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@Chapter 7 Excerpt from Longchenpas THE GREAT CHARIOT A commentary on Great Perfection: The Nature of Mind, Easer of Weariness (sems nyid ngal gso) translated by Rime Lodro Waldo with Lama Urgen Shenpen. See www.mountaindev.com Presented with permission of Rime Lodro Waldo. Chapter VII The Four immeasurables

A. B. C. D.

The description of and the teaching of meditation on the four Brahma-viharas The teaching of the particulars The teaching of the particular objects of meditation The faults of an impure meditation object 1. The faults of an impure meditation object 2. The instruction to learn the liberating four immeasurables E. The real meditation object F. Their expressions G. How to meditate There are four sections 1. Meditation on Equanimity a. The purpose of equanimity meditation b. The meditation object of equanimity c. Remembering kindness with equanimity d. Equanimity meditation on uncertainty e. The meditation on equanimity f. equanimity meditation in order to benefit sentient beings g. Equanimity about getting and losing, by meditating on them as one h. The main object of equanimity i. Expanding the object of equanimity j. The measure of having trained in equanimity within one's being k. Post-meditation in equanimity meditation l. The fruition of equanimity 2. Meditation on Kindness a. Increasing kindness b. The object of kindness c. The sign of training in kindness d. kindness without object e. The fruition of meditating on kindness 3. Meditation on Compassion a. Thinking about the sufferings of sentient beings b. How to meditate on Compassion c. The main topic of compassion d. The reason of compassion e. The sign of training in compassion f. The fruition of meditating on compassion 4. Meditation on Joy, a. The purpose of meditating on joy b. The object of meditation on joy c. The measure of joy

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d. The essence of joy e. The virtues of joy f. The fruition of meditating on joy H. Further explanation of the way of meditating, 1. the details of meditation after this is familiar, 2. How to stop obstacles to kindness with compassion 3. How to stop obstacles to compassion with joy 4. How to stop obstacles to joy with equanimity 5. Stopping the obstacles to equanimity with kindness 6. The way of meditating when we have become increasingly familiar 7. The virtues of meditating in this way I. The fruition 1. How what is exalted, true and good is established 2. The benefits of the fruition according with the cause a. General b. The benefits of the decisive condition 3. The benefits of doing this 4. The benefit of kindness 5. The benefit of compassion 6. The benefits of joy 7. The benefits of equanimity 8. The praise of their virtues 9. The four immeasurables are the way of the victorious ones 10. How to attain the two ultimate realities. 11. Summarizing the meaning of this meditation J. The dedication of merit. ***** #479.1 Thus having gone to refuge, from the main topic, the path of Mahayana, there are two sections on producing the two excellent bodhicittas that aspire to and enter the supreme mind of enlightenment. Within that, first there are ten sections of the seventh chapter on the four immeasurables.

A. The description of the four Brahma-viharas and the teaching of meditation on them Having gone to refuge, we meditate on the four immeasurables. Therefore, that is taught next. As just explained: Beings who become the vessels of Dharma by taking refuge Then cultivate their minds to benefit sentient beings. Watered by equanimity, in the cool shade of joy, Flowers of compassion bloom in the soil of kindness.

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Here the example is a very pleasant garden-grove. On the rich, green earth of kindness, in a joyful place of refreshment for people, various kinds of flowers of compassion open and blossom. Many birds and deer are enjoying the cool shade of pleasant trees. #480 From lakes, ponds, and good springs of equanimity, flow a collection of many streams, where travelers tired out by samsara can refresh themselves. Weariness of mind is eased and cleansed away. What is described is presented in an ornamental form. The Middle Length Prajaparamita says: Subhuti, here a bodhisattva mahasattva should meditate on kindness, compassion, great joy, and great equanimity.

B. The teaching of the particulars #480.3 First, as for the explanation the particulars of this and other points: When these have not been joined to the path of liberation, These four sources of sanity are causes of samsara. But when they are empowered by the path of peace, Then they manifest as the four immeasurables By which we can transcend the ocean of samsara. The Supreme Essence (snying po mchog) says: #480.4 Shariputra, these four, by which genuine mind is not produced now and will not be produced later, are kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity, the four Bhramaviharas. They are accompanied by samsaric karmic formations. The kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity that produce genuine mind now and produce it later are called the four immeasurables, because they also produce the path of nirvana. #481 C. The teaching of the particular objects of meditation As they focus on either sentient beings or dharmata Their scope is universal, both with and without an object. The meditation objects of the four immeasurables in the arising of four immeasurables with a mental object is all sentient beings, and also in the arising of the four immeasurables without a mental object, the dharmata of all dharmas, with suchness as the meditation object,. The BhumiCollection says: #481.4 With the support of sentient beings and dharmata respectively, the four immeasurables with and without a mental object arise.

D. The faults of an impure meditation object #481.4

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The former concerns a limited number of sentient beings. Such impure objects are causes of the Brahma-viharas. The meditation objects of the four Brahma-viharas involve arousing these four mental phenomena, kindness and so forth, for a limited number of sentient beings, one, two, or whatever. Here liberated mind is not achieved. One to one kindness, like that of a woman crossing the river Ganges with her child, produces samsaric causation, such as the arising of the Brahma-viharas. The Bodhicharyavatara says: #481.6 As the fruit of a clear and unified mind arising Is Bhrama and so forth,... #482 2. The instruction to learn the liberating four immeasurables Thus, with that particular awareness, as for these four immeasurables: Since, when objectless, these are directed at liberation, These should be trained in by those with the nature of compassion. Those desiring liberation must train in them only in an objectless manner, in the aspect of apprehending the four immeasurables.

