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    Bacterial Signal Transduction

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    Syarafina R Putri
    The document discusses bacterial signal transduction via two-component regulatory systems. It explains that these systems consist of two proteins, a sensor histidine kinase that detects environmental stimuli and autophosphorylates, and a response regulator that receives the phosphate group and mediates the cellular response, such as by regulating gene expression. Common examples of two-component systems discussed are those involved in processes like nutrient acquisition, metabolism, adaptation to the environment, development, and virulence.

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    Bacterial Signal Transduction

    Uploaded by

    Syarafina R Putri
    84 views23 pages
    The document discusses bacterial signal transduction via two-component regulatory systems. It explains that these systems consist of two proteins, a sensor histidine kinase that detects environmental stimuli and autophosphorylates, and a response regulator that receives the phosphate group and mediates the cellular response, such as by regulating gene expression. Common examples of two-component systems discussed are those involved in processes like nutrient acquisition, metabolism, adaptation to the environment, development, and virulence.

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    Materi KMP

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    2. Bacterial Signal Transduction

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    The document discusses bacterial signal transduction via two-component regulatory systems. It explains that these systems consist of two proteins, a sensor histidine kinase that detects environmental stimuli and autophosphorylates, and a response regulator that receives the phosphate group and mediates the cellular response, such as by regulating gene expression. Common examples of two-component systems discussed are those involved in processes like nutrient acquisition, metabolism, adaptation to the environment, development, and virulence.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    84 views23 pages

    Bacterial Signal Transduction

    Uploaded by

    Syarafina R Putri
    The document discusses bacterial signal transduction via two-component regulatory systems. It explains that these systems consist of two proteins, a sensor histidine kinase that detects environmental stimuli and autophosphorylates, and a response regulator that receives the phosphate group and mediates the cellular response, such as by regulating gene expression. Common examples of two-component systems discussed are those involved in processes like nutrient acquisition, metabolism, adaptation to the environment, development, and virulence.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Bacterial Signal Transduction

    Transduksi Sinyal pada Bakteri

    Bacterial Signal Transduction Bagian dari Cell Communication

    Mengapa sel harus berkomunikasi?


    Untuk mengkoordinasikan proses kehidupan. Organisme multiselular memiliki miliaran sel yang harus berkomunikasi untuk berkembang dan bertahan hidup. Komunikasi antar sel juga penting untuk organisme uniseluler. Ahli biologi telah menemukan beberapa mekanisme universal regulasi seluler, yang melibatkan mekanisme sinyal sel (cell-signaling mechanisms). Sel dapat menerima berbagai sinyal: sinyal kimia, sinyal elektromagnetik, dan sinyal mekanik.

    Komunikasi antar sel

    Example: Saccharomyces cerevisiaethe fungus that humans have used for centuries to make bread, wine, and beer. Use of chemical signal to find potential mates. Alpha () and a cells:

    Signal Transduction
    Signal transduction at the cellular level refers to the movement of signals from outside the cell to inside. Bacterial Signal Transduction: Two-Component Regulatory Systems In order to respond to changes in environmental parameters, cells must be able to transmit the information from the cell surface (site of induction) to the cytoplasm (site of cellular response).

    General Mechanism of Signal Transduction Mekanisme Umum Transduksi Sinyal

    Two-Component Sensory Transduction General Mechanism


    These systems consist of two separate proteins. The first of these, the sensor/initiator [sensor kinase], is tasked with reading an aspect of the environment and generating a signal. The second, the response regulator, must receive the signal from the first protein and then act upon it in some way.
    Note: Many enzymes are regulated by phosphorylation. A phosphate group is attached to the enzyme by another enzyme, called a protein kinase. When the enzyme is phosphorylated it changes its shape and thus its activity. Phosphorylation activates some enzymes and inactivates others; by this means one protein kinase can control several enzymes.

    Two-Component Systems consists of two proteins, a sensor histidine kinase and a response regulator. Both proteins harbor two functional important domains: The histidine kinase detects a specific environmental stimulus through its sensor domain (input 1). This leads to a conformational change (2), resulting in ATPdependent autophosphorylation of a invariant His residue (3). His~P serves as the phosphate donor for the receiver domain of the cognate response regulator, resulting in phosphorylation of a conserved Asp residue and subsequently its dimerization (4). This ultimately leads to an activation of the effector domain of the response regulator, mediating the cellular response (= output 5), usually by mediating differential expression of specific target genes (= regulon 6).

