No.

7 Common Channel Signaling

Overview
1The relationship between signaling network and telecom network 2The development of No.7 signaling system 3The development goal of No.7 signaling system

No.7 are common channel signaling systems .

The No.7 signaling system (abbreviated as SS7) was first stipulated by the CCITT in 1980 (in the orange cover book), and was twice modified and supplemented in 1984 (blue book) and in 1988 (white book). The general goal of the No.7 signaling system is to suggest an internationally standardized common channel signaling system with general applications fields so that the digital communication networks with digital SPC switches can work in the best status. Furthermore, such networks can provide sequential and highly reliable transmission with no loss and no repetition.

You will study

1Basic conception
2NO.7 signaling system

signaling
It is the dialog language for the communication between various parts of the telecom network. It ensures the network to operate normally as an integer.

Classification of signaling
Subscriber signaling:between sub. and switch Working area

Inter-officecontrol the setup and release of call

Monitoring signals: monitor the changes of call states or conditions in the lines Signaling function

Selection signalsin routing Operation signalsmanagement and maintenance of telecom networks

Channel associated signaling

Line signalingmonitors the states of inter-office calls

Transmissio n path

Register signalingalso selection signals and network

management signals

Common channel signaling

16 frames,125 s 16=2ms F0

F15

32 slots ,256bit,125s, 1frame 0 1 15 16 17 30 31 Voice channel time slot TS1-TS15 Synchronization time slot

Voice channel time slot TS17-TS31

Even frame

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Frame synchronous code Reserved for international (presently 1) F1

0 0 0 0 1 A2 1 1 Multi-frame Multi-frame alarm and reserved synchronous bit code a b c d a b c d Signaling code Signaling code for voice for voice channel channel 1 16 a b c d a b c d Signaling code Signaling code for voice for voice channel channel 15 30

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8

Synchronization:A1=0; A2=0 Out of sync:A1=1; A2=1

Odd frame

1 1 A1 1 1 1 1 1

Opposite end alarming Reserved for code for out of frame international (presently 1)

Figure 1.3.4-1 PCM 30/32 frame format

Line terminal

v+s

v ISDN line terminal s

v v v v

v+s v

Common Channel Signaling System

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Exchange A Register Signaling terminal

Exchange B
Register

Line terminal
ISDN line terminal

Signaling terminal

associated channel signaling

v+s

v+s v+s v+s v+s

Line terminal

Line terminal

Register

Exchange A

Register

Exchange B

v+s

Subscriber Line Signaling

4.3.1 Overview
1. Advantages of Common channel signaling Compared with associated channel signaling, common channel signaling has many important advantages: 1) Information can be switched between processors much faster than in channel-associated signaling. 2)With a huge signal capacity, it can hold dozens or even hundreds of different kinds of signals, thus providing more new services. 3)With a great flexibility, it can provide more new services simply by modifying software to increase signals. 4)Line signaling device is not needed any more at any trunk station, which shall greatly reduce investment costs.

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5) Since line signaling is no longer needed, trunk devices can be used both in calls from A to B, and in calls from B to A. In such bi-directional working modes, even less circuits are required than when trunk circuits are respectively used in single call directions. 6) When a call is being set up, signals related to this call can be sent. In this way, the subscriber can change the already setup connections. For example, the subscriber can transfer one call to another place, or request a third party to join the present connections. 7) Signals can be switched between processors so as to be used for maintenance or network management. 8) The No.7 line signaling can provide powerful support for ISDN, IN, TMN and cellular mobile communication systems, as this signaling is their basis. 9) The signaling system is not restricted by the voice channel system, thus making it very flexible to add and change signal types.

Disadvantage A contradictory phenomenon

1)The error rate of the common channel signaling system must be very low.

2) Its reliability must be much higher than the channel associated

signaling system. This is because once the data link fails, all related

calls between the two related switches shall be affected.

3 bi-directional trunk working modes exist conflict of seizure. 4) The SS7 systems that every transnational

corporation produces are having some problems

in compatibleness.

Signaling system
signaling system includes a set of integrated signaling and operation procedure. Signaling system is the collection of software and hardware which generatetransmitreceive and recognize the signaling.

2 The introduction of signaling system

NO.7 signaling protocol system structure

1System structure and the function of every layer 2Message structure

2aThe earliest structure of No.7 signaling protocol

system

ISUP

DUP

TUP

User part

MTP3network SCCP layer

MTP2Data link layer

Message
transfer part

MTP1Physical layer

L4

User part

Logical path

User part Signal network function

L3

Signal network Logical path function

L2

Signaling link Logical path function Signaling data Physical path link function

Signaling link function Signaling data link function

L1

Give an example
For example, the President of a Chinese company is communicating with the President of a Pakistan company , however neither speaks the others language. Each employs an English translator and the translated messages are sent by the Fax operator over physical communication channel. Thus, the two presidents are communicating with each other through five layers below them.

Company A (in China) Chinese President Write to paper Translator Print to paper Fax Operator

Effective Communications talk

Company B

(in Pakistan)
President Write to paper English Translator Print to paper

telegraph

Fax Operator

physical communication channel

(1) Use structure of function level. Between function levels they have relation and also independent. The change of certain level will not change another level. (2) Use the special interface between function levels to communicate with each other. (3) For two signaling systems, L1 is the only physical path. All the signaling messages are sent through L1. At same time ,L2L3L4 only process the message sent by same function level of the another system.

