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Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that uses consequences to modify behavior. There are three core tools: reinforcement increases a behavior's frequency; punishment decreases frequency; and extinction involves removing consequences with no change in behavior. Reinforcements and punishments can be positive or negative, referring to whether a stimulus is added or removed following a behavior. The four contexts are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

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410 views

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that uses consequences to modify behavior. There are three core tools: reinforcement increases a behavior's frequency; punishment decreases frequency; and extinction involves removing consequences with no change in behavior. Reinforcements and punishments can be positive or negative, referring to whether a stimulus is added or removed following a behavior. The four contexts are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

Uploaded by

niks2409
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operant Conditioning

-Nikunj Barnwal
Definition & Understanding

• Operant behavior operates on the


environment.
• Operant conditioning is the use of
consequences to modify the
occurrence and form of behavior.
Core tools of operant
conditioning
• Reinforcement

• Punishment
(Both are either positive or negative consequences.)

• Extinction
(no change in consequences)
•
Reinforcement is a consequence that
•
causes a behavior to occur with
•
greater frequency.
Punishment is a consequence that
causes a behavior to occur with less
frequency.
Extinction is the lack of any
consequence following a behavior.
Four contexts of
operant conditioning:
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement

• Positive Punishment
• Negative Punishment
Positive Reinforcment

When a behavior is followed by a


favorable stimulus (commonly seen as
pleasant) that increases the frequency
of that behavior.
Negative Reinforcement

When a behavior (response) is followed


by the removal of an aversive stimulus
(commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby
increasing that behavior's frequency.
Positive Punishment
(How can a punishment be positive???)

Occurs when a behavior (response) is


followed by an aversive stimulus
thereby decreasing that behavior's
frequency
Negative Punishment

Occurs when a behavior (response) is


followed by the removal of a favorable
stimulus thereby decreasing that
behavior's frequency
Extinction

occurs when a behavior (response) that


had previously been reinforced is no
longer effective.
Stimulus Frequency of behavior

+R Given Increases
-R Taken away Increases

+P Given Decreases

-P Taken away Decreases


E -- Increases/Decreases

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