E. The real meditation object #482.2 Now the meditation object of the four immeasurables is explained: Those who are unhappy and tormented by suffering, Or are biased by feelings of greed or hatred towards other beings, Through their preoccupation with happiness and wealth, Are objects of kindness, joy, compassion and equanimity. The sentient beings taken as the meditation object of the four immeasurables with an object are those who are unhappy or tormented with suffering; and beings who feel prejudicial desire and aggression toward others who, because they are well-off, are happy and wealthy. The Ornament of Mahayana Sutras says: #482.5 The objects are those who have a longing for happiness, And those with happiness afflicted by suffering, And those who have the kleshas....

F. The Expressions #482.5 As for their expressions: Their expressions are the desires that it may be workable That all beings may be happy and also free from pain; and, never parting from joy, that they have equanimity.

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Toward the objects of these four immeasurables there is the desire that sentient beings be without suffering and possess happiness; and that, not separated from joy, #483 but leaving behind passion and aggression, their minds may possess a kindness that is one with equanimity. The same text says: #483.1 I prostrate to you who are so kind to sentient beings, Having an intention that is not newly encountered, Having an intention that is not separable, Having an intention of goodness and benefit. The essence of the four immeasurables is free from what does not accord with each of them. The same text says: #483.2 What does not fit their stable completeness is abandoned. The wisdom of complete non-thought is thus possessed. The three apprehensions regarding these are thus engaged with. Sentient beings are made to be completely ripened. As for abandoning partialities that do not fit with each one of these four, the commentary of that same text says that, not thinking of anything else, focusing on objects with happiness, suffering and in between, we should benefit sentient beings. As to how to engage with the object, those who merely do not have happiness are the object of equanimity. Those who are tormented by suffering and possess passion and aggression have the cause and fruition of suffering. Therefore they are the object of suffering. #483.5 Joy is because of beings happiness. The above three mental apprehensions engage with their three objects. The objects of joy, happiness and goodness consist of these three.

Likewise, as for the four immeasurables having dharmas as their objects, according to all the treatises these same four arise. In the four immeasurables that have the object of dharmata, the nature of these is realized as the unborn. #484 In the tantras and their commentaries there is found a terminology of the four immeasurables in which selflessness is not realized, in which one and one half are realized, and in which two-fold selflessness is realized.i The Bodhisattva-bhumi says: #484.2 That with sentient beings as object is an object in common with the extremists. That with dharmas as object is in common with shravakas, and pratyekabuddhas. That with no object is not in common with anyone.

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These immeasurables arise with the object of sentient beings, dharmas, and with no object. Explaining the arising of these four in terms of six aspects that do not correspond with the six perfections, the Ornament of Mahayana Sutras says: #484.4 Kindness to the miserly, and to vicious undisciplined ones; Kindness to the agitated and unconscientious; Tenderness to those who are who are under the power of objects, And to those who are strongly inclined to wrong perception. Explaining the ten objects for which these kind feelings are produced, the same text says: #484.5 Those who are fiercely blazing, and those in the enemys power; Those oppressed by suffering, and those obscured with darkness. All who abide on paths that are difficult to travel. Those who are chained by fetters that are very great. Those who are attached to food that is mixed with poison. Those who have completely lost the way of the path. Those who go far astray, and those of little power #485 Who still possess loving-kindness for all sentient beings. The ten objects are these: 1.) Those who blaze with the kleshas as if they were in a fire 2.) Those for whom obstacles of Mara have arisen, even though they have entered the path 3.) Those of the three lower realms 4.) Those with stupidity and delusion about karma, cause, and effect 5.) Those who have entered wrong paths 6.) Those who are tightly bound by the knots of the kleshas 7.) Those addicted to the taste of the bliss of samadhi 8.) Those who dwell on the paths of shravakas 9.) Those who dwell on the paths of pratyekabuddhas 10.) Neophyte bodhisattvas. The four immeasurables arise with four conditions: 1.) The naturally existing gotra or dhatu is the causal condition. 2.) The spiritual friend who teaches the instructions of the four immeasurables is the dominant condition. 3.) Apprehension of each ones particular object is the object-condition. 4.) Previous acquaintance with the benefits of meditating on the four immeasurables, and the harm of not doing so, is the immediately preceding condition. The former text says: #485.5 From the causes of happiness and suffering Comes the kindness of the bodhisattva. Along with those causes, from the spiritual friend And our natural disposition, rises compassion. The Abhidharmakosha says: 485.6

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With four there are the mind and mental events. With three there are the two samapattis. Other things arise from only two. #486 Mind and mental events are produced by four conditions, the main cause, predominating, immediately preceding and object conditions. Samapatti is produced by three, the main cause, predominating, and immediately preceding conditions. Material things arise from two, the main cause, such as a seed, and predominant conditions, such as water and manure.

G. How to meditate #486.2 1. Equanimity meditation a. The purpose of equanimity meditation Now, as to how to meditate, we purely and definitely concern ourselves with these alone. However, as for there being completely fixed approach: These do not have to be practiced in any one fixed order, But, even so, beginners should start with equanimity. Having equalized any prejudicial bias, Then they should meditate upon the other three. First we should compose ourselves, putting ourselves at ease. This is because if we do not bring all biases into equanimity, it is difficult for the other three immeasurables to arise. Therefore, first we meditate on equanimity. The master Janagarbha says in his Ornament of the Middle Way (Madhyamaka-alankara): #486.5 Crossing with equanimity to the land of goodness, Like a meadow covered with blossoming flowers of kindness, Well-adorned with the cooling protective shade of compassion. The water of joy will be pure, and not disturbed or muddied. However, the Two Segments says: #486.6 First meditate on kindness, Second, turn to compassion Third, meditate on joy, And, last of all, equanimity. #487 This last is from the viewpoint of teachers already joined with inner divine suchness. For them it is easy first to produce the arising of the other three, kindness and so forth. The other is in order to first make the nature of the three, kindness and so forth, arise easily.