4.3.2 Common channel signaling network

Since in common channel signaling systems, the signaling signals and voice signals are separately transmitted, so a dedicated common channel signaling network can be composed. Base of CCSN is Data Communication Network. The common-channel signaling network consists of the following parts.

The common-channel signaling network consists of the following

parts. 1)Signaling point (SP) It refers to the node in the signaling system that provides common channel signaling. SP can also be divided into source points (the SP that generate signaling messages)OPC(Originating points code) and destination points (i.e.,the SP that receives signaling messages)DPC(destination point code). Actually, SP is part of a switching system. 2)Signaling transfer point (STP) It refers to SP that transfer signaling messages from one signaling link to another. They are neither source points, nor destination points. That is, they are the middle node points during signaling transfer.
OPC or DPC is 14-bit address for CCITT (24-bit for China)

Voice channels SP A 2_2_2 C STP 8_8_5 A B

Signaling link

SP B 3_3_3

OPC or DPC is not absolute. OPC and DPC are relative, the OPC of
certain Office, for other Offices, is DPC. for example, the SP of switch A is 2_2_2, and SP of switch B is

3_3_3. If you work in switch A then 2_2_2 is OPC for A, and 3_3_3
is DSP for A. If other work in switch B, then 3_3_3 is OPC for B, and 2_2_2 is DPC for B. Voice channels A B Signaling link C

2_2_2

3_3_3

OPC is 2_2_2
switches A switches B

OPC is 3_3_3

DPC is 3_3_3
Voice channels A Signaling link 2_2_2

DPC is 2_2_2

B 3_3_3

3)Signaling link( N7_SLK) It refers to the signaling message channel that connects an SP and another SP( or STP). Signaling link set( N7_SLS) A bunch of signaling links directly connecting two SP (including STP) form one signaling link set. ROUTE ( N7_ROUTE) One such set usually includes all parallel signaling links. ROUTE SET ( N7_RS) It is also possible to set several routes between two SP.

LINK
LINK SET ROUTE ROUTE SET

ROUTE SET
ROUTE3

Link Set 2
ROUTE1 Link Set 1 ROUTE2 Link

the signaling mode

1)The associated mode In this mode, messages related to the voice channel connecting two switches are sent on the signaling link that directly connects two switches, as shown in the Figure.

Voice channels A B

Signaling link

2)Non-associated mode This is as shown in Figure 4.3.2-1 (b). Signaling messages between A and B are transferred by several signaling links according to the current network status, but the voice circuit is the direct route between A and B. In other cases, the common channel signaling messages are transferred on different paths.

Voice channels
A B

Signaling link This mode is normally not used, as it is rather difficult to exactly identify a route at any given time.

3)The quasi-associated mode (Figure 4.3.2-1(c) This can be called a special case of the non-associated mode. In this mode, signaling messages between switches A and B go through the several preset concatenated signaling links, but voice signals go through the direct channels between A and B. Normally, different transmission carriers are used in the common channel signaling systems and their related voice links.
Voice channels A SP Signaling link SP C STP B

Now, modern telecommunications networks include:

1. Telecommunications basic network; 2. Signal supports network;

3. Digital clock synchronization network;

4. telecommunications manage network;
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1) Functions of the signaling data link level (1st level)

The 1st level defines the physical, electrical,

and functional features of the signaling data link, and is thus similar to the OSI physical layer.
It determines the connection method with the

data link, and provides an information carrier for the signaling link. In digital transmission, signaling data links are usually digital channels at 64kbit/s.

2) Functions of the signaling link level (the second -level)

The second level defines the signaling

message transmission functions and procedure related to its transfer on a signaling data link. The second level and the first signaling data link used as a whole as an information carrier, provide a signaling link between two signaling points for the reliable transfer of messages.

signal unit demarcation and localization error check16 bit check code error correctionFSN;BSN;FIB;BIB; basic error correction and

preventive cyclic retransmission(PCR)

initial localizationwhen recovering links after the first starting and the link is failed error monitoring of signaling link prevent the overmuch retransmission when error occurs flow controlprevent the link congestion if the load on the link is too heavy

3) The signaling network function level (the third level)

Within a signaling network, each switching

node is allocated a signaling point code, which is 14-bit address (24-bit for China). Every CCITT No.7 message then contains the point code of the originating node (OPC) and the destination point code or( DPC).

message routingselecting the signaling link that is used by each signaling message to be transmitted message distribution send the message to a user part or level3functions after receiving the message

message authenticationto determine whether a signaling point is the destination point of a message after the signaling point receives the message. signaling service managementcontrol message routing etc.
signaling link managementcontrol the locally connected link group signaling route management

4) The user part (the fourth level)

The user part is the fourth function level of the

NO.7 signaling system. Its main function is to control the setup and release of various basic calls.
The major user parts include the telephone

user part (TUP), the ISDN user part (ISUP) and the signaling connection control part (SCCP).

