UNIT 4 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PLANE PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES

Structure
4.1 Introduction
Objectives

4.2 Internal and External Indeterminacy in Pin-Jointed Trusses

4.2.1 Internally Indeterminate Pin-JointedTrusses 4.2.2 Externally Indeterminate Pln-JointedTmses 4.2.3 Method of Consistent Deformabons

4.3 Lack of Fit in Redundant Members (Internally Indeterminate Trusses)

4.3.1 Lack of Fit and Member Stresses Caused 4.3.2 Sign Convention 4.3.3 Thennal Stresses

4.4 Externally Indeterminate Trusses

'

4.4.1 Lack of Fit -Thermal Stresses 4.4.2 Support Movements

4.5 Internally Indeterminate Trusses subjected to External Loads 4.6 Externally IndeterminateTrusses subjected to External Loads 4.7 Pin-Jointed Trusses with more than One Redundancy 4.8 Summary 4.9 Key Words
.

4.10 Answers to SAQs

4.1 INTRODUCTION
You have already studied about staticalIy determinate plane pin-jointed trusses in your Strength of Materials (ET 502 A - Block 1, Unit 1) and Engineering Mechanics (ET 202 A - Block 3, Unit 10) courses. You have learnt there how to find the reactions at supports and the forces in the truss members under a given external loading. You also know that the number of members (m) in such trusses are given by following equation : .

where n is the number of joints (or node points) of the truss. You have been told that if the number of members, m < 2n - 3, then the truss is geometrically unstable and cannot be termed as a safe load-bearing structure. But what will happen if the number of members, m > 2n - 3 ? The truss will be perfectly stable and safe, but you will not be able to find the forces in all the members of the truss either by the method of joints (ET 502 A - Section 1.4) or by the method of sections (ET 502 A - Section 1.5) or in fact by any method of statics. Why ? Statics provides you only 2n H 0 and V = 0 at each joint), out of which 3 equations are equations consumed in determining the three external reactions; hence, we are left with only 2n.- 3 effective equations for determining the member forces, which here is less than the number of unknowns, i.e. m.

(x -

Therefore, you need an additional number of m - (2n - 3) equations from other sources for solving the force equations completely. Such trusses are called statically indeterminate trusses and need special techniques for solving them which will be explained in this unit.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to recognise statically indeterminate pin-jointed trusses, and analyse such trusses, i.e. to find out the support reactions and the forces in the members of such trusses.

Rolling Loads and Muence Lines

Before continuing with the subject matter of this unit, you are advised to thoroughly revise Unit 1 and Unit 10 of "Strength of Materials" and "Engineering Mechanics7' courses respectively.

4.2 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INDETERMINACY IN PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES

4.2.1 Internally Indeterminate Pin-Jointed Trusses
Figure 4.1 shows a few pin-jointed trusses which are statically indeterminate. The truss shown in Figure 4.1 (a), the number of joints (n) is five whereas the number of members ' (m) is 8. Obviously, m m 22 - 3; left side of the inequality being 8 and right side 7. Hence, the truss is statically indeterminate, the degree of indeterminacy (or redundency) being m - (2n - 3) = 8 - 7 = 1 and is denoted by the letter Xi .

(b)
Figure 4.1 :Internally Indeterminate Trusses

Next looking at the Figure 4.1 (b), it is easily seen that the number of members m = 15, and number of joints n being 8, the quantity 2n - 3 = 13; and hence, the degree of indeterminacy, Xi = 15 - 13 = 2. Such indeterminate trusses are called internalty indeterminate. Thus,,the degree of indeterminacy (Xi) is given by

4.2.2 Externally Indeterminate Pin-Jointed ~ r u s s e s

There is also a class of pin-jointed trusses, which is called externally determinate, shown in Figure 4.2. When you examine the trusses you will find thqt the number of members (m) satisfy Eq. (4.1), i.e. m = 2n - 3; still, if you proceed to solve it, you will not be able to determine all the support reactions. And if the support reactions are indeterminate the joints equations cannot be solved and the forces in the members cannot be determined. What is the reason ? Looking at Eq. (4.1), you will recall that the number 3 on the right hand side of the equation denotes the number of &own support reactions (r) that can be determined from the three equations of statics available for a plane force system in equilibrium. They are as follows : (i)

F,

= 0;

(ii)

Fy

= 0;

(iii)

cM

z 0

Thus, if the number of support reactions (r) is three, they can be determined from equations of statics as in the case of the truss of Figure 4.2 (a). In Figure 4.2 (b) the number of unknown reactions (r) are four. Since there is only one member at D, the reaction can be only in the direction of its axis DE.-The reaction at C (roller support) is always perpendicular to the roller, and the reaction at A (immoveable pin-joint) can have both horizontal and vertical components. Thus, the statically determinate truss EABC is acted upon by four unknown reactions. These four external support reactions cannot be determined from the three-equation set given in Eq. (4.3) and you cannot proceed with the analysis of the truss. Hence, the truss is statically indeterminate externally. Thus, the degree of indeterminacy

In case of the truss shown in Figure 4.2 (c), the tot4 number of external reactions from the supports r = 5, hence, the degree of indeterminacy

Statically Indeterminate Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

Figure 4.2 :Externally Indetenninate Tmsses

A pin-jointed truss can be indeterminate both internally and externally as in the case shown in Figure 4.2 (d). On examination, you will find that Internal indeterminacy, Xi = m - (2n - 3) External indeterminacy, X, = r - 3 Total indeterminacy, X, = 2 + 1 = 3

4.2.3 Method of Consistent Deformations

In case of both the types of statically indeterminate trusses, external or internal, we have to use special strategies to solve them. The, one which is indicated here in this unit for analysing such trusses, is known as the "Method of Consistent Deformations" and is based on the following simple principle :

"The absolute deflection of any point in a statically determinate truss, or the relative displacement (or deformation) between any two of its nodes, under a given loading is further affected by the presence or insertion of extra (redundant) members in the truss or by adding extra (redundant)supports to it. However; this latter change is consistent wirh the geometry of the truss (or the movement of the supports, if any)."
Before explaining the application of this principle to actual problems, let us know how these redundant members are added to a statically determinate truss and the difficulties that are faced during such a "fitting".

