Bearing Capacity There is a limit to the amount of weight that a soil can carry due to applied loads without

failing. That failure limit is known as a soils ultimate bearing capacity. Foundations are not designed on the basis of a soils ultimate bearing capacity because the closer a soil gets to its ultimate capacity the greater the amount of consolidation and settlement. Allowable Bearing Pressure qa = qult / FS Where qa = the allowable bearing capacity qult = the ultimate bearing capacity FS = the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure

Net Bearing Pressure The above equation for allowable bearing capacity does not differentiate on how the soil is loaded. If the footing excavation is backfilled the bearing capacity must be reduced by the pressure caused by the backfill. The resulting bearing capacity is known as a net ultimate bearing capacity or a net allowable bearing capacity. qult(net) = qult q qa(net) = qult(net) / FS Where qult(net) = the net ultimate bearing capacity qult = the ultimate bearing capacity q = the pressure applied by backfilling the footing excavation qa(net) = the net allowable bearing capacity (aka design bearing capacity)

q = 1Df Where 1 = the effective unit weight of the soil above the bottom of the footing Df = the distance from the ground surface to the bottom of the footing

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It is usually assumed that the unit weight of the soil above the footing is close enough to the unit weight of the footing material (concrete) that appreciable error will not be introduced into the calculations. General Bearing Capacity Equation Meyerhofs Equations (other solutions: Terzaghi, Hansen)

Bearing capacity notation. qult = c Nc sc ic dc + 1Df Nq sq iq dq + (1/2) B 2 N s i d Where qult = ultimate bearing capacity (units of stress) Nc , Nq , N = bearing capacity factors c = cohesion s = shape factors i = load inclination factors d = depth factors 1 = effective unit weight of the soil above the bottom of the footing Df = depth from the ground surface to the bottom of the footing B = footing width (smallest dimension of the footing contact area) 2 = effective unit weight of the soil below the bottom of the footing

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Shape Factors : L = length of footing into page, The basic bearing capacity equation was derived for a strip footing, which is considered to be infinitely long. In practical terms, the length of a strip footing is 10 times greater than the width (i.e. L 10B). For strip footing (infinitely long) all shape factors = 1.0 For rectangular footings: sc = 1 + (B/L)( Nq/Nc) s = 1 0.4(B/L) sq = 1 + (B/L) tan For square and circular footings B = L so: sc = 1 + ( Nq/Nc) s = 0.6 sq = 1 + tan Inclined Loading: = angle of applied load measured from vertical For vertical loads, all inclined load factors = 1.0 ic = [1-(/90)2] iq = [1-(/90)2] i = 1 if = 0 i = [1-(/)2] if > 0:

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Schematic showing how is measured. Embedment Correction: In general, the deeper the footing is below the ground surface the higher the bearing capacity due to the effects of the overburden. dc = 1 + 0.2 K p Df/B dq = d = 1 if = 0 dq = d = 1 + 0.1 K p (Df/B) if > 0: Kp = tan2(45 + /2)
K p = tan (45 + /2)

Df = depth of footing Special Case when = 0 Kp = K p = 1

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Modification for Eccentricity, e An eccentric load condition occurs when the load is not applied to the center of the footing. One way that eccentric loadings are addressed is to reduce the area of the footing that is available to carry load. Bear in mind that the actual size of the footing is not reduced, there are simply portions of the footing that are assumed to be unavailable to carry the applied load. B = B - 2eB L = L - 2eL Where B = the effective width of the footing after the effect of eccentric loading has been removed B = the actual width of the footing eB = the distance from the center of the width that the load is applied L = the effective length of the footing after the effect of eccentric loading has been removed L = the actual length of the footing eL = the distance from the center of the length that the load is applied

Eccentric loading can occur in the B and/or the L dimension. Footings with eccentric loadings in both directions are said to be experiencing double eccentricity. The load must be applied within middle third of footing to avoid uplift on the edge of footing. Modifications for Groundwater The location of the ground water table can affect the unit weights (1 and 2) of the soils used in the bearing capacity calculation. The following conditions could occur: 1. The top of the ground water table is B below the bottom of the footing. a. Use the total unit weights of the soils in calculations. 2. The footing is completely submerged (water table is at or above the ground surface).

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