Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 Set the stage for the Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of expanding slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, split the political system into four parties. The Democratic Party broke into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared, the Republican Party was dominant in the North and won the electoral votes to put Abraham Lincoln in the White House with very little support from the South. The Southern response was declarations of secession by South Carolina and six other southern states, but secession was rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln. Eight other southern states did not secede before the Battle of Fort Sumter. William Seward Senator from New York. Senator who was for antislavery, was very religious, would not compromise. Later became the major rival of Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. When Lincoln won the Presidency, he became the secretary of state for him. Had a nickname called Higher Law due to his religious beliefs in Christianity. Edwin M. Stanton He was a politician who succeeded Simon Cameron as secretary of war circa 1860. He caused a kind of civil war within Congress by opposing Lincoln at almost every turn. This only added to the problems that Lincoln had to deal with during the Civil War. The Alabama A Confederate ship made in Britain. Sunk 64 Union ships and was known as a merchant ship raider. Sunk by USS Kearsarge near Cherbourg, France on June 1864. The Alabama was a British-made vessel and fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 60 Northern Ships in 22 months. The Laird Rams were ships specifically designed to break blockades; the English prevented them from being sold to the South.

Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862 Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law. Trent Affair A Union frigate stopped the Trent, a British steamer and abducted two Confederate ambassadors aboard it. Merrimack and Monitor First engagement ever between two iron-clad vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9th, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor Union. Merrimac Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia. Anaconda Plan The name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Proposed by General-in-chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by the vociferous faction who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. Border States States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. Appomattox Robert E. Lee, refusing to see his troops suffer any further, surrenders to Grant. Southern troops given generous terms of surrender at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. Election of 1864 Lincoln ran against Democrat General Mclellan. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.) Lincoln received 55% of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes. Republicans made sure the Union soldiers had a chance to vote, which put Lincoln over the top. With malice toward none Lincoln appealed to the country to no seek revenge. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?

There would be more possible wars between the two nations, other nations would swoop in and conquer them all, and a democratic form of government would not be possible. Also, there would be issues of who would take what, such as debt, land, etc. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? He provided Fort Sumter with food instead of soldiers, thereby keeping the Northern position strong and technically not aggravating the South. The Souths attacks made them look like they started the war and increased Northern anger and eagerness for war. Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war? The border states were valuable to the north because they were slave states, and if the South got a hold of them things would be very risky, with the enemy at the front door. The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 4. What advantages did the South have? The North? The south had better officers and a need to only defend, not conquer. The North had more people, and supplies. Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South? King Cotton failed to get Britain to join the Souths cause because Britain found cotton in abundance elsewhere, thus eliminating the need for cotton from the South. Also, it was one crop, so if it stopped producing, then the whole Southern economy would collapse (which it did). The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War? Britain was being asked by the South to support them because of their cotton trade, but the lower classes did not like supporting slavery, and thus Britain and most of Europe close their doors on the American Civil War. Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 5. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?

Confederate warships were being made in their ports, the Trent affair, Laird Rams were being manufactured. President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government? For the Confederates, Davis is a horrible President, it could not stop other states fromj seceding from itself, and it was a new, unstable government. For the North, Lincoln was a good president, it was already established and stable for a long time, and it was recognized by its own people and the world. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus 9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? Lincoln launched a blockade and increased the size of the army. HE used arbitrary power because Congress wasnt in session when he began and he knew it was necessary for keeping the Union together. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain. As people were drafted The rich could afford to pay someone else to fight for them, whereas a poor man had to fight regardless. The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation 11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South? The North had an inflation problem, but managed to come back with bonds, which everyone benefited from, even bankers. The South, on the otherhand, tried to print a bunch of notes and ended up having a runaway inflation issue. The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North? There were new factories for weapons, a millionaire class emerged, new inventions occurred, increasing crops and revenue of trade, and industries were growing. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.

The souths economy collapsed after the w, King Cottong lost his power, and there were more carpet baggers in the South than before. Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quickvictory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 The New York City draft riots (July 13 to July 16, 1863)l the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War itself. President Abraham Lincoln sent several regiments of militia and volunteer troops to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly working class men, resentful, among other reasons, because the ddraft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 commutation fee to exclude themselves from its reach.

Charles Frances Adam Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

Sherman's March Is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted around Georgia during November and December of 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army in the American Civil War. The campaign began with Shermans troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. It inflicted significant damage, particularly to industry and infrastructure (per the doctrine of total war), and also to civilian property. Military historian David J. Eicher wrote that Sherman defied military principles by operating deep within

enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the Souths psychology to wage war.

Clement L. Vallandigham Copperhead Democrat and Ohio ex-congressman; was a Southern partisan who publicly demanded an end to the wicked and cruel war. The civil courts in Ohio were open, and he should have been tried in them. But he was convicted by a military tribunal in 1863 for treasonable utterance and was sentenced to prison. Lincoln decided to banish Vallandigham to the Confederate lines. Vallandigham ran for governorship of Ohio on foreign soil and polled a substantial but insufficient vote.