4.3 LACK OF FIT IN REDUNDANT MEMBERS (INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES)

4.3.1 Lack of Fit and Member Stresses Caused
Consider the statically determinate pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.3 (a). As the truss is formed by the two triangles DAC and BAC, the lengths of the sides of which are fixed, the apex points A, B, C, D are absolutely fixed in space, so that the distance BD is also

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

fixed (say, 5 m). Now, if you want to fit in an additional member B'D' between these points B and D, it should be exactly of this length, i.e. 5 m long. However, if the member ~ ' D ' ih s mm too small as in Figure 4.3 (b), it will have to be pulled out before fitting in place thereby introducing a tensile force Tin it [Figure 4.3 (c)] which by virtue of its connection to the main truss will cause a pair of forces T acting at B and D along BD as shown in Figure 4.3 (d). Therefore, the addition of a misfit member BD as at Figure 4.3 (c) will have following two effect-components; [Figure 4.3 (d) and Figure 4.3 (e)] : (a) At Figure 4.3 (d), the pair of forces T acting at joints B and D of the truss will cause the joints B and D to move towards each other by an amount ABD, say.

(b) At Figure 4.3 (e), the pair of tensile forces T acting on the elastic member B'D' T1 will extend it by an amount- ,where 1 and A are the length and cross . AE sectional area of BD respectively and E is modulus of elasticity of the material.

By the principle ofconsistent deformations, the total effect of these two movements will be to bridge the initial gap of h between the member B'D' and the distance BD. In other words,

The Eq. (4.5) is also called a condition of geometrical compatibility. Here, it may be noted that any lack of fit in a member of a statically determinate truss will not introduce any stress in it. For example, if the member AB of the truss shown in Figure 4.3 (a) is a few mm too small or too large, it will adjust itself to form a slightly different triangle with very little angular changes and hence, there is little change in the geometry of the truss. It will not cause any change in length of any other member of the truss and hence, no stresses are introduced in them. Whereas the introduction of a iedundant member as in Figure 4.3 (c) will cause a displacement of all the joints of the truss, causing changes in length of all the members. These changes in length, however, small will cause strains of the members resulting in stresses or axial forces in the members. Such a truss will be called a self-straining truss. As the axial force are not caused by any external loads and the supports are free to move, it will nut create any reactions at supports. Thus, the support reactions VD,HD and V, will all remain zero. If you refer to Section 10.6 of the Strength of Materials (Block 2), you will find that the deflectionldeformation Ap at a point P in a particular direction due to a load system is given by Ap =

(E }

- where F are the axial forces in the truss members due to the

external load system, and k are the axial forces in the corresponding truss members due to a unit load acting at P in the required direction. Hence, the relative displacement A B ~ between the points B and D is similarly given by,

Statically Indeterminate Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

x(E}

- where F are member forces

due to the loads T acting at B and D as shown in Figure 4.3 (d) and k will be member forces due lo unit loads placed at the same points and acting in the same direction, i.e. for T = 1. As we do not know the magnitude of the forces T, the following method is adopted. Apply a pair of unit forces T = 1 kN at the points B and D and find the relative deflection tiBD due to this unit load. As the truss materiql is linearly elastic, the deflection ABD due to unknown loads Twill be proportional to it and will be equal to T x tiBD . Here, it may be pointed out that in this case, both the external and deflection load systems being identical, F forces and k forces are also identical, hence, ~ A B = Thus, we have,

2 1 A E
'

Substituting this in Eq. (4.5), we get,

It gives

)r

As all the quantities on the right hand side (RHS) of the - Eq. (4.7) is known, T can be h+l determined. For easy calculation of the quantity - you have to apply the method AE ' given in Section 10.3 (Strength of Materials, Block 2) where all the quantities are laid out in a tabular form. For calculating the forces F or k, you can apply either the methods of joints or method of sections for calculating the forces h truss members. Example 4.1 The cross-sectional area of members AB, BC, CD and DA of the pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.4 (a) is 1250 mm2 each, and that of diagonal members AC and BD, it is 625 mm2 each. The member BC is found to be 2.5 mm too short before fitting in place. Find the forces in the members of the truss, if modulus of elasticity of the material is 200 lcN/mm2.

(a)

with *sfit Member

(b)Primary Structure Figure 4 . 4

(c) k-forre System

I
Solution

(d) Flinal M e m b e r Foms ( i n IrN)

Here, in this problem, it can be easily seen that the m s s is externally determinate but internally indeterminate (indeterminacy Xi = 1). By removing the misfit

Rolbing Loads and Influence Lines

member BC, it is converted into a statically determinate primary structure as shown in Figure 4.4 (b). ' Now, the step-by-step methodology is as follows : (i) If the member BC is forced fit into the place, the unknown tepsile forces Tact at B and C along BC. Assuming the value of this force T = 1, the truss is analysed to find the member forces k in the truss members due to this and is shown in Figure 4.4 (c). (You are advised to check the calculations yourself.) (ii) The values of the quantities k, I and A for all the members of the primary truss are tabulated in Table 4.1. (E being constant for all the members is not tabulated separately.) Table 4.1

1 s E ~~ om(k) in r.5 A-p

mm
Members

Axial

k21 AE

Final Forces (in kN> P = kxT P = k x 27.492

Substituting the values in Eq. (4.7),

Thus, we get,
T =

2.5 200 = 27.492 LN (tensile) 18.1868

(iii) Thus, the force in the redundant member BC is 27.492W (tensile). The force in the other members of the truss is T times k. This is calculated in the last column of Table 4.1 and shown in Figure 4.4 (d). You are required to verify all these calculations independently. (You must take care to convert all the forces and dimensions etc. to the same system of units, e.g. kN and mm here.)

4.3.2 Sign Convention

In the above discussion, tensile forces are considered as positive and compressive forces as negative. This sign convention is also followed in the direction of arrows shown in member force diagrams. Here, in the case of shorter members' lack of fit, h is positive. If the misfit member is longer than the actual distance, it has to be compressed before actually 'fitting' in place, In such cases, h will have negative sign and T then will have negative sign denoting compressive stress in it. n e sign of all the member forces will be now reversed. Students are advised to follow a consistent sign convention in all cases.