The signaling messages structure of TUP The NO.7 signaling are sent in unequal message units. And the MTP mainly controls the message transfer. The three signal units of the CCITT stipulated NO.7 signaling include the message signal unit (MSU), the link status signal unit (LSSU) and the filling-in signal unit (FISU). Their formats are as shown in Figure 4.4.2-1.
F CK SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

LI>2
F CK SF LI Note: SF---- Status Field F CK LI

MSU
FIB FSN BIB BSN

The first transmitted bit

F

LI1~2

LSSU

The first transmitted bit

FIB FSN BIB BSN F

LI0

FISU

The first transmitted bit

The main meanings of 3 signal units:

The fill-in signal unit (FISU) Just as its name implies, when no other signaling units need to be sent on the signal link, the FISU shall be sent. It is used to give positive or negative acknowledgement to the received MSU, to show whether the local signal link is working normally, to detect the error rates of the remote signaling link. FISU is used to keep the synchronization of signal links, so it is also called the synchronization signal unit.
F CK LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

LI0 Generate by MTP2

The first transmitted bit

 The link status signaling unit (LSSU)

At the initialization of the signal link, to control the flow of MSU,and the link failure status, LSSU is continuously sent from one

end to the other reciprocally, to show the adjustment status

information of each other. The format of the SF field in LSSU is as shown in Table 4.4.2-1.

CK

SF

LI

FIB

FSN

BIB

BSN

Note: SF---- Status Field

LI1~2

LSSU

The first transmitted bit

Generate by MTP2

Table 4.4.2-1 Code and meaning of the SF field

HGFED C 0 0 reserved 0 0 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 A 0 1 0 1 0 1 status status 0 status N status E status OS status PO status B The link is out of order. The link is at normal adjusting status. The link is at emergent adjusting status. The link fails, services interrupt The Processor or up layer module fails. , ,services interrupt The link is busy. meaning

 The message signaling unit (MSU)

The message signaling unit(MSU) is related to user part, and used to send the user part messages. The length of MSU is variable,

with a maximum length of 272 bytes.

CK

SIF SIO

LI

FIB FSN BIB BSN

LI>2

MSU

The first transmitted bit

The meanings of the various fields are as follows:

1) Flag (F): the starting flag indicates the start of a signal unit. The

start flag of a signal unit is usually the ending flag of the preceding

signal unit. The ending flag indicates the end of a signal unit, and has a
flag code type of 01111110. delimitation start
F F F

01111110

end
F F

signal units signal units

signal units

signal units start

01111110

desequencing code
F?

01111110

01111110

010111110

In order to ensure that 01111110 code do not appear in other parts

of the unit, after fifth 1 (with more than 6 continuous 1s) we appended a 0 in outgoing end, and remove it in receive end.

2) Length indication code (LI): the length indication code indicates the
quantity of octets located after the length indication code and before the check bits, is a number within 063 represented by a binary. The

length indication codes of 3 forms of signal units are respectively:

octets byte 1 byte = 8 bit LI0 byte: filling-in signal unit (FISU) LI1 byte or 2: link status signal unit (LSSU) LI>2 byte: message signal unit (MSU) In message signal unit, when the signaling information field has octets more than 62, LI =63.

3) The status field (SF): if the length indication code is 1, (LI=1)then the status field is one octet; if the length indication code is 2, then the status field is two octets. The code of the link status indicator is shown in Table 1 4.4.2-1.
F CK SF LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

The first transmitted bit

C B A

Standby 5
HGFED C 0 0 0 0 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 A 0 1 0 1 0 1

Status indication 3

reserved

status meaning status 0 The link is out of order. status NThe link is at normal adjusting status. status E The link is at emergent adjusting status. status OS The link fails, services interrupt status PO The Processor or up layer module fails. , ,services interrupt status B The link is busy.

4) Sequence number (FSN, BSN): the forward sequence number (FSN) is the No. of the signal unit itself.
F CK LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

The first transmitted bit

the backward sequence number (BSN) is the No. of the

acknowledged signal unit.

Both forward sequence number and backward sequence number are binary numbers with a length of 7 bits, in the cycling sequence

from 0 to 127.

5) The indication bits (FIB, BIB): together with FSN and BSN, the forward indication bit (FIB) and the backward indication bit (BIB) are used for basic error control, with a length of 1 bit, so as to perform the signal unit sequence number control and

acknowledgment.
F CK LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

The first transmitted bit

6) The check code (CK): each signal unit has the 16-bit check code for error detection.

7) The service information octet (SIO): in the message signal unit, the service information octet includes the Service Indication Code and sub-service field. The structure of the service information octet is shown in Figure 4.4.2-2.
SSF SI

F 8

CK SIF SIO 16 8n(n2) 8 2

LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F 6 1 7 1 7 8 The first transmitted bit

DCBA
Sub-service field

DCBA Service indication code

Figure 4.4.2-2 SIO format The service indication codes used in the international signaling network are as follows:

Bit: 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

DCBA(SI) signaling network management message signaling network test and maintenance message reserved SCCP the telephone user part (TUP) the ISDN user part (ISUP) the data user part (messages related to call and circuit) the DUT (performance registration and canceling message) reserved for MTP to test the user part

reserved

The sub-service field (SSF) includes the indication code (bits C and D) and two reserved bits (bits A and B). The network indication codes are distributed as follows:

bit: DC 00
01 10 11

international network reserved (for international use only) domestic network reserved for domestic use

CK SIF

SIO

LI

FIB FSN BIB BSN

The first transmitted bit

8) The signaling information field (SIF): the signaling information

field consists of an integral number of [2, 272] octets. The format and code of the signaling information field is stipulated in detail in

each user part. The signaling information of the TUP user part shall
be illustrated with examples in the following sections.

