Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromise passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the comproimse up to get it passed. Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was elected president in the 1852 election as the second Democratic dark horse. He was a pro-southern northerner who supported the Comoromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law. He also tried to gain Cuba for the South as a slave state, but was stopped because of Northern public opinition after the incident ion Ostend, Belgium. He also supported the dangerous Kansaas-Nebraska Act published for by Sentator douglas. He was succeeded in 1856 by James Buchanan.

Compromise of 1850 This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with the dsiputed territory, and the controversey of whtehre CA should join. The results were that CA joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexio and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South.

Zachary Taylor Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polks orders, he took the Army into the disputed teritory between the Nueces and rio Grande Rivers and buiilt a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande river. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylors forces engaged in a saeries fo egagements that led to the Mexico War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.

John C. Calhoun Leading politician and political theorist form South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tarriffs; later, he stwietcged to States rights, limited governmen, nullification, and free trade. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, for his promoition of minority rights, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union. Matthew C. Perry He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the US. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan. Henry Clay Dubbed the GREat Compromiser,. He brokered important compromieses during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue, especially in 1820 and 185, during which he was part of the Great Triumvirate, alsong with his colleauges Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun. He was viewed as the primary rep. of Western interests. Free-Soil Party The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polks actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil party was against slavery in the new territories. Fugitive Slave Law a law passed just before the Civil War also called the "Bloodhound Bill", slaves who escaped could not testify in their behalf and were not allowed a trial by jury. If the judge in the case freed the slave they would receive five dollars, if not they would get ten dollars. Those found helping slaves would be fined or jailed. This added to the rage in the North Harriet Tubman was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. After escaping from slavery, into which she was born, she made thirteen missions to rescue more than 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era struggled for women's suffrage. Compromise of 1850 This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South.

Ostend Manifesto The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought.

Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act, set forth in 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even closer the Civil War.

Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book. George Fitzhugh The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology for the

South (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery. John Brown John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas". Charles Sumner He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South. Dred Scott Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court. Abraham Lincoln Nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states). John Crittenden A Senator of Kentucky, that fathered two sons: one became a general in the Union Army, the other a general in the Confederate Army. He is responsible for the Crittenden Compromise. This augments the fact that the war was often between families, and its absurdity. Kentucky and other states were split up between the Union and Confederacy, and both in the North and South sent people to the other side. This makes it clear that the war is primarily over slavery. Bleeding Kansas Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and antislavery forces.

American or Know-Nothing Party Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were anti-foreign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President.

Panic of 1857 The California gold rush increased inflation; speculation in land and railroads "ripped economic fabric"; hit the North harder than South because the South had cotton as a staple source of income; the North wanted free land from the government; drove Southerners closer to a showdown; caused an increase in tariffs; gave Republicans an issue for the election of 1860. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of 7 debates. Though Douglas won the senate seat, these debates gave Lincoln fame and helped him to later on win the presidency. These debates were a foreshadowing of the Civil War. Freeport Doctrine (1858) The Freeport Doctrine occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the debates of Lincoln and Douglas for senator. This was a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made Douglas answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them. Harper's Ferry Raid Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause. Constitutional Union Party A political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. These former Whigs (teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party). Its name comes from its extremely simple platform, a simple resolution "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws."

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper

1.

Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain.

Both, as they both instigated anti-slavery feeling in the North and tensions in the south.

The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? Popular sovereignty caused the unruly settlers to fight in bloodshed over whether or not slavery would be allowed in Kansas. This could have been avoided had the government chosen.

Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? Bleeding Kansas began the destruction of the tight Democratic Partys bonds. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? Brooks beating of Sumner caused outrages in the North, and hoorahs in the South. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. All 3 candidates were at least somewhat fit to take the presidency, as well as being clean of Bleeding-Kansas, but Buchanan was the most qualified since he had much experience in political dealings, and was even an ambassador at the time of this election. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856. James Buchanan won the presidency over Fillmore and Fremont. This caused the defeat of the Republican and American Parties. The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? Although Dred Scott was suing his master, he was black, so he could not legally do so in court.

The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? The Panic of 1857 caused tensions on both sides as everyone starved and began to become more cranky. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. Lincoln came from a poor family, but self-educated himself and became a self0made man. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? Lincoln gained enough prominence as a politician to become the president, which caused the Southern Secession. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South? One mans actions caused tensions on the South side, in turn causing suspicion of the North, and propaganda movements in the North. The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? The South refused to help elect the presidential candidate and went back and elected their own leader, Jefferson Davis. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Seward was preferred, but Lincoln was not tarnished by Bleeding Kansas. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? They were helpless, as Lincoln was of the Northern Republican Party, so they were not able to do much with him in power.

The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? President Buchanan did nothing, as he was unable to due to the pressures of his Southern advisors. The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? This was a Sothern compromise that was designed last minute to prevent secession. It failed because the Northerners did not agree with the allowance of slavery everywhere. Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? Southerners saw independence in politics and economics, as well as sociality. They compared themselves to the rebel colonists who fought and defeated England in the Revolutionary War.