5:iQ il

Statically Indeterminate

... blr~tlthe forccs ill the members of thr'

[rus.; shown ir~Fiyi~r;, -l,.i;, il :lie ! ? I \ ~ ? : ~ I ~ , ~ I - S i : is I mrn I t - ~ i )$?up, Ail thtl mcnlbcrs <!L lire truss have !he .;;:nlc. c!.i>S':,xil(,ti!;l,l,i! :!:.Y., o f i000 moi- tl~ltl1~1lglh ol the ~ncnlhcrs AB, F3C:. C:i, all(! DA ; j f i l -1 11, c ; ~ ~ ,ai!iL h :ii~. ;uiglcs art2 right aliglcs. Takc E = 200 kN/!?\nlL.

Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

4.3.3 Thermal Stresses

If a correctly-fitted statically indeterminate pin-jointed truss is heated or cooled uniformly (all the members together), no internal stresses or strains are set in, as the changes in length are all geometrically proportional. However, if only one or a few out of all the members are heated or cooled, there will be a differential change in the geometry of the figure and proceeding on the same arguments as put forth in Section 4.3.1, there will be changes in lengths of the members. Thus, there will be internal stresses induced in the members (similar to those caused by "lack of fit"). This condition will continue as long as the temperature differential is maintained, and the stresses set in may be called "thermal stresses". It may be recalled that no stresses will be set up in a statically , determinate truss, as the joints while freely moving in space can adjust to the minor change without any changes in length of other members of the truss.

Figure 4 6 :Thermal Stresses

Referring to Figme 4.6 (a); imagine that b e statically indeterminate truss is of correct shape and size and stress-free under normal temperature. Now, if one of the members, AC for example, is heated it will cause the negative movement of the joints A and C away i'rom each other, but as these are apexes of triangles fixed in space, it will cause changes in the length of the members meeting at these joints, producing a strained condition as shown in Figure 4.6 (b), which in turn will induce stresses in the members of the truss. The member AC after heating has become actually longer by an amount crtl (where a =coefficient of linear expansion of the material, t = temperature rise, and 1 = length of the member) but has been forced to fit within a smaller length and hence, compressive stresses will be set witbin it as shown in Figure 4.6 (c). On the other hand, if the member is cooled as in Figure 4.6 (d), it becomes shorter in length and is thus, under tension

Rolling Loads and Influence L i

while fitted in place. So the problem can be solved by the methods similar to that given in Section 4.3.1. The only difference is that the lack of fit, h is replaced by the amount of change in length in the member, i.e. atl. The sign is negative for rise in temperature (heating) and positive in the case of fall in temperature (cooling). Following example will make the discussion clear.
Example 4.2

If the top chord member BC of the truss shown in Figure 4.7 (a) is heated by a temperature rise of 4oWc,find the member forces caused in the truss. Take coefficient of linear expansion of the material, a = 0.000012/C and modulus of elasticity of the material, E = 200 k N h 2 .

(a) Trusa with Heated Member BC

(b) Free Thermal Expansion

(c) Primary Structure and k-force System Figure 4 7

(d) Final Member Forces (in kN)

Solution

Imagine the member BC as the redundant member and let it be first removed from the place, heated by 40C,so that the increase in its length is now as follows :

at1 = 0.000012 x 900 x 40 = 0.432 mm [Figure 4.7 (b)].

If we now place it back in position between the joints B and C, we have to compress the member which when released tends to push the joints away by forces as shown in Figure 4.7 (c). The problem from this point onwards will become identical with that of given Example 4.1 except that the lack of fit, h is replaced by the thermal expansion at1 which is 0.432 mm as calculated above. The sign will be negative as the member has become too large. Hence, the Eq. (4.7) modifies to as under :

giving

T=-

0.432 x 200 = 17.4668- 0.72

- 5.159 kN

(compressive)

The forces in other members can be calculated with the help of the relationship, i.e. P = kT = - 5.159k or can be solved by the method of joints substituting the value of Tin the self-strained truss.

SAQ 2
What will happen in the case given in Example 4.2, if member AC is cooled bv 30C ? Find all the member forces due to this effect.

4.4 EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES

I _

statically Indeterminate Plane Pin-Jointed Trusses

4.4.1 Lack of Fit

- Thermal Stresses

In the examples of Section 4.3, we have analysed the cases of pin-jointed trusses which are statically indeterminate internally only (but externally the reactions are determinate). What will happen in the case of trusses which are externally indeterminate, i.e. r > 3 ? In such cases also as the apex points of the truss polygons are all fixed in space, any 'lack of fit' in a member, or its expansion/contraction due to heatingkooling will cause self-straining of the structure and introduces stresses in the members. In addition, any movement or yielding of the supports will also cause change in the lengths of the truss members resulting in stresses being induced in them. However, reactions will be set-up at the supports due to these actions as the supports are restrained to move. Wheareas in the case of internally indeterminate trusses, no such support reactions will he produced. This is an important point of difference between the two. If the number of support reactions are r, the external indeterminacy of the truss is, Xe = r - 3. Thus, we shall need ( r - 3) equations of compatibility to solve such trusses. These will be provided by applying the principle of consistent deformations.
In the following examples, the problem of self-strained externally indeterminate trusses are analysed using the method of consistent deformations.

Example 4.3 The top chord members of the pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.8 (a) are subjected to a temperature increase of 35OC. Determinate the forces in the truss members.
and ~ coefficient of linear expansion, Take modulus of elasticity, E = 210 k ~ l r n r n a = 0.000012 O C . All members have cross-sectionalirea of 6250 mm2 except the vertical member AC which is 3125 rnm2 in area.

(a)

k+ll Mm+sioas in mm)

fhrs

(b) Primary Stmcture

(c) Horizontal Movement of Support

D due to Heating of AB and AD

(d) Horizontal Movement of Support D due to Force, HD = X

(e) Unit Horizontal Force, HD= 1 (k-forces in Primary Structure) Figure4.8

'

(0Final Member Forces and

Support Reactions (i IdY)

6olution Step 1

You can easily verify that internally the truss is determinate as we get,

Xi= m - ( 2 n - 3 )

5-[(2x4)-31 = 0.

Externally, the reactions are four, namely VB , HB, and VD ,HD as both the supports B and D are immovable. Hence, external indeterminacy is as follows :

Xe = r - 3

= 4 -'3 = 1 [Figure 4.8 (a)].