4.5 The Telephone User Part (TUP)

In the No.7 signaling system, all phone signals shall be sent through the message signal unit. In the phone message signal unit, only the signal information field (SIF) is related with the phone control signal of the telephone user part, and handled by the telephone user part. The signaling program of the TUP is similar to the channel associated signaling, except that the signal content is much more than channel associated signaling, the representation of signaling information and transfer is also different. Besides, ordinary phone connections, it can also provide a part of subscribers with supplementary services, such as calling back busy, call transfer, and malicious call tracing. The length of the signal information field (SIF) is variable, and is related to the phone call control signals of the telephone user part. It normally consists of three parts: the label, the head code and signaling information.

8
F

16 8n 8 n>2
CK SIF SIO

2 6

8
F

LI FIB

FSN BIB BSN

The first transmitted bit

Signaling message
8n

H1
4

H0
4

label 64

CIC
4 12

OPC
24

DPC
24

Format of TUP message units in national networks

4.5.1

The label of phone signaling message

Each signaling message is a set of information used separately by the different No.7 signaling user part. To label the original and destination point of each signaling message, in each signaling message unit there is the messages channeling label with a fixed length. The label of telephone signaling messages is as shown in Figure 4.5.1-1. It includes three fields: the destination signaling point code (DPC), the originating signaling point code (OPC), and the circuit identification code (CIC).
CIC 4 12 OPC 14/24 DPC 14/24 The first transmitted bit

Figure 4.5.1-1 Flag in the signaling message

2) The circuit identification code CIC

The circuit identification code is distributed to each phone circuit, by bilateral agreement or preset principles: (1) The 2048kb/s digital channel For the 2048kb/s digital channel, the 5 lowest bits in the 12-bit CIC is the time slot code of the voice channel. the other 7 bits represent the codes of the PCM systems between DPC and OPC. Primary group (E1) consists of 32 time slots, 25=32 32 TS so that 5 bits are enough.
7 bits 5 bits

27=128 128*32=4096 voice channels

128 E1

one 64kb/s No 7 link is able to service for 4096 trunks.

(2) The 8448Kb/s digital channel

For the 8448Kb/s digital channel, the 7 lowest bits in the 12-bit CIC is the time slot code of the voice channel, and the other 5 bits represent the codes of the PCM systems between DPC and OPC. Second order group consists of 4 Primary group 32*4=128 27=128 7 lowest bits for E2 are enough. 128 TS
5 bits 7 bits

32 E2 27=128 and 25=32 128*32=4096 voice channels one 64kb/s No 7 link is able to service for 4096 trunks.

4.5.2 Title code distribution

All phone signaling messages contain a title that consists of the head code H0 and H1. H0 marks the message group, and H1 contains one message code, or, marks the format of these messages in case of complex messages.
SSI SI

F 8

CK SIF SIO 16 8n(n2)

LEAD CODES

LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F 2 6 1 7 1 7 8 The first transmitted bit

SI

H1 H0 LABEL

8n

4 4

64
CIC OPC D PC

12 14

14

Table 4.5.2-1 Distribution of the head codes in the TUP messages

message group FAM FSM BSM SBM UBM CSM CCM GRM CNM NSB NCB NUB NAM
H1 H0 0000 0001 IAM IAI 0010 GSM 0011 GRQ 0100 ACM CHG 0101 SEC CGC 0110 ANU ANC ANN 0111 RLG BLO 1000 MGB MBA 1001 1010 ACC 1011 MPM 1100 1101 OPR 1110 SLB STB 1111 MAL SAM SAO COT CCF 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Reserved for domestic

NNC ADI CFL CBK CLF RAN BLA UBL UBA MGUMUA HGB

SSB FOT CCR HBA

UNN LOS SST ACB DPN MPR EUM CCL RSC HGU HUA GRS GRA SGB SBA SGU SUA

reserved Reserved for international and domestic Reserved for domestic

4.5.3 Meanings of signal messages in TUP

1) The forward address message (FAM) H1
0001 0010 0011 0100

H0 0001

FAM

0001

IAM IAI SAM SAO

(1) The initial address message (IAM)

IAM
CIC OPC D PC

Signal information

0001 0001 SI H1 H0 LABEL

Address

Address Number

Signaling Flag

Reserved caller type FEDCBA

LKJHGFEDCBA

Bit

8n

4
The number of address digital (in binary)

12 LKJIHGFEDCBA Signaling flag

6 FEDCBA Caller type FEDCBA 000001 operator, French 000010 operator, English 000011 operator, German 000100 operator, Russian 000101 operator, Spanish

4 4 0001 0001 H1 H0

Address digital (in binary) 0000-1001: stand for numbers 0-9 1010, 1101, 1110: reserved 1011, 1100: used in the international call connection ST: = 1111 (end of the address) 0000: filling code (to guarantee the length of the variable field length is integral multiple of 8bit. )