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b. The meditation object of equanimity #487.1 Now, to explain equanimity meditation: Since the meditational object is all sentient beings, You should examine your mind, to see what it is like. If you love your mother and father and your friends, But hate your enemies, your attitude is bad. When it is like that, there is no sentient being that is not made into an enemy or friend, so that love or hate arises toward them. That is not right. Why?

c. Remembering kindness with equanimity #487.3 In samsara: While we have been wandering without beginning or end, These enemies were our fathers, mothers and relatives. They were formerly friendly and gave their help to us. Shall we now cultivate malice as a return for their kindness? It is not right to repay with harm those who formerly benefited us. The Vinaya Scriptures say: #487.5 Returning good for good is excellent. Returning harm or indifference is not right.

d. Equanimity meditation on uncertainty #487.5 For many generations: Also these friends were enemies and did us harm. Even now that pain is still infecting us. How can it be right to repay this with benefit? Those who now are neither, once were both friends and foes. Where benefit and harm are without any certainty, Either loving and hating is inappropriate. #488 If it is not right to benefit an enemy who has done us harm, our friends in former generations did us harm. Even now, as a result, suffering still defiles us. Just this produces our loving and hating. Why repay that with benefit? As for beings who are indifferent to us now, if we think about it, whether they did us benefit or harm before or which they may do later is not certain. Therefore we should produce equanimity for those for whom we have a positive or negative bias. The Prajaparamita in Twenty Thousand Verses says: #488.3 Subhuti, all sentient beings are mutually equal, and you should produce an attitude of equanimity.

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e. The meditation on equanimity #488.3 For this reason: Therefore, start by regarding friends and relatives With neither love nor hate, just like those who are neutral. Then giving up hatred, you should be neutral to enemies. When this is done, then prejudice is non-existent. Thus equalize friends and enemies as indifferent.

f. Equanimity meditation to benefit sentient beings #488.5 To be rid of the mental darkness that comes from fixating neutrality, With a mind that clears away kleshas for beings into equality, Meditate on phenomena in freedom from samsara. May our kleshas come to be completely pacified with regard to all sentient beings, starting with our enemies and friends. May love and hate never arise. May our minds all become mutually workable.

g. Equanimity about getting and losing, by meditating on them as one #489.1 Why do this? All want happiness and want to eliminate suffering, But their ignorance is involved with the cause of suffering. We feel joy when we are happy and do not desire what is painful. All beings are like that, so how can malevolence toward them be appropriate? Desire, even desire for happiness, is a cause of suffering. We should eliminate involvement with this bad approach.

h. The main object of equanimity #489.3 Kye ma! If only the draining host of kleshas were pacified, With all their habitual patterns, and mind were equalized. May embodied beings, tormented by violent loves and hatreds, Turn bias to equanimity, free from love and hate. May all the kleshas of sentient beings be pacified. In particular, after the fires of love and hate are pacified, without preferential bias, may our minds become workable.

i. Expanding the object of equanimity #489.5 Having contemplated one being in this way,

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Then go further, and do the same with two or three. Go on to a country, and then again to a continent. Then, having contemplated all the four continents, Try one or two thousand worlds, and then consider them all. The training is complete when self is the same as other, And enemies and friends are seen with equality. Beginners should meditate on equanimity towards friends and enemies until that is accomplished. Then from one, two, and three beings and so forth, go on to your town and then your country, its continent, and finally all of this world Jambuling. Then, from the continents of Videha and so forth, go further and meditate on a thousand worlds, two and three thousand, and all the world systems. Also first meditate on human beings, and then on animals and so forth as being equal.

j. The measure of having trained in equanimity within our being #490.2 Within our being: The training is completed when oneself and others, Or enemies and friends, are seen in equality. For anyone who has attained this attitude, jealousy and enmity will not arise. They will be hindered by the arising of equality/equanimity.

k. Post-meditation in equanimity meditation #490.3 Then after a session of meditating with that object of equanimity: Then go on to the equanimity without object. Everything is mind, whose nature is like the sky. Rest in this emptiness, the unborn absolute, Free from complexities of mental phenomena. The objects to be meditated upon, these appearances of sentient beings, are like a reflection, appearing while they do not exist, unborn by nature. Rest in mindfulness of this. Though we are attached to the skandhas as being grasped objects and a fixating ego that is other than these, both are false. #491 This is like thinking that a reflection in a mirror is a face. What does not exist appears, depending on the skandhas. The Precious Garland says: #491.1 In dependence on a shining mirror Oneself and others may appear reflected; Nevertheless, in actuality, These images do not exist at all. Likewise, in dependence on the skandhas, An ego is perceived and firmly grasped;