93

Rolling Loads and Muence Lines

Step 2

Remove one of the support constraints to make the structure statically determinate. Here, the horizontal constraint at D is removed, making the support on rollers as shown in the "Primary Structure" given in Figure 4.8 (b).
If the top chord members AB and AD are now heated, their lengths will change and all the joints except the fixed support point B will move. Let the point D (onrollers) now move to D' so that the horizontal movement DD' = A$ [Figure 4.8 (c)].

Step 3

Step 4

Now we will apply a horizontal force X at D ( its values is not known as yet), so that the point D' comes back to D ; that is the movement of D in Step 3 is neutralised. If this movement of point D due to for$ X is called A$ ,then by the principle of consistent displacements [Figure 4.8 (d)], we get, A$

(4.8)

as there has not, been any horizontal movement of support D.

Step 5

Now referring to Section 10.6 (Strength of Material, Block 2) if k are the member forces in the truss due to a unit horizontal load acting at D in the positive direction, i.e. towards right +. Then,

A$ = x k 6 1

where 6 1 are the thermal movements and is equal to all. Also the horizontal displacement A 5 due.to force X is equal to X. 66 , where 6b is a similar displacyent due to a known unit load in the direction of X. 'But you know that

6b =

2 1 xAE

and A 5

$1 =XZ A E

Substituting these values in Eq. (4.8), we get,

Table 4.2

From Table 4.2, we get

,

Statically Indeterminate Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

We know,

It gives,

Step 6

13.106 x 210 = - 87.74 kN ( t towards left) 31.368 Negative sign is given to thermal movement 61, as due to heating the member becomes longer than normal (Section 4.3.3). The k-forces in the members are shown in th&Figure 4.8 (e). The k61 21 and -values for all the truss members are tabulated in Table 4.2 and AE the final value of X is calculated as - 87.74 kN in Step 5. The negative sign shows that the unknown horizontal reaction at D is 87.74 kN and acting towards left. Finally, the other reactions and member force are shown in Figure 4.8 (f) as calculated by equation of statics, which you should verify yourself using any of the methods for solving a truss, say method of joints.
X =-

SAQ 3 If the member AC o f the truss shown in Figure 4.8 (a) is 3 rn!c*t,)i! :.:tni~ll before I'irting in place, find the support reaction and forces in h e uuss ~neitibers. iisc the sania data as given in Exa~nple 4.3.

4.4.2 Support Movements

In an externally indeterminate truss, the movements of any of the supports against a constraint will cause a deflection of that point in the direction of motion. As all the nodal pqints and member lengths are fixed this movement will induce reaction at tlle supports and self-straining of the truss members. Thus, there will be forces introduced in the members, although there may not be any external loads.

(a)Externally Redundant Truss

(bf Settlement at Support D Figure 4.9

(c) Primary Truss" with Unit Vertical Load at D

The pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.9 (a) is internally determinate as we get,

but externally indeterminate as there are four support reactions, namely VB , Vc , VD , HB Hence, external indeterminacy, X, = r - 3 = 4 - 3 = 1.

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

Now if the support at D moves vertically to D' (due to a soil settlement etc,) such that

DD' = A then, the 1engths.of the members of the truss will change as the points A and C
will move to A' and C' as shown in Figure 4.9 (b) and thus, there will be {tresses induced in the members. Also an unknown vertical reaction X will be produced at support D. This in turn will cause reactions to be produced in the direction HB , Vg and V c which of course, can be expressed in terms of X (by using the equations of statics). Here, again you can take the help of principle of consistent deflections to find the -own force X which simply states that the vertical truss deflection due to force X must be equal to the known settlement A, i.e.

But hTt = X x 6 r t where 6Tt is the vertical deflection at D due to a unit vertical load X = 1 applied at D to the statically determinate primary truss of Figure 4.9 (c). If k are the member forces produced in the various truss members due to this unit load, then we get,

Thus, we have,

Hence, we get,

This process is explained stepwise in Example 4.4.

Example 4.4 The support c of the truss in Figure 4.10 (a) settles down by 5 mrn. Find the support reactions and member forces in the truss due to this settlement. All the members of the truss have the same cross-sectional area (A) of 15 cm2 and modulus of elasticity ( E ) of 210 kN/rnm2.

(a) Externally Redundsd Truss with Support Settlement at C

(c) k-forcesi n Primary Structure doe to

Unit Load pt C

(d) Final Member Forces & Reactiolrp due to 5 mm Settlement at C

Solution

Step 1

The truss shown in Figur 4.10 (a) is internally determinate but externally, the four reactions, namely VB , VC , VD and HB form an indeterminate system. Assume the reaction at C as indeterminate so that Vc = Xis acting downwards. The primary structure is shown in Figure 4.10 (b). Apply a downwards unit load to act at C. Calculate the reactions and k-forces in the members of the truss [Figure 4.10 (c)].
$1 All the parameters, i.e. 1, A, E, k, - values are entered in tabular AE form as given in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3

Statidly Lndetenninate Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

Step 2

Step 3

i g
AB
AC

sa
3:
4000

Area (A)
(mm2)

k21
AE
2000 ~

P=kX

4 0 0 0 a Constant

AD 4 0 0 0 a
BC

*'

Constant
'
'

1 -a

- 95.54

+1
--1

40WAE ~ W O ~ / A E 100WAE 100WAE

+ 135.11
- 95.54

u i
w

-2 2 4

43
+67.56
,

4000
4000

1 +-2
1 +-2

BD

+ 67.56

From Table 4.3, we get,

Step 4

Substituting the value in Eq. (4.10), we get

AAE

which is the support reaction Vc acting downwards. By symmetry, and considering vertical equilibrium, we get,Now, we can solve for the member forces by the method of joints as in Figure 4.10 (d) or from the equation P = kX = 135.11k where k are the member forces in col. 5 of Table 4.3. This is calculated in col. 7. In Sections 4.3 and 4.4, you have seen that in statically indeterminate pin-jointed trusses (whether the redundancy is external or internal), the stresseslaxial forces will be caused merely due to movement of supports, small lack of fit in any member, or even by thermal movements (heatinglcooling). These stresses do not need any external loading as its cause. However, such is ngt the case for statically determinate pin-jointed trusses. The small lack of fit or slight support movements, hardly affects the geometry of such trusses. No stresses or strains are produced in them. This is an important point of'difference between the two classes of structure.
Step 5
111 the next section, we shall learn how to analyse statically indeterminate trusses subjected to external loads.