    Reseptor sinyal: kebanyakan berupa protein membran plasma


    Kebanyakan molekul sinyal adalah molekul larut dalam air dan ukurannya terlalu besar untuk melewati membran plasma. Molekul sinyal mempengaruhi aktivitas sel dengan mengikat protein reseptor pada membran plasma. Pengikatan molekul sinyal ini menyebabkan perubahan bentuk reseptor atau agregasi reseptor. Hal ini memicu perubahan dalam lingkungan intraselular. Tiga jenis utama reseptor adalah reseptor terikat protein-G, reseptor tirosin kinase, dan reseptor ion-channel.

    G-proteinlinked receptors

    Binding of messenger-Chemical messenger binds to receptor protein, and the protein changes shape (conformational change.) The messenger fits into the receptor like a key in a lockit behaves as a ligand.

    Tyrosine-kinase receptors The fully-activated receptor proteins activate a variety of specific relay proteins that bind to specific phosphorylated tyrosine molecules. One tyrosine-kinase receptor dimer may activate ten or more different intracellular proteins simultaneously. These activated relay proteins trigger many different transduction pathways and responses.

    Ion-Channel receptors

    Jalur Transduksi Sinyal


    Jalur transduksi menyampaikan informasi. Ligan mengikat ke reseptor pada membran plasma, menyebabkan perubahan konformasi pada reseptor, memicu kejadian beruntun (cascade events). Protein reseptor yang diaktifkan mengaktifkan serangkaian protein lain yang menyampaikan informasi tersebut. Fosforilasi protein merupakan mekanisme utama dari transduksi sinyal dalam sel. Protein kinase Protein phosphotase

    Signal Transduction Cascade


    When the ligand binds to the receptor, it triggers some kind of conformational change that induces transduction. In the diagram, a phosphate group is being passed through a phosphorylation cascade. Finally, there is some type of response, usually once the signal reaches the nucleus, as it triggers gene activation or deactivation. Some important points to remember about signal transduction pathways are that they allow cell communication, quick response, and amplified signals.

    Signal Transduction in Bacterial Chemotaxis

    How do bacteria detect a chemical gradient?

    Proteins called CheA and CheW are bound to the receptor. The former is the histidine kinase for this system. Upon activation of the receptor, the CheA's conserved histidine residue undergoes autophosphorylation. There are two response regulators called CheB and CheY. There is a transfer of a phosphoryl group to their conserved aspartate residue from CheA. CheY subsequently interacts with the flagellar switch protein called FliM. This induces the switching in flagellar direction from counter-clockwise to clockwise.

    Chemotactic Swimming Methods

    Chemotactic Swimming Behavior

    Physiological Functions :
    Two-component systems regulate diverse responses including

    nutrient acquisition : nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon


    energy metabolism : electron transport systems, uptake and catabolic machinery adaptation to physical or chemical aspects of the environment : chemotaxis, pH, osmolarity, light quality complex developmental pathways : sporulation, fruiting body development, swarmer cell production virulence : plasmid transfer (conjugation), degredative secretions, toxin production Quorum sensing

    Two-component systems: protein component:


    DctB/DctD - dicarboxylate transport in Rhizobium leguminosarum EnvZ/OmpR osmoregulation in E. coli NtrB/NtrC - nitrogen assimilation in a variety of bacteria PhoR/PhoB - phosphate scavenging in E. coli VirA/VirG - virulence by Agrobacterium tumefaciens A 125 amino acid peptide segment is "conserved" in one subset of these gene products: OmpR, PhoB, NtrC, DctD, VirG A "homologous" segment is present in these regulatory proteins: Spo0A - sporulation

    Spo0F - sporulation
    CheY chemotaxis CheB chemotaxis

    A second, but different, "homologous" segment is present in these proteins: EnvZ, PhoR, NtrB, DctB, VirA, and probably CheA chemotaxis in enteric bacteria (Che system). NRII protein bifunctional kinase/phosphatase regulated by PII phosphorylates and dephosphorylates NRI, and controls the rate of transcription initiation from nitrogen-regulated promoters.

    Escherichia coli BarA-UvrY two-component system is needed for efficient switching between glycolytic and gluconeogenic carbon sources.

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