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But like the reflected image of a face, Really it does not exist at all. As without depending on a mirror, No reflected natures will appear, When there is no dependence on the skandhas, Ego-grasping too will be like that. If our natural skandhas are grasped as a self, karma exists. From karma birth exists, so by intervals old age and death will also exist. When we do not grasp the skandhas, all this is eliminated. The same text says: #491.4 As long as there is any grasping of the skandhas, So long will they be grasped as truly having an ego. If there is ego-grasping, there is also karma. As a result of that, there also will be birth. The three kinds of actionii have no beginning, end, or middle. The mandala of samsara, like the apparent wheel That is formed by the whirling of a fire-brand, Is a thing of mutual causes, and as such it turns. It could not be established from itself, another, or both; Nor could it be established from the three divisions of time. Therefore the ego-grasper is completely exhausted. That will also be the case for birth and karma. In that way, having seen the rising of cause and effect, And also having seen the way they are exhausted, in reality the world is not conceived Either as existing or as nonexistent. All dharmas, without any object to grasp as me or mine, should be known to be like a reflection. The benefits of equanimity meditation #492.2 The measure of being well-trained by meditating in this way is that realization of profound peace arises, as well as realization of the nature of all dharmas as primordially unborn equality. The All-Creating King says: #492.3 Within the unthinking enlightenment of dharmata, By resting in non-duality, wisdom will arise.

l. The fruition of equanimity #492.3 Of this meditation: The fruition is that for mind, undisturbed by any bias, There is a spontaneous presence of the natural state.

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This is the actual nature of reality. When feeling of bias and the relativity of self and other are non-existent, the absolute, non-dual dharmata, is realized. When we have become familiar with this, we should perform the meditation of primordial kindness.

2. Meditation on kindness #492.5 a. Increasing kindness As explained above: After the mind has developed this equanimity, Think of the happiness that you want for your mother. Then contemplate all embodied beings in just that way. When the mind has been equalized, #493 just as we are kind and pleasant towards our fathers and mothers, meditate on all sentient beings, placing the mind in the attitude we have toward our parents. So meditate on kindness. The Prajaparamita in Eight Thousand lines says: #493.1 Meditate with an attitude of kindness, not letting it be ravished away by all the shravakas and pratyekabuddhas.

b. The object of kindness #493.2 How is this done?: Kindness has the object of all sentient beings. It hopes that they may encounter, in the incidental aspect, The happiness that pertains to gods and human beings, And, ultimately, the happiness of enlightenment. Meditate, going from thinking of a single being Up to all beings, as far as the limits of the directions. When unhappy sentient beings are seen, think, May they meet incidentally with the happiness of gods and humans, and ultimately with the happiness of buddhahood. Thinking that, go from one to meditating on all sentient beings, as limitless as the space of the sky. The Middle Length Prajaparamita says: #493.5 When we see sentient beings who have no happiness, we should think, May these sentient beings attain the god realm, where the happiness of the gods is perfect.

c. The sign of training in kindness #493.6

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As for training: The sign of success is supreme and all-pervading kindness. #494 Greater than a mothers love for her only child. Whatever sentient beings are seen, we are pleased, and, with a great kind longing, we want to help them.

d. Kindness without object #494.1 After meditating on kindness with an object: Then rest everything in equanimity. This is the great kindness without any reference point. The sign is the unity of kindness and emptiness. The object of meditation on kindness is sentient beings, who arise from the gathering together of the six elements. These elements are 1) earth 2) water 3) fire 4) air 5) space 6) consciousness. If these elements are examined, their coarse atoms, subtle real nature, and consciousnesses of all this do not exist as real things. Meditate, thinking that they are like space. The Precious Garland says: #393.4 People are not earth and are not water. Neither are they fire, air, nor space, Nor are they consciousness, nor all of these. A person is something different from these. Since persons are gathered from the six elements, They are not real, and in a similar way, Any nature gathered from each of the elements likewise cannot be something that is real. The skandhas are not the ego, nor ego the skandhas. Yet neither would be there without the other. Also: At the time when no things can be found, At that time there is pure thinglessness. #495

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Things of form are simply non-existent, Even space is nothing but a name. With no arising, form is superfluous. Therefore, even its name does not exist. Feelings, perceptions, and conditioned formations, As well as consciousness, just seem to rise, Regarded in thought as if they were a self. Thus, the six elements are selflessness. Why does no self exist? When sentient beings appear, if we examine their bodily nature, it does not exist. Neither a support or supported of consciousness is seen, so no me and mine are perceived. When analyzed, they vanish, essentially empty. The same text says: #495.3 Just as if the layers of a plantain treeiii Are all destroyed, then nothing is there at all; People too, if all the parts of their nature Should be destroyed, would likewise disappear. Because all dharmas are without a self, That is what the victorious ones have taught. This mere appearance of seeing and hearing is neither true nor false, since truth and falsity are just patterns of dharmas in the mind. The same text says: #495.5 Our just being able to see and hear and so forth, Is taught as being neither true nor false. Also it says there: #495.5-6 This world transcends both truth and falsity. Thus all dharmas are beyond truth and falsity, like a plantain or banana tree. This is also taught in the King of Concentrations Sutra: Just as with the herbaceous trunks of plantain trees, #496 Wanting to find their real substance, people tear them up, But nowhere inside or out is that substance to be found; All the various dharmas should be known like that. The sign of good training is that while kindness arises, at the same time there arises the realization that sentient beings, like a plantain tree, essentially have no self or nature.

e. The fruition of meditating on kindness #396.2 What is the fruition?:

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The visible result is experience of pure pleasure. Seeing sentient beings is pleasurable, and the beings, when they are seen, are cleansed of disturbances of love and hate and so forth. The Prajaparamita in Eight Thousand Lines says: #496.3 Those who have an attitude of kindness meditate a great deal, and when they see the sentient beings inhabiting the world, it is pleasurable. They have no anger. Also immeasurable merit is attained. The Sutra of the Great Liberation Blossoming in the Ten Directions (thar pa chen po phyogs bcu rgys pai mdo) says: #496.4 Though someone in the world May keep pure discipline For even as long as a kalpa, An instant of joy in one person Produced by kindness is better. In the world, whoever does evil In body, speech or mind, Surely falls to the three lower realms; But kindness will instantly cleanse it.