Rolling Loads and Intluence L i e s

Sb4Q 1 Wh;lt wlll be the support rsactions and forces in the va~ious members ot h e truss 111 F ~ ~ u4.8 r c (a) if the support D niovcs hor~zontally away from B by 3 mi ?

4.5 INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL LOADS The most commonly met cases are those where statically indeterminate structures are subjected to external loads. Figure 4.11 (a) is one such case where an internally indeterminate truss (indeterminacy, Xi = 1) is subjected to a system of external loads P I , P2, P3 etc.

(a) Statically Iodetenninate - TRlsswithExternal

(b)Primary Structure
with External Laads (F-force System) Figure A l l

Loads

(c) Primary Structure with Indeterminate Foree T (k-force System)

(d) Foree (T) in Redundant Member C1

The structure is first converted into a primary structure after removing the redundancies. Here, Figure 4.1 1 (b) can be taken as primary structure where bar CF of the original structure is taken as the redundant member and is removed. The indeterminate problem of Figure 4.11 (a) can be broken up into three determinate components shown in Figures 4.11 (b), (c) & (d) and each one can be analysed separately. Subsequently, the three can be connected together by a compatibility condition. (i) In Figure 4.1 1 (b), the primary structure is subjected to the given external loads P I , P2 and P3 and the member forces F are calculated. The movement AcF between the joints C and F is also computed. Fkl where k are the forces in the truss It may be recalled that AcF = members due to a pair of unit loads acting at C and F along CF. In other words, k-forces are the forces in the primary structure due to loads, T = 1 as shown in Figure 4.11 (c). (ii) Next, the primary structure is subjected to the unknown loads T caused by the force in the redundant member CF [Figure 4.11 (c)]. The movement KcF between the joints C and F is computed. This is again easily done-by fxst calculating deflection 6cF due to the k-system member forces for unit loads as above and multiplying simply by T. The deflection - between joints C and F due P& l as j already explained in to these forces will be AtcF = T x 6cF = T Section 4.3. (iii) Finally, the force Tin Figure 4.11 (d) (here assumed tensile, but the sign will take care of itself - when - final algebraic values are substituted)will cause a deformation,

TI&]

'

in the redundant member CF.

CF

Now when you are putting back the redundant member CF in position in Figure 4.11 (b), you cannot do it without straining it as the joints C and F have already been moved towards each other by an amount ACF due to the external loading as calculated in step (i) whereas the mCmber CF was exactly fitting to the original distance CF. Hence, it is similar to a case of "lack of fit7'as discussed in Section 4.3. Now by the principle of consistent deformations, we have,

S t a t i d y Indeterminate Plane Pin-Jointed Trusses

Since initially there had not been any lack of fit in any menber. On substituting their values, we.get,

which is similar to Eq. (4.7) and hence, T can be calculated by

The final forces in the members we sum of forces due to external loads (F)and T times those due to redundant load (k), i.e.

Step-by-step Methodology

In practice, we have to proceed as follows : (a) Choose the member(s) which you consider as redundant. (b) Convert the indeterminate structure to a determinate Primary Structure by removing the redundant member(s). (c) Apply the external loads and calculate the F-forces in the truss members [Figure 4.1 1 (b)] of the primary structure. (d) Apply the pair of unit loads in direction of the redundant member at its end-joints (it should be assumed as tensile in the beginning). Calculate the k-forces in the truss members [Figure 4.11 (c)]. (e) Tabulate the results and calculate appropriate columns.
(f)

Fkl Zand AE

-by summing the

k21 AE

Calculate the force Tin the indeterminate member by the Eq. (4.1lb).

(g) Calculate the member forces by the Eq. (4.12).

Example 4.5

Compute the forces in the members of the truss subjected to the external loads as shown in Figure 4.12 (a). The area of the members in mm2 are given in brackets. E is constant for all the members.
Solution Step 1

Step 2

The truss shown in Figuri 4.12 (a) is externally determinate but is internally statically indeterminate. The degree of indeterminacy, Xiis m - (2n - 3) = 10 - [(2 x 6) 31 = 1. Member CD is chosen as redundant and removed to form primary structure. To the primary structure shown in Figure 4.12 (b), the external loads are applied and the reactions and member forces F are determined. (You must verify the results by actual calculation.)

Rolling Loads and Influtnce Lines

? +r
n
8
%I,

sacb

Q~

a s 7
!L ! cab
(d) Final Member Forms & Reactions

(a) Statically Indetenninate Truss (All D i e m i o m in mm)

(b) Primary Structure subjected to External Loads (F-force System in Members)

(c) Primary Structure subjected to Unit Redundant Load (T = 1) (k-force System in Members) Figure 412

All values are tabulated and are given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4

$1
AC AB BC
4000 5000 3000 4000 5000

Area

(A)

F-Force

k-Fom

(W
3000 3000 2000 5000 2000

Fkl AE

fi
AE
-

Axial Force in member

P = F+kT

+ 44019
- 32519

0 0
- 315

0 0
3

+ 48.89 (tensile)
-

- 36.11 (compressive) - 10.43 (compressive)

- 38.35 (compressive)

0
- 22019

27

BD BE

5OE

- 415

704 +-45E l8E 1408 -27E

- 1375

64 125E

- 27519

+1

DF DE EF

5000 3000 4000

5000 2000 3000

- 27519

0 -315 0

+ 5519 + 22019

--33
0

50E (tensile)

C=--129.393 E
CD
5000 2000
-

+1
'

2.5 E

+ 17.38 (tensile)

Step 3

Next, we apply unit forces T = 1 at joints C and D of the primary structure, along the direction of the removed member CD. Reactions and members forces k are determined [Figwe 4.12 (c)]. The length ( I ) , cross-sectional area (A), F and k forces for all the Fkl k21 members are tabulated in Table 4.4 and the quantities -and -for AE AE each member are calculated in col. 6 and 7 and their summations are calculated. (You must verify the calculations.)

