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Diffraction Grating: Electric Dipole Moment

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Atif Imam
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65 views3 pages

Diffraction Grating: Electric Dipole Moment

hjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjenhjewbdbhjbdnsbdkebrebrejbrjen

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Atif Imam
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Ultrasonic grating: diffraction grating produced by an ultrasonic wave. An ultrasonic wave is a sound wave having a frequency > 20 kHz.

It is produced by the phenomenon of the Piezo-electric effect . Electric dipole moment: separation of positive and negative electrical charges in a system of electric charges. The SI units are Coulombmeter (C m). When a solid with permanent dipole moment is subjected to mechanical stress, the charges are liberated on its surface. The phenomenon is called piezo-electric effect. The converse is also true, that is, when an electric field is applied to a piezo-electric crystal, the size of the crystal changes. Thus a piezo-electric crystal can be set in oscillations by applying an alternating electric field across it. Examples of piezo-electric crystals: quartz (SiO2), lead zirconium titanate etc.

When ultrasonic waves are generated in a liquid kept in rectangular vessel, the wave can be reflected from the walls of the vessel. These reflected waves are called echos. The direct and reflected waves get superimposed, which causes a standing wave to be formed. The density of the liquid at the node will be more than the density at an anti-node. Under these conditions, if a parallel beam of light is passed through the liquid at right angles to the wave the liquid acts as a diffraction grating. Such a grating is known as an acoustical grating.
Piezo-electric crystal Node

Light
source

Anti-dode

The antinode acts as the transmitting slit and the node acts as the opaque part...thus resembling a normal ruled diffraction grating.
This is because the antinodes have points of minimum density and hence allow more amount of light to pass through them than those at nodes. Thus, the antinodes act like slits.

The grating element is equal to the wavelength (u) of the ultrasonic waves and is denoted by d. If is the wavelength of the light passed through the grating which is diffracted by an angle , then the nth order of the maximum is given by: dsin = n ; d= n /sin ; d= u

= v T; T =time period; v = velocity of wave

Vel. in kerosene: v= u /T = u ; = frequency of the oscillator

Velocity of sound in the medium v= (n /sin ).

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