3. Meditation on Compassion #497 a. Thinking about the sufferings of sentient beings Now compassion is taught: After all beings have been enfolded in this kindness. Think of their sufferings, arousing such a compassion As when your mind cannot endure your parents suffering. If our kind parents did evil deeds for our sake and consequently were tormented by the sufferings of the three lower realms and so forth, we would think, I must be compassionate to them. The Middle Length Prajaparamita says: #497.3 If we see sentient beings who are suffering, we will think, May these sentient beings be free from suffering.

b. How to Meditate on Compassion #497.3-4 As for how to meditate: Think how our parents, who were so kind to us, Suffered by doing evil actions for our sake.

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With thirst and hunger, heat and cold, and being killed, They have been sinking down into the raging sea Of birth, old age and sickness and finally of death, Worn out by the great variety of these sufferings. Because they did evil deeds for our sake, now they are tormented by their particular sufferings.

c. The main topic of compassion #497.6 From this present suffering: Though they want liberation, they have no peace of mind. There is no good friend to show them the proper path. How pitiable is their limitless wandering in samsara. Having seen it, can I forsake and abandon them? #498 The beings of samsara are suffering and know no way of being liberated. Except for a very few spiritual friends, there is no one to teach them all the path of liberation. None of these beings who now suffer without limit in samsara, formerly was not my father, mother, relative, and friend. As for just abandoning them without a refuge or protector, they are my family, father, and mother! That is how we should think. The Letter to a Student says: #498.3 If beings get into such situations and remain, Those who with kind attention receive them carefully, Cannot be pained by these kleshas, but if they should reject them, And are base and malicious, who will then be happy?

d. The reason of compassion #498.4 The reason: Then we should think from the very depths of our heart and bones, May all beings be freed in a moment from suffering, By means of our bodies and enjoyment of our wealth, And any happiness that is ours throughout the three times. Thus may all our enjoyment and happiness be transferred to other beings. Having been freed from suffering, may they forever enjoy immeasurable happiness. We should think that from the depths of our hearts. The Prajaparamita in Eighteen Thousand Lines says: #499 With such a vast mind possessing the great compassion, all shravakas and pratyekabuddhas should meditate in this extraordinary way.

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e. The sign of training in compassion #499.1 When training in this meditation, as we go from one sentient being to all, the sign of success is that the suffering of beings arises within us and becomes unbearable.

e. The post-meditation of compassion meditation #499.2 After all sessions of meditating like this on compassion with objects: Then meditate on compassion without a reference point. The sign is the unity of compassion and emptiness. If the objects of compassion, sentient beings, are examined and analyzed, they are natureless like the appearance of water in a mirage. No water is really there. That is how we should think. The King of Concentrations Sutra says: #499.4 As when the summer sun is at its zenith, Persons tormented by thirst and other beings With their skandhas see a mirage of water. All dharmas should be known to be like that. The Precious Garland says: #499.5 As water in a mirage Is neither water nor real, Egos in the skandhas Are neither there nor real. That mirage is water. So thinking, people go there. If that water is non-existent, Such grasping at it is stupid. #500 Existing like an illusion, This world is non-existent. The grasper of it is stupid, And so will not be free. But also it says there: #500.1 So both, in reality, Never come nor go nor stay. And so the worlds pain is gone. Also it says there: #500.2 Therefore the teaching of the buddhas is deathless, Transcending both existence and non-existence,

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And also profound, as it has been explained After we understand the nature of all dharmas through meditation, emptiness and compassion are unified. This is how practice is done on the true path. If either of these two is absent, we stray from the path. The Dohakosha says: #500.4 Those who, without compassion, dwell in emptiness, Will never be attainers of the highest path; But those who meditate upon compassion alone, Will never be liberated from dwelling in samsara. Those who have the power of joining both of these Will not be dwellers in either samsara or nirvana.

f. The fruition of meditating on compassion #500.5 Of meditating in this way: The fruition is workable mind without injurious malice, Able to establish primordial purity. One attains a workable mind without malice and injurious intent. #501 By that the Buddhas enlightenment will be established. The Supreme Essence says: By the great compassion the mind becomes workable. It becomes deathless. It attains the supreme adornment of delight.

3. The meditation of joy #501.2 a. The purpose of meditating on joy Now joy will be explained. As just taught: After beings have thus been moistened by compassion, And each is happy, then we should meditate on joy. When we see happy sentient beings, we should meditate on joy. The Prajaparamita in Twenty Thousand Lines says: #501.3 Whenever we see sentient beings joined to their particular happiness, we should think, May they be inseparable from this happiness. May they also possess the happiness of omniscience, beyond that of gods and human beings.

b. The object of meditation on joy #501.4

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What is it ? The proper object of joy is happy sentient beings. The content is thinking, E ma! there is no need For me to try to establish these beings in happiness. All of them have gained their proper happiness. Until they attain the essence of enlightenment, May they never be parted from this happiness. First think of one, then meditate on all of them. Thinking like that, go from meditating on one happy sentient being to all of them.

c. The measure of joy #502 As for the measure of training: The sign is the arising of joy that is free from envy. True joy has no envy for the wealth of others.

d. The essence of joy #502.1 After a session of meditating on conceptual joy: Then meditate on joy without a reference point. Meditate on the objects of joy, all sentient beings, as appearing while they do not exist, like an illusion. The King of Concentrations Sutra says: #502.3 Just as in the midst of many different people Magicians may emanate illusory forms of things, But the horses, chariots, and elephants they conjure Do not exist at all in they way that they appear, Every Dharma should be known to be like that. The Precious Garland says: #502.4 Secret from people in general Is this very deep Dharma teaching, The amrita of Buddhas teaching That the world is like illusion. Just as illusory elephants Appear to arise and vanish, While in truth and reality There is nothing to rise or vanish,

