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First Order Instrument

First-order systems are characterized by a time delay between a change in the input and the response of the output. Many instruments like thermal, analog filter, and digital filter systems exhibit first-order responses. A first-order system can be described using a single parameter called the time constant, which allows us to determine if an instrument will respond quickly enough to changes in the system. The time constant represents the time it takes for the system's output to reach 63.2% of its final value in response to a step change in the input.

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Er Tik
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249 views11 pages

First Order Instrument

First-order systems are characterized by a time delay between a change in the input and the response of the output. Many instruments like thermal, analog filter, and digital filter systems exhibit first-order responses. A first-order system can be described using a single parameter called the time constant, which allows us to determine if an instrument will respond quickly enough to changes in the system. The time constant represents the time it takes for the system's output to reach 63.2% of its final value in response to a step change in the input.

Uploaded by

Er Tik
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FirstOrder Systems First OrderSystems

Asystemwhereenergyisstored(ordissipated)
AchangeattheinputisNOTseenimmediatelyat
theoutput theoutput.
Many instruments exhibit a 1
st
order response.
Thermal Systems Thermal Systems
digital filter
analog filter
C it
2
Capacitance
FirstOrderSystems:
Providesaparameter,calledthetimeconstant, for
choosinganinstrument choosinganinstrument.
Thisparameterletusknowiftheinstrumentwill Thisparameterletusknowiftheinstrumentwill
respondquickenoughtocapturechangesinthe
system. y
bx y a
d
dy
a = +
0 1
y
dt
0 1
3
FirstOrderSystems:StepInput
ConservationofEnergy
Rate of energy added Rate of energy removed = Rate of energy change within
system (CV)
syst em out
E E

=

T = T(t)
dT dE
E

= T T h A E s
out
A
s
dt
dT
v c
dt
dE
E
Syst em
= =
T

T T A h
dT
V
cvT E =
T T
dT cV

= T T A h
dt
dT
cV
s

T(0) = T
o
>T

= + T T
dt
dT
hA
cV
s

dT
v c
4
1
st
order ODE

= + T T
dt
dT
t
s hA
v c
t =
t
T T

R = Thermal resistance
s hA
R
1
=
t
e
T T
T T
o
=

C = Thermal capacity
s hA
v c C =
RC
hA
v c
s
= =

t
hAs
Response for Varying Values of Tau
0.9
1
0.6
0.7
0.8
Tau =1
T T
0.3
0.4
0.5
Tau =0.5
Tau =0.2

T T
T T
o
0.1
0.2
0.3
K.Altaii
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Time
o
=
=
M
T
1 0 , Rati o Magnit ude
0 1 , i n Err or Dynami c
T T
t
|
.
|

\
|

T T
T T
M
o
o
, g

t e
T T
T T
o
o
t
=
|
.

\
=

o = 1 M
0.632
or
63.2%
0.368
6
5 =
t
t
90%ofthefinalvalue RiseTime
Time Constant TimeConstant
Isthetimeittakesafirstordersystemtoreach y
63.2%(0.632)ofitsfinalvalueinresponsetoastep
changeinthesystem
1.0
0 632 0.632
Ti
K.Altaii 7
t Time
Example p
Aballoonisequippedwithtemperatureandaltitude
measuringinstruments Theballoonisinitially measuringinstruments.Theballoonisinitially
anchoredtothegroundwiththeinstrumentoutput
readingsinsteadystate Thealtitudemeasuring readingsinsteadystate.Thealtitude measuring
instrumentisapproximatelyzeroorderandthe
temperaturetransducerfirstorderwithatime p
constantof15 seconds.
Thetemperatureontheground,T
0
,is10Candthe Thetemperatureontheground,T
0
,is10 Candthe
temperatureT
x
atanaltitudeofxmetersisgivenby
therelation:T
x
=T
0
0.01x
x 0
Example p
a) Iftheballoonisreleasedattimezero,andthereafter
risesupwardsatavelocityof5m/sec drawatable risesupwardsatavelocityof5m/sec,drawatable
showingthetemperatureandaltitudemeasurements
atintervalsof10secondsoverthefirst50secondsof atintervalsof10secondsoverthefirst50secondsof
travel.Showalsointhetabletheerrorineach
temperaturereading. p g
b) Whattemperaturedoestheballoonreportatan b) Whattemperaturedoestheballoonreportatan
altitudeof5000meters?
Solutionofparta) p )
0
0.01 10 0.01
x
T T x x
T

= = =
1 1 1 15
r
T
D D D t t + + +
/15
10 0 05( 15)
t
T Ce t

= + 10 0.05( 15)
r
T Ce t = +
@ 0., 10 0.75
r
t T C = = =
SolutionofPartb))
( )
1000/15
@5000 , 1000sec
10 0 75 0 05 1000 15
m t
T e

=
=
( )
( )
10 0.75 0.05 1000 15
10 0.05 985 39.25
r
o
r
T e
T C
=
~ =
Forlargevaluesoft,thetransducerreadinglagsthetruetemperaturevalue
byaperiodoftimeequaltothetimeconstantof15seconds.

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