Statically Lndeterninate Plaue Pin-JointedTrusses

Step 4

Step 5 . Now substituting the values in Eq. (4.11b) with the proper algebraic signs, we get

giving, T = 17.38 kN (tensile) Step 6 Next the final member forces are calculated by the formula P = F + kT and are tabulated in col. 8 of Table 4.4 and shown in Figure 4.12 (d) as the final member forces. Choice of a Member as She Redundant Member In Example 4.5, we have chosen member CD as the redundant member. As a matter of fact, in such cases, there is no special preference for a particular member to be chosen as the redundant member. And any other member chould have been equally chosen as the redundant (for example, BE or BD). However, in the cases of "lack of fit" and "thermal stresses", it will be more convenient to choose the "non-fitting" or "heated/cooled" member as the redundant.

s,\y5
.-

I.31xdt l ~ c fi~rccs ir, die mernhcx~ of the tru\;se< shown ~ r rFipure 4.13 ( a ) and (h).

Mernhess ha??the Samr

6 ~ ! . o ~ k - ~ r k i.and o n S m e Materid

(b) PA and PR have Dooble the Cross-sectionalArea bhd of PC

4.6 EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES SUBJECTED TO EXTERNAL LOADS

If the redundancy in the pin-jointed truss is extemal, that is duk to an extra (redundant) reaction, the problem can be solved on the same lines as above. The following steps give a brief outline : Step 1 Remove the redundant support constraint and make the structure determinate. In other words, convert it into a primary structure.
Step 2

Apply the extemal loads to the primary structure and calculate the member forces F due to it. Also calculate the deflection A. in the direction of the removed constraint.

Rolling Loads and

Influence Lines

Step 3

Apply a unit load in the direction of the removed constraint. Calculate the member forces k due to it. Also calculate the deflection 6, due to it in the direction of the removed constraint. Now, if the unknown redundant support reaction is R, then (R x 6 3 will be the deflection due to it. But since in the original structure, there is no support movement at the redundant constraint, we must have

Step 4

Step 5

From our previous knowledge, we know that the deflection A, due to external loads is given by where Fare the member forces

calculated in Step (3). obtained in Step (2) and k a r h e &ember fo~ces Similarly, we know,

On substituting these values in Eq. (4.13), we get,

giving,

R = -

Step 6

Now, the final member forces are the sum of the F forces (due to external loads) and R times k forces (due to unit value of redundant) as shown below :

This is illustrated in the next example.

Example 4.6 Find the forces in the members of the pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.14 (a) subjected to a horizontal load of 40 kN acting at the joint A. The cross-sectional area of the members BC, CD and AC is 3000 mm2, of AB it is 4000 mm2 and of AD it is 6000 mm2. E is same for all the members. Solution Step 1 The truss is internally determinate, i.e. X, = [5 - (2 x 4) - 31 = 0. Externally, because of the four reaction components VB ,HB , V C and V D ,there is an indeterminacy X, = (r - 3) = 4 - 3 = 1. Assume the vertical reaction (Vc) at the roller support at C as the redundant. To make a primary structure, this roller support at C is removed as shown in Figure 4.14 (b). Step 2 Step 3

Apply the external horizontal load to 40 kN to the primary truss. The F-forces are shown in Figure 4.14 (b) which can be verified. Next, apply the unit redundant force of R = 1 kN downwards at the reaction point C. Calculate the k-forces due to this unit load as shown in Figure 4.14 (c). Tabulate the 1, A, E, F and k value as shown in Table 4.5. Calculate the Fkl k L 1 and -values and their summations, and check to find AE AE

Step 4

Statically Indeterminate Plane Pin-JointedTrusses

(a) Statically Indeterminate 'Ihrss (Externally Indeterminate)

@) Primary Structure subjected to External Loads

(F-forceSystem in Members)

( c ) F'rimary

Structure subjected to Unit Redllpdant Load at C (k-force System in Members) Figure 4.14

(d) Final Member Forces & Reactions

Table 4.5

1
E
AB
AC

Area
&'

F-Forces

k-Forces

~ k l

&
AE

Final Members Force

(mm2)
4000

(kN)

(W)
3 fi --

AE

P=F+kR

+- 1 670 G
0
- 200

960fi -49E 0 2500 147E 480 +-49E 360 +-49 E

fi +- 18 49E
4
3E 125 294E

+ 33.77
- 2.38
- 26.87

4000

3000
6000

+1
5 --

AD
BC

5000
4000

3000
3000

120 3 + 7 +7 20 + -17
3
+

12
49E

+ 16.12

CD

3000

9
49E

+ 16.12

2.707

On substituting these values in Eq. ( 4 . 15 ) ,we get

Simplificationof above equation gives R = - 2.38 kN ? acting upwards, as originally it was assumed acting downwards.
Step 5

Finally, at the end, calculate the final members forces by the formula, P = F + kR = F - 3.38k as tabulated in ~ 0 1 . ~ of 8Table 4.5.This is also shown in Figure 4.14(d).

Rolling Loads and Iduence Lines

Note :

If there is a known support movement, h, the Eq. (4.13) can be suitably modified as follows :

SAQ 6
i : ; .. . v . .. . ~ ~ ..r. . Fin(] th* forci::: ill chi, mcrrabt.ls !:f 1!;*: ~ r ? , r ,..ti, < i y i s i , i:! F?:->:; ,? .& i 5. : fhc 1.1.1p ckl(?r(fare 5()()(] fn11:- arr>;k. \*,!i~;i,!.: ~.h[-ts~~ x!) !I;:;!,~;:) . $ i: :: cross-seCtional area r-,f 3;)0(3aim-' -17ii::.lia;:r)t)ilj ~ I : : ~ ~ : [ Y : : ~ ~ 21'' ':;,:l~!:: j i ~ : > ~ .:r ' .,:., .: . sectional area, Morja~lilsof rlnsticity. I< I;* the sJi:i;! f i x 4!li [ill. f ] > ~ a ~ i f : i : t - i
,c

.?..

Find the support reacttons alld t l ~ t.v. r ( . 31) tI1,- :!I: I:I+; Figure 4.14 (a) (Example 4.6). ~f the y q s p ~ r I? t --~rak. I?: the given load~ngT i k ~ E = 2 10 000 % P;I I

\;.

-'

I 4

. ,. . .
.!
,

:r

.:

:srr:.--r.r

*:!