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Likewise this world of illusion, Appears to rise and vanish, But in real and absolute truth, Nothing rises or is destroyed. As an illusory elephant Coming from nothing, goes nowhere; By exhausting minds obscuration, #503 It is really and truly gone. This world, just like the elephant, Coming from nothing, goes nowhere; By exhausting minds obscuration, It is really and truly gone. With a nature beyond the three times, Unperceived by conventional labels, How could this be a world With existence and nonexistence?

e. The virtues of joy #503.2 In meditating in this way, by the joy of the natural state: Body, speech and mind have spontaneous peace and bliss. This is the measure of accomplishment.

f. The fruition of meditating on joy #503.3 By the wealth of fruition, joy is stabilized. The Prajaparamita in Eight Thousand Lines says: #503.4 Immeasurably vast, joyful mind is never taken from us. With this unsurpassable perfection we attain the heights.

H. Further explanation of the way of meditating, #503.5 1. The details of meditation after this is familiar, Now the way of meditating will be further explained. As it says above: After this is familiar, then, beginning with kindness,

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Meditate on all four, one right after the next, With a gradual break in attachment to any of the four. Sometimes meditate on these four in order, as an antidote to liberate them into purity.

2. How to stop obstacles to kindness with compassion #504 Moreover, If meditation on kindness attaches you to all beings Making you feel as if they were your relatives, By compassion stop the cause and effect of the pain, attachment. If sometimes you become permanently attached to other sentient beings as your father and mother, a second meditation on compassion will serve as an antidote.

3. How to stop obstacles to compassion with joy #504.2 Moreover, When a lesser compassion attaches to reference points, Sadness will be stopped by a joy that has no object. When there is attachment to compassion for an individually characterized phenomenon, illusionlike, objectless joy will clear away all sadness and attachment.

4. How to stop obstacles to joy with equanimity #504.3 Moreover, When joy disturbs the mind by arousing anxiety Then we should meditate on the great equanimity, Free from all desire for anything near or far. If we are sad because we long for joy in the happiness of others, it will be cleared away by meditating on objectless equanimity.

5. Stopping the obstacles to equanimity with kindness #504.4 Moreover, When equanimity is neutral and indecisive, Meditate on kindness and so forth, as before. Training, in that way, grows to be easy and stable.

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If everything seems to become indifferent, arouse kindness and meditate on that. These are the general antidotes. In particular, as an antidote for each object, meditate as taught in the corresponding objectless way. By meditating in that way, we will attain immeasurable peace within ourselves and quickly attain stability. #505 6. The way of meditating when we have become increasingly familiar Yogins for whom this practice is fully stabilized May meditate in a different order, or jump about. After the four immeasurables are stabilized, so that their benefits may arise, after kindness, meditate on the others in order, or after equanimity go back and meditate in no particular order. That is, after meditating serially on kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity, after equanimity, meditating on compassion and kindness is the lesser degree. After kindness, meditating on joy is the middle. After equanimity meditating on kindness is the greatest. Jumping directly up and down after resting between objects is the meditation. The Middle Length Prajaparamita says: Subhuti, then meditate on kindness. Meditate on joy. Rest in compassion, Practice equanimity.

7. The virtues of meditating in this way #505.5 What is the purpose? It is like this: By that our realization will gain the advantage of freshness. Its steadiness will grow to the very greatest degree. In particular the mind of the four immeasurables will gain freshness, unsteadiness will be steadied, and steadiness will become supremely great steadiness.

I. The fruition #506 1. How what is exalted, true and good is established Now, teaching the fruition of the four immeasurables, the following words explain what is like: There are four fruitions of doing this meditation. By ripening we gain the exalted and truly good. In the realm we wish, we have a divine or human body, In a situation producing goodness and benefit. Those who do not attain an exalted state attain the body of a god or a human being. They perfect the two accumulations, benefit beings, and become inseparable from the four immeasurables.

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Even if they are careless or fall asleep, they will not fall prey to serious harm. The Ornament of Mahayana Sutras says: #506.3 Having the mind of these four Brahma-viharas We will always take birth in the realm we desire. Because they perfect the two accumulations, They produce ripening for sentient beings. Never separated from purity, They are free from what does not in accord with them. Being careless, which is such a condition, As well as impatience, will never be found there. As the ultimate fruition, enlightenment is established. The same text says: What is harmful is banished, and, with seeds of enlightenment, Happiness is produced and the cause of longing desire. The essence ripens, and children of the Victorious One, Relying on Dharma, are not far off from being buddhas. Abandoning what is harmful is a fruition of separation. #507 Producing the seed of liberation is a fruition of the predominant condition of empowerment by the master. Being patient about our own trials and hardships, because we are producing happiness for others, is a fruition of production. By meditating on these four in this life, they ripen in other lives as a fruition according with the cause. The nature of these four immeasurables always arises in children of the Victorious One. It is born from previous familiarity, from seeing its objects, and by seeing the faults of what does not conform to them. The same text says: #507.3 This kindness, having the nature of compassion, Attains the nature and true discrimination By former acquaintance and also purification Of the non-according condition that would spoil it. 2. The benefits of according with the cause #507.4 From the two sections of the fruition according with the cause:

a. General From according with the cause, these themselves are produced. The good experience gained is free from its opposite side. By action according with the cause, we always spend our time meditating on the four immeasurables. By experience according with the cause malice, harmfulness, unhappiness, passion, loving and hating will be absent. Now there are the benefits of the power of this.

