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MIT6 012S09 Lec01

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
66 views23 pages

MIT6 012S09 Lec01

MIT lectures

Uploaded by

Gopi Krishna
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MIT, Spring 2009

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits


Charles G. Sodini Jing Kong Shaya Famini, Stephanie Hsu, Ming Tang

Lecture 1 6.012 Overview

Contents:
Overview of 6.012

Reading Assignment:
Howe and Sodini, Ch. 2

Overview of 6.012
Introductory subject to microelectronic devices and circuits Microelectronics is the cornerstone of: Computer Computer revolution Communications revolution Consumer Electronics revolution

Microelectronics: cornerstone of computing revolution

In last 30 years, computer performance per dollar has improved more than a million fold!

Microelectronics: cornerstone of communications revolution

In last 20 years, communication bandwidth through a single optical fiber has increased by ten-thousand fold.

Microelectronics: cornerstone of consumer electronics revolution

Images of consumer electronics (cell phones, digital cameras, PDA) removed due to copyright restrictions.

Low power electronics enabling a variety of portable devices

Si digital microelectronics today


Take the cover off a microprocessor. What do you see?
A thick web of interconnects, many levels deep. High density of very small transistors.

Image of Pentium microprocessor removed due to copyright restrictions.

Intels Pentium IV

Interconnects

Today, as many as 7 levels of interconnect using Cu.


Figures by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Transistor size scaling


size of human blood cell

2-orders of magnitude reduction in transistor size in 30 years.

Evolution of transistor density


Moores Law: doubling of transistor density every 1.5 years

4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.


2x/1.5year

Intel processors

Benefits of increasing transistor integration


Exponential improvements in:
system performance

cost-per-function,
Image of microprocessor removed due to copyright restrictions.

power-per-function, and system reliability.

Experimental SOI microprocessor from IBM

Clock speed
4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.

Transistor cost
3-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.

Cost per function


4-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.

Keys to success of digital microelectronics: I. Silicon

Cheap and abundant Amazing mechanical, chemical and electronic properties Probably, the material best known to humankind

Keys to success of digital microelectronics: II. MOSFET


Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
MOSFET = switch

Good gain, isolation, and speed

Modern MOSFET structure

TiSi2

N+

PolySi gate

P+

Si3N4

N+

N+

STI

P+

P+

P-well

N-well

P-substrate

Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Keys to success of digital microelectronics: III. MOSFET scaling


MOSFET performance improves as size is decreased:
Shorter switching time Lower power consumption

Keys to success of digital microelectronics: IV. CMOS


CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor

Complementary switch activates with V<0. Logic without DC power consumption.

Keys to success of digital microelectronics: V. Microfabrication technology


Tight integration of dissimilar devices with good isolation

Image of DRAM removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fabrication of extremely small structures, precisely and reproducibly


High-volume manufacturing of complex systems with high yield.

1 Gbit DRAM from IBM

Keys to success of digital microelectronics: VI. Circuit engineering


Simple device models that:
are based on physics allow analog and digital circuit design permit assessment of impact of device variations on circuit performance

Circuit design techniques that:


are tolerant to logic level fluctuations, noise and crosstalk are insensitive to manufacturing variations require little power consumption

Content of 6.012
Deals with microelectronic devices
Semiconductor physics Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)

Deals with microelectronic circuits


Digital circuits (mainly CMOS) Analog circuits (BJT and MOS)

The interaction of devices and circuits captured by models

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits


Spring 2009

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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