Not in use

BA: address character 00 local call subscriber number 01 reserved 10 domestic valid number 11 international number DC: circuit character 00 connection without satellite circuit 01 connection with satellite circuit 10 reserved 11 reserved FE: continuity test 00 need not continuity test 01 continuity test is required in this section 10 continuity test is demanded in the previous section 11 reserved G: phone echo canceller
0 excluding phone echo canceller 1 including phone echo canceller

000110 language negotiated by both sides (Chinese) 000111 language negotiated by both sides 001000 language negotiated by both sides (Japanese) 001001 domestic operator (with the function of interpolation ) 001010 ordinary subscriber, used in the toll(international)-toll and toll(international)local offices. 001011 priority subscriber, used in the toll(international)-toll and toll(international)local offices.

H: international incoming call 0 not international incoming call 1 international incoming call I: changing into issuing a call
0 not changing into issuing a call

1 changing into issuing a call

J: complete digital channel is demanded. 0 normal call 1 complete digital channel is demanded K: signal communications channel 0 any channel 1 all No.7 signaling channels are demanded L: reserved Figure 4.5.4-1 IAM format

001100 data call 001101 test call 001110-001111 reserved 010000 common, billing free 010001 common, regular 001010 common, subscriber table, immediate 010011 common, printer, immediate 010100 priority, billing free 010101 priority, regular 010110-010111 reserved 011000 common, used in the locallocal offices. 011001-111111 reserved

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(2) The initial address information (IAI) with additional information For a call between local and toll switches, or for a special service call, additional information such as the caller number is required, thus the initial address message (IAI ) with additional information is used.
CIC OPC
FEDCBA Reserved 2 Calling user type 6 0010 H1 0001 H0 4 Flag 4

D PC

HGFEDCBA first presentation Adress

Number of address

LKBA Signaling flag

Billing Original informati callee on address 8n 8 8n

Caller Additional Additional Close user Network capability or user line route caller group performance information label information information information (optional) 8n 8n 40 8

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Bit

8n

4
The number of address digital (in binary)

12 LKJIHGFEDCBA Signaling flag

6 FEDCBA Caller type FEDCBA 000001 operator, French 000010 operator, English 000011 operator, German 000100 operator, Russian 000101 operator, Spanish

4 4 0001 0001 H1 H0

Address digital (in binary) 0000-1001: stand for numbers 0-9 1010, 1101, 1110: reserved 1011, 1100: used in the international call connection ST: = 1111 (end of the address) 0000: filling code (to guarantee the length of the variable field length is integral multiple of 8bit. )

Not in use

BA: address character 00 local call subscriber number 01 reserved 10 domestic valid number 11 international number DC: circuit character 00 connection without satellite circuit 01 connection with satellite circuit 10 reserved 11 reserved FE: continuity test 00 need not continuity test 01 continuity test is required in this section 10 continuity test is demanded in the previous section 11 reserved G: phone echo canceller
0 excluding phone echo canceller 1 including phone echo canceller

000110 language negotiated by both sides (Chinese) 000111 language negotiated by both sides 001000 language negotiated by both sides (Japanese) 001001 domestic operator (with the function of interpolation ) 001010 ordinary subscriber, used in the toll(international)-toll and toll(international)local offices. 001011 priority subscriber, used in the toll(international)-toll and toll(international)local offices.

H: international incoming call 0 not international incoming call 1 international incoming call I: changing into issuing a call
0 not changing into issuing a call

1 changing into issuing a call

J: complete digital channel is demanded. 0 normal call 1 complete digital channel is demanded K: signal communications channel 0 any channel 1 all No.7 signaling channels are demanded L: reserved

001100 data call 001101 test call 001110-001111 reserved 010000 common, billing free 010001 common, regular 001010 common, subscriber table, immediate 010011 common, printer, immediate 010100 priority, billing free 010101 priority, regular 010110-010111 reserved 011000 common, used in the locallocal offices. 011001-111111 reserved

(3) The subsequent address message (SAM) with multiple addresses After sending the IAM message in the OVERLAP mode, if the least sent code bits (except the number bits sent in the IAM message) is greater than 1, then the subsequent address message (SAM ) with multiple caller address figure shall be used.

(4) The subsequent address message (SAO) with one address figure After sending the initial address message, all the remaining callee

subscriber numbers can be sent in SAO.

Local exchange
IAM SAM SAO

Tandem exchange

Local exchange

IAM ACM

Ringing
ANC ANC

CLF
RLG CBK

Talking
Callee release first

CLF
RLG CBK

CLF
RLG

CLF
RLG

Signaling tracing in the No.7 signaling system

No.: 000061 sequence number: 6403 code: SHOW_SIGNAL_TRACE date: Dec.10, 1997 time: 14h 51m 05s Man-machine command output content tracing mode common channel outgoing callee number 4560034 time 14:50:44:100 14:50:44:350 14:50:46:160 14:50:49:230 14:50:49:360 14:50:49:470 DPC 1-1-1 2-2-2 2-2-2 1-1-1 2-2-2 2-2-2 OPC 2-2-2 1-1-1 1-1-1 2-2-2 1-1-1 1-1-1 CIC 63 63 63 63 63 63 H1H0 IAM ACM ANC CLF CBK RLG DATA 18 00 74 54 06 30 04 25

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IAM carries the called number,and caller type. The DATA stands for the concrete information carried by the messages. The first byte (octet) is caller type: 18 is decimal system. It can divide into two BCD codes. 18 0001 1000
F 0 E 1 D 1 C 0 B 0 A 0

From Figure 4.5.4-1 we find out that is common, used in the

local-local offices.

