Line Protection
Distance Relay(21)
(Distance Relay:21)
Fault
Impedance: Z
Impedance :
Impedance of lines
Impedance of arc fault
Earth return impedance
(Balance point)
Relay Reach
Relay 21
Over current Relay
Distance Relays
3 :
Impedance
Reactance
Mho
Impedance Relay:
Arc
Impedance impedance
fault U/I = .
fault U/I = .
Impedance Relay:
Relay
: T
T K1 I K 2V K 3
2
K 1 , K2, K3
I , V RMS -----
Impedance Relay:
-- Fault -- --
T=0
T K1 I K 2V K 3 0
2
K3
V
K1
2
I
K2
K2 I 2
V
Z
I
K3
K1
K2
K2 I 2
V
K1
const.
I
K2
Impedance Relay:
Impedance Z -------------Relay
V
K1
const.
K2
Impedance Z -- R-
X Curve
R- X Curve
X
- -- --
--
= 0 - --- in
phase z --- R+
Z3
=180 ---- out
od phase Z -- R----
Z2
Z1
= 90 -- - - I leg Voltage , Z = X+
= 90 -- - - I leg Voltage , Z = X
Directional
characteristic
R- X Curve
relay origin 0
R X
X
Relay Fault
Arc
Z3
T K1 I K 2 (V CI )
2
Z2
Z1
C const.
R
Operating Characteristic of
Impedance Relay
Reactance Relay
Over current Relay
current Voltage Directional Element
X
-R
Operating
Characteristic
+R
------ Load
Load -- unity
Power factor
Distance Type Mho
Phase Fault --
- ---Selectivity -- Relay - - --- arc resistance -
---- Fault ---
Impedance --
-Relay - 1 contact
Fundamental of Distance
Protection
Distance Protection ----
impedance -- ---------- relay 21.
------Zf (fault Impedance)-----------------Z l
--- Zf<Zl ------ --- 21 -
CB
21
Z=Vsc/Isc
Relay Impedance (Secondary
Impedance)
Distance Protection are fed with current and
Voltage measured signal from primary system
via instrument transformer CT and PT
Relay measured a secondary impedance which
result from the transformer ratio CT and PT
Zsec=(Iprim/Isec)/(Vprim/Vsec)*Zprim
Example:
Rate System voltage 110KV,CT=600/1A,
VT ratio=110KV/110V
Zsec=(600/1)/(110/0.1)*Zprim = 0.545Zprim
Zone Protection
--Zone---
-------3
(Zones) -- Zone1,Zone 2-
----
Zone 1 : - 80%-90%---------- Overreach -----
Zone 2 : -120-150%-----------
Zone 1 --
Zone 3 : -- 250%------backup zone1 Zone 2
Distance Protection with signaling Channel
()
F Distance relay
A B B- A
ZA1
ZB1
Basic Distance Schema
Z1
D
Z2
Z3
2
1
2
1
Z1
Z2
Z3
Zone1
Zone1
Zone2
Trip B
T
Z2
1
Zone3
T Z3
Zone2
Trip A
Relay B
Relay A
T
Z2
T
Z3
Zone3
Zone 1Extension
Z1
Z1 ext
Z2
2
1
Z1 ext
Z2
Z3
Z3
Z1
2
1
79 reset
79 reset
Zone1ext.
Zone1
&
&
1
Trip A
Zone2
Zone3
T
Z2
T
Z3
Trip B
T
Z2
T
Z3
Zone1ext.
Zone1
Zone2
Zone3
Permissive Under-reach transfer Trip
(PUTT)
Z1
Z2
Z3
2
1
Z2
Z3
Z1
2
1
Receive
Receive
Send
Send
Zone1
Zone1
Zone2
Zone3
T
Z3
&
T
Z2
T
Z2
Trip A
Trip B
T
Z3
Zone2
Zone3
&
T