4.7 PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES WITH MORE THAN

ONE REDUNDANCY
Uptill now, we had been dealing with cases of statically indeterminate trusses, where the degree of redundancy was only one. However, quite commonly, we meet with cases where the degrees of redundancy is more than one. Here, the total number of redundant members (Xi) and redundant reactions (X,) will be more than one, i.e. [Xt = (Xi + X,)] > 1 In such cases, you must have as many extra equations as there are total number of. redundants (Xt) for solving the truss. Each one of these equations are obtained from the conditions of compatibility as already stated, which may be explained as below : (a) Fist of all, the redundant reactions and members (which are often at our choice) are identified, and numbered XI, X2, X3 . . . etc. (b) After removing the redundants, the primary structure (statically determinate) is created. (c) The extemal load is applied to the primary structure and the defle'ction, Ale in the directicin of the redundant XI, due to external loads only, is calculated.

(d) Then, unit load(s), XI = 1 is applied to the truss in the direction of redundant XI and the deflection 61 in the direction of XI is calculated. The actual deflection (Al due to the redundant X1 will be (XI x 611). (e) Next, unit load(s), X2 = 1 is applied to the truss in the direction of the redundant X2 and the deflection 612 in the direction X1 is calculated. The actual deflection A in the direction X1 due to the redundant X2 will be (X2 x 6 12).
(t

statically 1ndetennin;ltr Plane Pin-JointedTrurwr

This process is repeated for all the redundant so that the total deformation in the direction of X1 due to all the external loads and redundant is now known.

(g) By applying the principle of consistent deformations, the total of all these , deformations along the direction of X1 (including the deformation of the redundant member or movement of redundant support, if any) will be equal to zero. That is,

This is called the compatibility equation for the redundant direction XI. (h) Similarly, the total deformation A2 along the redundant X2 will be zero. And A2 will be calculated similarly as above. Thus,

This is the compatibility equation for the redundant direction X2. (i) Thus, if there are n number of redundants, we will have n number of compatibility equations similar to these equations from which the values of the redundants XI, X2, X3, etc. can be found out. So the problem reduces to that of equations. solving a set of ~imultaneous the method is same as in the previous cases. That is, if (a) Fare the forces in the primary truss members due to external loads, (b) kl are the forces due to unit load XI = 1, and (c) k2 are the forces due to X2 = 1, etc. Then, we have the following relations :

0 ) To find out the values of Alo, A20, . . . ,and 611, 612, . . . , and 621, h 2 , . . . etc.

61, =

xE,
$1

612 =

xAE.
klk21

613 =

x s
xz
621 =

etc.

xw,
AE

622 =

6 1 , 623 = xE

k2k31 etc.

k2k31 k3k21 = 632 AE or in general, 6ii = ijji, this is the famous Maxwell's Reciprocal Law which states that "the deflection at i due to a unit load at j is equal to the deflection at j due to a unit load placed at i." Hence, you need not to calculate all the coefficients.]
mote :You may however note that coefficient

I :

(k) The final value of the member forces (P) will be the sum of the effects of the

external loading and those of the redundants and will be given by

P = F+klXl+k2x2+k3X3+. . . The actual calculation procedure is explained in the next example.

(4.18)

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

Find the forces in the members of the pin-jointed truss shown in Figure 4.16 (a) under the given loading. The cross-sectional area (in mm2) of the members are given within brackets. Take E is same for all members.

Figure 4.16 (a) :Statically Indeterminate Truss

Figure 4.16 (b) External Loads applied to Primary StFacture (F-Fom System in Members)

Figure 4.16 (c) Redundaot XI= 1 applied to Primary Structure (kl-ForceSystem in Members)

Figure 416 (d) Redundant X z = 1 applied to Rimary Structure (kz-Force System in Members)

Figure 4.16 (e) :F

i Member Forces & Reactions

Solution

(a) As the truss is externally determinate, the reactions can be found by the equations of statics. You can verify that these are as follows :

(b) The truss is internally indeterminate as degree ofindeterminacy is Thus, the redundancies aie two in number. Assuming the members CH and CF as redundants, the primary structure shown in Figure 4.16 (b) is obtained by removing them and the F-forces in members due to the external loads is calculated as given in Figure 4.16 (b). (c) Let X I be the unknown redundant force in the bar CH. Next, put equal and opposite unit loads at the joints C and H in place of the redundant bar CH in the primary structure. The kl forces in the members of the truss are calculated and shown in Figure 4.16 (c).
,

td) If X2 is the unknown redundant force in CF, then Figure 4.16 (d) shows the primary structure and member forces k2 due to X2 = 1 applied at the joints C and F. C (You are required to verify the calculations.)

Table 4.6

I
Member

1
1
A

1
'1

1
kl

I
k2

Fkll -

1
.

Fk2l -

AE

AE

kl21 . AE

kz21 AE

& h J
AE

1
P

Final Forces (P)

=

F +klxl+ k 9 2
F - 16.95kl - 21.0k2

Rolliug Loads and Influence Lines

Fkll Fk2l Gl klk21 (e) The values of 1,A, F, kl, k2,-- - are tabulated for all the AE ' A E ' AE' AE' A E truss members in Table 4.6. The summation of the last mentioned five quantities ate also shown there.

gl

(0 Now writing down the compatibility Eq. (4.16). we have,

These equations can be re-written as follows [Eq. (4.17)] :

Substituting the values from Table 4.6, we get,

or,

207.57 + 11.319X1 + 0.750X2 = 0 229.24 + 0.750X1 + 10.309 X2 = 0

- 16.95 kN

giving, XI =

(compression); X2 =

- 21.0 kN (compression)

(g) The final forces in the members can be calculated by the following equation :
P =F

+ klXl + k2X2

On substituting the values of XI and X2, we have in the present case, we get

This is calculated for all the members in the last column of Table 4.6 and displayed in Figure 4.16 (e).