The second byte is Signaling Flag (00 74) BA--00 local call subscriber number

DC--00 connection without satellite circuit

FE--00 need not continuity test G----0 excluding phone echo canceller H----0 not international incoming call I---- 0 not changing into issuing a call J---- 0 normal call K--- 1 all No.7 signaling channels are demanded L--- 0 reserved

Second number

third number
fifth number 18 00 74 54 06 30 04 Digit of callee is seven sixth number fourth number First number last number

callee number is 4560034

2) The forward setup message (FSM)

(1)General forward signal message (GSM). GSM is a responding message to general request messages GRQ.

(2) Continuity test message

The continuity test message includes the continuity signal message (COT) and the continuity failure signal message (CCF).

As common channel signals are not signals sent in voice channels, but
are signaling signals for a group of voice channels via one or several concentrated signal links, the continuity test of voice channels are needed to ensure the correct connection and smooth transmission of voice channels.

3) The backward setup request message (BSM)

The general request message GRQ GRQ contains the request type indicators, indicating that the requested service is: requesting caller type requesting caller line label requesting original callee address requesting malicious call tracing requesting holding requesting echo suppressor In the process of connection, the above requests are made according to service needs to the originating switch, which answers with GSM.

4) The successful backward setup message (SBM)

The address complete message (ACM) ADC: address complete, billing required; ADN: address complete, billing free; ADX: address complete, payphone; AFC: address complete, subscriber idle, billing required; APN: address complete, subscriber idle, billing free; AFX: address complete, subscriber idle, payphone. After receiving all the called subscriber numbers and recognizing the called subscriber status, the incoming switch immediately sends a backward setup message. In normal call connections, if the callee subscriber is idle status, the backward address complete message ACM shall be sent.

8
HGFEDCBA

4
0001 H1

4
0100 H0

BA: 00 Address complete 01 Address complete, billing 10 Address complete, billing free 11 Address complete, payphone C: 0 Callee terminal has no indication 1 Callee terminal idle Others Not in use

E: 0 : No forward transfer for call 1 : forward transfer for call F: 0 : any channel

1: all No.7 signaling channel

Figure 4.5.4-5 Address complete signal format

ACM 25 25--------00100101

Callee terminal idle all No.7 signaling channels are demanded

H G F E D C B 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 A 1

Address complete, billing

H1 0001 H0 0100

standby

5) The unsuccessful backward setup message (UBM) switching equipment congestion signal SEC circuit group congestion signal CGC address incomplete signal ADI call failure signal CFL unallocated number signal UNN line does not service signal LDS send special information tone signal SST access barred signal ACB digital path not provided signal DPN national network congestion signal NNC subscriber busy signal (electrical) SSB expanded unsuccessful backward setup message EUM When the whole callee subscriber number reaches the incoming switch, after number analysis, if the callee number is unallocated number, then the UNN message will be sent back.

6) The call supervision message (CSM) It includes the following signals: answer signals, unclassified ANU answer signal, billing required ANC answer signal, billing free ANN callee backward release CBK clear forward signal CLF re-answer signal RAN forward transfer signals (semi-automatic international call signals) FOT calling party clear signal CCL

7) The circuit supervision message (CCM)

It contains the following signals: release-guard signal RLG

blocking signal
blocking acknowledgement signal unblocked signal unblocking acknowledgement signal continuity-check-request signal reset circuit signal

BLO
BLA UBL UBA CCR RSC

8) The circuit group supervision message (GRM)

It includes the following signals: maintenance oriented group blocking signal MGB maintenance oriented group blocking ack. signal MBA maintenance oriented group unblocking signal MGU maintenance oriented group unblocking ack. Signal MUA hardware failure oriented group blocking signal HGB hardware failure oriented group blocking ack. message HBA hardware failure oriented group unblocking message HGU hardware failure oriented group unblocking ack. message HUA circuit group rest GRS circuit group recovery ack GRA software generation group blocking ack. message SGB software generation group unblocking message SGU software generation group unblocking ack. (domestic optional) SUA

9) Domestic unsuccessful backward setup message (NUB) Subscriber local busy SLB Subscriber toll busy STB 10) Node-to-node message (NNM) 11) Circuit network management message (CNM) The automatic congestion control message ACC 12) Domestic successful backward setup message (NSB) 13) Domestic call supervision message (NCB) Traffic and signal OPR 14) Unsuccessful backward setup message (NUB) Subscriber local busy signal SLB Subscriber toll busy signal STB 15) Domestic area message (NAM) The malicious call identification signal MAL The caller re-off-hooking signal CRA

ISUP signaling message and parameter

ISUP provides signaling basic support service and

supplement service for voice service and non-voice service. ISUP can use MTPalso can use SCCP to send message between ISUP. ISUP can realize all the function of TUP.