Andrew Johnson Andrew was chosen by the Republican party to run with Abraham Lincoln as Vice President in the 1864 election. Johnson was chosen to balance the ticket because he was a Southern Democrat, before the South seceded, and Lincoln was a Northern Republican. These two covered almost all issues of the election.

John Wilkes Booth An American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Fords Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14th, 1865. He was also a Confederate sympathizer vehement in this denunciation of the Lincoln Administration and outraged by the Souths defeat in the American Civil War. He strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United States and Lincolns proposal to extend voting rights to recently emancipated slaves.

C.S.S. Alabama Built for the Confederate States Navy, the Alabama served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career, during which she never laid anchor in a Southern port. She was sunk by the USS Kearsarge in 1864.

National Banking Act The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency. The system could purchase government savings bonds and money to back the bonds. The National Banking Act was made during the Civil War, and was the first real step taken toward a singular, unified banking system since 1836.

Union Party The Constitutional Union Party was a political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. These former Whigs teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern

Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party. Its name comes from its extremely simple platform, a simple resolution to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution the Union and the Enforcement of the Laws. They hoped that by failing to take a firm stand either for or against slavery or its expansion, the issue could be pushed aside. GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South? It made the war longer for the North and it seemingly made things easier for the South. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan 2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war. The North planned to run a blockade all around the South and start squeezing until the surrender (Anaconda Plan). The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway? It was a form of total war and not usually effective, and Britain did not want to get caught up in a complicated sea matter/ The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?" It was here that the South was closest to victory. A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain. It led the scene for displacement of slaves and established Lincolns power in the South and North. Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess. They fought courageously, such as the in the 54th regiment, and the fact that they were fighting helped for the abolitionist cause.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle? This is where Stonewal Jackson was killed. The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general. Grant was a rough man, and not that great of a general, but he had prerogative and knew what he wanted. Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South? Sherman salted their land, derailed their railroads, and even burned everything down. The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 12. Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war. Lincoln had enemies on all sides, was hated by everyone, and struggled for reelection. The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory? Victories at Mobile, Shenandoah, and Atlanta. And he was supported by the soldier vote. Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army? Grant basically chased Lee where no other general had before and fought hi, head on. The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe 16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain. Bad, since he wanted to pardon the South as fast as possible in to the Union.

The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 17. What was the legacy of the Civil War? It became the answer as to what would happen if one were to have democratic government. Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? No, since the Civil war addressed not only slavery but sectionalism and others and I heard the character design on his youtube. Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, What to do with the southern states? The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the Norths stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery. 5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their ownsouthern whites reasserted their power. GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction 1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain. The south was destroyed; everything burnt, new starts, new tommorows. Freedmen Define Freedom Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association 2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?

They tried to be free, but in need of money went back to work for their old masters, and draw up unfair settlements, do what you need too. The Freedmen's Bureau Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard 3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau. The Freedmens Bureaument was ineffective, since it was vetoed by presidency, Johnson: The Tailor President Know: Andrew Johnson 4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson. Andrew Johnson was a great politician, but was in the wrong place at the wrong time. Presidential Reconstruction Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans 5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans? The President wanted to be lenient in accepting back wayward states, while the Republicans wanted to be a bit stricter, though they had similar plans. The Baleful Black Codes Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage 6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down? They used loopholes to prevent them from voting, travelling, working, etc. Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical) The Northerners saw the Southerners as poster boys of a lost cause and the queen might not have been legit. Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment 8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response? Republicans try to take Congress forthemselves and soon Calvin gets checked as well. Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson

9.

How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?

He gave fiery speeches which were insulted and he very nearly got into fights, nearly injuring himnself. Republican Principles and Programs Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans 10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans? Moderate Republicans liked states rights and favored the South coming back, while the radical Republicans wanted the South to pay dearly. Reconstruction by the Sword Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 11. Describe military reconstruction. Here, the military was dispatched to each part of the south to make sure no armed insurrections occur. No Women Voters Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment 12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War? Rights for MALE Blacks were implemented. Soon ,Suzy, soon. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement? AAs tried to put their own leaders in the government. They just see it and go,Oh, how nice. The Ku Klux Klan Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise 14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down? They installed Black Codes and intimidated them, like the KKK. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton 15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?

They passed a law which prevented the President from removing someone from office easily. Johnson removed Stanton, and was thus impeached. A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens 16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office? There were a handful of them with sense and Johnson got away with a one vote. The Purchase of Alaska Know: William Seward, Russia 17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway. Everyone thought Seward was being dumb in buying Alaska, but failed to nice to him. The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction. Reconstruction was overall very effective.