registers are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. They are special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. TYPES: An accumulator, which collects the result of computations. An address register, which keeps track of where a given instruction or piece of data is stored in memory. Each storage location in memory is identified by an address, just as each house on a street has an address. A storage register, which temporarily holds data taken from or about to be sent to memory. A general-purpose register, which is used for several functions
SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Machine Cycle

Fetch Decode Execute Store

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Memory Basics

All of the components in computer, such as the CPU, the hard drive and the operating system, work together as a team, and memory is one of the most essential parts of this team. From the moment you turn your computer on until the time you shut it down, your CPU is constantly using memory. Let's take a look at a typical scenario:

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Memory Basics
1. You turn the computer on. 2. The computer loads data from read-only memory (ROM) and performs a power-on self-test (POST) to make sure all the major components are functioning properly. As part of this test, the memory controller checks all of the memory addresses with a quick read/write operation to ensure that there are no errors in the memory chips. Read/write means that data is written to a bit and then read from that bit. 3. The computer loads the basic input/output system (BIOS) from ROM. The BIOS provides the most basic information about storage devices, boot sequence, security, Plug and Play (auto device recognition) capability and a few other items.

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Memory Basics
4. The computer loads the operating system (OS) from the hard drive into the system's RAM. Generally, the critical parts of the operating system are maintained in RAM as long as the computer is on. This allows the CPU to have immediate access to the operating system, which enhances the performance and functionality of the overall system. 5. When you open an application, it is loaded into RAM. To conserve RAM usage, many applications load only the essential parts of the program initially and then load other pieces as needed. 6. After an application is loaded, any files that are opened for use in that application are loaded into RAM. 7. When you save a file and close the application, the file is written to the specified storage device, and then it and the application are purged from RAM. SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Memory
Although memory is technically any form of electronic storage, it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage. If your computer's CPU had to constantly access the hard drive to retrieve every piece of data it needs, it would operate very slowly. When the information is kept in memory, the CPU can access it much more quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to store data temporarily.

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Types of Memory

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

TWO IMPORTANT TERMS

The bit size of a CPU tells you how many bytes of

information it can access from RAM at the same time. For example, a 16-bit CPU can process 2 bytes at a time (1 byte = 8 bits, so 16 bits = 2 bytes), and a 64-bit CPU can process 8 bytes at a time. Megahertz (MHz) is a measure of a CPU's processing speed, or clock cycle, in millions per second. So, a 32bit 800-MHz Pentium III can potentially process 4 bytes simultaneously, 800 million times per second (possibly more based on pipelining)! The goal of the memory system is to meet those requirements.
SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

RAM: Random Access Memory

These are of two types: o Static RAM: made up of transistors; faster type of RAM o Dynamic RAM: made up of transistors and capacitors; slower than SRAM

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

ROM: Read Only Memory

Types of ROM: 1. Programmable ROM (PROM) 2. Erasable PROM (EPROM) 3. Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM) 4. Flash ROM

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Secondary Storage
Types of Secondary Storage (Permanent Memory)

1. Magnetic Devices Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disks 2. Optical Devices CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW 3. Magneto-Optical Devices 4. Solid State Devices
SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

Cache Memory
Caches are designed to alleviate this bottleneck by making the data used most often by the CPU instantly available. This is accomplished by building a small amount of memory, known as primary or level 1 cache, right into the CPU. Level 1 cache is very small, normally ranging between 2 kilobytes (KB) and 64 KB. The secondary or level 2 cache typically resides on a memory card located near the CPU. The level 2 cache has a direct connection to the CPU. A dedicated integrated circuit on the motherboard. Depending on the CPU, the size of the level 2 cache ranges from 256 KB to 2 megabytes (MB).
SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU

VIRTUAL MEMORY
Virtual Memory is the concept use in computer to run large software on small RAM. The concept of SWAPPING is used in virtual memory to swap unused pages of software from RAM to Hard disk and load required pages to keep the processing in working state.

SHWETA, Lecturer, Deptt. of IT, DTU