All the messages can be classified into the following kinds according to the function:
1.call setup message : includes the request for call setup, information transfer
of supplementary call setup, information transfer during call setup process, response from called user, transfer of line continuity test results when necessary, etc.

2. In-communication message : includes call suspension, recovery,

conversion in calls, messages used by operators during communication, etc.

3.call release message : the message used to release calls upon call completion.

4.line monitoring message :

includes monitoring messages used when line (suspend the use of line temporarily) is blocked for maintenance and test, when circuit is initialized (compelled release) in case of failure, and when continuity test is performed.

5.line group monitoring message :

includes messages of simultaneous blocking of line groups (up to 256 lines can be specified), initialization preset and line state detection on a timing-basis.

6.supplementary service and other messages :

includes using the messages related to the request, acknowledgement, and rejection of supplementary services, transferring the end-to-end signaling messages and user-to-user signaling.

Type

Call establishment

In communicatio n

Call release

Line monitoring

Line group monitoring

Suppliementa ry services and others

Message name Initial address message (IAM) Subsequent address message (SAM) Continuity message (COT) Information request message (INR) Information message (INF) Address complete message (ACM) Call progress message (CPG) Answer message (ANM) Connection message (CON) Suspend message (SUS) Recover message (RES) Call modification request message (CMR) Call modification complete message (CMC) Call modification rejected message (CMRJ) Forward information (FOT) Release message (REL) Release complete message (RLC) Continuity check request message (CCR) Restore circuit message (RSC) Block message (BLO) Unblock message (UBL) Block acknowledgement message (BLA) Unblock acknowledgement message (UBA) Circuit group block message (CGB) Circuit group unblock message (CGU) Circuit group block acknowledgement message Circuit group unblock acknowledgement Circuit group restoration message (GRS) Circuit group restoration acknowledgement Circuit group query message (CQM) Circuit group query response message (CQR) Performance acceptance message (FAA) Performance request message (FAR) Performance rejection message (FRJ) Passing message (PAM) User-to-user message (USR)

Code 00000001 00000101 00000011 00000100 00000110 00101100 00001001 000000111 00001101 00001110 00011100 00011101 00011110 00001000 00001100 00010000 00010001 00010010 00010011 00010100 00010101 00010110 00011000 00011001 00011010 00010111 00101001 00101010 00101011 00100000 00011111 00100001 00010100 00101101

Basic function The request for call setup Inform subsequent address information Inform the information channel continuity test is completed The request for additional call setup information The additional call setup information The notice of address message receiving complete The notice of call setup process The information of answer from called user With the ACM+ANM function The request for call suspension The request for recovering suspended calls The request for modifying call features in a call The information of completing to modify call features The information of rejecting to modify call features in a call The request from operator The request for call release The request for call release complete The request for continuity test The request for circuit initialization The request for circuit blocking The request for unblocking circuit Circuit blocking acknowledgement Circuit unblocking acknowledgement The request for circuit group blocking The request for circuit group unblocking Circuit group blocking acknowledgement Circuit group unblocking acknowledgement The request for circuit group initialization Circuit group initialization acknowledgement The message of querying circuit group state The notice of circuit group state The request for allowing supplementary services The request for supplementary services The request for rejecting supplementary services Transfer information along with signal route User-to-user signaling transfer

ISUP signaling message and parameter

D C B A 0 1 0 1

For ISUP
SSI SI

D C B A 0 1 0 0

For TUP

F 8

CK SIF SIO 16 8n(n2)

SI

LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F 2 6 1 7 1 7 8 The first transmitted bits

H1 H0 label

Route label CIC Message type code Necessary fixed part Necessary variable part Random part

0
CIC SLS OPC D PC

integer multiples of octets

Routing label Circuit identification code Message type cpde Compulsory fixed parameter A Mandatory fixed parameter F Pointer to variable parameter M (point to parameterM)

Compulsory fixed part

Pointer to variable parameter P (point to parameter P) Pointer to start of optional part (point to the first optional parameter) Length indicator of variable parameter M Variable parameter M Length indicator of variable parameter P Variable parameter P Variable parameter nameX Length indicator of optional parameter X Optional parameter X Optional parameter nameZ Length indicator of optional parameter Z Optional parameter Z End of optional parameters Optional part Optional part Compulsory variable part

General format of ISUP message

Route label
SLS OPC DPC

24/14

24/14
OPC

DPC: destination point code

SLS: signaling link select, selection for signaling link of load

share,presently only lower 4 bits used, higher 4bits standby

CIC
7
1

CIC lowest efficient bits Standby CIC highest efficient bits

ISUP has 2 octets to be as CIC It is identification code for the circuits between OPC and DPC only use lower 12 bits nowhigher 4 bits standby . (coding method same as TUP )

Message type code

defines the label of each ISUP message in a unified manner

Compulsory fixed part

be compulsory for a specific message and the length of parameter should be fixed.

Compulsory variable part

compulsory for specific messages but the lengths of parameters are variable. So pointer must be used to indicate the number of octet between the pointer and the first octet given by each parameter value.

optional part
For a specific message, optional part may or may not exist. If it exists, each parameter should include parameter name, length indicator and parameter contents.