4.8 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have been introduced to the analysis and solution of one of the important class of structures, namely indeterminate structures. The structural type chosen here is pin-jointed plane trusses. The method of solution chosen is one of the most common methods available, namely, the method of consistent deformations. Following are the briefly summarising statements : (a) An internally indeterminate pin-jointed plane truss is that in which the numbers of members, m > 2n - 3. The degree of internal indeterminacy,

Statically InSete~minale Plane Pin-Jointed Trusses

(b) In an externally indeterminate pin-jointed plane truss, the number of reaction, r > 3. The degree of external indeterminacy,

(c) The total number of indeterminacy (or redundants),

In the case of statically indeterminate trusses, forces may be introduced in the members, even thgugh there may not be any external loadings. This may occur due to (a) lack of fit in one of the redundant members, (b) thczmal gradient or temperature difference between members, and (c) movemer~t of the redundant supports. Redundant member forces or redundant reactions cannot be determined by the equations of statics alone. Here, additional equations are required to get the complete solution. These may be obtained from the equations of compatibility, which requires that the movements (deformations or deflections) of the vatious joints of the truss must be geometrically consistent with the movements caused either by (a) external loading, (b) lack of fit in members, (c) temperature changes causing change in length of members, and/or (d) support movements. In practical analysis, the foilowing steps are generally taken : (a) The statically indeterminate structure is first converted into a statically determinate one by removing the redundant members (or reactions). This is called the Primary Structure. (b) The redundant force directions XI, X2, . . .etc. are recognised. (c) The external loads (if any) is next applied to the primary structure, and the external reactions and members forces (F-force system) are calculated. (d). Unit forces are applied, one by ohe, to the primary structure in the redundant directions XI, X2, . . . etc. and the member forces (kl, k2, . . . force systems etc.) are determined in each case. (e) The deflections/defonnationsin the redundant direction due to (i) external loads (Alo, A20 ,etc.), (ii) each of redundant forces, i.e. X1 = 1 (6i1, 612 etc.); X2 = 1 (621, h2 etc.) etc. are determined from Eqs. (4.17a), (4.17b) and (4.17~). We get a following set of equations of compatibility :

Rolling Loads and hlflrrcnce Lines

(f)

The number of equations available from the above set will be equal to the number of unknown redundants, XI,X2 . . . and hence, these can be determined by solving the above set of simultaneous equations.

(g) The final member forces, P can be determined by adding the effect of the external loads and of all the redundants :

4.9 KEY WORDS

Statically Determinate Trusses Statically Indeterminate Trusses

Redundant Member(s)

Geometrical Compatibility Lack of Fit

Thermal Stresses

Primary Structure

: Statically determinate trusses are those trusses which can be analysed by methods of statics only. : Statically indeterminate trusses are those trusses in which there are extra number of support reactions or internal members, which makes solution by statical methods impossible. : Redundant member(s) is the member(s) which when removed makes a indeterminate structure statically determinate. : Geometrical compatibility is a principle stating that the basic geometrical conditions joining the members among themselves or to their structural supports must be satisfied. : Lack of fit situation arises when a member is longer or shorter than the exact distance between the two nodes (joints) members. : Thermal stresses are the stresses caused in a structure due to difference in temperature between various members of the structure. : Primary structure is.the determinate structure obtained after removing the redundant member(s).

4.10 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1 FAB = FBC = FCD = FDA =

+ 7.322 W (tensile)

FBD = FAC =

- 10.355 kN (compressive)

SAQ 2 FAB = - 13.856 W (compressive) = FCD

FBC = - 10.392W (compressive) = FAD F B= ~ + 17.320W (tensile) = FAc

SAQ 3

HB = 60.252 W , FBC = FCD = 150.63W (tensile) ; F m = FAD = - 108.634kN (compressive), FAc = 180.756 W (tensile)
SAQ 4 HB =

+ 20.084 kN

( t ) V , B = 0, HD = 20.084W (+),

VD = O

FBC = FCD = - 50.210 kN (~om~r'essive) FAC = - 60.252 W (compressive)

SAQ 5

(a) FBc = - 14.94 kN ; FBA = (b) FAP = - 9.451 kN ; FBp =

SAQ 6 Lower chord members :

+ 20.08 kN ; FAC = + 24.9 kN + 15.895 kN ; Fcp = + 7.053 kN

Statifally Indeterminate Plaoe Pin-Jointed Trusses

FL14 =

+ 25.15 (tensile) F ~ L= , + 45.46 (tensile)

FU,
= - 6.81 (compressive)
.
,

FbL4 = FLSk

+ 5.77 (tensile) = + 7.73 (tensile)

Upper chord members : FUlu2 = - 50.31 (compressive) FU,u4 = FulLl = FUzk = FuZu3 = - 40.62 (compressive) FU4u5 = FUlk = FUzb = F u 3 ~ ,= Fu4L5 = FuA =
-

+ 29.1 (tensile)
- 41.92 (compressive)

15.46 (compressive)

Inclined members :

+ 41.92 (tensile)
- 8.1 (compressive)

+ 8.1 (tensile) FU3& = + 58.1 (tensile)

Fu4~4 = Fu45 =
- 37.11 (compressive)

- 58.1 (compressive)

+ 37.11 (tensile)
- 12.9 (compressive)

+ 12.9 (tensile)

SAQ 7 Hint : Here you have to take the reaction V D at the support D as the redundant.

After calculating A$ , the deflection at D due to the external loads and 6b , deflection due to a.unit load in the direction of redundant VD L, we get the following equation :

: A +V D SD= 5 mrn.
On further solving, k e get, HB = 40 kN
( t ) ;

VB = 118.887kN

(J)
'

vc
FA^

= 224.070.kN
b

(?) ;

vD=105.183kN (L) FAD =

+ 168.132 kN (tensile)
- 224.070 kN

+ 131.479 kN (tensile)
- 78.887 kN

'FBC = - 78.887 kN (compressive) FAC =

SAQ 8

FcD =

(tensile)

(compressive)

Refer Section 4.7 and Example 4.7.

FURTHER READING
Norris, C. H. and Wilbur J. B., "Elementary Structural Analysis", McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York, 1960, International Student Edition. Reddy C. S.,"Basic Structural Analysis", Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 1996. Prakash D. S., "Graphkal Methods in Structural Analysis", Universities Press (India) Ltd., Hyderabad, 1997. Rao Prakash D. S., "Structural Analysis - A United Approach", Universities Press (India) Ltd., Hyderabad. Junnrkar, S. B., "Mechanics of Structure", Vol 11, Charotar Publishing House, Anand, 1989.