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b. The benefits of the decisive condition As for the decisive condition or power: The power is birth in a pleasant, happy, and joyful country, Where there are compatible people and amenities of wealth. By kindness we are born in a pleasant country, #508 by compassion in a happy one, and by joy in a joyful one with many flowers, medicinal herbs, and so forth. By equanimity we are born among many compatible people and are not harmed.

3. The benefits of doing this #50 8.1 For such a person: By doing this, these four will grow immensely greater. The wealth of the two benefits for self and others At this time becomes completely spontaneous. By performing this, the four immeasurables increase immensely, growing greater and greater. By that the wealth of the two benefits for oneself and others is spontaneously present. By the increase of the meritorious karma of meditating on these four immeasurables, happiness and goodness are established.

4. The benefit of kindness #508.3 Moreover When perfect enjoyment of kindness is without aggression, Then the mirror-like wisdom will have been fully attained, As sambhogakaya adorned with the major and minor marks. After kindness transforms aggression into the mirror-like wisdom, sambhogakaya is attained. The Lotus Peak (padma rtse mo) says: By kindness aggression will be purified As mirror-like wisdom and sambhogakaya.

5. The benefit of compassion #508.5 When compassion is desireless, there is dharmakaya, Producing the manifestation of discriminating wisdom, With dharmakayas exclusive dharmas, like the ten powers.

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Compassion pure of desire is discriminating awareness wisdom and dharmakaya. The same text says: #508.6 By compassion desire is fully purified As discriminating wisdom and ultimate dharmakaya.

6. The benefits of joy #509 When joy eliminates jealousy, there is nirmanakaya. The holy all-accomplishing wisdom is attained. Nirmanakaya is nothing fixed, but of various forms. This self-existing kaya is spontaneous in its action. By immeasurable joy we attain the all-accomplishing wisdom, whose nature is perfect buddha activity. Purifying jealousy makes nirmanakaya manifest. The same text says: #509.2 By joy all jealousy is fully purified, As all-accomplishing wisdom and nirmanakaya. Action becomes spontaneous and excellent.

7. The benefits of equanimity #509.3 When equanimity has eliminated pride, As well as stupidity, there is the essence of things. Through equality, dharmadhatu wisdom will manifest. The simplicity of dharmata is svabhavikakaya. When equanimity has purified pride and ignorance, the wisdom of equality and the dharmadhatu wisdom are established. Svabhavikakaya, the unchanging vajrakaya and the kaya of the manifestation of enlightenment are apprehended. The same text says: #509.5 By equanimity and great equanimity Pride, with envy and ignorance, will be purified. We master the dharmadhatu and equality wisdoms, The kaya of manifestation and the vajrakaya. As for the nature of passionlessness that arises from the four actions of these four immeasurables, the Ornament of Mahayana Sutras says: #509.6 Those who have kindness completed by compassion, If they do not desire to dwell in peace, #510 Why even speak of worldly happiness Or enhancing their personal lives and their careers?

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As for their not desiring their own happiness, the same text says: #510.1 Compassion is made to suffer by those who have suffering. If that moisture were not produced, who would make them happy? After the kind produce these others happiness, Their personal happiness is not produced like that. As for the kind subjugating their own happiness to that of others, the same text says: #510.2 The suffering that is produced by kindness Overwhelms all worldly happiness. If those who are givers of benefit are without it, What greater wonder could there be than that? The Letter to a Student says: #510.3 For beings with many unbearable sufferings, without a refuge and helpless, Those who are happy to suffer in helping others are said to be excellent beings. The instant that others hunger and thirst is completely removed, and they have done it, They become joyful people. Who indeed could be compared to them? These diligent ones who so delight in working to benefit others and make them happy, How could they ever devote themselves to enjoyment in the higher realms? They will never gain joy by happy youth, nor the trappings of wealth and power, Nor by spouses or other relationships, nor will they be born among gods or jealous gods. As for the action of samsara not arising, the former text says: #511 Compassion, the highest attitude, lacks ego and the nature Of suffering that comes from samsaric labeling. It lacks the suffering that comes from consciousness. Nor will there be the serious harm that comes from wrongdoing As for the immeasurables of holy beings who have these immeasurably, they transcend the world and are without faults. The same text says: #511.2 Those who have desire have corresponding faults. Those without it, beyond the world, do not possess them. Those who have this attitude, by their loving-kindness, Will be without any faults and go beyond the world. Those who are kind to their literal fathers, mothers, and children have desire. Bodhisattvas have no such desires in regard to sentient beings. This is because they are liberated from samsara. They lack faults because they liberate suffering sentient beings from samsara. The same text says: #511.4 Not knowing how to cross the great waves of suffering, As for those that put their reliance in the great darkness, The sorts of means that are employed by worldly leaders,