Length indicator code

Indicating the byte number of parameter.

Pointer code
Occupy 1 octet indicate the number of octet between the
pointer and the first octet pointed by the pointer (included) given by each parameter value.

ISUP message example---IAM

IAM

00 60 00 0A 03 02 08 06 81 90 54 48 41 03 0A 07 83 13 52 54 08 50 06 08 01 80 00

(Parameters) Message type Nature of connection indicators Forward call indicators Calling party's category Transmission medium requirement Called party number (Note 2) Transit network selection (national use) Call reference (national use) Calling party number (Note 2) Optional forward call indicators

() 2.1 2.34 2.22 2.10 2.53 2.8 2.52 2.7 2.9 2.37

(type) F F F F F V O O O O

(Octet) 1 1 2 1 1 4-?(4-11) 4-? 7(8) 4-?(4-12) 3

Reference books
ISUP_message_analysis

About CK

Error control Usually errors in data sent on transmission links occur in bursts. Theory and practice have shown that polynomial check codes are the most proficient for detecting such errors. In NO.7 with a maximum (for international operation) of 62 octets that have to be protected and using 64kbit/s as the transmission means, the chosen polynomial is X16+x12+x5+1 here x is dummy variable. 16bit
F CK LI

CRC(cyclic Redundancy check)

FIB FSN BIB BSN F

The first transmitted bit

Error detection :

Error detecting function is performed by

adding a 16-bit check word at the end of each signal unit. At the sending end of a signaling link , the detecting

codeword is generated by the calculation of the bits before the

codeword with a specific algorithm similar to the general cyclic coding method.

At the

receiving end, specific rules corresponding to the

coding algorithm is used to calculate the corresponding remainder word. After such calculations, if the remainder word is inconsistent with the preset word, then at least an error has occurred, and this signal unit shall be discarded.

Detectable:

1. All single bit error

2. All double bit error 3. Any odd number of error. 4. Any burst error for which the length of the

burst is less than the length of the divisor polynomial. 5. Most large burst errors.

CRC (cyclic Redundancy check)

Now define:
T=(k+n) - bit frame to be transmitted, with n<k M=k - bit message, the first k bit of T. F=n - bit FCS ( frame check sequence ), the last n bit of T. P=Pattern of n+1 bit; this is predetermined divisor, we would like T/P to have no remainder. It should be clear that T=2nM+F

Suppose that we divided 2nM by P We want T to be exactly divisible by P.

Quotient
2n M R Q P p

remainder
(a)

let R=F

T=2nM+R

Question: Does this R satisfy our condition, that T/P have no remainder. To see that it does, consider
T 2n M R 2n M R P P P P

Substituting Equation (a)

T 2n M R 2n M R R R Q P P P P P P R R 0 P P T Q P

Use binary addition with no carries, which is just the exclusiveor operation. For example:

1011101100 001 1011101100 001 0000000000 000

For example: M=1010001101 P=110101 FCS R to be calculated (10 bit) (6 bit) (5bit)

25M= 101000110100000

25M/P= 101000110100000/ 110101=01110

The remainder R= 01110 T is to be transmitted T= 1010001101 01110 If no error The receiver receives T/P=Q+0 no remainder.

Shift register
4
X16+x12+x5+1 I A
A 0 B 0 1 0 1 c 0 1 1 0

5
input

O C

0 1

exclusive

Initial locating: initial locating is used at the first startup (e.g. Set up a connection ) and for locating during recovery when the link fails. Signaling link error monitoring: it has two signaling link error monitoring functions. One is used when the signaling link is used and provides rules for the interruption of link services; the other is used for verifying the initial locating. They are respectively called the signal unit error rate monitoring process and the locating error rate monitoring process. Flow control: when congestion in the signaling network is detected at the signaling signal receiving terminal, the flow control process is started.

(1) Processing of signaling messages

Message channeling: To select a signaling link for each signaling message to be sent out. Message channeling is performed by means of the DPC and the attached load-shared codes.

Message distribution:
The process in which the destination point decides, after receiving messages, to send messages to which user part or to the third level. The decision shall be made by the service analysis indication code.

 Message identification: The process in which the signaling point determines whether this point is the destination point of that message after receiving the message.

Such decisions are based on analyzing the destination point codes in

message channeling. If the signaling point is the destination point, the message is then sent to the message distribution function part. If it is not, and if the signaling point has the signaling transfer

capacity, then the message shall be sent to the message channeling

function part so that it is then sent out on another signaling link.

(2) Signaling network management functions

Signaling service management: the task of signaling service management functions is to control message channeling, to control signaling service transfer so as to avoid the abnormality in message flow, and to control the signaling service flow. Signaling link management: the task of signaling link management functions are to control the link set in local connections. When the availability of a local link set changes, it will start and control some

actions and try to recover the normal availability of that link set.

 Signaling route management:it is a function concerned with only the quasi-associated mode of signaling. Its task is to send the information involved with the signaling route availability in the signaling network so that the remote signaling point can take appropriate signaling service management measures. For instance, the signaling transfer point can send out messages, to indicate out of reachability from that signaling transfer point to a

certain signaling point, so that other signaling points stop sending

channeling messages to that route.

THANK YOU!