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    Chemistry - The Language of Chemistry

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    Anime_King
    This document discusses the history and development of chemical symbols and formulas. It explains that: 1) John Dalton introduced the concept of chemical symbols in 1807 as a short form to represent elements. Berzelius later established a system in 1814 where the first letter of an element's name is capitalized and the second letter is lowercase as the symbol. 2) The document then defines key chemical concepts like valency, the formation of ions, radicals, and provides examples of writing chemical formulas and balancing equations. 3) Finally, it emphasizes that a balanced chemical equation ensures that the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides of the reaction. Rules for balancing equations are described.

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    Chemistry - The Language of Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Anime_King
    19K views18 pages
    This document discusses the history and development of chemical symbols and formulas. It explains that: 1) John Dalton introduced the concept of chemical symbols in 1807 as a short form to represent elements. Berzelius later established a system in 1814 where the first letter of an element's name is capitalized and the second letter is lowercase as the symbol. 2) The document then defines key chemical concepts like valency, the formation of ions, radicals, and provides examples of writing chemical formulas and balancing equations. 3) Finally, it emphasizes that a balanced chemical equation ensures that the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides of the reaction. Rules for balancing equations are described.

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    Chemistry- the Language of Chemistry

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    This document discusses the history and development of chemical symbols and formulas. It explains that: 1) John Dalton introduced the concept of chemical symbols in 1807 as a short form to represent elements. Berzelius later established a system in 1814 where the first letter of an element's name is capitalized and the second letter is lowercase as the symbol. 2) The document then defines key chemical concepts like valency, the formation of ions, radicals, and provides examples of writing chemical formulas and balancing equations. 3) Finally, it emphasizes that a balanced chemical equation ensures that the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides of the reaction. Rules for balancing equations are described.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    19K views18 pages

    Chemistry - The Language of Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Anime_King
    This document discusses the history and development of chemical symbols and formulas. It explains that: 1) John Dalton introduced the concept of chemical symbols in 1807 as a short form to represent elements. Berzelius later established a system in 1814 where the first letter of an element's name is capitalized and the second letter is lowercase as the symbol. 2) The document then defines key chemical concepts like valency, the formation of ions, radicals, and provides examples of writing chemical formulas and balancing equations. 3) Finally, it emphasizes that a balanced chemical equation ensures that the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides of the reaction. Rules for balancing equations are described.

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    of 18

    Symbol : A short form of an element.

    John Dalton -1807


    1814 – Berzelius:
    Representation of the elements by the letters of their
    names. ( either English or Latin)

    First letter is always capital and second is small.


    Berzelius

    NO NAME SYMBOL NO NAME SYMBOL

    1 Hydrogen H 8 Silver Ag
    2 Mercury Hg 9 Potassium K
    3 Fluorine F 10 Iron(Ferrum) Fe
    4 Sodium Na 11 Tin Sn
    5 Phosphorus P 12 Mercury Hg
    6 Copper Cu 13 Lead Pb
    7 Zinc Zn 14 Gold Au
    Valency :
    It is the number of electrons Na = +1
    gained, lost or shared by an atom
    during the formation of a chemical
    compound.

    OR Cl = -1

    The number of hydrogen atoms


    which can combine with or
    displace one atom of element or
    radical so as to form a compound.

    O=2 Cl = 1
    FORMATION OF IONS

    Sodium has 1 electron in


    its outer shell. It will
    lose
    its outer electron to
    complete its octet and
    acquire stable electronic
    configuration.

    Chlorine has 1 electron in its


    outer shell. It will gain 1
    electron to complete its octet
    and acquire stable electronic
    configuration.
    FORMATION OF IONS

    Magnesium has 2
    electrons in its outer shell.
    It will lose
    its 2 outer electrons to
    complete its octet and
    acquire stable electronic
    configuration.

    Oxygen has 6 electrons in its


    outer shell. It will gain 2
    electrons to complete its octet
    and acquire stable electronic
    configuration.
    METALS VALENCY NON METALS VALENCY

    Na -1e
    Na + +1 Cl +1e
    Cl - -1

    Mg -2e Mg ++ +2 +2e S -- -2
    S
    Al -3e
    Al+++ +3 +3e N --- -3
    N

    Atoms of elements like iron, copper sometimes lose more


    electrons than are present in its outermost shell ( valence shell)
    i.e loss from penultimate shell and exhibit more than one
    valency called variable valency.
    Eg. Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ; Cu 1+ and Cu 2+.
    RADICALS:
    A radical is an atom or group of atoms with valency and charge.

    RADICALS

    POSITIVE NEGATIVE

    UNIVALENT UNIVALENT

    BIVALENT BIVALENT

    TRIVALENT TRIVALENT

    Nitride N 3-
    Representation of a molecule of an
    element or a compound by symbols is
    known as chemical formula.

    Eg. The chemical formula for:


    1] Oxygen is O2
    2] copper sulphate is CuSO4
    3] potassium permanganate is KMnO4
    WRITING FORMULA OF A COMPOUND
    •Step 1 - Write the positive ion on the left side and the negative
    • ion on the right side.
    •Step 2 - Write their valencies.
    •Step 3 – Interchange the valency and shift to lower right sides.
    •Step 4 - Write the completed formulae with those same numbers
    • at the bottom.
    •Step 5 – Reduce to the simplest ratio if possible.
    CHEMICAL
    EQUATIONS
    CHEMICAL EQUATIONS :

    Chemical equation is a shorthand for a chemical reaction.

    Eg.
    NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O

    Reactants Products
    [left side] [right side]

    INFORMATION PROVIDED BY EQn. LIMITATIONS OF EQUATION


    • Reactants • The concentration
    • Products • The speed of reaction
    • Direction [rev or irrev] • Change in colour
    • States of matter • Completion of reaction
    • Evolution of sound or light
    EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:

     One reactant and two or three products.


    2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + O2 + 4NO2
     Two reactants and one product.
    NH3 + H2O NH4OH
     Two reactants and two products.
    Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
     Two reactants and three or four products.
    K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7 H2O + 3Cl2
    BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
    A equation is balanced if…
    No of atoms of No of atoms of
    =
    each element [ L.H.S.] each element [ R.H.S.]
    Rules for Balancing Equations
     1. Write the correct formulas for all the reactants and
    products in the reaction.
     2. Count the number of atoms of each element in the
    reactants and products.
     3. Balance the elements one at a time by using coefficients.
     4. It is best to begin with an element other than
    hydrogen or oxygen.
     5. Check each atom to be sure that the equation is
    balanced.
     6. Finally, make sure that all the coefficients are in the
    lowest possible ratio.

    Note! Subscripts should never be changed when trying to


    balance a chemical equation.
    Balancing of a chemical equations-An example

    K2Cr2O7 + HCl KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2

    Balance the potassium and Chromium atoms. ( generally metals first)


    K2Cr2O7 + HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2

    Balance the oxygen atoms.


    K2Cr2O7 + HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + 7 H2O + Cl2

    Balance the hydrogen atoms.

    K2Cr2O7 + 14 HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + 7 H2O + Cl2

    Balance the chlorine atoms.

    K2Cr2O7 + 14 HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + 7 H2O + 3 Cl2


    THANK YOU

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