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How is it possible that they would not have faults? The same text says: #511.6 If worldly enlightened ones and all the arhats Among the pratyekabuddhas lack this kindness, It is needless even to speak of any others; #512 But world-transcending ones are not like that. If we do not meditate on the four immeasurables, there will be many faults. The same text says: #512.1 A bodhisattva who possesses ill-will And malice due to pain and unhappiness, Resulting from attachments of desire, Is sure to come in contact with many faults. As for its being said that those born in the desire realms have attachments of desire, those who are born in the first two realms of desire and form are said to have samsaric desire. The Abhidharmakosha says: #512.3 Those born in those two realms have attachments of samsaric desire. As for the fault of increasing kleshas being immeasurable. the former text says: #512.3 Kleshas conquer the self. They conquer beings. They conquer discipline. By receiving corruption, we are debased and become samsaric. Teachers of such things degrade us. Do not listen to their arguments. They will be born in other lives as beings without the freedoms. Harmed by attaining and non-attaining, their minds will attain great suffering. Attainment corrupts the happiness of this life, and non-attainment corrupts later happiness. As for the benefits of meditating on the four immeasurables, we do not have such faults, we grasp the possibilities of benefiting beings, and since we are not whirled about in samsara by the kleshas, suffering does not arise. The same text says: #512.6 For those who rest in kindness and the rest, The faults that were described do not arise. Having no kleshas, they will benefit beings, #513 And will not pass into samsaric birth. 8. The praise of their virtues: #513.1 As to what theyiv are like:

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These, kindness and so forth are given the highest praise By the one who is the teacher of gods and human beings As having limitless virtues and being beyond compare. The Glorious Garland Sutra (dpal phreng gi mdo) says: #513.2 Whoever meditates on the four immeasurables Will be considered with kindness by all the tathagatas. All the immeasurable good qualities of this Are even more limitless than endless space itself 9. The four immeasurables are the way of the victorious ones As for the four immeasurables: Any path that is without them is in error. Refuge in other teachers is an inferior path. The path that has them leads to spotless liberation. This is the way that was traveled by buddhas of the past. It also will be traveled by those who are to come. The Commentary of the Praise of the Bhumis says: #513.4 The four immeasurables are the path of liberation. Others paths are wrong. 10) How to attain the two ultimate realities. #513.5 The causal vehicles hold that, like seeds producing sprouts, Upaya and praja are the producers of the two kayas. The fruition vehicles proclaim them as being mere conditions, Removing the two obscurations that veil these same two kayas . But since upaya depends on the limitless path of compassion, The meaning is the same, compassionate emptiness. In that, both cause and fruition practice are in accord. The vehicles of characteristics mostly #514 proclaim that the two accumulations are the producing cause of the two kayas . The Sixty Stanzas on Reasoning (rig pa drug bcu pa) says: #514.1 By this merit all beings Accumulate merit and wisdom. May we gain the two ultimates Arising from merit and wisdom. In secret mantra, it is maintained that clearing away the two obscurations of the kayas occurs through practicing the two accumulations with profound upaya and praja. Therefore such

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practice is proclaimed to be a condition of this clearing away. Both are in accord, insofar as practice has the essence of emptiness and compassion. 11. Summarizing the meaning of this meditation #514.3 The sutras say that the unborn seeds of happiness Have existed primordially and never were created. The mantrayana accords with this, because it claims To clear away the incidental obscurations That are the primordial obscurations of trikaya. To summarize briefly, learned and accomplished ones Explain that sutra and tantra are a unity, As outer and inner aspects of a single path. Therefore, following after the Buddhas genuine children, We should strive to practice the four immeasurables. The Buddhas final teaching says that the dhatu is naturally pure and possesses the buddha qualities primordially. However, at the time of practicing the path, the buddha qualities appear to arise, and are proclaimed to appear. In mantrayana all beings naturally exist as the mandala, as explained below. Since these two approaches are without distinction, it amounts to the same thing. In the path, #515 the two accumulations of upaya and praja are also the same. In the fruition, the kayas and wisdoms are the same. Former great masters like Padmasambhava have explained their relationship as inner and outer. Therefore, we should strive to meditate on the four immeasurables.

J. The dedication of merit #515.2 Now the merit is dedicated for the benefit of sentient beings: By the nature of this peace that was so auspiciously taught, When the roiling silt in the mind of all beings is pacified, Fatigued by having strayed into wrong and degrading paths, May our minds today find ease for their weariness. By the power of this auspicious way of presenting the Dharma, like the host of spotless rays of the autumn moon, may whatever beings are dwelling on the paths of the shravakas and pratyekabuddhas, and others dwelling on the paths of the extremists, and those who are wearied by dwelling on paths that are less than perfect, and all those worn out by dwelling on the great path of samsara, completely pacify the roiling kleshas that disturb their minds. In the wondrously arisen grove of liberation, carpeted with an array of various flowers, like lotuses growing in the pond of buddha qualities, may they put themselves at ease. As when the full moon of autumn ornaments the sky. Having a perfectly rounded, brilliantly shining disk,

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#516 May hundreds of night-blooming lotuses of faith Blossom in the light, and beings be illumined. Lapping the motionless Meru of a mind of sanity Is the play of the ocean of goodness and benefit. As the four continents adorn that central mountain, The four immeasurables are the ornaments of mind. May accumulations of happiness beautify all the world. May beings without remainder come to the ground of life. From the peaceful garland of adorning clouds, The play the three levels that constitutes our universe,v May the heavens open with marvelous rains of happiness. With flashing illumination and the thunder of victory, May these four measureless benefits last to the end of time.

The first kind of selflessness realizes the emptiness of a real self that owns the dharmas it perceives and those same dharmas insofar as they are regarded as owned by it. It does not realize the selflessness of dharmas altogether. Abhidharma Buddhist philosophy shares this approach with the Samkhyas etc. The second approach is most typical of pratyekabuddhas, but is perhaps easiest to understand if we think of the mind-only school. It realizes the emptiness of grasped objects because of interdependent arising, but tends to cling to the reality of the grasping perceiver and perception. Having realized the emptiness of the object and perceiver of individuals and the emptiness of the object, but not the perceiver, of dharmas altogether, these individuals realize one and a half of the two egolessnesses. ii. Good, evil, and neutral. iii. An onion is good western equivalent.
iv v

The immeasurables. Meter